WO2013047662A1 - 電子写真感光体およびこれを備えた画像形成装置 - Google Patents
電子写真感光体およびこれを備えた画像形成装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013047662A1 WO2013047662A1 PCT/JP2012/074892 JP2012074892W WO2013047662A1 WO 2013047662 A1 WO2013047662 A1 WO 2013047662A1 JP 2012074892 W JP2012074892 W JP 2012074892W WO 2013047662 A1 WO2013047662 A1 WO 2013047662A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
- G03G15/75—Details relating to xerographic drum, band or plate, e.g. replacing, testing
- G03G15/751—Details relating to xerographic drum, band or plate, e.g. replacing, testing relating to drum
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
- G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
- G03G5/08—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor characterised by the photoconductive material being inorganic
- G03G5/082—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor characterised by the photoconductive material being inorganic and not being incorporated in a bonding material, e.g. vacuum deposited
- G03G5/08214—Silicon-based
- G03G5/08221—Silicon-based comprising one or two silicon based layers
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
- G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
- G03G5/08—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor characterised by the photoconductive material being inorganic
- G03G5/082—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor characterised by the photoconductive material being inorganic and not being incorporated in a bonding material, e.g. vacuum deposited
- G03G5/08214—Silicon-based
- G03G5/08235—Silicon-based comprising three or four silicon-based layers
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
- G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
- G03G5/08—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor characterised by the photoconductive material being inorganic
- G03G5/082—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor characterised by the photoconductive material being inorganic and not being incorporated in a bonding material, e.g. vacuum deposited
- G03G5/08214—Silicon-based
- G03G5/08278—Depositing methods
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
- G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
- G03G5/08—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor characterised by the photoconductive material being inorganic
- G03G5/082—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor characterised by the photoconductive material being inorganic and not being incorporated in a bonding material, e.g. vacuum deposited
- G03G5/08285—Carbon-based
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/14—Inert intermediate or cover layers for charge-receiving layers
- G03G5/142—Inert intermediate layers
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/14—Inert intermediate or cover layers for charge-receiving layers
- G03G5/142—Inert intermediate layers
- G03G5/144—Inert intermediate layers comprising inorganic material
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/14—Inert intermediate or cover layers for charge-receiving layers
- G03G5/147—Cover layers
- G03G5/14704—Cover layers comprising inorganic material
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrophotographic photosensitive member and an image forming apparatus including the same.
- an electrophotographic photosensitive member formed by forming a film-forming layer including a photosensitive layer on the outer peripheral surface of an aluminum cylindrical substrate is mounted.
- an electrophotographic photoreceptor there are a positively charged electrophotographic photoreceptor having a positive surface charge and a negatively charged electrophotographic photoreceptor having a negative surface charge.
- a positively charged electrophotographic photosensitive member is formed by forming a film formation layer on a cylindrical substrate in the order of a charge injection blocking layer, a photoconductive layer, and a surface layer.
- a film-forming layer is formed in the order of a photoconductive layer, a charge injection blocking layer, and a surface layer on the substrate.
- the charge injection blocking layer is present on the photoconductive layer, unlike the positively charged electrophotographic photoreceptor.
- Examples of the negatively charged electrophotographic photosensitive member having such a configuration include those disclosed in JP-A-7-120952.
- Such a negatively charged electrophotographic photosensitive member has a problem that image characteristics, in particular, contrast of an image is lowered although charging property is improved.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and an object thereof is to provide a negatively chargeable electrophotographic photosensitive member capable of maintaining a relatively high image characteristic while improving the chargeability.
- An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a cylindrical substrate and a photosensitive layer formed on the cylindrical substrate, and the photosensitive layer is a photoconductive layer provided on the cylindrical substrate.
- the content of at least one of nitrogen and oxygen contained in the charge injection blocking layer containing carbon and a group 13 element is smaller on the surface layer side than on the photoconductive layer side.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a schematic configuration of an image forming apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2A is a cross-sectional view of an electrophotographic photoreceptor according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2B is an enlarged view of a main part of FIG.
- FIG. 2C is an enlarged view of a main part of an electrophotographic photosensitive member according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of a plasma CVD apparatus for forming the photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member shown in FIG. It is a graph for demonstrating the voltage application state in the plasma CVD apparatus shown in FIG.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a schematic configuration of an image forming apparatus 1 according to the present invention.
- the image forming apparatus 1 employs the Carlson method as an image forming method, and includes a negatively charged electrophotographic photosensitive member (hereinafter referred to as “negatively charged drum”) 10, a charger 11, an exposure device 12, and a developing device 13.
- the charger 11 is for charging the surface of the negative charging drum 10 to a negative polarity (for example, 200 V or more and 1000 V or less).
- the charger 11 is disposed in close contact with the negative charging drum 10 so as to press the negative charging drum 10.
- the charger 11 is formed by covering a cored bar with conductive rubber and PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride).
- a non-contact charger provided with a discharge wire may be used instead of the roller-type contact charger as in the present embodiment.
- the exposure device 12 is for forming an electrostatic latent image on the negatively charged drum 10, and can emit light having a specific wavelength (for example, 650 nm or more and 780 nm or less).
- a specific wavelength for example, 650 nm or more and 780 nm or less.
- an electrostatic latent image as a potential contrast is formed by irradiating the surface of the negatively charged drum 10 with light according to an image signal to attenuate the potential of the light irradiation portion.
- an LED head formed by arranging a plurality of LED elements capable of emitting light having a wavelength of 680 nm can be employed.
- a light source capable of emitting laser light can be used instead of the LED element.
- the exposure device 12 such as an LED head
- an image of a copying machine configuration can be obtained by using an optical system composed of a laser beam, a polygon mirror, etc., or an optical system composed of a lens, a mirror, etc. through which reflected light from a document passes. It can also be a forming device.
- the developing device 13 is for developing the electrostatic latent image on the negatively charged drum 10 to form a toner image.
- the developing device 13 includes a magnetic roller 13A that magnetically holds a developer (toner).
- the developer is for constituting a toner image formed on the surface of the negatively charged drum 10 and is frictionally charged in the developing device 13.
- a two-component developer composed of a magnetic carrier and an insulating toner or a one-component developer composed of a magnetic toner can be used.
- the magnetic roller 13A plays a role of transporting the developer to the surface (development region) of the negatively charged drum 10.
- the toner frictionally charged by the magnetic roller 13 ⁇ / b> A is conveyed in the form of a magnetic brush adjusted to a constant spike length, and the toner is electrostatically charged with the electrostatic latent image in the developing region of the negatively charged drum 10. It is made visible by adhering to the surface of the photoreceptor by attractive force.
- the charge polarity of the toner image is opposite to the charge polarity of the surface of the negatively charged drum 10 when image formation is performed by regular development, and the negatively charged drum 10 when image formation is performed by reverse development.
- the charge polarity of the surface is the same.
- the developing device 13 adopts a dry development method, but may adopt a wet development method using a liquid developer.
- the transfer device 14 is for transferring the toner image of the negatively charged drum 10 to the recording medium P supplied to the transfer area between the negatively charged drum 10 and the transfer device 14.
- the transfer device 14 includes a transfer charger 14A and a separation charger 14B.
- the back surface (non-recording surface) of the recording medium P is charged with a polarity opposite to that of the toner image in the transfer charger 14 ⁇ / b> A, and the toner is applied onto the recording medium P by electrostatic attraction between the charged charge and the toner image.
- the image is transferred.
- the back surface of the recording medium P is AC-charged in the separation charger 14 ⁇ / b> B, and the recording medium P is quickly separated from the surface of the negatively charged drum 10.
- the transfer unit 14 may be a transfer roller that is driven by the rotation of the negatively charged drum 10 and disposed with a small gap (usually 0.5 mm or less) from the negatively charged drum 10. .
- the transfer roller in this case is configured to apply a transfer voltage that attracts the toner image on the negatively charged drum 10 onto the recording medium P by, for example, a DC power source.
- a transfer separation device such as the separation charger 14B can be omitted.
- the fixing device 15 is for fixing the toner image transferred to the recording medium P to the recording medium P, and includes a pair of fixing rollers 15A and 15B.
- the fixing rollers 15A and 15B are, for example, coated on a metal roller with Teflon (registered trademark) or the like.
- Teflon registered trademark
- the toner image can be fixed on the recording medium P by heat or pressure by passing the recording medium P between the pair of fixing rollers 15 ⁇ / b> A and 15 ⁇ / b> B.
- the cleaning device 16 is for removing toner remaining on the surface of the negatively charged drum 10, and includes a cleaning blade 16A.
- the cleaning blade 16 ⁇ / b> A serves to scrape residual toner from the surface of the negatively charged drum 10.
- the cleaning blade 16A is made of, for example, a rubber material mainly composed of polyurethane resin.
- the static eliminator 17 is for removing the surface charge of the negatively charged drum 10, and can emit light having a specific wavelength (for example, 780 nm or more).
- the static eliminator 17 is configured to remove the surface charge (residual electrostatic latent image) of the negatively charged drum 10 by irradiating the entire surface of the negatively charged drum 10 with a light source such as an LED. .
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a schematic configuration of the negatively charged drum 10.
- the negatively charged drum 10 has a cylindrical base 18 and a photosensitive layer 19 on which an electrostatic latent image or a toner image based on an image signal is formed.
- the negatively charged drum 10 can be rotated in the direction of arrow A in FIG. 1 by a rotating mechanism (not shown).
- the cylindrical base 18 serves as a support base for the negatively charged drum 10, and is configured to have conductivity at least on its surface.
- the cylindrical substrate 18 is made of, for example, aluminum (Al), stainless steel (SUS), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), titanium (Ti), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), tantalum (Ta ), Tin (Sn), gold (Au), silver (Ag), and other metal materials, and alloy materials including the exemplified metal materials are formed as a whole having conductivity.
- an Al alloy material for example, Al
- a-Si amorphous silicon
- a-Mn alloy, Al-Mg alloy, Al-Mg-Si alloy are particularly preferable.
- a conductive film is formed on the surface of an insulator such as resin, glass, or ceramic by using a metal material exemplified or a transparent conductive material such as ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) and SnO 2. It may be.
- the photosensitive layer 19 is formed on the outer peripheral surface 18a of the cylindrical substrate 18, and the thickness thereof is set to 15 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less, for example.
- the thickness of the photosensitive layer 19 is 15 ⁇ m or more, for example, it is possible to appropriately suppress the occurrence of interference fringes in a recorded image without providing a long wavelength light absorption layer.
- the thickness of the photosensitive layer 19 is 90 ⁇ m or less.
- the photosensitive layer 19 can be appropriately prevented from peeling off due to stress.
- the photosensitive layer 19 is formed by laminating a photoconductive layer 19A, a charge injection blocking layer 19B, and a surface layer 19C.
- the photoconductive layer 19A is for generating carriers by light irradiation such as laser light, and the thickness thereof is, for example, from 12.5 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m (preferably from 10 ⁇ m to 80 ⁇ m) from the viewpoint of electrophotographic characteristics.
- the constituent material of the photoconductive layer 19A includes a-Si such as a-Si, a-SiC, a-SiN, a-SiO, a-SiGe, a-SiCN, a-SiNO, a-SiCO and a-SiCNO.
- the surface layer 19C is made of a-SiC (particularly the viewpoint of stably obtaining excellent electrophotographic characteristics (photosensitivity characteristics, high-speed response, repeat stability, heat resistance, durability, etc.).
- a-SiC hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide
- a-Si-based alloy materials are particularly preferred.
- the photoconductive layer 19A is formed entirely as an inorganic material, for example, glow discharge decomposition method, various sputtering methods, various vapor deposition methods, ECR (Electron Cyclotron Resonance) method, photo CVD method, catalytic CVD method or reactive vapor deposition
- the film can be formed by a film forming method such as a method.
- the charge injection blocking layer 19B is for blocking the charge charged on the surface of the photosensitive layer 19 by the charger 11 from being injected into the photoconductive layer 19A, and the thickness thereof is, for example, 0.1 ⁇ m or more. It is set to 0 ⁇ m or less.
- Various materials can be used for the charge injection blocking layer 19B depending on the material of the photoconductive layer 19A. From the viewpoint of improving the adhesion to the photoconductive layer 19A, the charge injection blocking layer 19B is also a-Si-based. It is preferable to use an inorganic material of the above materials.
- the conductivity type is adjusted by adding more Group 13 elements as compared with the a-Si based photoconductive layer 19A.
- the charging property of the negative charging drum 10 can be improved by increasing the resistance by containing at least one of nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O), that is, by reducing the electrical conductivity.
- N nitrogen
- O oxygen
- Si As a mechanism for deteriorating the image characteristics, by containing nitrogen (N) or oxygen (O) whose moisture resistance is not relatively high, Si as the main component of the photosensitive layer 19 is easily oxidized, and the oxidized Si is This is presumably because the toner adsorbed on the photosensitive layer 19 bleeds more toward the surface of the photosensitive layer 19 than the desired position because it easily adsorbs moisture.
- nitrogen (N) or oxygen (O) contained in the charge injection blocking layer 19B is configured to be smaller on the surface layer 19C side than on the photoconductive layer 19A side.
- the charge injection blocking layer 19B is formed as an inorganic material as a whole, for example, a glow discharge decomposition method, various sputtering methods, various vapor deposition methods, an ECR method, a photo CVD method, a catalytic CVD method, or a reactive vapor deposition method.
- the film can be formed by a known film forming method.
- the surface layer 19C is for protecting the surface of the negatively charged drum 10, and is capable of withstanding abrasion due to rubbing in the image forming apparatus 1, for example, a-Si such as a-SiC or a-SiN. It is made of a system material.
- the thickness of the surface layer 19C is set to, for example, 0.2 ⁇ m or more and 1.5 ⁇ m or less (preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or more and 1.0 ⁇ m or less). This is because it is possible to sufficiently prevent the occurrence of image scratches and image density unevenness due to printing durability by setting the thickness of the surface layer 19C to 0.2 ⁇ m or more, and the thickness of the surface layer 19C to 1.5 ⁇ m or less. This is because it is possible to appropriately suppress the occurrence of image defects due to the residual potential.
- Such a surface layer 19C is preferably formed of a-SiC: H containing hydrogen in a-SiC.
- a-SiC: H has an X value of 0.55 or more and less than 0.93, for example.
- the X value within the range of 0.55 or more and less than 0.93 (preferably 0.6 or more and 0.7 or less), it is possible to obtain an appropriate hardness as the surface layer 19C. It becomes possible to ensure the durability of the negatively charged drum 10.
- the H content is preferably set to about 1 atomic% or more and 70 atomic% or less (preferably 45 atomic% or less). Within this range, Si—H bonds are smaller than Si—C bonds, and trapping of charges generated when light is irradiated onto the surface of the surface layer 19C can be suppressed, and residual potential can be prevented. It is preferable at the point which can do.
- Such an a-SiC: H surface layer 19C is formed in the same manner as when the photoconductive layer 19A is formed of an a-Si-based material.
- the film can be formed by a known film formation method such as sputtering, various vapor deposition, ECR, photo CVD, catalytic CVD, or reactive vapor deposition.
- the photosensitive layer 19 may further include a charge injection blocking layer 19D formed between the cylindrical substrate 18 and the photoconductive layer 19A.
- the charge injection blocking layer 19D is for blocking carriers from the cylindrical substrate 18 from being injected into the photoconductive layer 19B, and is made of, for example, an a-Si material.
- This charge injection blocking layer 19D is formed, for example, as a-Si containing phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N) or oxygen (O) as a dopant, and has a thickness of, for example, 2 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less. Has been.
- the photoconductive layer 19A, the charge injection blocking layer 19B, and the surface layer 19C in the negatively charged drum 10 are formed by using, for example, the plasma CVD apparatus 2 shown in FIG.
- the plasma CVD apparatus 2 accommodates the support 3 in the reaction chamber 4, and further includes a rotation means 5, a gas supply means 6 and an exhaust means 7.
- the support 3 serves to support the cylindrical base 18 and functions as a first conductor.
- the support 3 is formed in a hollow shape having a flange portion 30 and is entirely formed as a conductor using a conductive material similar to that of the cylindrical base 18.
- the support 3 is formed to have a length that can support the two cylindrical bases 18, and is detachable from the conductive support 31. Therefore, in the support 3, the two cylindrical substrates 18 can be taken in and out of the reaction chamber 4 without directly touching the surfaces of the two supported cylindrical substrates 18.
- the entire conductive support 31 is formed as a conductor using the same conductive material as that of the cylindrical substrate 18, and is fixed to the plate 42 described later via an insulating material 32 at the center of the reaction chamber 4. ing.
- a DC power supply 34 is connected to the conductive support 31 via a conductive plate 33. The operation of the DC power supply 34 is controlled by the control unit 35.
- the control unit 35 is configured to supply a pulsed DC voltage (see FIG. 4) to the support 3 through the conductive support 31 by controlling the DC power supply 34.
- a heater 37 is accommodated inside the conductive support 31 via a ceramic pipe 36.
- the ceramic pipe 36 is for ensuring insulation and thermal conductivity.
- the heater 37 is for heating the cylindrical substrate 18.
- a nichrome wire or a cartridge heater can be used as the heater 37.
- the temperature of the support 3 is monitored, for example, by a thermocouple (not shown) attached to the support 3 or the conductive support 31, and the heater 37 is turned on / off based on the monitoring result of the thermocouple. By turning off, the temperature of the cylindrical substrate 18 is maintained within a certain range selected from a predetermined range (for example, 200 ° C. or more and 400 ° C. or less).
- the reaction chamber 4 is a space for forming a deposited film on the cylindrical substrate 18 and is constituted by a cylindrical electrode 40 and a pair of plates 41 and 42.
- the cylindrical electrode 40 functions as a second conductor and is formed in a substantially cylindrical shape so as to surround the support 3.
- the cylindrical electrode 40 is formed hollow using the same conductive material as that of the cylindrical base 18 and is joined to a pair of plates 41 and 42 via insulating members 43 and 44.
- the cylindrical electrode 40 is formed so that the separation distance between the cylindrical substrate 18 supported by the support 3 and the cylindrical electrode 40 is 10 mm or more and 100 mm or less.
- the cylindrical electrode 40 has a gas introduction port 45 and a plurality of gas blowing holes 46, and is grounded at one end thereof.
- the cylindrical electrode 40 is not necessarily grounded, and may be connected to a reference power source different from the DC power source 34.
- the reference voltage in the reference power supply is set to 1500 V or more and 1500 V or less, for example.
- the gas introduction port 45 is for introducing a cleaning gas and a raw material gas to be supplied to the reaction chamber 4, and is connected to the gas supply means 6.
- the plurality of gas blowing holes 46 are for blowing out the cleaning gas and the raw material gas introduced into the cylindrical electrode 40 toward the cylindrical substrate 18 and are arranged at equal intervals in the vertical direction of the figure. In addition, they are arranged at equal intervals in the circumferential direction.
- the plurality of gas blowing holes 46 are formed in a circular shape having the same shape, and the hole diameter is, for example, not less than 0.5 mm and not more than 2.0 mm. In addition, about the hole diameter, shape, and arrangement
- the plate 41 is for enabling the reaction chamber 4 to be selected between an open state and a closed state. By opening and closing the plate 41, the support 3 can be taken in and out of the reaction chamber 4. Yes.
- the plate 41 is formed of the same conductive material as that of the cylindrical base body 18, but a deposition preventing plate 47 is attached to the lower surface side. This prevents a deposited film from being formed on the plate 41.
- the deposition preventing plate 47 is also formed of the same conductive material as that of the cylindrical base 18, and the deposition preventing plate 47 is detachable from the plate 41.
- the plate 42 serves as the base of the reaction chamber 4 and is formed of the same conductive material as that of the cylindrical substrate 18.
- the insulating member 44 interposed between the plate 42 and the cylindrical electrode 40 has a function of suppressing the occurrence of arc discharge between the cylindrical electrode 40 and the plate 42.
- Such an insulating member 44 is, for example, a fluororesin such as a glass material (borosilicate glass, soda glass, heat-resistant glass, etc.), an inorganic insulating material (ceramics, quartz, sapphire, etc.) or a synthetic resin insulating material (Teflon (registered trademark)).
- the insulating member 44 has a thickness greater than a certain thickness in order to prevent the insulating member 44 from being used due to warpage due to the stress caused by the internal stress of the film formation body and the bimetal effect caused by the temperature rise during film formation. It is formed as having.
- the thickness of the insulating member 44 is 10 mm or more. Is set. When the thickness of the insulating member 44 is set in such a range, the warp caused by the stress generated at the interface between the insulating member 44 and the a-Si film of 10 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less formed on the cylindrical substrate 18.
- the amount is set to 1 mm or less as a difference in height in the axial direction between the end portion and the central portion in the horizontal direction with respect to a length of 200 mm in the horizontal direction (radial direction substantially orthogonal to the axial direction of the cylindrical base 18). Therefore, the insulating member 44 can be used repeatedly.
- the plate 42 and the insulating member 44 are provided with gas discharge ports 42A and 44A and a pressure gauge 49.
- the exhaust ports 42 ⁇ / b> A and 44 ⁇ / b> A are for exhausting the gas inside the reaction chamber 4 and are connected to the exhaust means 7.
- the pressure gauge 49 is for monitoring the pressure in the reaction chamber 4, and various known ones can be used.
- the rotating means 5 is for rotating the support 3 and has a rotation motor 50, a rotation introducing terminal 51, an insulating shaft member 52, and an insulating flat plate 53.
- the cylindrical base 18 is rotated together with the support 3, so that the source gas is substantially evenly distributed with respect to the outer periphery of the cylindrical base 18. Decomposition components can be deposited.
- the rotary motor 50 applies a rotational force to the cylindrical base 18.
- the rotation motor 50 is controlled in operation so as to rotate, for example, the cylindrical base 18 at a constant rotation speed of 1 rpm to 10 rpm.
- Various known motors can be used as the rotary motor 50.
- the rotation introduction terminal 51 is for transmitting a rotational force while keeping the inside of the reaction chamber 4 at a predetermined degree of vacuum.
- a vacuum seal means such as an oil seal or a mechanical seal can be used with a rotating shaft having a double or triple structure.
- the insulating shaft member 52 and the insulating flat plate 53 are for inputting the rotational force from the rotary motor 50 to the support body 3 while maintaining the insulating state between the support body 3 and the plate 41, for example, the insulating member 44. It is made of a similar insulating material.
- the outer diameter of the insulating shaft member 52 is set to be smaller than the outer diameter of the support 3 (the inner diameter of the upper dummy base 38C described later) during film formation. More specifically, when the temperature of the cylindrical substrate 18 at the time of film formation is set to 200 ° C. or more and 400 ° C. or less, the outer diameter of the insulating shaft member 52 is set to the outer diameter of the support 3 (described later).
- the inner diameter of the dummy base 38C is set to be 0.1 mm or more and 5 mm or less, preferably about 3 mm.
- the outer diameter of the insulating shaft member 52 and the outer diameter of the support 3 are not formed (in a room temperature environment (for example, 10 ° C. to 40 ° C.)).
- the difference from the inner diameter is set to 0.6 mm or more and 5.5 mm or less.
- the insulating flat plate 53 is for preventing foreign matter such as dust and dust falling from above when the plate 41 is removed from adhering to the cylindrical base 18 and has an outer diameter larger than the inner diameter of the upper dummy base 38C. It is formed in the disk shape which has.
- the diameter of the insulating flat plate 53 is 1.5 to 3.0 times the diameter of the cylindrical base 18. For example, when a cylindrical base 18 having a diameter of 30 mm is used, the diameter of the insulating flat plate 53 is It is about 50 mm.
- the gas supply means 6 includes a plurality of source gas tanks 60, 61, 62, 63, a plurality of pipes 60A, 61A, 62A, 63A, valves 60B, 61B, 62B, 63B, 60C, 61C, 62C, 63C, and a plurality of mass flows. Controllers 60 ⁇ / b> D, 61 ⁇ / b> D, 62 ⁇ / b> D, and 63 ⁇ / b> D are provided, and are connected to the cylindrical electrode 40 through the pipe 64 and the gas introduction port 45.
- Each of the source gas tanks 60 to 63 is filled with a source gas.
- a source gas for example, SiH 4 , H 2 , B 2 H 6 , CH 4 , N 2 , or NO is used.
- Valves 60B to 63B, 60C to 63C and mass flow controllers 60D to 63D are for adjusting the flow rate, composition and gas pressure of the gas components introduced into the reaction chamber 4.
- the type of gas to be filled in each source gas tank 60-63 or the number of source gas tanks 60-63 depends on the type or composition of the film to be formed on the cylindrical substrate 18. May be selected as appropriate.
- the exhaust means 7 is for exhausting the gas in the reaction chamber 4 to the outside through the gas exhaust ports 42A and 44A, and includes a mechanical booster pump 71 and a rotary pump 72. These pumps 71 and 72 are controlled by the monitoring result of the pressure gauge 49. That is, the exhaust means 7 can maintain the reaction chamber 4 in a predetermined vacuum state based on the monitoring result of the pressure gauge 49, and can set the gas pressure in the reaction chamber 4 to a target value. Note that the pressure in the reaction chamber 4 is, for example, 1.0 Pa or more and 100 Pa or less.
- the support 3 that supports a plurality of cylindrical substrates 18 (two in the drawing) is set in the reaction chamber 4, and the plate 41 is again mounted. Install.
- the lower dummy base 38 ⁇ / b> A, the cylindrical base 18, the intermediate dummy base 38 ⁇ / b> B, and the cylindrical shape are placed on the flange portion 30 with the main part of the support 3 being covered.
- the base body 18 and the upper dummy base body 38C are sequentially stacked.
- a conductive or insulating base whose surface has been subjected to a conductive treatment is selected according to the use of the product.
- the same material as that of the cylindrical base 18 is used.
- a cylindrical shape is used.
- the lower dummy base 38A is for adjusting the height position of the cylindrical base 18.
- the intermediate dummy substrate 38B is for suppressing the occurrence of film formation defects on the cylindrical substrate 18 caused by arc discharge generated between the ends of the adjacent cylindrical substrates 18.
- the intermediate dummy substrate 38B has a minimum length (1 cm in the present embodiment) that can prevent arc discharge, and a corner portion on the surface side is curved to have a curvature of 0.5 mm or more or an end face.
- a chamfered portion is used so that the length in the axial direction and the length in the depth direction of the portion cut by machining are 0.5 mm or more.
- the upper dummy base 38C is for preventing the deposition film from being formed on the support 3 and suppressing the occurrence of film formation defects due to the peeling of the film formation body once deposited during film formation. .
- the upper dummy base 38 ⁇ / b> C is in a state in which a part protrudes above the support 3.
- the cylindrical base 18 is heated, for example, by supplying electric power to the heater 37 from the outside to cause the heater 37 to generate heat. Due to the heat generated by the heater 37, the cylindrical substrate 18 is heated to a target temperature.
- the temperature of the cylindrical substrate 18 is selected depending on the type and composition of the film to be formed on the surface thereof. For example, when forming an a-Si-based film, the temperature is set in the range of 250 ° C. to 300 ° C. It is maintained substantially constant by turning on and off 37.
- the decompression of the reaction chamber 4 is performed by exhausting the gas from the vacuum reaction chamber 4 through the gas exhaust ports 42A and 44A by the exhaust means 7.
- the degree of pressure reduction in the reaction chamber 4 is set to about 10 ⁇ 3 Pa, for example, by controlling the operation of the mechanical booster pump 71 and the rotary pump 72 while monitoring the pressure in the reaction chamber 4 with the pressure gauge 49.
- the raw material gas is supplied to the reaction chamber 4 by the gas supply means 6 and the cylindrical electrode 40 is supported.
- a pulsed DC voltage is applied to the body 3.
- glow discharge occurs between the cylindrical electrode 40 and the support 3 (cylindrical substrate 18), the source gas is decomposed, and the decomposition components of the source gas are deposited on the surface of the cylindrical substrate 18.
- the gas pressure in the reaction chamber 4 is controlled within the target range by controlling the operation of the mechanical booster pump 71 and the rotary pump 72 while monitoring the gas pressure in the reaction chamber 4 with the pressure gauge 49.
- the inside of the reaction chamber 4 is maintained at a stable gas pressure by the mass flow controllers 60D to 63D in the gas supply means 6 and the pumps 71 and 72 in the exhaust means 7.
- the gas pressure in the reaction chamber 4 is, for example, 1.0 Pa or more and 100 Pa or less.
- the supply of the source gas to the reaction chamber 4 is performed by controlling the mass flow controllers 60D to 63D while appropriately controlling the open / closed state of the valves 60B to 63B and 60C to 63C.
- the composition and the flow rate are introduced into the cylindrical electrode 40 through the pipes 60A to 63A, 64 and the gas inlet 45.
- the source gas introduced into the cylindrical electrode 40 is blown out toward the cylindrical substrate 18 through the plurality of gas blowing holes 46.
- the photoconductive layer 19A, the charge injection blocking layer 19B, and the surface layer are formed on the surface of the cylindrical substrate 18. 19C are sequentially stacked.
- the photoconductive layer 19A is formed as an a-Si-based deposited film
- a Si-containing gas such as SiH 4 (silane gas) and a diluent gas such as hydrogen (H 2 ) or helium (He) are used as a raw material gas.
- the mixed gas is used.
- hydrogen gas is used as a dilution gas so that hydrogen (H) and halogen elements (F, Cl) are contained in the layer for dangling bond termination in an amount of 1 atomic% to 40 atomic%.
- a halogen compound may be included in the source gas.
- Group 13 element in the periodic table
- group 15 element in order to obtain desired characteristics such as electrical characteristics such as dark conductivity and photoconductivity and optical band gap.
- group 15 element periodic table group 15 element
- An element may be contained.
- the raw material gas includes Si-containing gas such as SiH 4 (silane gas), dopant-containing gas such as B 2 H 6 , and hydrogen (H 2 ) Or a mixed gas of a dilution gas such as helium (He) is used.
- Si-containing gas such as SiH 4 (silane gas)
- dopant-containing gas such as B 2 H 6
- hydrogen H 2
- a mixed gas of a dilution gas such as helium (He) is used.
- a dopant-containing gas in addition to the boron (B) -containing gas, carbon (C), nitrogen (N), or oxygen (O) -containing gas is used, whereby carbon (C), nitrogen (N ) Or oxygen (O).
- the content of nitrogen (N) or oxygen (O) in the charge injection blocking layer 19B is made to be light.
- the supply amount of nitrogen (N) or oxygen (O) -containing gas is adjusted so that the surface layer 19C side is smaller than the conductive layer 19A side.
- a constant nitrogen (N) or oxygen (O) -containing gas is supplied from the initial stage of formation of the charge injection blocking layer 19B, and nitrogen (N) or oxygen (O) is supplied on the surface layer 19C side of the charge injection blocking layer 19B.
- the supply amount of the containing gas may be reduced, or the supply amount of the nitrogen (N) or oxygen (O) containing gas may be gradually reduced at a constant rate from the initial stage of formation of the charge injection blocking layer 19B, or the charge injection blocking may be performed.
- the supply amount of the nitrogen (N) or oxygen (O) containing gas is gradually reduced at a constant reduction rate from the initial stage of the formation of the layer 19B, and the nitrogen (N) or oxygen (O) containing gas is further reduced at a constant reduction rate.
- the supply amount may be reduced.
- the content of nitrogen (N) or oxygen (O) is a constant concentration from the photoconductive layer 19A side toward the surface layer 19C side, and the concentration rapidly decreases in the vicinity of the surface layer 19C side, or the surface layer 19C.
- the decrease rate becomes two or more steps so that the concentration gradually decreases at a constant rate toward the side, or the concentration gradually decreases at a constant rate toward the surface layer 19C side, and the concentration gradually decreases at a larger decrease rate. It may be.
- the group 13 element and the group 15 element are desirable in that boron (B) and phosphorus (P) are excellent in covalent bonding and can change the semiconductor characteristics sensitively, and that excellent photosensitivity can be obtained.
- the group 13 element or the group 15 element is contained together with elements such as nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O) in the charge injection blocking layer 19B, the content of the group 13 element is 0.1 ppm or more and 100,000 ppm.
- the Group 15 element content is adjusted to 0.1 ppm to 100,000 ppm, and the nitrogen (N) or oxygen (O) content is adjusted to 1 ppm to 500,000 ppm, respectively.
- the photoconductive layer 19A may contain microcrystalline silicon ( ⁇ c-Si) in the a-Si-based material.
- ⁇ c-Si microcrystalline silicon
- the dark conductivity and photoconductivity are increased. Therefore, there is an advantage that the degree of freedom in designing the photoconductive layer 19A is increased.
- ⁇ c-Si can be formed by adopting the film formation method described above and changing the film formation conditions. For example, in the glow discharge decomposition method, it can be formed by setting the temperature and DC pulse power of the cylindrical substrate 18 to be high and increasing the flow rate of hydrogen as a dilution gas.
- the same elements as described above Group 13 element, Group 15 element, carbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), etc.
- a mixed gas of a Si-containing gas such as SiH 4 (silane gas) and a C-containing gas such as CH 4 is supplied as a source gas.
- the composition ratio of Si and C in the source gas may be changed continuously or intermittently.
- the surface layer 19C is formed as an aC layer, since the binding energy of the C—O bond is smaller than that of the Si—O bond, compared to the case where the surface layer 19C is formed of an a—Si based material. Thus, oxidation of the surface of the surface layer 19C can be more reliably suppressed. For this reason, when the surface layer 19C is formed as an aC layer, the surface of the surface layer 19C is appropriately suppressed from being oxidized by ozone generated by corona discharge during printing. It is possible to suppress the occurrence of image flow in a high humidity environment.
- the occurrence of image flow is synonymous with the above-described decrease in image contrast.
- the application of a pulsed DC voltage between the cylindrical electrode 40 and the support 3 is performed by controlling the DC power supply 34 by the control unit 35.
- the control unit 35 when the cylindrical electrode 40 is grounded, the control unit 35 has a voltage of ⁇ 3000V to ⁇ 50V, preferably ⁇ 3000V to ⁇ 3 V with respect to the support 3 (conductive column 31).
- a negative pulsed DC potential V1 (see FIG. 4) within a range of 500 V or less is supplied.
- the pulsed DC potential V1 supplied to the support (conductive column 31) is the potential supplied from the reference power supply.
- V2 as the reference potential, it is set to be in the range of, for example, 3000V to ⁇ 50V (target potential difference ⁇ V).
- the potential V2 supplied from the reference power source is set to, for example, 1500 V or more and 1500 V or less when a negative pulse voltage (see FIG. 4) is applied to the support 3 (cylindrical base 18).
- the control unit 35 also controls the DC power supply 34 so that the frequency (1 / T (sec)) of the DC voltage is 300 kHz or less and the duty ratio (T1 / T) is 20% or more and 90% or less.
- the duty ratio in the present invention is one cycle (T) of a pulsed DC voltage (from the moment when a potential difference is generated between the cylindrical base 18 and the cylindrical electrode 40, Next, it is defined as the time ratio occupied by the potential difference occurrence T1 in the time until the moment when the potential difference occurs.
- a duty ratio of 20% means that the potential difference occurrence (ON) time in one cycle when a pulse voltage is applied is 20% of the entire cycle.
- the image forming apparatus 1 since the image forming apparatus 1 according to the present embodiment includes the negatively charged drum 10, the image forming apparatus 1 is suitable for suppressing deterioration in image quality due to the residual potential while sufficiently maintaining the contrast of the formed image.
- the concentration of carbon (C) contained in the charge injection blocking layer 19B may be higher on the surface layer 19C side than on the photoconductive layer 19A side.
- the oxidation of Si contained in the charge injection blocking layer 19B can be relatively reduced, so that the charging characteristics of the photosensitive drum 10 can be further improved and the image characteristics can be maintained relatively high. It becomes possible to do.
- the content of carbon (C) contained in the charge injection blocking layer 19B increases, the hardness of the charge injection blocking layer 19B can be made relatively high, and the photosensitive drum 10 having excellent wear resistance. It can be.
- a protective layer made of a non-single-crystal material mainly composed of carbon such as aC may be further provided on the surface layer 19C.
- the protective layer has a non-single crystal material mainly composed of carbon having a relatively high hardness, the wear resistance of the photosensitive drum 10 can be made relatively high.
- the non-single crystal material mainly composed of carbon such as aC is a material having relatively high moisture resistance, it is possible to relatively suppress the adsorption of moisture to the photosensitive drum 10, and thus the image. It is possible to suppress the occurrence of image flow in characteristics, particularly in a high temperature and high humidity environment.
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- Photoreceptors In Electrophotography (AREA)
Abstract
Description
2 プラズマCVD装置
3 支持体
4 反応室
5 回転手段
6 ガス供給手段
7 排気手段
10 負帯電用電子写真感光体
11 帯電器
12 露光器
13 現像器
14 転写器
15 定着器
16 クリーニング器
17 除電器
18 円筒状基体(基体)
19 感光層
19A 光導電層
19B 電荷注入阻止層
19C 表面層
Claims (7)
- 円筒状基体と、該円筒状基体上に形成された感光層とを備え、
該感光層は、前記円筒状基体上に設けられた光導電層と、該光導電層上に形成された電荷注入阻止層と、該電荷注入阻止層上に形成された表面層とを少なくとも有し、
前記電荷注入阻止層は、窒素および酸素の少なくとも一方、炭素ならびに第13族元素を含み、
前記電荷注入阻止層に含まれる窒素および酸素の少なくとも一方の含有量は、前記光導電層側よりも前記表面層側で少ないことを特徴とする電子写真感光体。 - 前記電荷注入阻止層に含まれる窒素および酸素の少なくとも一方の含有量は、前記光導電層側から前記表面層側に向かって漸次少なくなっていることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の電子写真感光体。
- 前記電荷注入阻止層に含まれる炭素の含有量は、前記光導電層側から前記表面層に向かって漸次多くなっていることを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の電子写真感光体。
- 前記第13族元素がホウ素であることを特徴とする請求項1乃至3のいずれか1項に記載の電子写真感光体。
- 前記表面層上に形成された保護層をさらに有することを特徴とする請求項1乃至4のいずれか1項に記載の電子写真感光体。
- 前記保護層が炭素を主体とする非単結晶材料で構成されていることを特徴とする請求項5に記載の電子写真感光体。
- 請求項1乃至6のいずれか1項に記載の電子写真感光体と、該電子写真感光体の軸方向における一端部に設けられた、回転の駆動力を伝達する駆動力伝達部と、前記電子写真感光体に対して前記軸方向に沿って設けられた、同一極性の帯電能力を有する帯電器とを備えることを特徴とする画像形成装置。
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Citations (6)
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JPH09204056A (ja) * | 1995-10-25 | 1997-08-05 | Kyocera Corp | 電子写真感光体 |
JP2003215826A (ja) * | 2002-01-28 | 2003-07-30 | Kyocera Corp | 電子写真感光体 |
WO2009028448A1 (ja) * | 2007-08-29 | 2009-03-05 | Kyocera Corporation | 電子写真感光体および該電子写真感光体を備える画像形成装置 |
JP2009288804A (ja) * | 2009-09-07 | 2009-12-10 | Kyocera Mita Corp | 画像形成方法 |
JP2010008653A (ja) * | 2008-06-26 | 2010-01-14 | Kyocera Corp | 電子写真感光体および該電子写真感光体を備える画像形成装置 |
JP2010008553A (ja) * | 2008-06-25 | 2010-01-14 | Kyocera Corp | 電子写真感光体および該電子写真感光体を備える画像形成装置 |
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JP2887828B2 (ja) | 1993-10-27 | 1999-05-10 | 富士ゼロックス株式会社 | 電子写真感光体と電子写真法 |
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2012
- 2012-09-27 WO PCT/JP2012/074892 patent/WO2013047662A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2012-09-27 US US14/347,969 patent/US9291981B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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JPH09204056A (ja) * | 1995-10-25 | 1997-08-05 | Kyocera Corp | 電子写真感光体 |
JP2003215826A (ja) * | 2002-01-28 | 2003-07-30 | Kyocera Corp | 電子写真感光体 |
WO2009028448A1 (ja) * | 2007-08-29 | 2009-03-05 | Kyocera Corporation | 電子写真感光体および該電子写真感光体を備える画像形成装置 |
JP2010008553A (ja) * | 2008-06-25 | 2010-01-14 | Kyocera Corp | 電子写真感光体および該電子写真感光体を備える画像形成装置 |
JP2010008653A (ja) * | 2008-06-26 | 2010-01-14 | Kyocera Corp | 電子写真感光体および該電子写真感光体を備える画像形成装置 |
JP2009288804A (ja) * | 2009-09-07 | 2009-12-10 | Kyocera Mita Corp | 画像形成方法 |
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