WO2012159849A1 - Betriebsverfahren für eine walzstrasse - Google Patents
Betriebsverfahren für eine walzstrasse Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2012159849A1 WO2012159849A1 PCT/EP2012/057814 EP2012057814W WO2012159849A1 WO 2012159849 A1 WO2012159849 A1 WO 2012159849A1 EP 2012057814 W EP2012057814 W EP 2012057814W WO 2012159849 A1 WO2012159849 A1 WO 2012159849A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- rolling
- flat
- control computer
- stand
- wedge
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
- B21B37/00—Control devices or methods specially adapted for metal-rolling mills or the work produced thereby
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
- B21B37/00—Control devices or methods specially adapted for metal-rolling mills or the work produced thereby
- B21B37/28—Control of flatness or profile during rolling of strip, sheets or plates
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
- B21B37/00—Control devices or methods specially adapted for metal-rolling mills or the work produced thereby
- B21B37/68—Camber or steering control for strip, sheets or plates, e.g. preventing meandering
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
- B21B2263/00—Shape of product
- B21B2263/02—Profile, e.g. of plate, hot strip, sections
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an operating method for a rolling mill for rolling a rolled flat in Minim ⁇ least one roll stand of the roll train,
- control computer as part of a stitch plan calculation, sets the variables describing the rolling of the flat rolling stock in the mill stand,
- the set sizes in conjunction with the starting data describing the flat rolling stock before rolling in the rolling stand, and the stand data of the rolling stand, describe the rolling gap and its asymmetry which results during rolling of the flat rolled stock in the roll stand,
- the control computer based on the initial data, the framework data and the attached sizes by means of a wedge model determines a discharge wedge and / or a saber, he ⁇ waiting for the flat rolling stock, when the flat rolling in the rolling mill with the attached sizes is rolled.
- the present invention further relates to a computer program, the machine comprises code is UNMIT ⁇ telbar processable by a control computer for a rolling mill for rolling a flat rolled material and its processing effected by the control computer, the control computer the rolling mill ge ⁇ Gurss such an operating procedure operates.
- the present invention further relates to a control computer for a rolling mill for rolling a flat Walzgu ⁇ tes, wherein the control computer is designed such that it operates the mill train according to such an operating method.
- the present invention further relates to a rolling mill for rolling a flat rolled stock, which is equipped with such a control computer.
- the estimated sizes in conjunction with the initial rolling data describing the flat rolling stock before rolling in the rolling stand, and the stand data of the rolling stand, describe the rolling gap resulting from rolling the flat rolled stock in the rolling stand.
- the Steurech ⁇ ner determined in the stitch plan calculation based on the initial data, the framework data and the estimated sizes by means of a model expected sizes that are expected for the flat rolling ⁇ well when the flat rolling is rolled in the rolling stand with the sizes set.
- the control computer varies in the context of Stichplanbetician according to a strategy at least one of the scheduled sizes, so that the he ⁇ averaged expected sizes are at least approximated the end sizes.
- the control computer transfers the variables determined within the stitch plan to a basic automation of the rolling stand, so that the flat rolling stock is rolled in the roll stand according to the varied sizes.
- the shape of the rolled material from the beginning of the process at all intermediate steps of time is a more ⁇ term size.
- the wedges ie the asymmetrical portion of the thickness across the width of the flat rolled stock
- the saberiness ie the curvature of the flat rolled stock in the rolling plane
- the object of the present invention is to provide possibilities by means of which an outlet wedge and / or an outgoing saber can be specifically predicted and adjusted in a flexible manner.
- control computer within the pass schedule calculation varies at least one of the recognized sizes, according to the predetermined wedge strategy so that the determined off ⁇ continuous wedge to a desired outlet wedge and / or the sword are at least approximately a target saber
- control computer passes the determined in the stitch plan calculation varied sizes to a Basisautomati- sation of the rolling stand, so that the flat Walz ⁇ well rolled in the rolling mill according to the varied sizes.
- the rolling of the flat rolling material in the rolling stand be ⁇ writing sizes can be determined as needed.
- they can roll ⁇ scaffold size and may be characteristic influencing the displacement of the flat rolled re ⁇ tively to the rolling stand center at least for the total rolling force, the rolling force difference between drive and operator's side, the appointing difference between the drive and operating side and at least another the rolling contour.
- the other roll stand sizes can also be determined as needed.
- they can comprise a roll rebound force and / or a crowning of rolls of the roll stand and / or an entanglement and / or a displacement of the rolls of the roll stand relative to one another.
- the rolling of the flat rolled in the roll stand beschrei ⁇ reproduced sizes may be supplemented by other sizes.
- the further variables may include, for example, the infeed and / or the run-off train in the flat rolling stock and / or the corresponding differences between the drive and operating side and / or the corresponding distributions over the width of the flat rolling stock.
- the determination of the outlet wedge and the saber, after loading ⁇ must be made. For example, it is possible for the control computer
- control computer It is preferably provided that the control computer
- the roll contour can share special ⁇ DERS efficiently, ie with relatively little computational effort, he ⁇ averages.
- the framework parameters of the rolling stand for the drive and the operating side each comprise a separate Auffe ⁇ tion characteristic.
- the initial data may be purely symmetrical data, for example characterizing the average thickness and the average strength of the flat rolled stock.
- the initial data may additionally include variables which are characteristic of a wedge-for example a temperature wedge-and / or for a thickness wedge and / or for a (inlet-soapy) saber of the flat rolling stock.
- the target outlet wedge and / or the Sollsä- are specified at the control computer.
- the target outlet wedge and / or the target saber can be given to 0 before ⁇ .
- the target discharge wedge and / or the target saber be explicitly specified to the control computer.
- the control computer it is possible for the control computer to use the target run-out wedge using the
- control computer may in particular determine the relative wedge, i. the ratio of thickness wedge to medium thickness of the flat rolled material, maintained.
- control computer takes during the rolling of the flat rolled material in the rolling stand occurring rolling stand conditions and / or during and / or after rolling the flat rolled material in the rolling stand for the actual outlet wedge and / or the actual saber of the flat rolling characteristic sizes opposite.
- the control computer can in particular the sizes received in this case - for the determination of a part of or directly as part of the on ⁇ catch data of the flat rolled for at least one later than ⁇ direct rolling process of the same flat rolled stock in the same or another roll stand,
- the inventive object is also achieved by a Compu ⁇ terprogramm of the type mentioned.
- the computer program is designed in this case such that the control computer executes an operating method with all steps of an operating method according to the invention.
- control computer for a rolling mill for rolling a flat rolling stock which is designed such that it carries out such Be ⁇ operating method during operation.
- FIGS. 2 to 5 are flowcharts
- FIG 1 shows a rolling mill for rolling a flat Walzgu- tes 1.
- the rolling line is formed as shown in FIG 1 as a multi-stand rolling ⁇ road, the more - has rolling stands 2 - usually four to eight.
- the flat rolling stock 1 is rolled.
- the rolling train is equipped with a control computer 3.
- the control computer 3 is designed such that it operates the rolling mill in accordance with an operating method with all the steps of an operating method according to the invention.
- the inventions dung proper method of operation in greater detail below erläu ⁇ tert.
- the corresponding design of the control computer 3 is effected by a computer program 4, with which the control computer 3 is programmed.
- the computer program 4 can be stored for this purpose on a suitable data carrier 5-purely by way of example is the data carrier shown in FIG 1 as a USB memory stick.
- the storage on the data carrier 5 is in machine-readable form, as a rule in an exclusively machine-readable form, for example in electronic form.
- the computer program 4 comprises machine code 6.
- the machine code 6 can be processed directly by the control computer 3.
- the processing of the machine code 6 by the control computer 3 causes the control computer 3 to operate the rolling train according to the operating method according to the invention.
- the framework data describe framework parameters of a rolling mill 2 executing a specific rolling process, in particular its spring-back characteristic.
- the control computer 3 for the specific rolling process in the specific rolling mill 2 initial data are known, which describe the flat rolling stock 1 before rolling in the respective rolling stand 2.
- the initial data comprise at least the width b, the average thickness d and ei ⁇ ne for the average strength of the flat rolled material 1 cha ⁇ characteristic size, for example, the temperature T.
- the initial data to the control computer 3 are specified from the outside , Alternatively, it is possible for the control computer 3 to determine the initial data itself. For example, the initial data may result, in whole or in part, from a previous rolling operation that is performed prior to the rolling process now under consideration. This will be explained later to be purified. It is possible for the control computer 3 to carry out the step S2 as part of a passplan calculation.
- a step S3 the control computer 3 sets in the context of Stichplanbetician sizes that describe the rolling of the flat rolled stock 1 in the respective rolling stand 2. Due to the fact that the control computer 3 executes the step S3 in the stitch plan calculation, the control computer 3 executes the step S3 before starting rolling of the rolling stock 1 in the corresponding rolling mill 2.
- the control computer 3 is therefore able, in a step S4 as part of the stitch plan calculation based on the initial data b, d, T, the framework data and the set sizes by means of a
- Walzgut 1 is expected when the flat rolling stock 1 is rolled in Walzge ⁇ framework 2 with the sizes set.
- the wedge model 7 comprises mathematical-physical equations by means of which the behavior of the rolling stand 2 and of the flat rolling stock 1 is described. It is also realized by the computer program 4 or the machine code 6.
- discharge wedge has the following meaning: A discharge wedge is the asymmetrical part of the thickness function seen over the bandwidth b.
- the term “saber” means the curvature of the flat rolling stock 1 to the side.
- the control computer 3 varies as part of the stitch plan calculation according to a wedge strategy at least one of the set sizes. The variation takes place in such a way that the determined discharge wedge K is at least approximated to a desired discharge wedge. Alternatively or additionally, the determination can be made such that the saber K 'is approximated to a target saber.
- a step S6 the control computer via 3 outputs the men in the framework of the pass schedule calculation determined varied sizes to a base automation 8 of the respective roll stand 2.
- the basic automation 8 is thereby able to roll the respective rolling stand 2 in accordance with the varied sizes, while the flat rolling stock 1 passes through the respective rolling stand 2.
- the step S6 is also executed by the control computer 3 before the flat rolling stock 1 is rolled in the respective rolling stand 2.
- Steps Sil to S16 correspond in terms of their approach to steps S1 to S6 of FIG. 2. However, steps S11 to S16 show more precise embodiments than steps S1 to S6.
- the embodiment of the steps Sil to S16 can be implemented independently of each other. It is not necessary, for example, to combine the more concrete embodiment of step S11 with the more concrete embodiment of step S13. It could, for example, the sequence of Schrit ⁇ te Sil and S2 to S6 are combined with each other or the sequence of steps Sl, S2, S13 and S4 to S6 and derglei- chen more.
- step S The Gerüstda ⁇ th set - in step Sil be - analogously to step Sl.
- the framework Roll stand 2 parameters - separately for the drive and operating sides - each have their own spring characteristic.
- step S12 the control computer 3 becomes aware of the quantities b, d, T already mentioned in connection with step S2.
- the initial data may include, for example, a strength wedge - in particular a temperature wedge ⁇ - and / or a thickness wedge 5d.
- a characteristic variable for an incoming saber of the flat rolling stock 1 can be known, for example a corresponding curvature k.
- control computer 3 may be known in the step S12 further data, for example the desired wedge and / or the target saber or maximum values for the outlet ⁇ wedge and / or the expiring saber.
- Step S13 shows some of the set sizes.
- the set sizes are characteristic at least for the total rolling force F.
- the seeded ⁇ sizes are further characteristic of the rolling force differential 5F between the drive and operating side.
- Further possible scheduled sizes are more the rolling contour be ⁇ influential end mill sizes B, C, ⁇ and the appointing difference 5s between drive and operator side.
- an offset V can be used with. The offset V indicates how far the flat rolling stock 1 to Walzge ⁇ rüstmitte offset relative to the respective roll stand 2 enters.
- step S14 the control computer 3 determined by the total rolling force F, the rolling force differential 5F, the further roll stand sizes B, C, ⁇ , the width b of the flat rolled stock 1 and the offset V a bend line portion Cl.
- the control computer 3 determines in the context of step S14 on the basis of the difference in employment 5s and a framework suspension difference 5g between the drive and operator side a tilting component K3. Based on the bend line portion Kl, the Abplattungsanteils K2 and Verkippungsanteils K3 he ⁇ then averages the control computer 3 the outlet wedge K. If the initial data comprise values for the einlaufseifigen wedge and the einlaufseifigen saber and further the mono- and auslaufseifigen cables and the differences or distributions are known or a material transverse flow is excluded, in addition, the auslaufseifige saber K 'can be determined.
- Steps S15 and S16 are identical to steps S5 and S6 of FIG.
- step S14 in which separately the bending line component K1 and the flattening portion K2 are determined, it is possible to directly determine a roller contour component which corresponds to the sum of bending line component K1 and flattening component K2. If this procedure is to be implemented, it is possible, for example, to proceed as follows:
- the rollers 9 of the rolling mill 2 considered are divided into finite elements. It is determined a matrix which sets a given displacement of the finite elements of a per ⁇ bib rest position with the resulting pressure distribution in the roll gap in relationship (so-called elastic Gleichun ⁇ gene). This matrix is inverted, so that based on a ge ⁇ passed rolling force distribution of the corresponding contour of the roll gap can be determined.
- the corresponding procedure for determining the matrix and its inversion are known to those skilled in the art.
- An analogous procedure is possible if, alternatively or in addition to the transition from the rolled stock 1 to the work roll 9, a transition between two rolls 9 of the rolling stand 2 is considered.
- An analogous procedure is also possible wei ⁇ terhin when the shifts are applied as continuous functions (so-called Green's radio ⁇ tion).
- FIG. 4 shows further possible embodiments of the invention
- Step S13 of FIG 3. Analogously to the relationship of Figures 2 and 3 to each other and steps S21 and S22 are alternatively feasible.
- step S21 possible further rolling stand sizes erläu ⁇ tert.
- the further roll stand ⁇ sizes can comprise at least one of the following quantities: - A roll reverse bending force B
- the crown C can optionally be actively influenced by local cooling of the rollers 9.
- the control computer 3 can continue to be given additional variables which describe the rolling of the flat rolling stock 1 in the respective rolling stand 2.
- the control computer 3 can additionally be preset with at least one of the following variables:
- FIG. 5 shows various possible embodiments.
- the ⁇ designs are independent of each other feasible.
- the possible embodiments are explained in the context of FIG. 5 in conjunction with the steps S 1 to S 6, which have already been explained in FIG.
- Alternatively - the steps Sil through S16 of FIG 3 ver ⁇ applies, if necessary, in the embodiments according to FIG 4 - together increasing or individually.
- step S31 is additionally present.
- the wedge strategy is specified to the control computer 3.
- the control computer can be specified whether he 'should set to 0 if it is to retain an existing relative Asym ⁇ spectrometry (possibly in which distribution from ⁇ -running wedge-K and saber K' the outlet wedge K and / or the saber K ) and the like more.
- step S32 the control computer 3 determines the target discharge wedge and / or the target saber using the initial data of the flat rolling stock 1.
- the control computer 3 no longer or only because of the thickness d of the rolling stock 1 a material crossflow is possible to a limited extent, the target wedge and the target saber pretend such that the target saber is in the still tolerable range and the target wedge describes the remaining asymmetry of the flat rolled material 1.
- steps S36 to S38 may be present.
- step S36 the control computer 3 receives rolling stand conditions which occur during the rolling of the flat rolling stock 1 in the respective rolling stand 2.
- the control computer 3 can receive the actual rolling forces and / or the actual rolling force differences or the corresponding values of the bending-back force.
- step S37 during the rolling of the flat rolling stock 1 in the relevant rolling stand 2, the control computer 3 can accept variables which are characteristic of the actual discharge wedge and / or the actual saber of the flat rolling stock 1. For example, the actual exit-side train or its difference or distribution can be detected and fed to the control computer 3.
- corresponding sizes can be accepted after rolling the flat rolled stock 1.
- the flat rolling stock 1 may be measured after complete rolling in the respective rolling stand 2 under certain circumstances. It is also possible for suitable sizes to be detected at one point or at several locations behind the rolling stand 2 and for the actual outflow-side curvature of the flat rolling stock 1 to be closed on the basis of the variables. Corresponding ⁇ methods are known in the art.
- the control computer 3 can use the quantities taken in the course of the steps S36, S37 and / or S38 for different purposes. For example, it is possible that the STEU ⁇ errechner a visualization of the actual spout wedge and / or the actual saber of the flat rolled product 1 in a step S41 3 - outputting to an operator 10 - for instance via a display or a printer. Alternatively or additionally, it is possible that the control computer 3 in a step S42 the actual, received size Compare JO with corresponding expected sizes and adapted to the comparison of the wedge model 7.
- control computer 3 uses the entge accepted sizes to determine actual conditions of the flat rolling stock 1 and to take into account in subsequent ⁇ gender processing steps.
- the control computer 3 in a step S43 check whether the processing of the flat rolled material 1 is completed. If this is not the case, the control computer 3 can proceed to a step S44, in which the control computer 3, the initial data of the flat rolled material 1 for a subsequent treatment step - in particular a subsequent rolling - the same flat rolled material 1 approaches or using this Data determined at least a portion of the initial data of the flat rolling stock 1.
- the subsequent rolling process can, depending on the type of rolling train, be carried out in the same or in another rolling stand 2.
- step S46 the control computer 3 may change the wedge strategy under certain circumstances. For example, the control computer may determine the wedge strategy such that the discharge wedge K and the saber K 'are corrected if and as long as the running thickness d of the flat rolling stock 1 is greater than a kri cal thickness. However, if the thickness d of the flat rolled stock 1 before rolling is (are) smaller than the critical thickness, the control computer 3 may change the wedge strategy so that from this point on, the run-out wedge K existing at that time is maintained. Other amendments ⁇ insurance options are given.
- the operating method according to the invention per flat rolled product 1 is executed only once. Vorzugswei se, however, it is executed several times.
- the control computer 3 according to FIG. 6 can be used over the length of the flat rolling mill.
- set good 1 seen a plurality of positions (sections 11) and for each section 11 each determine the outlet wedge K and / or the saber K 'and according to the respective given wedge ⁇ strategy at least one of the set sizes - for example, the rolling force difference 5F or the offset V - vary in the sense of approaching a respective setpoint.
- control computer 3 It is possible for the control computer 3 to carry out the determination of the discharge wedge K and / or the saber K 'for all considered sections 11 before the first section 11 of the rolled product 1 enters the considered rolling stand 2. At least, however, the control computer 3 executes the process for each section 11 at a timing before the respective Ab ⁇ cut enters the executing the respective rolling mill stand 2.
- the rolling train operates in reversing according to the Dar ⁇ position of Figure 7, is therefore designed as a reversing mill.
- This configuration lends itself to re insbesonde ⁇ when the flat rolling stock 1 is a thick plate.
- the reversing mill is preferably designed as a Steckel mill.
- the present invention has many advantages. Insbeson ⁇ particular is a targeted determining the run wedge K and / or of the saber K ', and an integration of this determination in the pass schedule calculation possible.
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Abstract
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Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
BR112013030000A BR112013030000A2 (pt) | 2011-05-24 | 2012-04-27 | método de operação para um trem de laminação |
EP12718185.7A EP2691188B1 (de) | 2011-05-24 | 2012-04-27 | Betriebsverfahren für eine walzstrasse |
US14/119,986 US9586245B2 (en) | 2011-05-24 | 2012-04-27 | Operating method for a rolling train |
CN201280024747.XA CN103547383B (zh) | 2011-05-24 | 2012-04-27 | 用于轧机列的运行方法 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP11167282.0 | 2011-05-24 | ||
EP11167282A EP2527052A1 (de) | 2011-05-24 | 2011-05-24 | Betriebsverfahren für eine Walzstraße |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2012159849A1 true WO2012159849A1 (de) | 2012-11-29 |
Family
ID=46025692
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2012/057814 WO2012159849A1 (de) | 2011-05-24 | 2012-04-27 | Betriebsverfahren für eine walzstrasse |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US9586245B2 (de) |
EP (2) | EP2527052A1 (de) |
CN (1) | CN103547383B (de) |
BR (1) | BR112013030000A2 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2012159849A1 (de) |
Cited By (4)
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EP2910316A1 (de) | 2014-02-21 | 2015-08-26 | Primetals Technologies Germany GmbH | Einfache Vorsteuerung einer Keilanstellung eines Vorgerüsts |
EP2957360A1 (de) | 2014-06-16 | 2015-12-23 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Betriebsverfahren für eine Walzstraße |
US9586245B2 (en) | 2011-05-24 | 2017-03-07 | Primetals Technologies Germany Gmbh | Operating method for a rolling train |
EP3714999A1 (de) | 2019-03-28 | 2020-09-30 | Primetals Technologies Germany GmbH | Ermittlung einer anstellung eines walzgerüsts |
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CN104190721B (zh) * | 2014-09-04 | 2017-03-15 | 广东韶钢松山股份有限公司 | 一种轧机雪橇分段投入装置的操作方法及其应用 |
JP6688115B2 (ja) * | 2016-03-18 | 2020-04-28 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | 制御方法選択支援システム |
JP6805993B2 (ja) * | 2017-07-24 | 2020-12-23 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | 厚鋼板の圧延方法および製造方法 |
EP3479916A1 (de) * | 2017-11-06 | 2019-05-08 | Primetals Technologies Germany GmbH | Gezielte einstellung der kontur durch entsprechende vorgaben |
KR20240128704A (ko) * | 2022-01-27 | 2024-08-26 | 노벨리스 인크. | 압연기에서 스레딩을 제어하기 위한 시스템 및 방법 |
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US9586245B2 (en) | 2011-05-24 | 2017-03-07 | Primetals Technologies Germany Gmbh | Operating method for a rolling train |
EP2910316A1 (de) | 2014-02-21 | 2015-08-26 | Primetals Technologies Germany GmbH | Einfache Vorsteuerung einer Keilanstellung eines Vorgerüsts |
WO2015124363A1 (de) | 2014-02-21 | 2015-08-27 | Primetals Technologies Germany Gmbh | Einfache vorsteuerung einer keilanstellung eines vorgerüsts |
US10456818B2 (en) | 2014-02-21 | 2019-10-29 | Primetals Technologies Germany Gmbh | Simple pre-control of a wedge-type roll-gap adjustment of a roughing stand |
EP2957360A1 (de) | 2014-06-16 | 2015-12-23 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Betriebsverfahren für eine Walzstraße |
EP3714999A1 (de) | 2019-03-28 | 2020-09-30 | Primetals Technologies Germany GmbH | Ermittlung einer anstellung eines walzgerüsts |
WO2020193051A1 (de) | 2019-03-28 | 2020-10-01 | Primetals Technologies Germany Gmbh | Ermittlung einer anstellung eines walzgerüsts |
CN113646101A (zh) * | 2019-03-28 | 2021-11-12 | 普锐特冶金技术德国有限公司 | 轧机机架的调整的得出 |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2691188A1 (de) | 2014-02-05 |
EP2527052A1 (de) | 2012-11-28 |
CN103547383A (zh) | 2014-01-29 |
BR112013030000A2 (pt) | 2016-09-13 |
US9586245B2 (en) | 2017-03-07 |
US20140100686A1 (en) | 2014-04-10 |
CN103547383B (zh) | 2016-08-24 |
EP2691188B1 (de) | 2015-06-17 |
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