WO2012153126A1 - Therapeutic canine immunoglobulins and methods of using the same - Google Patents

Therapeutic canine immunoglobulins and methods of using the same Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2012153126A1
WO2012153126A1 PCT/GB2012/051008 GB2012051008W WO2012153126A1 WO 2012153126 A1 WO2012153126 A1 WO 2012153126A1 GB 2012051008 W GB2012051008 W GB 2012051008W WO 2012153126 A1 WO2012153126 A1 WO 2012153126A1
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Prior art keywords
antibody
fusion protein
binding fragment
seq
canine
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PCT/GB2012/051008
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
David Gearing
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NVIP Pty Ltd
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NVIP Pty Ltd
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Priority to DK12723733.7T priority Critical patent/DK2705057T3/en
Priority to RU2013154302A priority patent/RU2627191C2/ru
Priority to JP2014509820A priority patent/JP5990701B2/ja
Priority to CA2834992A priority patent/CA2834992C/en
Priority to KR1020167017621A priority patent/KR20160079939A/ko
Priority to GB1320053.0A priority patent/GB2504889C/en
Priority to AU2012252156A priority patent/AU2012252156B2/en
Priority to EP12723733.7A priority patent/EP2705057B8/en
Application filed by NVIP Pty Ltd filed Critical NVIP Pty Ltd
Priority to NZ617450A priority patent/NZ617450B2/en
Priority to US14/115,779 priority patent/US9580496B2/en
Priority to KR1020137032546A priority patent/KR101637502B1/ko
Priority to SG2013081906A priority patent/SG194794A1/en
Priority to CN201280033531.XA priority patent/CN103732620B/zh
Priority to BR112013028523A priority patent/BR112013028523A8/pt
Priority to ES12723733.7T priority patent/ES2601400T3/es
Publication of WO2012153126A1 publication Critical patent/WO2012153126A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Priority to US15/413,808 priority patent/US20170369565A1/en
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/22—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against growth factors ; against growth regulators
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    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
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    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/18—Growth factors; Growth regulators
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/19—Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
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    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/395—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum
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    • A61K39/395—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum
    • A61K39/39533—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum against materials from animals
    • A61K39/3955—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum against materials from animals against proteinaceous materials, e.g. enzymes, hormones, lymphokines
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    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
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    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
    • A61K47/42—Proteins; Polypeptides; Degradation products thereof; Derivatives thereof, e.g. albumin, gelatin or zein
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    • A61K49/08—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by the carrier
    • A61K49/10—Organic compounds
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/475—Growth factors; Growth regulators
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/08—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from viruses
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/24—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against cytokines, lymphokines or interferons
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C07K16/30—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants from tumour cells
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/46—Hybrid immunoglobulins
    • C07K16/461—Igs containing Ig-regions, -domains or -residues form different species
    • C07K16/467—Igs with modifications in the FR-residues only
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K19/00—Hybrid peptides, i.e. peptides covalently bound to nucleic acids, or non-covalently bound protein-protein complexes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/20—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin
    • C07K2317/24—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin containing regions, domains or residues from different species, e.g. chimeric, humanized or veneered
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/40—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by post-translational modification
    • C07K2317/41—Glycosylation, sialylation, or fucosylation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/51—Complete heavy chain or Fd fragment, i.e. VH + CH1
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/52—Constant or Fc region; Isotype
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
    • C07K2317/71—Decreased effector function due to an Fc-modification
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
    • C07K2317/72—Increased effector function due to an Fc-modification
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
    • C07K2317/73—Inducing cell death, e.g. apoptosis, necrosis or inhibition of cell proliferation
    • C07K2317/732—Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity [ADCC]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
    • C07K2317/73—Inducing cell death, e.g. apoptosis, necrosis or inhibition of cell proliferation
    • C07K2317/734—Complement-dependent cytotoxicity [CDC]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
    • C07K2319/30—Non-immunoglobulin-derived peptide or protein having an immunoglobulin constant or Fc region, or a fragment thereof, attached thereto

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to canine or canine derived antibodies, which have specific heavy chain constant regions, for use as antagonists of soluble extracellular mediators and/or cell surface receptors.
  • the invention extends to the therapeutic use of the antibodies, or fragments thereof, in methods for the selective treatment of conditions such as inflammation, pain, cancer or infection in a canine subject.
  • Recombinant immunoglobulins and fusion proteins constructed using constant domain fragments of immunoglobulins are used to treat many human diseases including inflammatory diseases (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease), allergies (e.g. asthma), cancers (e.g. lymphoma, breast cancer, bowel cancer), infectious diseases (e.g. RSV infection), pain (e.g. osteoarthritic pain, cancer pain, lower back pain) and eye disease (e.g. age- related macular degeneration).
  • inflammatory diseases e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease
  • allergies e.g. asthma
  • cancers e.g. lymphoma, breast cancer, bowel cancer
  • infectious diseases e.g. RSV infection
  • pain e.g. osteoarthritic pain, cancer pain, lower back pain
  • eye disease e.g. age- related macular degeneration
  • the molecular targets for therapy include cytokines and chemokines (e.g. interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-5 (IL-5), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor), growth factors (e.g. nerve growth factor (NGF), vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF), tumour necrosis factor (TNF)), cell surface receptors (e.g. HER-2, VEGFR, EGFR, CD20), cell surface-bound growth factors (e.g. unprocessed tumour necrosis factor), viruses (e.g. RSV) and components of the complement cascade (e.g. C5).
  • IL-1 interleukin-1
  • IL-5 interleukin-5
  • GCSF granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
  • GCSF granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor
  • growth factors e.g. nerve growth factor (NGF), vascular endotheli
  • immunoglobulin G immunoglobulin G
  • IgA immunoglobulin A
  • IgM immunoglobulin M
  • IgE immunoglobulin E
  • Immunoglobulin G is produced as several different isotypes (also known as isoforms), such as (in humans) IgGl, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4. These antibody isotypes vary in structure, in particular with regard to differences in the amino acid sequences of the constant region, particularly around the hinge region of the constant domain (Fc) between the CI and C2 domains.
  • Different antibody isotypes also differ in terms of the downstream effector functions which the antibody mediates.
  • the constant region sequence of an antibody can mediate a strong influence on characteristics such as effector functions (ADCC, complement fixing and activation), pharmacokinetics, and physical properties of an antibody.
  • Antibodies having different isotypes also differ in terms of their ability to bind to IgG Fc receptors on immune cells.
  • IgGl and IgG3 are active in recruiting complement to aid in target destruction by the cascade of complement enzymes in the blood (CDC: complement-dependent cytotoxicity), and similarly IgGl and IgG3 bind Fc receptors on immune cells that target the bound antigen for destruction by antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).
  • ADCC antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity
  • IgG2 and IgG4 do not recruit complement or activate ADCC mediated attack and simply bind to the target antigen with high affinity to inhibit or neutralise its activity.
  • Recombinant immunoglobulins and fusion proteins made from the same are designed to take into account the activity of the Fc isotype when considering the target for disease intervention. For example, it is preferable when considering a therapeutic approach which aims to use antibodies for the targeted killing of human cancer cells to construct the recombinant immunoglobulin from IgGl or IgG3 isotype Fc domains, as the use of these isotypes will drive immune mediated destructive mechanisms such as CDC and ADCC. By contrast, when targeting soluble mediators in the context of sensitive human tissues, the Fc domain is either omitted (e.g.
  • Fab fragments targeting VEGF are preferred), or is constructed using IgG2 or IgG4 Fc domains (e.g. targeting nerve growth factor in the context of neuropathic or inflammatory pain, or complement C5 in nephritis, psoriasis or rheumatoid arthritis).
  • IgG2 or IgG4 Fc domains e.g. targeting nerve growth factor in the context of neuropathic or inflammatory pain, or complement C5 in nephritis, psoriasis or rheumatoid arthritis.
  • immunoglobulin isoforms also exist but have insufficient homology between one another to determine a priori which sequence will be active or inactive in inducing downstream effector functions such as CDC or ADCC. Furthermore, the number of immunoglobulins varies between species (e.g. in dog there are four IgG immunoglobulins, these being defined as calgG-A, calgG-B, calgG-C, and calgG-D (Tang et al., 2001). In horses, there are seven IgG isotypes (Wagner, 2006).
  • isotypes of canine IgG immunoglobulin share the characteristics observed in human IgG antibodies that certain IgG antibody isotypes are active in terms of activating immune effector functions, while other IgG antibody isotypes do not activate immune effector functions and are accordingly inactive.
  • HCA canine heavy chain immunoglobulins
  • HCB calgG-B
  • HCC calgG-C
  • HCD calgG-D
  • the inventor has surprisingly identified that heavy chain constant domains from two (calgG-B and calgG-C) of the four canine heavy chain immunoglobulins, when constructed as various recombinant forms targeting different therapeutic targets, surprisingly bind complement, whereas the other two (calgG-A and calgG-D) do not.
  • the present invention defines certain recombinant canine immunoglobulins, or fusion proteins made therefrom, which may be used in the therapy of canines where target destruction is desired (e.g. in cancer or infectious disease treatment); and certain other isoforms which may be preferred for therapeutic treatments in canines where target neutralisation alone, rather than target destruction, is desired (e.g. in the treatment of pain).
  • the present invention therefore provides recombinant canine immunoglobulins that can be distinguished by their ability or otherwise to bind to the first component of the complement cascade, based on the isotype of their heavy chain constant domain.
  • recombinant canine immunoglobulins can be selected according to their intended use in treatment of disease in canines, whether for purposes where the intended target is selected for immune mediated destruction through complement mediated cytotoxicity (CDC; e.g. for use in killing canine tumours in vivo) or where the target is selected simply for neutralisation in the absence of undesirable immune mediated destruction (e.g. in the proximity of nerves, or in the eye).
  • CDC complement mediated cytotoxicity
  • an antibody, fusion protein or a binding fragment thereof for use in the therapeutic treatment of a canine wherein said antibody, fusion protein or binding fragment has a heavy chain constant domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO: 11 or SEQ ID NO: 13, wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain minimises the activation of downstream immune system effector functions when the antibody, fusion protein or binding fragment is bound to its target antigen.
  • the therapeutic treatment of the canine relates to the treatment of pain or inflammation or a condition associated therewith, such as arthritis or an arthritic condition.
  • a yet further aspect of the invention provides use of an antibody, fusion protein or a binding fragment thereof comprising a heavy chain constant domain having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:ll or SEQ ID NO:13, wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain minimises the activation of downstream immune system effector functions when the antibody, fusion protein or binding fragment is bound to its target antigen, in the preparation of a medicament for use in the treatment of pain or inflammation in a canine subject or a condition associated therewith, such as arthritis or an arthritic condition.
  • a yet further aspect of the present invention provides a method for treating, inhibiting or ameliorating pain or inflammation or a condition associated therewith, such as arthritis or an arthritic condition, in a canine subject in need thereof, the method comprising the steps of:
  • an antibody, fusion protein or a binding fragment thereof which binds specifically to a target antigen which has a specific function in the treatment or prevention of pain or inflammation, wherein the antibody, fusion protein or binding fragment thereof has a heavy chain constant domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:ll or SEQ ID NO:13 and wherein the antibody, fusion protein or binding fragment thereof does not activate downstream immune system effector functions, and - administering a therapeutically effective amount of the antibody, fusion protein or binding fragment thereof to the canine subject.
  • a yet further aspect of the present invention provides a canine derived antibody, fusion protein or a binding fragment thereof which has a heavy chain constant domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:ll or SEQ ID NO: 13 for use in the preparation of a medicament for the treating, inhibiting or ameliorating pain or inflammation in a canine subject.
  • the pain is neuropathic pain.
  • the pain may be peri-operative, post-operative or post-surgical pain.
  • Post-operative pain may result following any operating procedure which in canines may include, but is not limited to orthopaedic surgery, soft tissue surgery, ovariohysterectomy procedures, castration procedures and the like.
  • the pain is chronic pain associated with cancer or a cancerous condition (oncologic pain).
  • the pain is associated with, or resulting from rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, inflammation or pruritis.
  • a yet further aspect of the present invention provides a method for the treatment of arthritis or an arthritic condition
  • the foregoing method of the invention further comprises the step of co-administering at least one further agent which may enhance and/or complement the effectiveness of the antibody of the invention.
  • the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof may be coadministered along with at least one analgesic, NSAID, opioid, corticosteroid or steroid.
  • suitable analgesics include, but are not limited to butorphanol, 10 buprenorphine, fentanyl, flunixin meglumine, merpidine, morphine, nalbuphine and derivatives thereof.
  • Suitable NSAIDS include, but are not limited to acetaminophen, acetylsalicylic acid, carprofen, etodolac, ketoprofen, meloxicam, firocoxib, robenacoxib, deracoxib and the like.
  • the foregoing methods may be accompanied by the administration of at least one further agent.
  • Said agent may be a therapeutically active agent which may be one or more of the group selected from: an antibiotic, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antiviral or similar therapeutic agents.
  • the at least one further agent may be an inhibitor of mediator(s) of inflammation such as a PGE-receptor antagonist, an immunosuppressive agent, such as cyclosporine, an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids.
  • the at least one further agent may be an agent which is used for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction or impairment, such as memory loss or related conditions which may become increasingly prevalent in older canines.
  • the at least one further agent may be an anti-hypertensive or other compound used for the treatment of cardiovascular dysfunction, for example to treat hypertension, myocardial ischemia, congestive heart failure and the like. Further still, the at least one further agent may be a diuretic, vasodilator, beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist, angiotensin-II converting enzyme inhibitor, calcium channel blocker and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor.
  • the downstream immune system effector functions are selected from the group comprising complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), and antibody dependent cellular pathogenesis (ADCP).
  • the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain constant domain inhibits binding of the heavy chain to Clq, this preventing induction of the complement cascade and complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC).
  • the target antigen is a soluble mediator.
  • the target antigen is nerve growth factor (NGF).
  • the antibody specifically binds to and antagonises a receptor which mediates pain or inflammation.
  • the target antigen can be selected from the group consisting of, but not limited to: cytokines or chemokines (e.g.
  • interleukin-1 and related interleukins IL-2 through IL-35 granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin, thrombopoetin, leukaemia inhibitory factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor, oncostatin M
  • growth factors e.g. nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3, neurotrophin-4, vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF), tumour necrosis factor (TNF), cell surface receptors (e.g. HER-2, VEGFR, EGFR, CD20), cell surface-bound growth factors (e.g. unprocessed tumour necrosis factor), viruses (e.g. RSV) and components of the complement cascade (e.g. C5, C5a).
  • NGF nerve growth factor
  • BDNF brain-derived neurotrophic factor
  • VEGF vascular endothelial cell growth factor
  • an antibody, fusion protein or a binding fragment thereof for use in the therapeutic treatment of a canine wherein said antibody, fusion protein or binding fragment has a heavy chain constant domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, or SEQ ID N0:14 wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain mediates the activation of downstream immune system effector functions when the antibody, fusion protein or binding fragment is bound to its target antigen.
  • the therapeutic treatment of the canine relates to the treatment of a cancerous or malignant condition.
  • a yet further aspect of the invention provides use of an antibody, fusion protein or a binding fragment thereof comprising a heavy chain constant domain having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10 or SEQ ID N0:14, wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain mediates the activation of downstream immune system effector functions when the antibody, fusion protein or binding fragment is bound to its target antigen, in the preparation of a medicament for use in the treatment of a cancerous or malignant condition in a canine subject.
  • a yet further aspect of the present invention provides a method for the treatment or prevention of a cancerous or malignant condition in a canine subject, the method comprising the steps of:
  • an antibody, fusion protein or a binding fragment thereof which binds specifically to a target antigen which has a specific function in the treatment of a cancerous or malignant condition
  • the antibody, fusion protein or binding fragment has a heavy chain constant domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO: 10 or SEQ ID NO: 14 and wherein the antibody, fusion protein or binding fragment activates downstream immune system effector functions
  • the foregoing method of the invention further comprises the step of co-administering at least one further agent which may enhance and/or complement the effectiveness of the antibody of the invention.
  • a yet further aspect of the present invention provides use of a canine derived antibody, fusion protein or a binding fragment thereof, which has a heavy chain constant domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10 or SEQ ID N0: 14 in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of cancerous or malignant condition in a canine subject.
  • the downstream immune system effector functions are selected from the group comprising complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), and antibody dependent cellular pathogenesis (ADCP).
  • CDC complement dependent cytotoxicity
  • ADCC antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
  • ADCP antibody dependent cellular pathogenesis
  • the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain constant domain provides for binding of the heavy chain to Clq, this preventing induction of the complement cascade and complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC).
  • the heavy chain constant domain provides for binding to Fc receptors, which may in turn mediate ADCP and/or ADCC immune responses.
  • the target antigen is a cancer specific antigen.
  • the target antigen may be selected from the group of membrane bound proteins expressed on canine tumour cells.
  • the membrane bound canine tumour proteins may be selected from the group of proteins including CD2, CD4, CD8, CD20, EGFR, VEGFR, HER2 and the like.
  • the target antigen can be selected from the group consisting of, but not limited to: cytokines and chemokines (e.g.
  • interleukin-1 interleukin-1
  • IL-2 interleukin-2
  • IL-3 interleukins numerically through to IL-35
  • granulocyte colony-stimulating factor granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor
  • erythropoietin thrombopoetin
  • leukaemia inhibitory factor ciliary neurotrophic factor
  • oncostatin M growth factors
  • growth factors e.g. nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3, neurotrophin-4, vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF), tumour necrosis factor (TNF)
  • cell surface receptors e.g. HER-2, VEGFR, EGFR, CD20
  • cell surface-bound growth factors e.g. unprocessed tumour necrosis factor
  • viruses e.g. RSV
  • components of the complement cascade e.g. C5, C5a
  • a yet further aspect of the invention provides for an antibody, fusion protein or a binding fragment thereof for use in the treatment of a condition in a canine, wherein the antibody, fusion protein or binding fragment has a heavy chain constant domain which does not bind to Clq when the antibody, fusion protein or binding fragment is bound to its target antigen and wherein the antibody, fusion protein or binding fragment can be purified using Protein A chromatography.
  • said antibody, fusion protein or binding fragment has a heavy chain constant domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:13. In certain embodiments, said antibody, fusion protein or binding fragment has a heavy chain constant domain selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:12 and SEQ ID NO: 15.
  • a yet further aspect of the invention provides use of an antibody, fusion protein or a binding fragment which comprises a heavy chain constant domain which does not bind to Clq when the antibody, fusion protein or binding fragment is bound to its target antigen and wherein the antibody, fusion protein or binding fragment can be purified using Protein A chromatography in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a condition associated with pain and/or inflammation in a canine.
  • said antibody, fusion protein or binding fragment has a heavy chain constant domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:13.
  • said antibody, fusion protein or binding fragment has a heavy chain constant domain selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:12 and SEQ ID NO:15.
  • a yet further aspect of the present invention provides a method for treating, inhibiting or ameliorating pain or inflammation or a condition associated therewith, such as arthritis or an arthritic condition, in a canine subject in need thereof, the method comprising the steps of:
  • said antibody, fusion protein or binding fragment has a heavy chain constant domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:13. In certain embodiments, said antibody, fusion protein or binding fragment has a heavy chain constant domain selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:12 and SEQ ID NO:15.
  • the invention extends to: (i) nucleic acids which encode any of the foregoing antibodies, fusion proteins or antibody fragments of the invention, (ii) vectors which carry said nucleic acids, (iii) host cells carrying said vectors.
  • the invention further extends to methods for producing antibodies and fusion proteins as defined in the foregoing statements of invention.
  • the present invention extends to pharmaceutical compositions which comprise the antibodies or fusion proteins of the present invention along with at least one carrier, diluent or excipient.
  • a further aspect of the invention provides a recombinant antibody, fusion protein or binding fragment thereof which can be therapeutically administered to a canine in order to specifically bind to a target antigen and which further mediates an immune response which is characterised by Clq complement binding to said antibody, fusion protein or binding fragment thereof and associated complement dependent cytotoxicity, wherein the heavy chain of the antibody, fusion protein or binding fragment thereof comprises canine immunoglobulin heavy chain constant domain isotype B (HCB, calgG-B) having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9, canine immunoglobulin heavy chain constant domain isotype C (HCC, calgG-C) having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10 or aglycosyl canine immunoglobulin heavy chain isotype C (HCC, calgG-C) having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14.
  • HAB immunoglobulin heavy chain constant domain isotype B
  • HCC canine immunoglobulin heavy chain constant domain isotype C
  • HCC
  • a yet further aspect of the present invention provides use of an antibody, fusion protein or binding fragment thereof which comprises canine immunoglobulin heavy chain constant domain isotype B (HCB, calgG-B) having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9, canine immunoglobulin heavy chain constant domain isotype C (HCC, calgG-C) having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10 or aglycosyl canine immunoglobulin heavy chain isotype C (HCC, calgG-C) having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14 in the preparation of a medicament for use in the treatment of a condition where specific binding to a target antigen is required and where an immune response which is characterised by Clq complement binding to said antibody, fusion protein or binding fragment thereof and associated complement dependent cytotoxicity is desirable.
  • a yet further aspect of the present invention provides a method for the treatment of a cancerous condition in a canine subject, the method comprising the step of:
  • an immunoglobulin, fusion protein or a binding fragment thereof which has binding specificity for a tumour specific antigen and which further comprises canine immunoglobulin heavy chain constant domain isotype B (HCB, calgG-B) having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9
  • canine immunoglobulin heavy chain constant domain isotype C HCC, calgG-C
  • HCC, calgG-C canine immunoglobulin heavy chain constant domain isotype C
  • HCC, calgG-C having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10
  • aglycosyl canine immunoglobulin heavy chain isotype C HCC, calgG-C having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14
  • the invention extends to antibodies or fusion proteins which bind to a desired target antigen and which comprise heavy chain constant domains which do not bind Clq and which accordingly do not mediate an immune response involving complement dependent cytotoxicity.
  • a recombinant antibody, fusion protein or binding fragment thereof which can be therapeutically administered to a canine in order to specifically bind to a target antigen
  • the constant domain of the antibody or fusion protein does not bind to Clq complement and wherein the heavy chain of the constant domain comprises canine immunoglobulin heavy chain constant domain isotype A (HCA, calgG-A) having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8, canine immunoglobulin heavy chain constant domain isotype D (HCD, calgG-D) having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11 or an aglycosyl canine immunoglobulin heavy chain constant domain isotype B having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:13 (HCB*, caIgG-B).
  • a yet further aspect of the present invention provides use of an antibody, fusion protein or binding fragment thereof which comprises canine immunoglobulin heavy chain constant domain isotype A (HCA, calgG-A) having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8, canine immunoglobulin heavy chain constant domain isotype D (HCD, calgG-D) having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:ll or an aglycosyl canine immunoglobulin heavy chain constant domain isotype B having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:13 (HCB*, calgG-B) in the preparation of a medicament for use in the treatment of a condition where specific binding to a target antigen is required and where an immune response which is characterised by Clq complement binding to said antibody, fusion protein or binding fragment thereof and associated complement dependent cytotoxicity is not desirable.
  • HCA canine immunoglobulin heavy chain constant domain isotype A
  • HCD canine immunoglobulin heavy chain constant domain isotype D
  • ll amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO
  • a yet further aspect of the present invention provides a method for the treatment of a condition in a canine subject, the method comprising the step of: - providing an immunoglobulin, fusion protein or a binding fragment thereof which has binding specificity for a tumour specific antigen and which further comprises canine immunoglobulin heavy chain constant domain isotype A (HCA, calgG-A) having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8, canine immunoglobulin heavy chain constant domain isotype D (HCD, calgG-D) having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11 or an aglycosyl canine immunoglobulin heavy chain constant domain isotype B having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13 (HCB*, calgG-B), and
  • the aglycosylated constant domain designed for antibody construction in the absence of CDC activity is alanine-substituted aglycosylated heavy chain HCB having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:6 (denoted HCB*).
  • the antibodies incorporating heavy chains HCA, HCD or CDC inactive aglycosylated forms of HCA, HCB or HCD are directed to canine growth factors, hormones, cytokines, chemokines or other soluble mediators such as components of the complement cascade.
  • the antibodies incorporating heavy chains HCA, HCD or HCB* are directed to canine nerve growth factor (NGF) for the purposes of neutralising canine NGF biological activity in a canine, without inducing CDC.
  • NGF canine nerve growth factor
  • the antibody is a monoclonal antibody. In certain further embodiments, the antibody is a chimeric antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is a caninised antibody, that is, an antibody which has an amino acid sequence which has been de- immunised such that neutralising antibodies will not be produced there against when administered to a canine subject. Typically the heavy chain constant domains of the antibody are selected or modified by way of amino acid substitution or deletion such that the constant domains do not mediate downstream effector functions. In certain embodiments, the antibody may be conjugated to at least one reporter molecule.
  • the canine immunoglobulin heavy chain constant domain may be fused whole or in part to the extracellular domain of a cytokine or chemokine receptor or other trans-membrane protein (e.g. the TNF receptor), whereby the whole or fragment of the canine immunoglobulin heavy chain constant domain is selected from the group HCA, HCD or HCB* where it is desired that the canine extracellular domain-immunoglobulin heavy chain fusion protein does not activate CDC (e.g.
  • the canine immunoglobulin heavy chain constant domain is selected from the group HCB, HCC or HCC* where it is desired that the canine extracellular domain- immunoglobulin heavy chain fusion protein (e.g. where TNF receptor Fc fusion proteins are designed to kill membrane-associated TNF bearing inflammatory cells).
  • the canine receptor-Fc fusion proteins may be selected from the group of extracellular domains of membrane bound receptors found on canine cells fused to canine immunoglobulin domain heavy chain Fc regions.
  • the antibodies incorporating heavy chains HCB, HCC or HCC* are directed to CD20 for the purposes of inducing CDC of canine CD20 expressing cells, such as canine lymphoma cells through the binding of these antibodies to CD20 on their surface.
  • the caninised antibodies are not cross-reactive to any other epitopes present in canines, and further that neutralising antibodies are not generated against the antibodies of the invention when they are administered to a canine.
  • modifications to the amino acid sequence of the constant regions of the heavy chain may be made to the antibodies or fusion proteins of the invention.
  • Said modification may involve the addition, substitution or deletion of one or more amino acid residues.
  • Said amino acid changes are typically performed in order to modify the functional characteristics of the antibody.
  • amino acid modification may be performed to prevent downstream effector functions mediated by the antibody constant domains, for example by preventing the ability of the antibody to bind to Fc receptors, activate complement or induce ADCC.
  • modifications may be made to the amino acid residues of the hinge region of the heavy chain constant domain in order to modify the circulatory half-life of an antibody when it is administered to a canine.
  • the invention provides multi-specific or multivalent antibodies comprising an antibody or binding fragment of the invention coupled or conjoined to other antibodies with different binding specificities for use in combination therapy.
  • a multi-specific antibody comprises at least one antibody or binding fragment specific to a first epitope, and at least one binding site specific to another epitope present on the antigen, or to a different antigen.
  • a multivalent antibody comprises antibodies or antibody binding fragments which have binding specificity to the same epitope. Accordingly, in certain embodiments, the invention extends to an antibody fusion protein comprising four or more Fv regions or Fab regions of the antibodies of the present invention.
  • the invention extends to a bispecific antibody, wherein an antibody or binding fragment thereof according to the present invention is linked to a second antibody or binding fragment thereof which has binding specific for a second target, said target not being the first antigen.
  • a bispecific antibody wherein an antibody or binding fragment thereof according to the present invention is linked to a second antibody or binding fragment thereof which has binding specific for a second target, said target not being the first antigen.
  • Such multivalent, bispecific or multispecific antibodies can be made by a variety of recombinant methods which would be well known to the person skilled in the art.
  • the antibody, fusion protein or antigen binding fragment is administered to the canine as part of the foregoing methods at a dose ranging from about 0.01 mg/kg of body weight to about 10 mg/kg of body weight, in particular from 0.03 mg/kg of body weight to about 3 mg/kg of body weight.
  • the present invention extends to a composition comprising an antibody, fusion protein or binding fragment thereof according to any foregoing aspect of the invention.
  • the composition further comprises at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the composition may further comprise at least one analgesic, NSAID, opioid, corticosteroid or steroid.
  • the present invention extends to isolated nucleic acid which encodes the antibody, fusion protein or antibody binding fragments of the invention. Accordingly, a yet further aspect of the invention provides an isolated nucleic acid that encodes an antibody, fusion protein or antigen-binding fragment according to any of the foregoing aspects of the invention. In certain embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid further encodes one or more regulatory sequences operably linked thereto.
  • an expression vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding a heavy and/or light chain variable domain or a heavy and/or light chain constant domain of the invention.
  • the expression vector further comprises one or more regulatory sequences.
  • the vector is a plasmid or a retroviral vector.
  • a yet further aspect provides a host cell incorporating the expression vector of the foregoing aspect of the invention.
  • a further aspect of the invention provides a host cell which produces the antibody of any of the foregoing aspects of the invention.
  • a yet further aspect of the invention provides a method for producing an antibody or fusion protein of the invention, the method comprising the step of culturing the host cell of the foregoing aspect of the invention to allow the cell to express the antibody.
  • a yet further aspect of the present invention provides a method of producing the antibody or fusion protein of the invention comprising the steps of expressing one or more of the polynucleotides / nucleic acids or vectors of the foregoing aspects of the invention which express the light and/or heavy chains of the antibodies of the invention in a suitable host cell, recovering the expressed polypeptides, which may be expressed together in a host cell, or separately in different host cells, and isolating antibodies.
  • a yet further aspect of the invention provides a method for treating, ameliorating or inhibiting pain in a canine, the method comprising the step of administering to the canine an effective amount of a polynucleotide which encodes an antibody or fusion protein having a heavy chain constant domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8-SEQ ID NO:ll.
  • a yet further aspect of the invention provides a method for the purification of a canine derived immunoglobulin or an immunoglobulin or fusion protein comprising a canine heavy chain constant domain of isotype A (HCA, calgG-A) having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8 or a canine immunoglobulin heavy chain constant domain of isotype D (HCD, calgG-D) having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11 from a source mixture, the method comprising the steps of:
  • the method comprises the step of buffer exchange in phosphate buffered saline.
  • the method produces a purified antibody which is fractionated to high purity and bioactivity.
  • a further aspect of the present invention provides for the method of production of an aglycosylated canine antibody that can be purified by Protein A chromatography.
  • a canine or canine derived antibody or fusion protein produced in accordance with any of the methods defined herein, for use in the therapeutic treatment of a canine.
  • an anti-canine NGF antibody in the preparation of a medicament for use in treating an immune mediated condition, or a condition associated with pain, in a canine.
  • a yet further aspect of the invention provides a method for the purification of a canine derived immunoglobulin or an immunoglobulin or fusion protein comprising a canine heavy chain constant domain of isotype A (HCA, calgG-A) having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8 or a canine immunoglobulin heavy chain constant domain of isotype D (HCD, calgG-D) having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11 from a source mixture, the method comprising the steps of:
  • a yet further aspect of the present invention extends to an antibody or fusion protein produced from the purification method of the foregoing aspect of the invention for use in the treatment of a canine.
  • Figures 1A and IB show equivalent binding of anti-NGF antibodies (expressed into the supernatant of transfected CHO cells) constructed using four different isotypes of canine heavy chains (HCA, HCB, HCC, HCD) to murine NGF by ELISA ( Figure 1A) and equivalent inhibition of NGF proliferation of TF-1 cells ( Figure IB).
  • Figure 2 shows differential binding of complement to NGF-bound anti- canine NGF antibody isotypes as measured by anti-Clq ELISA.
  • Figures 3a and 3b show binding of NGF-captured glycosylated and aglycosylated caninised anti-NGF monoclonal antibodies to complement as measured by anti-Clq ELISA.
  • Figure 4 shows the binding of NGF-captured caninised anti-NGF monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), anti-canine VEGF MAbs and anti-human CD20/ canine HCB chimeric MAb to complement measured by anti-Clq ELISA.
  • Figures 4A, 4B and 4C show binding of complement to antibodies constructed using various canine heavy chain isotypes.
  • Caninised monoclonal antibodies (MAb) were expressed in CHO cells and tested for their ability to bind complement Clq.
  • Panel A- caninised anti- NGF antibodies (caN-HCB, caN-HCC) compared with humanised antibody isotypes (huN-Gl, huN-G4);
  • Panel B- anti-VEGF antibodies constructed with canine HCA (caV-HCA) and HCB (caV-HCB) isotypes;
  • Panel C- anti- CD20 antibody constructed using HCB isotype (mub-HCA) compared with mouse IgG2a isotype (muB-2a).
  • Figure 5 shows relative recovery of anti-NGF antibody isotypes purified by Protein A and detected using anti-canine polyclonal immunoglobulin by Western blot.
  • the supernatants from Figure 1 were passed over Protein A columns and specifically bound material eluted. Equal volumes of eluate were subjected to SDS-PAGE.
  • Canine isotypes HCA, HCC and HCD bound weakly to Protein A as indicated by significant material in the wash and flow through fractions.
  • Figures A-D show relative recovery of canine antibody isotypes HCA, HCB, HCC and HCD by Protein A: L, load; W, wash; P, purified; F, flow through.
  • Anti-NGF antibody supernatants from Figure 1 were used in this experiment.
  • Figures 6A and 6B show the quantitative purification of anti-canine NGF antibody (HCA isotype) using a three-step method (Method I) comprising (1) anion exchange chromatography, (2) hydrophobic interaction chromatography and (3) size exclusion chromatography.
  • Figure 6A shows the results of fractionation by size exclusion HPLC.
  • Figure 6B shows a reducing SDS-PAGE gel of fractions following each step.
  • Figure 6C and D show the quantitative purification of the anti-canine NGF antibodies of the present invention using a two-step method (Method II) comprising Captoadhere chromatography and anion exchange chromatography.
  • Figure 6C shows SDS-PAGE analysis under non- reducing and reducing conditions.
  • lane 1 is MWS
  • lane 2 is anti-canine NGF antibody 2 ⁇ g/mL and ⁇ reducing agent
  • lane 3 is anti- canine NGF antibody 4 ⁇ g/mL and ⁇ reducing agent
  • lane 4 is anti- canine NGF antibody 6 ⁇ g/mL and ⁇ reducing agent
  • lane 5 is MWS
  • lane 6 is anti-canine NGF antibody 2 ⁇ g/mL and 3 ⁇ 1 reducing agent
  • lane 7 is anti-canine NGF antibody 4 ⁇ g/mL and 3 ⁇ 1 reducing agent
  • lane 8 is anti- canine NGF antibody 6 ⁇ g/mL and 3 ⁇ 1 reducing agent
  • lane 9 is MWS.
  • Figure 6D size exclusion chromatography of the purified anti-canine NGF antibody.
  • Figure 7 shows a comparison of anti-canine NGF antibody (HCA isotype) purified by Methods I and II.
  • Figure 7A comparison by non-reducing and reducing SDS-PAGE.
  • Figure 7B comparison by anti-NGF ELISA.
  • Figure 8 shows body weight (upper panel) and temperature (lower panel) are stable following intravenous administration of anti-canine NGF antibodies (HCA isotype, purified by Method I) into dogs.
  • Figure 9 shows kinetic analysis of plasma anti-canine NGF monoclonal antibody concentration following intravenous injection to a dog.
  • a beagle dog was injected intravenously with anti-NGF antibody at 2 mg/kg, samples of plasma were taken at the times indicated and anti-NGF monoclonal antibody was detected by NGF ELISA.
  • the anti-canine NGF monoclonal antibody had a surprisingly long elimination (beta) phase half life of approximately 9 days.
  • FIG 10 shows that anti-canine NGF monoclonal antibodies (HCA isotype, purified by Method I) reduce inflammatory pain in dogs.
  • Kaolin was injected into the footpad of beagle dogs at Day -1, antibody or vehicle control at Day 0 and lameness was measured by a visual scoring scale.
  • the inventor has designed and constructed several canine monoclonal antibodies using different heavy chain constant domain isotypes and has surprisingly shown that useful properties can be deduced from their ability (or otherwise) to mediate downstream effector functions and in particular from their ability to bind to complement. Accordingly, the inventor has identified different biological effects mediated by different canine immunoglobulin subtypes.
  • this useful property is in directing cells bound by the same antibodies for complement directed cytotoxicity (CDC) in-vivo.
  • CDC complement directed cytotoxicity
  • An example where this functional property is desirable is in canine cancer therapy where antibodies directed to tumour antigens would then direct the complement system to target the cells which have been bound by the antibody, for destruction.
  • antibody isotypes which do not bind complement and so do not cause CDC are preferred where complement activity is undesirable, for example in the proximity of nerves, in the eye or in already inflamed tissues, or simply due to the desire to reduce the risk of an unforeseen side effect of antibody.
  • complement activity is undesirable, for example in the proximity of nerves, in the eye or in already inflamed tissues, or simply due to the desire to reduce the risk of an unforeseen side effect of antibody.
  • canine isotypes are suitable for design and use of antibody therapies in canines is a highly desirable and useful.
  • calgG-A canine immunoglobulin G isotype A
  • calgG-B canine immunoglobulin G isotype B
  • calgG-C canine immunoglobulin G isotype C
  • calgG-D calgG-D - Tang et al., 2001
  • HCA heavy chain constant domains
  • HCB calgG-B
  • HCC calgG-C
  • HCD calgG-D
  • Method I Two alternative methods (referred to herein as Method I and Method II) which could be used to purify a caN-HCA-kLC antibody construct, or other canine antibodies which have the HCA or HCD heavy chain isotype.
  • the first method comprises a combination of anion exchange chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography and size exclusion chromatography.
  • the second method comprises a combination of captoadhere affinity chromatography and anion exchange chromatography.
  • Figure 6 illustrates the purification of the HCA containing anti-NGF antibody by each of the two methods. Highly purified material was obtained by each method and the two methods produced material with similar bioactivity by NGF ELISA ( Figure 7). Since the HCA and HCD isotypes are more similarly related to one another than to HCB and HCC isotypes, the methods are used for both isotypes.
  • the inventor surprisingly found that the aglycosyl HCB* isotype anti-NGF antibody, like the HCB isotype was still able to bind Protein A and so has the desirable property of lack of CDC activity and purification by Protein A chromatography. Canine safety testing
  • HCA anti-canine
  • NGF phosphate buffered saline
  • the dogs were assessed for lameness over 7 days by a visual scoring method (score 0, no lameness (full weight bearing); score 1, slight lameness (not full weight bearing but walking well); score 2, moderate lameness (slightly weight bearing and not walking well), score 3, severe lameness (not weight bearing)). Observers were blinded to which dogs received which injection.
  • Lameness scores were reduced in the dogs receiving anti-NGF monoclonal antibodies by day 3 post-injection compared with vehicle control, indicating that the anti-NGF monoclonal antibodies had an effect in reducing the pain in the dogs over that seen with vehicle alone.
  • the delayed activity is consistent with the plasma pharmacokinetics of anti-canine NGF monoclonal antibodies which demonstrated a slow tissue distribution (alpha) phase of approximately 30 hours and the relatively poor vascularisation of the footpad area.
  • the results shown in Figure 10 show that the anti-canine NGF antibodies of the present invention reduce inflammatory pain in dogs with a consequent reduction in lameness.
  • a canine may be experiencing significant or chronic pain as a result of an associated medical condition such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, inflammation or a cancerous or malignant condition.
  • the term “nociception” refers to the perception of noxious stimuli.
  • neuropathic pain also known as 'neuralgia'
  • dysesthesia an abnormal sensations
  • allodynia which results when the pain comes on, or gets worse, with a touch or stimulus that would not normally cause pain.
  • a slight touch on the face may trigger pain if you have trigeminal neuralgia, or the pressure of the bedclothes may trigger pain if you have diabetic neuropathy.
  • Neuropathic pain may also result from allodynia, where the pain comes on, or gets worse, with a touch or stimulus that would not normally cause pain.
  • a slight touch to the face may trigger pain if a subject has trigeminal neuralgia.
  • Neuropathic pain relating to hyperalgesia means that severe pain results from a stimulus or touch that would normally cause only slight discomfort, while paraesthesia means that uncomfortable or painful feelings occur even when there is nothing in contact with the area causing the pain, for example pins and needles.
  • Other forms of neuropathic pain involve pruritis or itch, which can be associated with allergic or inflammatory responses in the skin and inflammatory pain resulting from tissue damage and repair processes
  • the term "NGF neutralising antibody” or similar describes an antibody that is capable of neutralising the biological activation and signalling of NGF.
  • the neutralising antibody which may also be referred to as an antagonistic antibody, or a blocking antibody, specifically, and preferably selectively, binds to NGF and inhibits one or more biological activities of NGF.
  • the neutralising antibody may inhibit the binding of a NGF to its target ligand, such as the cell membrane bound TrkA or p75 receptors.
  • biological activity refers to any one or more inherent biological properties of a molecule (whether present naturally as found in vivo, or provided or enabled by recombinant means). Biological properties include but are not limited to receptor binding and/or activation; induction of cell signalling or cell proliferation, inhibiting cell growth, induction of cytokine or chemokine production, induction of apoptosis, and enzymatic activity.
  • CDR complementarity determining region
  • FR framework region
  • constant region refers to the portion of the antibody molecule which confers effector functions.
  • constant regions typically mean canine constant regions, that is that the constant regions of the subject canininsed antibodies are derived from canine immunoglobulins.
  • chimeric antibody refers to an antibody containing sequences derived from two different antibodies, which typically are of different species. Most typically chimeric antibodies comprise variable domains derived from a donor specifies which bind specifically to a target epitope and constant domains derived from antibodies obtained from the target species to whom the antibody is to be administered.
  • immunogenicity refers to a measure of the ability of a targeting protein or therapeutic moiety to elicit an immune response (humoral or cellular) when administered to a recipient.
  • the present invention is concerned with the immunogenicity of the subject caninised antibodies.
  • the antibodies of the present invention have no immunogenicity, that is that no neutralising antibodies will be raised against them when administered to a canine, and further, no effector functions are mediated by the Fc regions of the antibody.
  • identity means that at any particular amino acid residue position in an aligned sequence, the amino acid residue is identical between the aligned sequences.
  • similarity indicates that, at any particular position in the aligned sequences, the amino acid residue is of a similar type between the sequences.
  • leucine may be substituted for an isoleucine or valine residue. This may be referred to as conservative substitution.
  • conservative substitution Preferably when the amino acid sequences of the invention are modified by way of conservative substitution of any of the amino acid residues contained therein, these changes have no effect on the binding specificity or functional activity of the resulting antibody when compared to the unmodified antibody.
  • Sequence identity with respect to a (native) polypeptide of the invention and its functional derivative relates to the percentage of amino acid residues in the candidate sequence which are identical with the residues of the corresponding native polypeptide, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percentage homology, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity. Neither N- or C- terminal extensions, nor insertions shall be construed as reducing sequence identity or homology. Methods and computer programs for performing an alignment of two or more amino acid sequences and determining their sequence identity or homology are well known to the person skilled in the art. For example, the percentage of identity or similarity of 2 amino acid sequences can be readily calculated using algorithms e.g. BLAST (Altschul et al. 1990), FASTA (Pearson & Lipman 1988), or the Smith-Waterman algorithm (Smith & Waterman 1981).
  • amino acid residue having the "highest homology" to a second amino acid residue refers to the amino acid residue which has the most characteristics or properties in common with the second amino acid residue. In determining whether an amino acid residue has the highest homology to a second amino acid residue, an assessment may typically be made of factors such as, but not limited to, charge, polarity, hydrophobicity, side arm mass and side arm dimension.
  • corresponding position as used herein to refer to an amino acid residue that is present in a second sequence at a position corresponding to a specified amino acid residue in a first sequence is intended to refer to the position in the second sequence which is the same position as the position in the first sequence when the two sequences are aligned to allow for maximum sequence identity between the two sequences. Amino acid residues at corresponding positions have the same Rabat numbering.
  • a polypeptide may have additional features or elements beyond those described provided that such additional features or elements do not materially affect the ability of the antibody or antibody fragment to have binding specificity to canine NGF. That is, the antibody or antibody fragments comprising the polypeptides may have additional features or elements that do not interfere with the ability of the antibody or antibody fragments to bind to canine NGF and antagonise canine NGF functional activity. Such modifications may be introduced into the amino acid sequence in order to reduce the immunogenicity of the antibody.
  • a polypeptide consisting essentially of a specified sequence may contain one, two, three, four, five or more additional, deleted or substituted amino acids, at either end or at both ends of the sequence provided that these amino acids do not interfere with, inhibit, block or interrupt the role of the antibody or fragment in binding to canine NGF and sequestering its biological function.
  • a polypeptide molecule which contributes to the canine NGF antagonistic antibodies of the invention may be chemically modified with one or more functional groups provided that such functional groups do not interfere with the ability of the antibody or antibody fragment to bind to canine NGF and antagonise its function.
  • the term “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” means the amount of an agent, binding compound, small molecule, fusion protein or peptidomimetic of the invention which is required to deliver the required therapeutic effect.
  • polypeptide polypeptide
  • peptide or “protein” are used interchangeably herein to designate a linear series of amino acid residues connected one to the other by peptide bonds between the alpha-amino and carboxy groups of adjacent residues.
  • the amino acid residues are usually in the natural "L” isomeric form. However, residues in the "D” isomeric form can be substituted for any L-amino acid residue, as long as the desired functional property is retained by the polypeptide.
  • an “antibody” encompasses antigen-binding proteins which specifically bind to a target antigen of interest, in this case canine nerve growth factor, having one or more polypeptides that can be recombinantly prepared or which are genetically encodable by immunoglobulin genes, or fragments of immunoglobulin genes.
  • the term “antibody” encompasses monoclonal and chimeric antibodies, in particular caninised antibodies, and further encompasses polyclonal antibodies or antibodies of any class or subtype.
  • An “antibody” further extends to hybrid antibodies, bispecific antibodies, heteroantibodies and to functional fragments thereof which retain antigen binding.
  • a "canine” may also be referred to as a "dog”.
  • Canines can be categorised as belonging to the subspecies with the trinomial name Canis lupus familiaris [Canis familiaris domesticus] or Canis lupus dingo. Canines include any species of dog and includes both feral and pet varieties, the latter also being referred to as companion animals.
  • Antibodies directed to canine NGF were designed and constructed using identical variable heavy domains (VH) joined to heavy chain constant domains (CH2 and CH3) selected from HCA (SEQ ID NO:l), HCB (SEQ ID NO:2), HCC (SEQ ID NO:3) or HCD (SEQ ID N0:4).
  • VH variable heavy domains
  • CH3 heavy chain constant domains
  • HCA HCA
  • HCB SEQ ID NO:2
  • HCC HCC
  • HCD HCD
  • a variable light chain (VL) was joined to the canine kappa constant domain (SEQ ID NO:5).
  • the combined amino acid sequences were converted to expressible form in mammalian cells by the optimal selection of codons and full chemical gene synthesis and cloning into a mammalian cell expression vector pcDNA3.1+.
  • the designed amino acid sequences were constructed into synthetic cDNA-expressible form and cloned into a mammalian cell expression vector pcDNA3.1(+).
  • Whole antibody sequences were produced by combining caninised variable domain sequences with C-terminal canine constant heavy or constant light chain sequences.
  • the caninised aDll VH domain was combined with each of the four heavy chain isotypes HCA, HCB, HCC and HCD (SEQ ID NO:l- SEQ ID N0:4) and the caninised aDll VL domain with the canine kappa light chain constant domain (SEQ ID NO:5).
  • the combined amino acid sequences were converted to expressible form in mammalian cells by the optimal selection of codons and full chemical gene synthesis and cloning into a mammalian cell expression vector pcDNA3.1+.
  • Combinations of caninised heavy and light chain cDNA plasmids (caN-HCA-kLC using SEQ ID NO:5 plus SEQ ID NO:l (HCA); caN-HCB-kLC using SEQ ID NO:5 plus SEQ ID NO:2 (HCB); caN-HCC-kLC using SEQ ID NO:5 plus SEQ ID NO:3 (HCC) and caN-HCD-kLC using SEQ ID NO:5 plus SEQ ID N0:4 (HCD)) were transfected into CHO cells, the supernatants harvested and reacted in ELISA format with NGF.
  • the bound canine antibody was detected by reactivity with a goat-anti canine IgG specific polyclonal antibody linked to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and developed using TMB.
  • HRP horseradish peroxidase
  • the optical density of the resulting product was measured at 450nm and compared with that from mock empty vector transfected supernatant.
  • the results of binding to NGF for the 4 caninised antibody isotypes are shown in Figure 1.
  • Each of these antibodies has the same light chain (caN-kLC), this being a light chain comprising a canine kappa constant domain.
  • Each antibody has a different heavy chain constant domain.
  • the four antibody-containing supernatants were then assessed for their ability to bind complement when bound to NGF using a complement Clq ELISA. Plates were coated with ⁇ /well of 5 ⁇ g/ml mouse NGF and blocked with 5% BSA/PBS. Coated wells were incubated for 1 hour at room temperature with cell culture supernatants, containing recombinant caninised anti-NGF IgG isotypes, diluted in PBS/1% BSA ( ⁇ /well).
  • the plates were washed and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature with ⁇ /well of human serum diluted 1/100 in veronal buffered saline containing 0.5mM MgCl 2 , 2mM CaCl 2 , 0.05% Tween-20, 0.1% gelatin and 0.5% BSA. After washing, plates were incubated with 100 ⁇ of a 1/800 dilution of sheep anti-Clq-HRP (Serotec) in PBS/1% BSA. After washing, plates were developed by the addition of ⁇ TMB substrate. All complement Clq binding expressed as A450 minus heat-inactivated complement background. Development was stopped by the addition of ⁇ of 2N H2SO4 and absorbance read at 450 nm.
  • Example 3 Complement binding of NGF captured N-glycosylated and aglycosyl variants of anti-canine-NGF monoclonal antibodies with HCB and HCC heavy chain isotypes.
  • the left hand panel shows detection by ELISA of expression of anti-NGF MAbs constructed with HCB heavy chain (HCB), aglycosyl HCB heavy chain (HCB*), HCC heavy chain (HCC) or aglycosyl HCC heavy chain (HCC*) - the open bars show undiluted supernatant, the shaded bars 1/10 diluted supernatant and C shows an undiluted negative control supernatant. Equivalent binding to NGF was observed.
  • HCB* SEQ ID NO: 6
  • HCC* SEQ ID NO:7
  • said antibodies in antagonising the biological functional activity of a target, such as canine NGF, by preventing binding of canine NGF to cell membrane bound TrkA or p75 receptors, inhibit the associated downstream intracellular signalling cascade.
  • a target such as canine NGF
  • NGF antagonising or neutralising antibodies which have canine derived heavy chain of the HCA, HCD or HCB* subtype, sequester canine NGF biological activity without recruiting a wider immune response.
  • the results surprisingly indicate that different canine derived heavy chains exhibit different complement binding and activation characteristics and that the caninised antibodies with type HCA and HCD heavy chains have been unexpectedly shown to be preferable for use in antagonising canine NGF.
  • the identification of canine derived heavy chains which do not mediate complement fixing is a particularly advantageous finding as NGF is a soluble mediator. Such functional properties are both unexpected and highly desirable.
  • Example 4 Production of antibodies with canine heavy chain constant domains to other antigens: VEGF and CD20 and their binding to complement.
  • anti-VEGF and anti-CD20 antibodies were similarly constructed using canine heavy chain constant domains expressed in CHO cells using the same methodology as described in Example 1. Assay results from these antibody supernatants in the complement ELISA are shown in Figure 4. The results compared to the anti-NGF antibodies described above for their ability to recruit complement following binding to their cognate antigen.
  • Panel A shows that caninised anti-NGF MAb constructed using canine heavy chain isotypes B and C and humanised antibodies constructed using human heavy chain isotypes IgGl and IgG4 were captured onto NGF coated plates, incubated with human serum and bound Clq was detected by ELISA using anti-Clq polyclonal antibodies conjugated to HRP.
  • Panel B shows the results of complement Clq binding to VEGF-captured caninised anti-VEGF MAbs constructed using canine heavy chain isotypes A and B (SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9).
  • Panel C shows the results of complement Clq binding to anti-CD20 MAb captured on huCD20 extracellular domain peptide (muB-2a: murine anti-human CD20 MAb and muB-HCB: murine anti-human CD20 MAb expressed as a chimeric fusion protein with canine heavy chain isotype B (SEQ ID NO:9). All complement Clq binding expressed as A450 minus heat-inactivated complement background.
  • Example 1 antibodies comprising canine heavy chain constant domain HCA, HCD and aglycosylated HCB (HCB*) isotypes result in immunoglobulins which do not mediate CDC activity. Accordingly, the inventor has identified for the first time that such canine derived heavy chains have utility in immunoglobulins for use in therapeutic methods where a CDC mediated immune response is not desired. Examples of such uses may be found in the inhibition by canine immunoglobulins of cytokines or chemokines, growth factors, hormones and other extracellular mediators including complement itself in vivo or in diseases such as pain, macular degeneration or inflammation.
  • HCA, HCD and HCB* isotypes are most useful for design of CDC inactive antibodies
  • canine antibodies of HCB (calgG-B) and HCC (calgG-C) isotypes are useful in the design of CDC active antibodies.
  • Such antibodies are useful when targeting cells for destruction, for example in cancer therapy.
  • CDC active antibodies including CD20, HER2 and the EGFR so canine antibodies constructed using HCB and HCC isotypes will have parallel uses in canines.
  • anti-canine NGF monoclonal antibody was purified by anion exchange chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography and size exclusion chromatography (Method I - Figure 6A and B).
  • the anti-NGF antibody could be purified by Captoadhere affinity chromatography followed by anion exchange chromatography (Method II - Figure 6C and D).
  • the main peak of anti-NGF monoclonal antibody purified by either method corresponds to a molecular weight of approximately 150 kDa.
  • Comparison by SDS-PAGE and ELISA ( Figure 7) illustrates that Methods I and II produce antibody preparations with similar purity and bioactivity.
  • Purified anti-NGF monoclonal antibodies produced by these methods were tested in the TF-1 NGF neutralisation assay (described in Figure 1) and shown to have high potency (IC50 13 pM anti-NGF neutralised 37 pM NGF; not shown).
  • Example 6 Anti-canine NGF monoclonal antibodies can be safely administered intravenously to canines and do not cause pyrexia
  • Anti-canine NGF monoclonal antibodies derived from expression vectors containing canine HCA type heavy chain were expressed in CHO cells and purified by a combination of ion exchange chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography and size exclusion chromatography (Method I, Figure 6A and B) and buffer exchanged into phosphate buffered saline.
  • the antibodies were injected intravenously into beagle dogs at 2mg/kg body weight and assessed for signs of toxicity by visual inspection by a veterinarian, change in body weight, body temperature and plasma biochemistry.
  • Figure 8 illustrates the body weight and temperature measurements.
  • Example 7 Plasma pharmacokinetics of anti-canine (HCA isotype) NGF monoclonal antibodies in-vivo demonstrates long serum half-life and lack of immunogenicity
  • Anti-canine NGF monoclonal antibodies derived from expression vectors expressing canine HCA type heavy chain were expressed in CHO cells and purified by a combination of ion exchange chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography and size exclusion chromatography and buffer exchanged into phosphate buffered saline (Method 1, Figure 6A and B).
  • the antibodies were injected intravenously into beagle dogs at 2mg/kg body weight and plasma samples were taken at various times over the following 2 weeks. Diluted plasma samples were assessed for anti-canine NGF antibody concentration by ELISA using NGF as target and anti-canine polyclonal antibody- horseradish peroxidase secondary reagent and developed as per Figure 1.
  • the results are shown in Figure 9.
  • the plasma concentrations measured were consistent with two-phase kinetics, with a tissue distribution (alpha) phase half- life of approximately 33 hours and surprisingly long elimination (beta) phase of approximately 9 days.
  • Example 8 Effect of anti-canine NGF monoclonal antibodies in reducing inflammatory pain in-vivo
  • Anti-canine NGF monoclonal antibodies derived from expression vectors including canine HCA type heavy chain were expressed in CHO cells and purified by a combination of ion exchange chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography and size exclusion chromatography (Method I) and buffer exchanged into phosphate buffered saline.
  • the dogs were assessed for lameness over 7 days by a visual scoring method (score 0, no lameness (full weight bearing); score 1, slight lameness (not full weight bearing but walking well); score 2, moderate lameness (slightly weight bearing and not walking well), score 3, severe lameness (not weight bearing)). Observers were blinded to which dogs received which injection.
  • Lameness scores were reduced in the dogs receiving anti-NGF monoclonal antibodies by day 3 post-injection compared with vehicle control, indicating that the anti-NGF monoclonal antibodies had an effect in reducing the pain in the dogs over that seen with vehicle alone.
  • the delayed activity is consistent with the plasma pharmacokinetics of anti-canine NGF monoclonal antibodies which demonstrated a slow tissue distribution (alpha) phase of approximately 30 hours and the relatively poor vascularisation of the footpad area.
  • the results shown in Figure 10 show that the anti-canine NGF antibodies of the present invention reduce inflammatory pain in dogs with a consequent reduction in lameness.

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