WO2012105495A1 - フェニルピルビン酸還元酵素並びに本酵素を用いた光学活性フェニル乳酸及び4-ヒドロキシ-フェニル乳酸の製造方法 - Google Patents
フェニルピルビン酸還元酵素並びに本酵素を用いた光学活性フェニル乳酸及び4-ヒドロキシ-フェニル乳酸の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to phenylpyruvate reductase, its gene, and a method for producing optically active phenyllactic acid and optically active 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid using them.
- the antibacterial activity of 3-phenyllactic acid is not limited to molds such as Aspergillus ochraceus , Penicillium roqueforti , and Penicillium citrinum (Non-Patent Document 5), but also against harmful gram-negative and positive bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes , Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli O157, etc. (Non-patent documents 1, 2, 5 to 7).
- This broad antibacterial activity suggests that 3-phenyllactic acid may be used as a food additive.
- it is a useful compound that can be used as other pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemicals and intermediates thereof, aromatic biopolymers / plastics, functional materials such as liquid crystals, biocompatible (medical) materials, and the like.
- 4-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid is derived from lactic acid bacteria in the same way as 3-phenyl lactic acid, not only is it suggested to be used as a food additive, but antibacterial additives for other uses, Expected to be a pharmaceutical, agrochemical and its intermediate.
- Patent Document 1 As for the production method of these compounds, there have been many reports of attempts to produce optically active 3-phenyllactic acid by organic chemical synthesis (Patent Document 1). However, such chemical substances are used from the viewpoint of environmental problems and costs. A new synthesis method not used is desired. Furthermore, in 4-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid, a technology for mass production with high purity has not been established, and in organic chemical synthesis, the racemic product is the main product, that is, the state in which the D and L forms are mixed. A small amount of reagents are commercially available as reagents, and a synthesis method with higher production efficiency is desired.
- Non-patent Document 2 Ascomycete Geotrichum candidum (Non-patent Document 2 ), Propionibacterium producing bacteria Propionibacterium freudenreichii (Non-patent Document 8 ), and various lactic acid bacteria (Non-patent Documents 5 and 9-11). .
- Non-patent Document 12 L-lactate dehydrogenase of Lactobacillus sp SK007 was purified (Non-patent Document 12). ).
- a recombinant D L-lactic acid dehydrogenase derived from Lactobacillus plantarum SK002 ( D, L-Lactate dehydrogenase) (Non-patent document 13), Rhizobium etli CFN 42-derived recombinant glyoxylate reductase / hydroxypyruvate reductase (Glyoxylate reductase / Hydroxypyruvate reductase) (Non-patent document 16).
- D L-lactic acid dehydrogenase derived from Lactobacillus plantarum SK002
- Rhizobium etli CFN 42-derived recombinant glyoxylate reductase / hydroxypyruvate reductase Glyoxylate reductase / Hydroxypyruvate reductase
- Patent Documents 2 and 3 report optically active 3-phenyllactic acid-producing bacteria, but these are undesirable because R and S forms are mixed.
- Patent Document 4 a production enzyme of Mycelia sterilia (FERM BP-2671), a PF1022 substance-producing fungus, acts on phenylpyruvic acid to reduce it, and (R) -2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropion It has been reported to convert to acid.
- FERM BP-2671 Mycelia sterilia
- the present invention provides phenylpyruvate reductase which can efficiently obtain highly pure optically active 3-phenyllactic acid and 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid, a gene encoding the same, and an optical system using the same.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a method for synthesizing active 3-phenyllactic acid and 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid.
- the present inventors have found a novel yeast that produces a large amount of optically active phenyllactic acid from glucose. And, optically active phenyl lactic acid is mass-produced because the yeast in particular has a novel and highly active affinity for phenylpyruvic acid as a substrate, and produces optically active phenyl lactic acid exclusively. It has also been found that it has a special phenylpyruvate reductase (hereinafter also referred to as “PPR”) and that the PPR is a new enzyme.
- PPR phenylpyruvate reductase
- ppr gene this novel and unique PPR-encoding gene
- optically active phenyllactic acid can be obtained from glucose by this transformant.
- the present inventor has shown that the PPR of the present invention also has an affinity for 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, and using 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid as a substrate, high purity optically active 4-hydroxy It has been found that phenyllactic acid, specifically, high-purity D-4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid can be selectively produced. Moreover, it has been found that a method for producing high-purity optically active 4-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid that can be produced in large quantities using D-glucose that is inexpensive and stably available as a raw material (substrate) can also be established. .
- the PPR of the present invention is a novel enzyme having only about 24% identity with the enzyme described in Patent Document 1 and only about 40% identity with a conventionally known enzyme. Moreover, as shown in the examples described later, the PPR of the present invention does not belong to the existing HPPR or GRHPR family, and forms a new family. Moreover, the PPR of the present invention has an enzyme activity several tens of times higher than that of the conventional PPR and has high industrial applicability. It is also apparent that the novel yeast of the present invention that produces such a specific enzyme and produces optically active phenyllactic acid from glucose is also an important genetic resource.
- the present invention relates to the following inventions.
- a polynucleotide encoding a phenylpyruvate reductase that produces D-phenyllactic acid using phenylpyruvate as a substrate (A) a polynucleotide comprising the base sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 5, (B) a polynucleotide that hybridizes with the polynucleotide comprising the base sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 5 under stringent conditions; (C) a polynucleotide comprising a base sequence having 60% or more identity with a polynucleotide comprising the base sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 5, (D) a polynucleotide comprising the base sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 6, 7 or 8, (E) a polynucleotide encoding the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 4, (F) a polynucleotide encoding an amino acid sequence in which one or several amino acids are deleted, substituted or added in
- phenylpyruvate reductase comprising the following protein (a), (b) or (c), using phenylpyruvic acid or 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid as a substrate, D-phenyllactic acid or D-4 -A process for producing D-phenyllactic acid or D-4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid, characterized in that hydroxyphenyllactic acid is produced and recovered: (A) a protein comprising the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 4, (B) a protein comprising an amino acid sequence in which one or several amino acids are deleted, substituted or added in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4, or (c) 60% or more of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 A protein comprising an amino acid sequence having the identity of
- the reaction conditions of the phenylpyruvate reductase are a reaction temperature of 20 to 40 ° C. and a pH of 6 to 7.
- the microbial substrate is one or more substrates selected from D-glucose, L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, phenylpyruvic acid and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid.
- MALDI-TOF MS Spectra for one of the PPR-derived tryptic peptides and MALDI-QIT-TOF MS 2 Spectra / PPR cation MALDI-TOF Mass Spectra from W. fluorescens NRRLYB-4819 It is an MS spectrum by the sequence MALDI-TOF. “Mass ion peaks at m / z 2000.0 (a) and 2427.3 (b) shown in MALDI-TOF MS spectrum and MALDI-QIT-TOF MS 2 spectrum / panel for one of the PPR-derived tryptic peptides. MS / MS Spectra ”is an MS spectrum by MALDI-TOF of the internal amino acid sequence of the present invention.
- the internal amino acid sequence of PPR determined by MALDI-QIT-TOF MS analysis is shown in a box.
- the positions of Primer NP and Oligo dT are indicated by arrows.
- Nested primer 2427P is indicated by a dotted arrow.
- the stop codon is indicated by an asterisk.
- "Southern blot analysis of total DNA using pprA as a probe” Contains pprA gene sequence for total DNA of W. fluorescens TK1 strain treated with restriction enzymes ( Hind III, Eco RI, Pst I, Bam HI) Southern hybridization using a DNA fragment as a probe is shown. Total DNA of W.
- fluorescens TK1 strain is digested with restriction enzymes Hind III, Eco RI, Pst I, Bam HI, electrophoresed, blotted on Zeta-Probe® blotting membrane (Bio-Rad), probe Hybridization was performed using "Effect of phenylalanine on PPR activity and gene expression" PPR activity and ppr gene ( pprA gene) expression when W. fluorescens TK1 strain is cultured in GPMM medium (+ Phe), GPAMM medium (+ PPA), MM medium (Glc) Indicates the amount.
- A Specific activity of PPR in a cell-free extract of W. fluorescens TK1 cultured at 30 ° C. for 10 hours.
- Lane 1 Purified rPPR M: Molecular weight standard (Bio-Rad Precision Protein Standard kit) The molecular weight is shown at the left end.
- the cell concentration and the amount of phenyllactic acid produced when D-glucose is used as a substrate of a phenylalanine-producing microorganism (ATCC31882 strain / pHSGpprA) containing the pprA gene are shown.
- An expression vector containing the tyrA gene is shown.
- Phenylpyruvate reductase of the present invention (1) Enzymatic properties of the PPR of the present invention (2) Amino acid sequence of the PPR of the present invention and gene encoding the same (3) Method for obtaining the PPR of the present invention 2.
- Production method of optically active 3-phenyl lactic acid (1) Production method of optically active phenyl lactic acid by PPR of the present invention (2) Production method of optically active 3-phenyl lactic acid by a microorganism having a gene encoding PPR of the present invention Process for producing optically active 4-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid (1) Process for producing optically active 4-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid by PPR of the present invention (2) Optically active 4-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid by a microorganism having a gene encoding the PPR of the present invention Manufacturing method
- Phenylpyruvate reductase of the present invention is a novel enzyme and has the following enzymological properties, amino acid sequence and gene encoding the same.
- This PPR is preferably one that forms a homodimer.
- High purity D-phenyl lactic acid or D-4-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid can be obtained by the PPR of the present invention. Since optically active phenyllactic acid or 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid can be produced directly, D-form L-forms that are mixed in almost equal amounts like conventional organic compounds can be separated from each other or either one can be removed. Therefore, the work efficiency can be improved by avoiding the separation and purification process such as purification, and high purity is easy. Since highly purified optically active phenyl lactic acid and hydroxyphenyl lactic acid can be easily obtained, they can be easily used in various fields, especially in technical fields where high purity is required, such as pharmaceuticals, food additives, agricultural chemicals and the like.
- the PPR of the present invention uses phenylpyruvic acid and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid as substrates, has high affinity and acts on this, and acts as an optically active phenyllactic acid (D-3-phenyllactic acid) and 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid. This produces (D-4-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid). It is preferred to enantioselectively produce D-3-phenyl lactic acid and D-4-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid.
- the substrate is not limited to phenylpyruvic acid and hydroxypyruvic acid, but in addition to this, it is preferable to reduce glyoxylic acid.
- the k cat / K m value is the largest when phenylpyruvic acid is used as a substrate.
- NADH and NADPH can be used as coenzymes, but their specificity for NADPH is high.
- An enzyme having a k cat / K m value (specificity constant) of 300 to 500 s ⁇ 1 mM ⁇ 1 (Km value 0.40 ⁇ 0.07 mM) in phenylpyruvic acid and NADPH is desirable.
- the constant is not particularly limited.
- the specificity constant k cat / K m value indicates the efficiency with which the enzyme converts a substrate into a product.
- Examples of measurement conditions at this time include the following methods. Using 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6.5), 2 mM phenylpyruvic acid, 0.1 mM NADPH as an enzyme reaction solution, an enzyme was added thereto, and the reaction was performed at a temperature of 25 ° C., an ultraviolet / visible spectrophotometer (340 nm) Quantify using.
- the molar extinction coefficient of NADPH absorption at a wavelength of 340 nm is 6.2 mM ⁇ 1 ⁇ cm ⁇ 1 .
- optically active phenyllactic acid D-3-phenyllactic acid
- phenylpyruvic acid 1 mol
- NADPH 1 mol
- the molar ratio of D-3-phenyllactic acid: L-3-phenyllactic acid is 100 to 90: 0 to 10, more preferably 100 to 95: 0 to 5, and more preferably 100 to 98: 0 to 2. Further, D-3-phenyllactic acid (optically active phenyllactic acid) having an optical purity of 99% or more is preferable.
- This reaction is preferably an irreversible reaction.
- the irreversible reaction means that no enzymatic reaction occurs or phenylpyruvic acid cannot be detected when a combination of D-3-phenyllactic acid, L-3-phenyllactic acid, NAD + , and NADP + is used as a substrate.
- Substrate One or more selected from 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, 3-phenylpyruvic acid, glyoxylic acid and hydroxypyruvic acid are used as a raw material (substrate) to catalyze the reduction reaction. It is desirable not to use pyruvic acid and oxaloacetic acid as substrates.
- the PPR of the present invention shows a molecular weight of 30,000 to 50,000 daltons, particularly a molecular weight of 40,000 daltons, as measured by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (method of Lammli et al.).
- the molecular weight is 70,000 to 90,000, particularly 80,000, as measured by gel filtration.
- the enzyme was equilibrated in advance with an elution buffer (10% glycerol, 1 ⁇ mM dithiothreitol (DTT, 20 mM phosphate buffer, 0.15 mM NaCl pH7). Apply to (Superose 6 10/300) and elute with 1 column volume of elution buffer.
- elution buffer 10% glycerol, 1 ⁇ mM dithiothreitol (DTT, 20 mM phosphate buffer, 0.15 mM NaCl pH7.
- bovine serum albumin M.W. 67,000
- chymotrypsinogen M.W. 25,000
- ⁇ -amylase M.W. 45,000
- ⁇ -amylase M.W. 200,000
- Tween 80 registered trademark
- 2-mercaptoethanol Almost no inhibition (about 10 to 20%) by one or more inhibitors selected from Triton X-100 (tritonX) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA).
- enzyme activity is calculated
- the PPR of the present invention preferably has at least the following N-terminal amino acid sequence and / or partial amino acid sequence of the internal amino acid sequence.
- this partial amino acid sequence one or several amino acids may be substituted, deleted, or inserted.
- N-terminal amino acid sequence NKK-terminal MKKPQVLILGRI 12 amino acid residue sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1).
- the sequence of amino acid residues on the N-terminal side may be obtained by a known method (Edman, P. (1950) Acta Chem. Scand. 4: 283-293).
- an enzyme is electrophoresed by SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis, and the resulting enzyme band is electrically transferred to a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane and then analyzed by a protein sequencer. Can be determined.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- the tryptic peptide may be obtained by a known method (Shimizu, M., et al. (2009) Proteomics 9, 7-19).
- the purified PPR of the present invention migrated on SDS-PAGE is excised from a gel and digested in gel with trypsin (temperature 36 to 38 ° C., pH 8 to 9, 4 to 18 hours).
- trypsin digestion peptide kit may be used. Specific examples include Trypsin Profile Profile IGD Kit: in-gel digest kit (SIGMA-ALDORICH).
- the PPR of the present invention includes the following proteins (a), (b) and (c).
- (B) In the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4, it consists of an amino acid sequence in which one or several amino acids are substituted, deleted or added, has phenylpyruvic acid reducing activity, and has high affinity for phenylpyruvic acid protein.
- a protein comprising an amino acid sequence having 60% or more identity with the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 4, having phenylpyruvate reducing activity, and high affinity for phenylpyruvic acid.
- the identity with any known one is extremely about 20% to 50%. It is suggested that the PPR of the present invention is a novel enzyme and forms a new enzyme group.
- the ppr gene of the present invention is a novel gene because it includes the gene encoding the PPR of the present invention.
- the identity of the amino acid sequence and the base sequence is calculated by a known algorithm such as the Lipman-Person method (Science, 227, 1435, (1985)), and can be performed by comparing the sequences accordingly. it can.
- the identity can be calculated using a search homology or Maxim matching program of the homology analysis (Search homology) program of genetic information processing software Genetyx-ver 8.1 (software development: Genetics). For example, it is calculated by performing analysis with Unit size tocompare (ktup) as 2.
- the transcription initiation region is a region including a promoter and a transcription initiation point
- the ribosome binding site is a Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence (Proc.cNatl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 5463 (1974)).
- the amino acid sequence in which one or several amino acids are substituted, deleted, or added means an amino acid sequence that is functionally equivalent to SEQ ID NO: 4, respectively.
- An amino acid sequence in which several, preferably 1 to 6, more preferably 1 to 3 amino acids are substituted, deleted or added and still have phenylpyruvic acid reducing activity and high for phenylpyruvic acid A sequence that retains affinity.
- the addition includes addition of one or several, preferably 1 to 6, more preferably 1 to 3 amino acids to both ends.
- the functionally equivalent amino acid may be an enzyme having at least phenylpyruvate reducing activity and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate reducing activity, and may have additional properties. Furthermore, it is preferred to have a high affinity for phenylpyruvic acid. Further, it preferably has substantially the same function as the protein encoded by the ppr gene shown in SEQ ID NO: 5, specifically, the above-described PPR function of the present invention.
- having phenylpyruvic acid reducing activity and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid reducing activity means that phenylpyruvic acid and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid are respectively converted into D-3-phenyllactic acid and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid as in the above-mentioned schemes 1 and 2, respectively. It means D-4-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid, but the level of its activity is not particularly limited as long as it exhibits its function, that is, the same level as the protein shown in SEQ ID NO: 4. Not only that, it may be higher or lower.
- the additional properties include properties that are superior in stability compared to the protein consisting of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4, properties that have a wide range of reaction temperatures and pH, and the like.
- amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 60% or more, preferably 65% or more, more preferably 70% or more, more preferably 75% or more, more preferably 80% or more, more preferably 85% or more.
- An amino acid sequence having an identity of preferably 90% or more, still more preferably 95% or more, particularly preferably 98% or more is suitable.
- the protein consisting of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 of the present invention and the phenylpyruvate reducing activity as described above. If it is a functionally equivalent enzyme having at least high affinity for phenylpyruvic acid and within the range of identity of about 60% or more, it is expected to be included in this novel group of enzymes. . In general, it is considered that proteins having homology of 60% or more often have similar enzyme specificity, and thus those having such homology are considered to be included in the same enzyme group. Yes.
- the ppr gene of the present invention is a gene encoding a protein consisting of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 or a protein consisting of an amino acid sequence functionally equivalent to the amino acid sequence.
- the following (a) to (d) Polynucleotides are also included. Of these, the following (a) to (d) are preferable.
- a polynucleotide comprising the base sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 5.
- (B) a polynucleotide that hybridizes with a polynucleotide consisting of the base sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 5 under a stringent condition and encodes a protein having phenylpyruvate reducing activity.
- (C) a polynucleotide encoding a protein comprising a base sequence having 60% or more identity with the base sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 5 and having a phenylpyruvic acid reducing activity and a high affinity for phenylpyruvic acid .
- (D) A polynucleotide encoding a protein comprising the base sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 6, 7 or 8 and having a phenylpyruvic acid reducing activity and a high affinity for phenylpyruvic acid.
- the ppr gene of the present invention has a partial nucleotide sequence in the polynucleotide (DNA, etc.) represented by the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5 by mutagen treatment, random mutation, specific site mutation, deletion or insertion, etc.
- the gene consisting of For example, a base sequence in which one or several (eg, 2 to 3) base sequences are substituted, deleted, or added can be used. The addition includes addition to both ends.
- “one or several” means 1 to 6, preferably 1 to 3.
- stringent conditions include conditions described in, for example, Molecular cloning-a laboratory manual, 2 nd edition (Sambrook et al, 1989). That is, 6XSSC (1XSSC composition: 0.15M sodium chloride, 0.015M sodium citrate, pH 7.0), 0.5% SDS, 5X Denhart and 100 mg / mL herring sperm DNA together with the probe at 65 ° C. Examples include conditions of constant temperature for 8 to 16 hours and hybridization.
- genes shown in (b) to (d) above have, for example, a higher expression level of mRNA, higher stability of the mRNA, and stability of the translated protein than the gene shown in (a). It may have additional properties such as excellent properties.
- any one or more of a transcription initiation control region, a translation initiation control region, and a secretion signal region may be linked upstream of these genes (a) to (d).
- the transcription initiation region is a region including a promoter and a transcription initiation site
- the ribosome binding site is a Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence (Proc. Nalt. Acad) that forms a translation initiation control region together with the initiation codon. .Sci. USA 74, 5463 (1974))
- upstream or downstream of a gene is not a position from the replication start point, but upstream indicates a region continuing on the 5 ′ side of the gene or region regarded as a target, while downstream indicates a target A region following the 3 ′ side of the gene or region captured as.
- the PPR of the present invention has introduced a Wickerhamia yeast or a mutant thereof, or a gene encoding the PPR or a fragment thereof. It can be produced and obtained by a transformant (preferably a microorganism).
- the Wickelhamia yeast is not particularly limited as long as it is an ascomycete yeast and has a gene encoding the above-described enzyme PPR, and / or a function of producing D-3-phenyllactic acid from phenylpyruvic acid and / or D -Those having the function of producing optically active phenyllactic acid (D-3-phenyllactic acid) from glucose via phenylpyruvic acid are preferred.
- yeast examples include Wickerhamia fluorescens and bacteria having equivalent mycological and physiological properties.
- a W. fluorescens TK1 (FERM AP-22048) strain (hereinafter, also referred to as “yeast TK1”), a bacterium equivalent thereto, and mutants thereof may be mentioned.
- the mutant strain can be obtained from a wild-type yeast TK1 strain by a known technique of treatment with ultraviolet rays, ionizing radiation, nitrous acid, nitrosoguanidine, ethylmethanesulfonate, and the like.
- Mutant strains include those obtained by further mutating mutant strains from wild strains.
- the isolated strain 1 platinum loop was inoculated into D-glucose-added MM liquid medium (see Table 1) and cultured at 28 ° C. for 2 to 4 days.
- the culture supernatant of each strain is obtained by a known method, and the optically active phenyl lactic acid in this culture supernatant is measured by a known measurement method (for example, ODS liquid chromatographic analysis, gas chromatographic analysis, etc.). Those having good lactic acid production were selected to obtain the present strain TK1 collected from soil.
- W. fluorescens TK1 strain This Wickerhamia fluorescens TK1 strain is a new microorganism from the above, as a new microorganism on December 13, 2010, 1-1-1 Tsukuba Center, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-8856 Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Deposited at the Patent Organism Depositary (IPOD) as Wickerhamia fluorescens TK1 (FERM AP-22048).
- the PPR of the present invention In order to produce the PPR of the present invention from the yeast TK1 strain, it may be inoculated into a general yeast culture medium and cultured at an appropriate temperature. Production of the PPR of the present invention from the culture can be performed according to a conventional method. Specifically, after centrifuging the culture solution and removing the cells, it can be concentrated and recovered from the cell-free extract using a known enzyme separation and purification method. Separation and purification methods include, for example, filtration methods such as gel filtration chromatography and ultrafiltration membrane, and enzyme precipitation methods by adding ammonium sulfate.
- the PPR of the present invention can be obtained from the natural world as described above, but its gene is cloned from the chromosomal DNA of the above-mentioned microorganism (preferably ascomycete yeast) to produce and recover the PPR in large quantities. You can also
- the DNA encoding the PPR of the present invention can be stabilized by ligating the gene to a DNA vector that can be stably amplified or introducing it onto a chromosomal DNA that can be maintained in the gene.
- the method of introducing the PPR of the present invention by introducing the gene into a host that can be amplified and then expressed in a stable and efficient manner can be employed.
- the ppr gene of the present invention can be obtained by known methods (for example, “Sambrook, J., Fritch, EF, and Maniatis, T. (1989) in Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Vol. 2, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press”). , Cold Spring Harbor, NY ”).
- genomic DNA is extracted from a PPR producing strain, cleaved with an appropriate restriction enzyme, and a library composed of genomic DNA of the PPR producing strain is prepared using a phage vector.
- a library consisting of cDNA of the PPR-producing strain is prepared using a phage vector. To do.
- genomic DNA or cDNA from PPR producing strain subjected to polymerase chain reaction as a template (PCR) using it, ppr Amplify the DNA fragment of the gene. Using this DNA fragment as a probe, a genomic library or a cDNA library is screened. In this way, it is possible to isolate the entire region of the ppr gene or the region necessary for expression.
- a restriction enzyme cleavage site is introduced upstream of the translation initiation codon and downstream of the translation termination codon by a technique such as PCR, and the polypeptide comprising only the ppr gene of the present invention It is possible to obtain a gene fragment containing
- vectors that can be used in the present invention include those that are incorporated into host chromosomal DNA, and vectors that have a self-replicating autonomously replicating sequence present in a host cell in the form of a plasmid.
- examples of the plasmid vector include pUC18 and pBR322 (Takara Bio) when Escherichia coli is used as a host, and pPK4 and the like when corynebacteria are used. Note that the number of copies of the gene present in the host cell may be either one or multiple copies.
- a promoter (control region) is operably linked upstream of a polynucleotide sequence encoding PPR, and a terminator is operably linked downstream, and in some cases, a genetic marker and / or other It can be made by operably linking control sequences.
- the promoter or terminator is linked to the gene of the present invention and the expression unit is inserted into the vector by a known method (Sambrook, J., Fritch, E. F., and Maniatis, T. (1989) in Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Vol. 2, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY).
- the promoter and terminator used in the present invention are not particularly limited.
- a regulatory sequence of a glycolytic enzyme gene such as 3-phosphoglycerate kinase or glutaraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; an amino acid such as tryptophan synthase
- control sequences of synthetic enzyme genes control sequences of hydrolase genes such as amylase, protease, lipase, and cellulase
- control of oxidoreductase genes such as nitrate reductase, orotidine-5'-phosphate dehydrase, alcohol dehydrase, etc.
- Each regulatory sequence means a polynucleotide that can exhibit a desired function in each regulatory region.
- the gene of the present invention may be expressed as a fusion protein by linking to a foreign gene encoding a translation region of another protein.
- the gene marker is introduced into the recombinant vector by, for example, introducing an appropriate restriction enzyme cleavage site into the control sequence by PCR and inserting it into the plasmid vector, and then complementing the drug resistance gene and / or auxotrophic complementation. This can be done by linking a selectable marker gene such as a gene.
- the selection marker can be appropriately selected according to the selection method of the transformant.
- a gene encoding drug resistance and a gene complementary to auxotrophy can be used.
- Examples of the drug resistance gene include genes for drugs such as destomycin, benomyl, oligomycin, hygromycin, G418, bleomycin, phosphinothricin, ampicin and kanamycin.
- genes that complement this auxotrophy include argB gene, pyr4 gene, trpC gene, TRP1 gene, niaD gene, LEU2 gene, and URA3 gene.
- a transformant can be obtained by transforming a host (preferably a microorganism) using the recombinant vector obtained above.
- the host to be used is not particularly limited as long as it can be used as a host for gene recombination, preferably a microorganism.
- the host that can be used include microorganisms such as arbitrary bacteria and fungi.
- these microorganisms are preferably recombinant microorganisms that have been subjected to mutation such as gene substitution, insertion, deletion, or inactivation so that optically active phenyllactic acid or 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid is easily produced.
- a phenylalanine-producing bacterium phenylalanine-producing recombinant microorganism
- a tyrosine-producing bacterium tyrosine-producing recombinant microorganism
- Examples of methods for causing mutations in the genes described above include, for example, recombinant PCR (PCR Technology, Stockton press (1989)), partial specific displacement method (Kramer, W. and Frits, H., J. Methods in Enzymology, 154,350 (1987)], SOE (splicing by overlap extension) -double crossover method using DNA fragments prepared by PCR method [Gene, 77, 61, (1987)], chemical agent treatment (N-methyl- N′-nitrosoguanidine, nitrous acid, etc.) and a method of chemically synthesizing the target gene.
- the phenylalanine-producing bacterium may be any microorganism that has a gene mutated so that L-phenylalanine can be mass-produced (preferably L-phenylalanine is mass-produced using D-glucose as a substrate) using known techniques.
- the phenylalanine-producing recombinant microorganism is transformed with a recombinant vector containing DNA fragments encoding 3-deoxy-D-arabinohepturonic acid-7-phosphate synthase and prefenate dehydrogenase, which are desensitized to feedback inhibition.
- microorganisms include, for example, ATCC31882 strain, ATCC3188 strain 3, ATCC31884 strain (American Type Culture collection), AJ12740 strain (FERM P-12999), AJ12741 strain (FERM P-13000) (JP 1993-344881) And other phenylalanine-producing recombinant microorganisms such as Corynebacteirum glutamicum and the like.
- the tyrosine-producing bacterium is preferably a microorganism having a mutated gene so that L-tyrosine can be mass-produced using a known technique (preferably L-tyrosine is mass-produced using D-glucose as a substrate).
- a tyrosine-producing recombinant microorganism a group obtained by introducing a tyrA gene (SEQ ID NO: 24: YP_002927556) into a phenylalanine-producing bacterium (for example, E. coli ATCC31882 (obtained from ATCC)) by a known method.
- Recombinant Escherichia coli Escherichia microorganisms having a mutant prefenate dehydrogenase that has L-tyrosine-producing ability and is desensitized to L-feedback inhibition (for example, JP 2006-311833 and JP 2007) -325592).
- the transformant (microorganism) of the present invention can be obtained by introducing the recombinant vector for gene expression prepared as described above into the host according to a conventional method.
- Examples of the introduction method include an electroporation method, a polyethylene glycol method, an Agrobacterium method, a competent method, a lithium acetate method, and a calcium chloride method. What is necessary is just to select suitably according to the host cell to be used.
- the PPR of the present invention can produce optically active phenyllactic acid with very high purity, and the possibility that the enantiomers have different physiological activities is extremely low or almost none. Moreover, since it is an irreversible reaction, optically active phenyllactic acid may be accumulated at a high concentration, which is advantageous in terms of recovery efficiency. Furthermore, the PPR of the present invention has a high affinity for phenylpyruvic acid, and besides this, a wide variety of substances such as 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, glyoxylic acid, and hydroxypyruvic acid can be used as substrates.
- k cat / K m value of PPR of the present invention since also high that several tens of times of k cat / K m values for known phenylpyruvic acid reductase, PPR of the present invention, large amount of optically active phenyl acid It is also possible to generate.
- the PPR of the present invention can be mass-produced with a transformant using a gene encoding the PPR, optically active phenyllactic acid can be industrially mass-produced using the obtained PPR. It is also possible to do.
- the method for producing optically active 3-phenyllactic acid according to the present invention only needs to have at least a production process (enzyme reaction system: see the above-mentioned scheme 1) capable of producing D-3-phenyllactic acid from phenylpyruvic acid.
- those having a production process for producing phenylpyruvic acid from a raw material such as D-glucose and L-phenylalanine are preferred because the production cost and availability are easy.
- the production process for producing phenylpyruvic acid from D-glucose is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include an organic synthesis method and a fermentation method (biosynthesis reaction), and examples thereof include a shikimate pathway.
- the production process for producing L-phenylalanine from D-glucose is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include known methods such as JP-A-5-344811 and US Pat. No. 4,681,852.
- the production process for producing phenylpyruvic acid from L-phenylalanine includes an enzyme reaction system using an aminotransferase such as aminotransferase.
- the production process for example, a reaction system by fermentation of enzymes, microorganisms, etc.
- a reaction system by fermentation of enzymes, microorganisms, etc. that can produce phenylpyruvic acid from raw materials such as D-glucose and L-phenylalanine is used as the optically active 3-phenyllactic acid production method of the present invention. It is preferable to be included in
- optically active 3-phenyllactic acid from a substrate and recover optically active 3-phenyllactic acid using the PPR of the present invention and / or the microorganism of the present invention.
- a culture solution in which the microorganism of the present invention is cultured a culture solution from which the microorganism has been removed, a microorganism disruption solution or a debris is removed A cell-free extract or the like may be used.
- a series of enzymes for the reaction of the shikimate pathway include a series of enzymes for the reaction of the shikimate pathway (specifically, 7-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxyarabinoheptonic acid aldolase, 3-dehydroquinic acid synthase, 3-dehydroquinic acid dehydratase, Shikimate dehydrogenase, shikimate kinase, 3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase (5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase, chorismate synthase, chorismate mutase, etc.) and phenylalanine synthase group ( Specifically, prephenate dehydrogenase, tyrosine aminotransferase, etc.) may be included.
- shikimate pathway specifically, 7-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxyarabinoheptonic acid aldolase, 3-dehydroquinic acid synthase, 3-
- NADPH and / or NADH is preferably used as a coenzyme, and NADPH is preferable because the yield of optically active phenyllactic acid is increased.
- the reaction mode of the optically active 3-phenyllactic acid production method of the present invention is not particularly limited, and may be performed in a batch system or a continuous flow system.
- the PPR of the present invention and the microorganism of the present invention may be immobilized.
- the immobilization technique is not particularly limited as long as it is a known technique.
- a carrier binding method in which a microorganism / enzyme is immobilized on a water-insoluble carrier through physical adsorption, ionic bonding, or binding; glutaraldehyde
- Examples of such a crosslinking method include cross-linking and immobilization with a reagent having a bivalent functional group such as a gel having a network structure and a comprehensive method in which microorganisms and enzymes are confined in a semipermeable membrane.
- the solvent used in the reaction may be either a polar or nonpolar solvent, but water and / or a water-soluble solvent is preferable, and 90 to 100% by mass of water is particularly preferable.
- the water-soluble organic solvent is preferably such that a compound having a benzene ring is easily dissolved, and examples thereof include linear or branched alcohols such as acetone and acetone.
- the lower alcohols preferably having 1 to 5 carbon atoms
- examples of the lower alcohols include monohydric alcohols such as methanol, ethanol and propanol, and divalent or polyhydric alcohols such as 1,3-butanediol. You may combine these suitably.
- optically active 3-phenyllactic acid can be produced from an enzyme substrate and recovered. As described above, optically active 3-phenyllactic acid may be continuously obtained by using an enzyme other than PPR together.
- phenylpyruvic acid is preferable because the yield of optically active phenyllactic acid increases.
- the reaction temperature is preferably 5 to 50 ° C., more preferably 10 to 40 ° C., and still more preferably 20 to 40 ° C.
- the reaction time (one turn) is preferably 12 hours to 1 week, more preferably 2 to 4 days.
- the reaction pH is preferably 5 to 8, more preferably 6 to 7.
- the pH adjustment at this time may be performed with a known pH adjusting agent such as a phosphate buffer.
- the method for producing optically active phenyllactic acid of the present invention comprises the following (a), (b) or (c): It is preferable to culture using a microorganism containing a gene encoding a phenylpyruvate reductase consisting of protein, to produce optically active phenyllactic acid from a microbial substrate, and to recover this.
- A a protein comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5
- (b) consisting of an amino acid sequence in which one or several amino acids are substituted, deleted, or inserted in the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5, and reduced by phenylpyruvate
- a protein having activity and high affinity for phenylpyruvic acid (c) consisting of an amino acid sequence having 60% or more identity with the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 5, having phenylpyruvic acid reducing activity, Protein with high affinity for pyruvate.
- this microorganism refers to the above-mentioned wild strain (TK1 strain) and its mutant strain, or the above-described transformant, and may be aerobic or anaerobic.
- the microorganism substrate is preferably at least one selected from D-glucose, L-phenylalanine, phenylpyruvic acid and the like.
- D-glucose when used as the microbial substrate, it is suitable because it can be obtained at low cost and optically active phenyllactic acid can be produced in a large amount.
- the discovery of a ppr gene capable of mass-producing optically active 3-D- phenyllactic acid is extremely useful in industry. In such a case, a recombinant microorganism in which a gene encoding the PPR of the present invention is introduced into an L-phenylalanine-producing microorganism is preferable.
- a series of reactions for the reaction of the shikimate pathway You may utilize microorganisms which produce the said microbial substrate, such as a microorganism which has a gene which codes an enzyme group, and a microorganism which has a gene which codes the enzyme group of a phenylalanine synthesis system.
- a nutrient medium used for the growth of each microorganism preferably contains at least the above microbial substrate.
- the microbial substrate is preferably 0.01 to 20% (mass / volume), more preferably 0.1 to 3% (mass / volume), and further preferably 1 to 2% (mass / volume) in the medium. ) Is preferred.
- the nutrient medium is, for example, if the microorganism is a yeast, the culture medium 1L in, D- glucose 1 ⁇ 30 g; other than glucose microbial substrate 0 ⁇ 5g; NaNO 3 5 ⁇ 7g; KCl 0.4 ⁇ 0.6g; MgSO 4 7H 2 O 0.4-7 g; KH 2 PO 4 1-2 g; Hutner's Trace elements 1-3 mL; MM medium containing distilled water. Hutner's Trace elements are as in the examples described later. Further, 0 to 3% of yeast extract and 0 to 2% of polypeptone may be used as appropriate.
- Hutner ’s “Trace” elements and Trace “elements” 2 are as in the examples described later (see Tables 2 and 12).
- trypsin 9 to 11 g and yeast extract 4 to 5 g.
- Culture conditions may be set as appropriate according to the microorganism used.
- the culture temperature is preferably 5 to 50 ° C., more preferably 10 to 40 ° C., and still more preferably 20 to 40 ° C., because microbial growth is good and the substrate and product are not precipitated. .
- the culture period (one turn) is preferably about 0.5 days to 2 weeks, more preferably about 1 week, and further preferably about 3 to 5 days.
- the culture pH is preferably 4 to 9, more preferably 6 to 7 for yeast, and 6 to 8 for E. coli.
- the culture pH adjustment may be appropriately controlled with a pH adjuster so as to be within a predetermined range.
- the stirring is preferably performed at 100 to 1000 rpm, more preferably 400 to 600 rpm.
- aeration culture when aeration culture is performed using air, it is preferably 0.01 to 1 L / min, more preferably 0.1 to 0.3 L / min.
- the concentration of the culture substrate in the culture medium during the culture period is within a predetermined concentration, for example, a 500 g / L D-glucose solution is preferable. It may be added continuously or discontinuously at 0.1 to 5 g / L / h, more preferably 1 to 2 g / L / h.
- the method for recovering 3-D-phenyllactic acid is not particularly limited, and a known separation and purification method may be used.
- a means for removing the cells known means such as centrifugation and filtration can be used.
- means for separating and purifying 3-D-phenyllactic acid include known means such as crystallization, ultrafiltration, ion exchange, activated carbon treatment, and chromatographic separation.
- Examples of chromatographic separation include a technique using ODS column chromatography.
- the method for producing optically active 4-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid (D-4-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid) of the present invention is a production process (enzyme reaction system: the above-mentioned) that can produce optically active 4-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid from 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid. (See Scheme 2).
- 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid serving as a substrate is one of the metabolic intermediates of phenylalanine and tyrosine, a production process using these metabolic systems may be used.
- those having a production process for producing optically active 4-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid from a raw material such as D-glucose and L-tyrosine are preferred because production costs and availability are easy.
- the production process for producing L-tyrosine from D-glucose is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include known methods such as JP-A-2006-311833.
- the production process for producing tyrosine from L-phenylalanine and then 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid includes an enzyme reaction system using phenylalanine hydroxylase, tyrosine aminotransferase, and the like.
- the production process for producing 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid from D-glucose is not particularly limited and includes organic synthesis methods, fermentation methods (biosynthetic reactions), and the like. For example, the shikimate pathway is used. Can be mentioned.
- the above-mentioned optically active 4-hydroxyphenyl is produced by a production process (for example, a reaction system by fermentation of enzymes, microorganisms, etc.) that can produce 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid from raw materials such as D-glucose and L-tyrosine. It is preferable to encapsulate the lactic acid production method.
- a production process for example, a reaction system by fermentation of enzymes, microorganisms, etc.
- 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid from raw materials such as D-glucose and L-tyrosine. It is preferable to encapsulate the lactic acid production method.
- optically active 4-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid is produced from a substrate using the above-described biocatalyst (preferably an enzyme and / or a microorganism), from which optically active 4-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid (preferably D-4 is produced). It is preferred to recover (hydroxyphenyl lactic acid).
- biocatalyst preferably an enzyme and / or a microorganism
- what contains at least the enzyme may be used.
- a culture solution in which the microorganism is cultured a culture solution from which the microorganism has been removed, a cell-free extract from which a microorganism disruption solution or debris has been removed, etc. It may be used.
- These include a series of enzymes for the reaction of the shikimate pathway (specifically, 7-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxyarabinoheptonic aldolase, 3-dehydroquinic acid synthase, 3-dehydroquinic acid dehydratase, Shikimate dehydrogenase, shikimate kinase, 3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase (5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase), chorismate synthase, chorismate mutase, etc .; Specifically, prephenate dehydrogenase, tyrosine aminotransferase and the like); phenylalanine hydroxylase and the like may be contained.
- NADPH and / or NADH is preferably used as a coenzyme, and among these, NADPH is preferable because the yield of optically active 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid is increased.
- the reaction mode of the optically active 4-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid production method of the present invention is not particularly limited, and may be performed in a batch system or a continuous flow system.
- the enzyme and the microorganism may be immobilized.
- the immobilization technique is not particularly limited as long as it is a known technique.
- a carrier binding method in which a microorganism / enzyme is immobilized on a water-insoluble carrier through physical adsorption, ionic bonding, or binding; glutaraldehyde
- Examples of such a crosslinking method include cross-linking and immobilization with a reagent having a bivalent functional group such as a gel having a network structure and a comprehensive method in which microorganisms and enzymes are confined in a semipermeable membrane.
- the solvent used in the reaction may be either a polar or nonpolar solvent, but is preferably water and / or a water-soluble solvent, particularly preferably 90 to 100% by mass of water.
- the water-soluble organic solvent is preferably a solvent that easily dissolves a compound having a benzene ring, and examples thereof include linear or branched alcohols and acetone.
- the lower alcohols include monohydric alcohols (preferably having 1 to 3 carbon atoms) such as methanol, ethanol, and propanol, and dihydric or polyhydric alcohols such as 1,3-butanediol. You may combine these suitably.
- optically active 4-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid by enzyme PPR of the present invention
- PPR of the present invention optically active 4-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid can be produced from an enzyme substrate and recovered. is there.
- optically active 4-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid may be continuously obtained by using an enzyme other than the PPR of the present invention in combination.
- 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid is preferable because the yield of optically active 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid increases.
- the reaction temperature is preferably 5 to 50 ° C., more preferably 10 to 40 ° C., and still more preferably 20 to 40 ° C.
- the reaction time (one turn) is preferably 12 hours to 1 week, more preferably 2 to 4 days.
- the reaction pH is preferably 5 to 8, more preferably 6 to 7.
- the pH adjustment at this time may be performed with a known pH adjusting agent such as a phosphate buffer.
- the method for producing optically active 4-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid of the present invention includes a gene encoding the PPR of the present invention. It is preferable to culture using microorganisms to produce optically active 4-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid from a microbial substrate and recover it.
- the microorganism refers to the above-described wild strain and its mutant strain, or the above-described transformant, and may be aerobic or anaerobic.
- a strain containing a gene encoding 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate reductase a strain containing a gene encoding PPR enzyme, an ATCC strain, and the like can be mentioned.
- the microbial substrate is preferably at least one selected from D-glucose, L-tyrosine and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid.
- the enzyme of the present invention it is also possible to produce optically active 4-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid by combining with other enzymes.
- D-glucose when used as the microbial substrate, it is suitable because it can be obtained at low cost and can produce a large amount of optically active 4-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid. It is very useful industrially to pay attention to the ppr gene that can selectively produce a compound with high purity and D-4-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid. In such a case, a recombinant microorganism in which a gene encoding the enzyme is introduced into an L-tyrosine producing bacterium via a vector or the like is preferable.
- microorganisms producing the microbial substrate such as microorganisms having a gene encoding a group, genes encoding an enzyme group of a phenylalanine synthesis system, and microorganisms having a gene encoding phenylalanine hydroxylase may be used.
- a nutrient medium used for the growth of each microorganism preferably contains at least the above microbial substrate.
- the microbial substrate is preferably 0.01 to 20% (mass / volume), more preferably 0.1 to 3% (mass / volume), and further preferably 1 to 2% (mass / volume) in the medium. ) Is preferred.
- the nutrient medium is, for example, if the microorganism is a yeast, the culture medium 1L in, D- glucose 1 ⁇ 30 g; other than glucose microbial substrate 0 ⁇ 5g; NaNO 3 5 ⁇ 7g; KCl 0.4 ⁇ 0.6g; MgSO 4 7H 2 O 0.4-7 g; KH 2 PO 4 1-2 g; Hutner's Trace elements 1-3 mL; MM medium containing distilled water. Hutner's Trace elements are as in the examples described later. Further, 0 to 3% of yeast extract and 0 to 2% of polypeptone may be used as appropriate.
- the microorganism is Escherichia coli
- 1 to 30 g of D-glucose 6 to 24 g of a microbial substrate other than glucose; 3 to 12 g of Na 2 HPO 4 ; 0.5 to 1 g of KH 2 PO 4 ; 5 to 2 g; NH 4 Cl 0.05 to 0.05 g; MgSO 4 ⁇ 7H 2 O 0.015 to 0.030 g; CaCl 2 ⁇ H 2 O 0.015 to 0.050 g; thiamine HCl 0.050 to 0 10 g; M9 medium containing 1-2 mL of tryptophan Hutner's Trace elements.
- D-glucose 1-30 g; microorganism substrate other than glucose 6-24 g; Na 2 HPO 4 3-12 g; KH 2 PO 4 0.5-1 g; NaCl 0.5-1.0 g; NH 4 Cl 0.05-1 g; MgSO 4 .7H 2 O 0.015-0.03 g; CaCl 2 ⁇ 2H 2 O 0.015-0.05 g; Thiamine HCl 1-10 g; Tryptone 0-1.5 g; 5.00 g / L Yeast extract 0.5-5 g; Trace elements 2 1-3 mL; Hydroxyphenyl lactic acid production medium (phenyl lactic acid production medium) containing distilled water.
- Hydroxyphenyl lactic acid production medium phenyl lactic acid production medium
- Culture conditions may be set as appropriate according to the microorganism used.
- the culture temperature is preferably 5 to 50 ° C., more preferably 10 to 40 ° C., and still more preferably 20 to 40 ° C., because microbial growth is good and the substrate and product are not precipitated. .
- the culture period (one turn) is preferably about 0.5 days to 2 weeks, more preferably about 1 week, and further preferably about 3 to 5 days.
- the culture pH is preferably 4 to 9, more preferably 6 to 7 for yeast, and 6 to 8 for E. coli.
- the culture pH adjustment may be appropriately controlled with a pH adjuster so as to be within a predetermined range.
- the stirring is preferably performed at 100 to 1000 rpm, more preferably 400 to 600 rpm.
- aeration culture when aeration culture is performed using air, it is preferably 0.01 to 1 L / min, more preferably 0.1 to 0.3 L / min.
- the concentration of the culture substrate in the culture medium during the culture period is within a predetermined concentration, for example, a 500 g / L D-glucose solution is preferable. It may be added continuously or discontinuously at 0.1 to 5 g / L / h, more preferably 1 to 2 g / L / h.
- the pH may be around 6-8.
- the method for recovering the optically active 4-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid obtained by the above production method is not particularly limited, and a known separation and purification method may be used.
- a means for removing the cells known means such as centrifugation and filtration can be used.
- the separation / purification means of optically active 4-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid include known means such as crystallization, ultrafiltration, ion exchange, activated carbon treatment, and chromatographic separation.
- chromatographic separation examples include a technique using ODS column chromatography.
- crystallization examples include extraction with an organic solvent and recrystallization techniques.
- the production method of the present invention it is possible to obtain not only a racemate but also high-purity D-4-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid, and the process of separation and purification can be simplified. Suitable for. And since the enzyme and microorganisms suitable for this can be obtained easily, this technique is suitable for industrial production also in this point.
- either one of the ratios is high, preferably 85% or more, more preferably 90% or more, still more preferably 95% or more, and still more preferably 98% or more. It is advantageous.
- Example 1 Screening of D-3-phenyllactic acid producing bacteria and purification of phenylpyruvate reductase (PPR) produced thereby (1) Acquisition of TK1 strain producing D-3-phenyllactic acid Tens of soil and water in the environment of Tsukuba City, Ibaraki Prefecture are collected, diluted as appropriate, and applied to YPD agar medium (2% yeast extract, 1% polypeptone, 1% D-glucose / distilled water 1L). did. After culturing at 28 ° C. for 2 to 4 days, the colonies that appeared were appropriately diluted and then inoculated on a new YPD agar medium for pure isolation. Further, the isolated strain 1 platinum loop was inoculated into a minimum medium (hereinafter also referred to as “MM”) liquid medium shown in Table 1, and cultured at 28 ° C. for 2 to 4 days under aerobic conditions.
- MM minimum medium
- TK1 strain Those having good production of optically active phenyllactic acid were selected by the following measuring method, and one of them was designated as TK1 strain.
- the Chloroform layer is completely dehydrated by adding 0.1 g of sodium sulfate to the obtained Chloroform layer, and the organic acid contained in the obtained solution is measured using GC / MS (GCMS-QP2010 Plus, Shimadzu). The conditions for this GC / MS analysis are shown below.
- the culture supernatant from which the bacterial cells have been removed by filtration or centrifugation is used as a sample.
- Bacterial cells were collected from 2.5 ml of the preculture solution by centrifugation, and the precipitate was washed with physiological saline. This was inoculated into a 10-mL MM liquid medium in a total volume of 50-mL test tube and cultured with shaking at 120 ° C for 2 days at 30 ° C. When culturing under anaerobic conditions, the gas phase of the test tube was replaced with nitrogen and a butyl rubber stopper was attached, and this was cultured with shaking at 120 ° C. for 6 days at 30 ° C.
- TK1 strain As a result of nucleotide sequence homology search using BLAST (Altschul, SF et al., (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215: 403-410.) Against Apollon DB-FU, 26S rDNA-D1 of Strain TK1 strain The / D2 nucleotide sequence showed 100% homology with that of NRRL YB-4819, which is a reference strain of Wickerhamia fluorescens , a kind of Ascomycetous yeast.
- CellityDensity indicates the amount of cells
- PPA indicates the concentration of D-3-phenyllactic acid
- PPA indicates the concentration of phenylpyruvic acid
- Phe Represents L-phenylalanine.
- the enzyme PPR reduction to D-3- phenyl lactic study phenylpyruvic acid of the enzyme PPR collection conditions are enzymes that catalyze (phenylpyruvic acid reductase) from cell-free extract W.
- Fluorescens TK1 Prior to purification from the cell-free extract of the strain, the relationship between the culture time of the main culture of the bacterium and the PPR activity in the cell-free extract was examined. When cell-free extract was prepared from cells at 12, 12, and 48 hours after starting culture using GPMM medium, PPR activity at 12 hours of culture was 1.8 and 3.4 times higher than that at 4 hours and 48 hours, respectively. (Figure 6).
- PPR activity is measured by using 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6.5), 2 mM phenylpyruvic acid, and 0.1 mM NADPH as the enzyme reaction solution, and adding a sample (such as an enzyme solution or cell-free extract) to this. Start the reaction.
- the reaction temperature is 25 ° C.
- the activity is quantified by measuring the decrease in absorption at a wavelength of 340 nm of NADPH produced by the reaction using an ultraviolet-visible spectroscopic clock (Beckman-Coulter DU-800).
- the molar extinction coefficient of NADPH absorption at a wavelength of 340 nm is 6.2 mM ⁇ 1 ⁇ cm ⁇ 1 .
- PAT activity was measured using 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6.5), 10 mM L-phenylalanine, 2.5 mM 2-oxoglutarate, and 12.5 ⁇ M Pridoxal phosphate as the enzyme reaction solution. The reaction is started by adding the extract. The reaction temperature is 37 ° C. and the reaction time is 30 minutes. The reaction was terminated by adding 800 ⁇ L of 2 N NaOH. The activity was quantified by measuring the increase in absorption at 320 nm wavelength of phenylpyruvic acid produced with the reaction.
- the molar extinction coefficient of phenylpyruvic acid is 17.5 mM ⁇ 1 ⁇ cm ⁇ 1 (Whitaker RJ., Et al. J. Biol. Chem. (1982) 257, 3550-3556.).
- the molecular weight of PPR is measured by SDS-PAGE and / or gel filtration using 12.5% polyacrylamide gel.
- the purified PPR sample of this enzyme concentrated using polyethylene glycol 20,000 is pre-elution buffer (10% glycerol, 1 mM DTT, 20 mM phosphate buffer, 0.15 mM NaCl pH7) Apply to Superose 6-10 / 300 equilibrated in 1) and elute with 1 column volume of elution buffer.
- bovine serum albumin M.W. 67,000
- chymotrypsinogen M.W. 25,000
- ⁇ -amylase M.W. 45,000
- ⁇ -amylase M.W. 200,000
- the total amount of protein in the cell-free extract prepared from 30 ⁇ g of bacterial cells was 592.2 mg, and the total activity for producing D-3-phenyllactic acid was 190.8 ⁇ mol / mL. That is, it was confirmed that phenylpyruvate reductase was present in the cell-free extract.
- the soluble fraction obtained by centrifuging this was purified as described above with Butyl-Sepharose (hydrophobic column), 2'5'-ADP-Sepharose (affinity column), Mono Q HR 5/5 (strong anion exchange). Column), the specific activity of the enzyme PPR could be concentrated up to 2260 times, and the enzyme PPR could be purified with a yield of 41% (Table 6).
- This enzyme PPR also reduced phenylpyruvic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, glyoxylic acid and hydroxypyruvic acid using NADPH as a coenzyme (Scheme 1 and Scheme 2).
- the kcat / Km value when NADH was used as a coenzyme was as low as 1/31 when 330 s -1 mM -1 and NADPH were used as a coenzyme (10143 s -1 mM -1 ). Therefore, it was shown that this enzyme can use NADH and NADPH as coenzymes, but has high specificity for NADPH.
- the W. fluorescens TK1 strain enantiomerically produced D-3-phenyllactic acid.
- Chemical products and pharmaceuticals may have different physiological activities among enantiomers as represented by thalidomide. Therefore, enantioselective production of chiral molecules is desired. Therefore, it is considered that the fact that this bacterium has high enantioselectivity and produces D-3-phenyllactic acid is very significant in considering the use of this compound as a pharmaceutical raw material.
- the purified PPR activity of the purified bacterium had a kcat / Km value of 373 s -1 mM -1 when phenylpyruvic acid was used as a substrate. This value is reported up to now one of the Lactobacillus pentosus JCM1558 (Non-Patent Document 15), Lactobacillu. DLDH of plantarum ATCC 8041 (Taguchi, H .; Ohta, TJ Biol. Chem. (1991) 266, 12588- 12594 ), Rhizobium etli CFN 42 has a higher value than the molecular activity of GRHPR (Fauvart, M. et al. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1774 (2007) 1092-1098) (Table 9).
- D-4-hydroxyphenyllactate dehydrogenase of Candida maltosa L4 the only enzyme that has been purified using fungal-derived phenylpyruvic acid as a substrate, is similar to PPR of W. fluorescens TK1 strain. It shows high affinity for hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid.
- D-4-hydroxyphenyllactate dehydrogenase requires Mn 2+ as a cofactor, and its molecular weight is 250,000-280,000, which is very large compared to the molecular weight of this PPR.
- the enzyme PPR had the highest affinity for phenylpyruvic acid, whereas D-4-hydroxyphenyllactate dehydrogenase had higher affinity for 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid. It may be an enzyme.
- E. coli Origami B (DE3) was used as a host for PPR expression.
- E. coli JM109 strain was used.
- the target band was cut out from the dried PVDF membrane and subjected to an amino acid sequence analyzer (Applied Biosystems Procise 492 cLC).
- the PCR product was template 1 ⁇ L, 10 ⁇ Ex Taq buffer (TaKaRa) 5 ⁇ L, 2.5 mM dNTP 4 ⁇ L each, primer NP (SEQ ID NO: 10), primer 2427P (5′-GGYTCYTCYTCRAANACRTT-3 ′) (SEQ ID NO: 12 ), Ex Taq Polymerase (TaKaRa) 0.5 ⁇ L was added.
- the treatment at 96 ° C. for 15 s, 56 ° C. for 20 s, and 72 ° C. for 1 min was performed 35 times to carry out extension reaction at 72 ° C. for 5 min (secondary PCR).
- 3'-terminal is 3 'RACE System for Rapid Amplification ofcDNA Ends (Invitrogen Co., CA) as a template, primer GSP (5'-AACTACGAGGTGCTGCC-3') (SEQ ID NO: 15), primer GSP nest PCR was performed in the same manner as described above using (5′-GTCCTCCCCAGTTACCATATATAGC-3 ′) (SEQ ID NO: 16), and the base sequence of the obtained 270 kb fragment was determined.
- DNA sequence analysis was performed using a fully automatic DNA sequencer (CEQ2000, Beckman Coulter). The method was performed according to the protocol.
- Ratio of expression (pprA / 18SrDNA) 2 CT (pprA) ⁇ CT (18S ribosome) * C T is the number of cycles where amplified product accumulated and a detectable fluorescent signal was obtained.
- the enzyme pprA (pprART Fr (5'-ATTTAGCCGCGATGAAAGAAC-3 ')' (SEQ ID NO: 17), pprART R (5'-TCGGCAAAGGCACATCC-3 ') (SEQ ID NO: 18)) and 18S ribosome primer (18SRT F ( 5'-ACCAGGTCCAGACACAATAAGG-3 ') (SEQ ID NO: 19), 18SRT R (5'-AAGCAGACAAATCACTCCACC-3') (SEQ ID NO: 20)) is primer preparation software primer 3 (http://frodo.wi.mit.edu/ cgi-bin / primer3 / primer3.cgi).
- the cultured cells were collected, suspended in buffer A (20 mM potassium phosphate (pH 7.0), 10% glycerol, 0.1 mM DTT), and sonicated. The disrupted solution was centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 30 minutes to recover the supernatant (cell-free extract). After adsorbing Ni 2+ in advance, the cell-free extract was applied to a chelating Sepharose column (Amersham) equilibrated with buffer A (buffer C) containing 300 mM NaCl. The fraction eluted with buffer C containing 500 mM imidazole was collected, dialyzed against buffer A, and used for the subsequent analysis.
- buffer A 20 mM potassium phosphate (pH 7.0), 10% glycerol, 0.1 mM DTT
- the disrupted solution was centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 30 minutes to recover the supernatant (cell-free extract). After adsorbing Ni 2+ in advance, the cell-free
- the peptide showing m / z 2000.00 is the amino acid sequence of NIQAIYGNWGGLASFGGFK consisting of 19 amino acid residues (SEQ ID NO: 2) , M / z 2427.27 was able to obtain the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 3) of VAFAALDVFEEEPFIHPGLIGR consisting of 22 amino acid residues, respectively (FIG. 12).
- the PPR activity in the cell-free extract of bacterial cells obtained using GPMM medium supplemented with L-phenylalanine was 0.22 ⁇ mol / min / mg, compared to the activity when cultured using MM medium. It was 3.6 times. Moreover, it was 3.0 times higher than that when the GPAMM medium supplemented with phenylpyruvic acid was used (FIG. 16).
- the amount of transcription of the pprA gene in the cells obtained by culturing the W. fluorescens TK1 strain for 8 hours under the same conditions was measured using real-time PCR.
- the expression level of the pprA gene in cells cultured in GPMM medium supplemented with 5 mM phenylalanine increased by 40 times compared to conditions using MM medium, and 18 times increased compared to conditions cultured using GPAMM medium. (FIG. 16). From the above results, it was shown that the expression of the pprA gene is induced by phenylalanine.
- Enzymatic properties of enzyme rPPR As with the enzyme PPR of the W. fluorescens TK1 strain, the purified enzyme rPPR can use NADPH as a coenzyme, and when phenylpyruvic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, glyoxylic acid and hydroxypyruvic acid are used as substrates. The kcat / Km value was highest when phenylpyruvic acid was used as a substrate (Table 10). In addition, activity using pyruvic acid and oxaloacetic acid as substrates was not detected (data not shown). From these results, it was revealed that the enzyme rPPR expressed using Escherichia coli showed the same substrate specificity as the enzyme PPR derived from the W. fluorescens TK1 strain.
- Alignment analysis was performed using genes with unknown functions of C. dubliniensis , DLDH from L. plantarum , recombinant GRHPR from R. etli CFN 42, HPPR from S. scutellarioide , and the deduced amino acid sequence of W. fluorescens TK1.
- a NADH / NADPH binding domain was found at positions 185-331 in the deduced amino acid sequence of W. fluorescens TK1. Furthermore, the sequence -GXGXXG- which seems to be a NADH / NADPH binding motif was found in the deduced amino acid sequence of PPR (FIG. 18). In addition, the 86th that binds to the oxygen atom of the carboxyl group of the substrate identified as the substrate binding site of GRHPR (Booth MP, et al. J Mol Biol.
- Valine (V) (V83 in GRHPR), 87th glycine (G) (GRHPR: G274), 282nd arginine (R) (GRHPR: R269) remaining, which hydrogen bonds with the carboxyl and carbonyl oxygen atoms of the substrate
- the group was conserved in the enzyme PPR.
- the acid-base-catalyzed 329th histidine (H) (GRHPR: H329) residue and the 311th glutamic acid (E) (GRHPR: E311) residue that hydrogen bond to the imidazole ring of the H329 residue were also conserved.
- DLDH and GRHPR are enzymes belonging to the D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase superfamily, suggesting that the PPR of this test bacterium also belongs to the same family.
- the family is located in the phylogenetic tree in the vicinity of the HPPR and GRHPR families, which means that the enzyme PPR, like the HPPR or GRHPR family of enzymes, is phenylpyruvic, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic, glyoxylic and Correlation with the point that hydroxypyruvic acid was recognized as a substrate was shown.
- the enzyme PPR was shown to be different from the DLDH of lactic acid bacteria reported to be involved in the production of 3-phenyllactic acid from both the enzymatic and molecular phylogenetic results. . From the phylogenetic analysis, this enzyme PPR was not classified into the existing family of D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase superfamily, but was mapped to the same group as the protein of unknown function of ascomycete yeast. This suggests that this enzyme PPR is a novel enzyme belonging to the D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase superfamily, and its function may be preserved in ascomycete yeast.
- the expression level of the pprA gene was increased at the transcription level in the presence of phenylalanine.
- the PPR activity was 3.6 times at the protein level, and the production amount of D-3-phenyllactic acid was increased to 58 times when phenylalanine was added compared to when it was not added.
- Aromatic polymers include phenol resins such as bakelite and polyphenylene oxide, and generally have excellent physical properties such as heat resistance and chemical resistance.
- polylactic acid will be the mainstream of biopolymers that have been studied for practical use.
- Polylactic acid is obtained by lactide polymerization or direct polymerization of lactic acid as a raw material (Yin, M .; Baker, G. L. Macromolecules 1999, 32, 7711.).
- the reason for the practical application of polylactic acid is that lactic acid, which is a raw material, is a basic product of metabolism, and research on bio-based production such as lactic acid fermentation by lactic acid bacteria is well conducted.
- D-3- phenyllactic acid production system (1) Preparation of phenylalanine-producing Escherichia coli into which ppr gene was introduced D-3-Phenyllactic acid-producing strain was prepared in LB medium ⁇ 10.0 g / L tryptone, 5.0 After overnight culture in g / L yeast extract, 10.0 g / L NaCl ⁇ , 20% of the total amount of sterilized glycerol was added and stored at ⁇ 80 ° C.
- Pre-culture was performed by placing 5.0 ⁇ mL of LB medium in a test tube, inoculating the medium with 1/100 volume of glycerol stock solution, and culturing with shaking at 37 ° C. and 120 ⁇ rpm for about 6 hours.
- a plasmid was prepared in the ATCC31882 strain (obtained from ATCC), which is phenylalanine-producing, in accordance with the above-described method, and a ppr gene was introduced using the plasmid to prepare a novel phenyllactic acid-producing strain transformed.
- This phenyl lactic acid producing strain was prepared by adding 20 g / L glucose and 50 mg / L kanamycin to 50 mL phenyl lactic acid producing medium (Tables 11 and 12). Then, 1/100 amount of the above-mentioned preculture solution was inoculated, and cultured in a 500 mL bladed Erlenmeyer flask with shaking at 37 ° C., 120 rpm for 24 hours.
- the optical activity of phenyl lactic acid was determined by purifying phenyl lactic acid in the medium by recrystallization, and subjecting the sample to a NUCLEOSIL® Chiral-1 column (manufactured by MACHEREY-NAGEL) as described above.
- pprA gene By introducing the pprA gene into the ATCC31882 strain, which is a phenylalanine-producing strain, we succeeded in producing useful strains (ATCC31882 / pHSGpprA) that each produced 99% or more of D-3-phenyllactic acid.
- D-3-phenyllactic acid was produced by a jar fermenter using the ATCC31882 pHSGpprA strain for practical application (FIG. 21).
- D-glucose which is a carbon source was added to the medium at a rate of 1.50 g / L / h using a pericitator pump at a rate of 1.50 g / L D-glucose.
- L-tyrosine and L-tryptophan which are auxotrophic components, were added in advance to the phenyllactic acid production medium in an amount of 0.50 g / L in order to prevent deficiency due to long-term culture.
- D-3-phenyllactic acid was produced at 15.5 g / L (10.8% sugar yield) in 96 hours of culture.
- the sugar yield was calculated by the amount of D-3-phenyllactic acid produced (g) / the total amount of D-glucose added (g).
- D-phenyl lactic acid produced in the medium was purified by an extraction method using an organic solvent and a recrystallization method.
- the extraction solvent a mixed solvent of methanol and hexane (mixing ratio 1: 1) was used.
- hydrochloric acid was added to the culture supernatant after centrifuging to remove the bacterial cells, acidified, an equal amount of extraction solvent was added thereto, and the mixture was gently stirred for 30 minutes for extraction.
- Example 4 Construction of an optically active 4-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid production system using a gene encoding PPR (1) Preparation of L-tyrosine-producing Escherichia coli introduced with the ppr gene Optically active 4-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid production strain was cultured overnight in LB medium ⁇ 10.0 g / L tryptone, 5.0 g / L yeast extract, 10.0 g / L NaCl ⁇ , and then sterilized glycerol was added to 20% of the total volume and stored at ⁇ 80 ° C.
- Pre-culture was performed by placing 5.0 ⁇ mL of LB medium in a test tube, inoculating the medium with 1/100 volume of glycerol stock solution, and culturing with shaking at 37 ° C. and 120 ⁇ rpm for about 6 hours.
- a plasmid pTyrA was prepared according to the above-described method (FIG. 22), and using this, C at the 779th base of the base sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 24 was used.
- the tyrA gene SEQ ID NO: 23 in which the 260th Thr was replaced with Ile was introduced to obtain an L-tyrosine-producing bacterium.
- a plasmid (pCW pprA or pHSG pprA ) was prepared in this L-tyrosine-producing bacterium according to the above-described method, and a ppr gene was further introduced and transformed into a novel optically active hydroxyphenyl lactic acid producing strain (NST -pprA production strain).
- the culture supernatant from which the cells were removed by centrifugation was acidified by adding hydrochloric acid (pH 2.5 to 3.5), and an equal amount of extraction solvent was added thereto, followed by gentle stirring for 30 minutes to perform extraction. .
- Example 5 Fermentative production of D-4-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid using yeast W. fluoresens TK1 strain It was shown that this bacterium can convert tyrosine added to the medium into 4-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid. This bacterium was thought to produce 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid from glucose as a raw material via the shikimate pathway, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid. The 4-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid produced was an optically active substance (D-4-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid).
- the culture supernatant from which the bacterial cells have been removed by filtration or centrifugation is used as a sample.
- the obtained precipitate was completely suspended in 200 ⁇ L of 1% NaOH, 167 ⁇ L of methanol, and 34 ⁇ L of Pyridine. To this, 20 ⁇ L of Methyl chlorocarbonate was added, and the sample was methylated by vigorous stirring. After repeating the operation of adding and stirring Methyl chlorocarbonate, 400 ⁇ L of Chloroform was added and stirred. Next, 50 mM sodium bicarbonate was added, and the aqueous layer after stirring was removed. The Chloroform layer was completely dehydrated by adding 0.1 g of sodium sulfate to the obtained Chloroform layer, and the organic acid contained in the obtained solution was measured using GC / MS (GCMS-QP2010 Plus, Shimadzu). The analysis conditions are shown below.
- the PPR of the present invention and the pprA gene encoding the same can be obtained efficiently from highly novel optically active 3-phenyl lactic acid and 4-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid from a novel D-3-phenyl lactic acid-producing bacterium uniquely discovered Got.
- high-purity optically active 3- phenyllactic acid and 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid can be efficiently obtained using inexpensive glucose as a raw material, and genetic engineering production is also possible.
- optically active 3-phenyllactic acid is attracting attention in a wide range of fields, and is expected to be used as, for example, a polyaromatic plastic raw material, a biocompatible material, a functional material, and a pharmaceutical agricultural intermediate.
- optically active 4-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid is also expected to be used as a food additive, medicine, agricultural chemical and the like.
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Abstract
Description
(a)配列番号5に示される塩基配列からなるポリヌクレオチド、
(b)配列番号5に示される塩基配列からなるポリヌクレオチドとストリンジェントな条件下でハイブリダイズするポリヌクレオチド、
(c)配列番号5に示される塩基配列からなるポリヌクレオチドと60%以上の同一性を有する塩基配列からなるポリヌクレオチド、
(d)配列番号6,7又は8に示される塩基配列を含むポリヌクレオチド、
(e)配列番号4に示されるアミノ酸配列をコードするポリヌクレオチド、
(f)配列番号4に示されるアミノ酸配列において、1若しくは数個のアミノ酸が欠失、置換若しくは付加されたアミノ酸配列をコードするポリヌクレオチド、及び
(g)配列番号4に示されるアミノ酸配列と60%以上の同一性を有するアミノ酸配列をコードするポリヌクレオチド、
からなる群より選択されるポリヌクレオチド。
〔2〕フェニルピルビン酸を基質としてD-フェニル乳酸を生成するフェニルピルビン酸還元酵素であって、
(a)配列番号4に示されるアミノ酸配列、
(b)配列番号4に示されるアミノ酸配列において、1若しくは数個のアミノ酸が欠失、置換若しくは付加されたアミノ酸配列、又は
(c)配列番号4に示されるアミノ酸配列と60%以上の同一性を有するアミノ酸配列、
のいずれかを含む、フェニルピルビン酸還元酵素。
(a)配列番号4に示されるアミノ酸配列からなるタンパク質、
(b)配列番号4に示されるアミノ酸配列において、1若しくは数個のアミノ酸が欠失、置換若しくは付加されたアミノ酸配列からなるタンパク質、又は
(c)配列番号4に示されるアミノ酸配列と60%以上の同一性を有するアミノ酸配列からなるタンパク質。
(a)配列番号4に示されるアミノ酸配列からなるタンパク質、
(b)配列番号4に示されるアミノ酸配列において、1若しくは数個のアミノ酸が欠失、置換若しくは付加されたアミノ酸配列からなるタンパク質、又は
(c)配列番号4に示されるアミノ酸配列と60%以上の同一性を有するアミノ酸配列からなるタンパク質。
(1)本発明のPPRの酵素学的性質
(2)本発明のPPRのアミノ酸配列及びこれをコードする遺伝子
(3)本発明のPPRの取得方法
2.光学活性3-フェニル乳酸の製造方法
(1)本発明のPPRによる光学活性フェニル乳酸の製造方法
(2)本発明のPPRをコードする遺伝子を有する微生物による光学活性3-フェニル乳酸の製造方法
3.光学活性4-ヒドロキシフェニル乳酸の製造方法
(1)本発明のPPRによる光学活性4-ヒドロキシフェニル乳酸の製造方法
(2)本発明のPPRをコードする遺伝子を有する微生物による光学活性4-ヒドロキシフェニル乳酸の製造方法
本発明のフェニルピルビン酸還元酵素は、新規酵素であり、以下の酵素学的性質並びにアミノ酸配列及びこれをコードする遺伝子を有するものである。このPPRは、ホモ二量体を形成しているものが好適である。
〔作用〕
本発明のPPRは、フェニルピルビン酸及び4-ヒドロキシフェニルピルビン酸を基質とし、これに高い親和性を有し且つ作用して光学活性フェニル乳酸(D-3-フェニル乳酸)及び4-ヒドロキシフェニル乳酸(D-4-ヒドロキシフェニル乳酸)を生成するものである。エナンチオ選択的にD-3-フェニル乳酸及びD-4-ヒドロキシフェニル乳酸を生成するのが好適である。
4-ヒドロシキフェニルピルビン酸、3-フェニルピルビン酸、グリオキシル酸及びヒドロキシピルビン酸から選ばれる1種以上のものを原料(基質)とし、還元反応を触媒する。なお、ピルビン酸及びオキザロ酢酸を基質としないのが望ましい。
Tris-HCl緩衝液(pH7~8)及びリン酸緩衝液(pH5~7)の緩衝液で各pH(25℃)に調整した後、pH以外は上記〔作用〕記載の測定条件にて酵素活性を求めた場合、p6~7、特にpH6.5~7で高い活性を示す。
pH6.5の20~40℃にて良好なフェニルピルビン酸還元反応を示す。
SDS-ポリアクリルアミドゲル電気泳動(Lammli等の方法)における測定で、本発明のPPRは、分子量30,000~50,000ダルトン、特に分子量40,000ダルトンを示す。
2)金属イオンと阻害剤の影響
Cu2+、Zn2+、Fe2+、WO2-、Hg2+から選ばれる1種以上の金属イオンによって、PPR活性が強阻害される(90~100%程度阻害)。Ni2+、Co2+から選ばれる1種以上の金属イオンによってやや強く阻害される(30~40%程度阻害)。Mn2+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Mo2+、から選ばれる1種以上の金属イオンによって、殆ど阻害されないか或いは全く阻害されない(15~0%程度阻害)。
本発明のPPRは、少なくとも以下のN末端アミノ酸配列及び/又は内部アミノ酸配列の部分アミノ酸配列を有するものが好適である。なお、この部分アミノ酸配列は、1若しくは数個のアミノ酸が置換、欠失、挿入されていてもよい。
N末端側のアミノ酸残基の配列:N末端側のMKKPQVLILGRIの12アミノ酸残基の配列(配列番号1)である。
トリプシン消化ペプチドのアミノ酸残基の配列:NIQAIYGNWGGLASFGGFKの19アミノ酸残基の配列(配列番号2)及びVAFAALDVFEEEPFIHPGLIGRの22アミノ酸残基の配列(配列番号3)を有する。
本発明のPPRには、次の(a)、(b)及び(c)のタンパク質が包含される。
(i)本発明のPPRは、ウィッケルハミア属(Wickerhamia)酵母若しくはその変異株、又は前記PPRをコードする遺伝子若しくはその断片を導入した形質転換体(好適には微生物)によって生産、取得することが可能である。
配列番号9に示す塩基配列。
形状:レモン形、卵形、長卵形
増殖形式:増殖は両極出芽により、出芽部位は広く、偽菌糸の形成。
糖発酵性:D-グルコース(+)、サッカロース(+)、D-ガラクトース(W)、マルトース(-)
炭素源資化性:D-グルコース(+)、サッカロース(+)、D-ガラクトース(+)、マルトース(-)、イノシトール(-)
窒素源資化性:硝酸塩(-)
なお、前記酵母菌TK1は、2007年11月頃、日本国筑波県つくば市内の環境中の土壌や水を40種採取し、適宜希釈後、YPD寒天培地(後記実施例1参照)に塗布した。28℃で2~4日培養後、現れたコロニーを適宜希釈後、新たなYPD寒天培地に接種することを繰り返し行い、純粋分離した。
また、本発明によれば、PPRをコードするポリヌクレオチド又はppr遺伝子を含む組換えベクターを適用することが可能となる。これにより、形質転換体を得、この形質転換体の培養等によって、PPRを遺伝子工学的に製造することが可能となる。
本発明によれば、上述にて得られた組換えベクターを用いて宿主(好適には微生物)を形質転換し、形質転換体を得ることができる。
本発明の光学活性3-フェニル乳酸の製造方法は、フェニルピルビン酸からD-3-フェニル乳酸を生成できる製造工程(酵素反応系:上述のスキーム1参照)を少なくとも有していればよい。
本発明のPPRを用いて、酵素基質から、光学活性3-フェニル乳酸を生産し、これを回収することが可能である。なお、上述のようにPPR以外の酵素も併用することによって連続的に光学活性3-フェニル乳酸を得てもよい。
本発明の光学活性フェニル乳酸の製造方法は、次の(a)、(b)又は(c)のタンパク質からなるフェニルピルビン酸還元酵素をコードする遺伝子を含む微生物を用いて培養し、微生物基質から光学活性フェニル乳酸を生成させ、これを回収するのが好適である。
(b)配列番号5に記載のアミノ酸配列において、1若しくは数個のアミノ酸が置換、欠失、挿入したアミノ酸列からなり、フェニルピルビン酸還元活性を有し、フェニルピルビン酸に対する高い親和性を有するタンパク質
(c)配列番号5で示されるアミノ酸配列と60%以上の同一性を有するアミノ酸配列からなり、フェニルピルビン酸還元活性を有し、フェニルピルビン酸に対する高い親和性を有するタンパク質。
本発明の光学活性4-ヒドロキシフェニル乳酸(D-4-ヒドロキシフェニル乳酸)の製造方法は、4-ヒドロキシフェニルピルビン酸から光学活性4-ヒドロキシフェニル乳酸を生成できる製造工程(酵素反応系:上述のスキーム2参照)を少なくとも有していればよい。
(1)本発明の酵素PPRによる光学活性4-ヒドロキシフェニル乳酸の製造方法
本発明のPPRを用いて、酵素基質から、光学活性4-ヒドロキシフェニル乳酸を生産し、これを回収することが可能である。なお、上述のように本発明のPPR以外の酵素も併用することによって連続的に光学活性4-ヒドロキシフェニル乳酸を得てもよい。
本発明の光学活性4-ヒドロキシフェニル乳酸の製造方法は、本発明のPPRをコードする遺伝子を含む微生物を用いて培養し、微生物基質から光学活性4-ヒドロキシフェニル乳酸を生成させ、これを回収するのが好適である。
(1)D-3-フェニル乳酸を生産するTK1菌株の取得
日本国の茨城県つくば市内の環境中の土壌や水を数十箇所で採取し、適宜希釈後、YPD寒天培地(2%酵母抽出液、1%ポリペプトン、1%D-グルコース/蒸留水 1L)に塗布した。28℃で2日から4日培養後、現れたコロニーを適宜希釈後、新たなYPD寒天培地に接種することにより、純粋分離した。さらに分離した菌株1白金耳を表1に示すMinimum medium(以下、「MM」ともいう)液体培地に植菌し、好気条件にて、28℃で2日から4日培養した。
1)ガスクロマトグラフィー質量分析計(GC/MS)を用いた3-フェニル乳酸の定性
試料を、1% NaOH 200 μL、Methanol 167 μL、Pyridine 34 μLに完全に懸濁する。これに、Methyl chlorocarbonateを20 μL加え、激しく攪拌することにより試料をメチル化する。Methyl chlorocarbonateを加え攪拌する操作を繰り返した後、Chloroformを400 μL加え、攪拌する。次に、50 mM Sodium bicarbonateを加え、攪拌後の水層を除去する。得られたChloroform層に0.1gのSodium sulfateを加えることによりChloroform層を完全に脱水し、得られた溶液に含まれる有機酸をGC/MS(GCMS-QP2010 Plus、Shimadzu)を用いて測定する。このGC/MS分析の条件を以下に示す。
カラム:DB-5(0.32 mm x 30 m)
カラム温度:60 ℃ (2 min)-8℃/min-180℃ (5 min)-40℃/min-220℃ (5 min)
インターフェイス温度:230℃
イオンソース温度:250℃
キャリアガス:He
流量:30 mL/min
2)高速液体クロマトグラフィー(HPLC)を用いた3-フェニル乳酸の定量
試料中の3-フェニル乳酸の定量はHPLCを用いて、以下の分析条件にて、分析する。
カラム:TSKgel ODS-80(登録商標) (4.6 × 150 mm, Tosoh, Tokyo, Japan)
カラム温度:28℃
流速:1.0 mL/min
移動相:20 mm potassium phosphate buffer (pH 2.5): methanol (6:4, v/v)
3)HPLCを用いたキラル分析
試料(酵素反応液)中の3-フェニル乳酸の光学異性を、HPLCを用いて、以下の分析条件にて、決定する。なお、培養液を分析する場合には、培養液から濾過や遠心分離等により菌体を除去した培養上清を試料として使用する。
カラム:Nucleosil Chiral-1 (Macherey-Nagel)
カラム温度:60℃
流速:1.2 mL/min
移動相:0.5 mM CuSO4
全容50 mLの試験管に分注したYPD培地 10 mLに、予め菌体を生育させたYPD寒天培地から、菌体を一白金耳植菌し、30℃で2日間、120 rpmで振とう培養した。
抽出からサイクルシーケンスまでの操作は、DNA抽出(物理的破壊およびMarmur(1961))、PCR(puReTaq Ready-To-Go PCR beads(Amersham Biosciences, NJ, USA))、サイクルシーケンス BigDye Terminator v3.1 Kit (Applied Biosystems, CA, USA)、使用プライマー (NL1およびNL4 (O’Donnell, 1993))、シーケンス (ABI PRISM 3130xl Genetic Analyzer System (Applied Biosystems, CA, USA))、相同性検索および簡易分子系統解析(ソフトウェア アポロン2.0 (テクノスルガラボ), データベース アポロン DB-FU3.0 (テクノスルガラボ), 国際塩基配列データベース (GeneBank/DDBJ/EMBL))の各プロトコルに従った。
試験方法はBarnett et al. (2000)およびKurtzman and Fell (1998)に準拠し、培養は温度耐性試験を除き25℃で行った。表3に示す生理性状の試験を行った。その結果を表3に示す。
光学顕微鏡(BX オリンパス、東京)を用いて簡易形態観察を行った。その結果を図1に示す。なお、バーは、5μmである。
アポロンDB-FUに対するBLAST(Altschul, S.F. et al., (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410.)を用いた塩基配列の相同性検索の結果、Strain TK1菌株の26S rDNA- D1/D2塩基配列は、子嚢菌酵母の一種であるWickerhamia fluorescens の基準株である NRRL YB-4819のそれと100%の相同性を示した。GenBank/DDBJ/EMBLなどの国際塩基配列データベースに対しする相同性検索においても、Strain TK1菌株の26S rDNA-D1/D2塩基配列は、W. fluorescensのNRR YB-4819菌株に対して、100%の高い相同性を示した。
W. fluorescens TK1菌株が生産する3-フェニル乳酸の光学異性を決定した。培養上清を、上述の如きキラル分析(Nucleosil Chiral-1カラム)に供した(図2)。その結果、生産されていた3-フェニル乳酸はD-3-フェニル乳酸と同一の保持時間を示し、L-3-フェニル乳酸とは異なるピークを与えた。このことより、W. fluorescens TK1菌株はエナンチオ選択的にD-3-フェニル乳酸を生産することが明らかとなった(図2)。
W. fluorescens TK1菌株を初期菌体濃度を0.2(O.D.600)に合わせ、MM培地を用いて好気条件下で5日間振とう培養(羽根付きフラスコ、100 mL)し、経時的に培養上清をサンプリングした。その結果、菌体の増殖は培養開始24時間以降には定常期に入った。D-3-フェニル乳酸の生産量は定常期に入っても増え続け、培養開始96時間目には培地中に0.1 mMのD-3-フェニル乳酸を生産していた(図3)。
W. fluorescens TK1菌株を初期菌体濃度を0.2(O.D.600)に合わせ、MM培地に、フェニルピルビン酸を添加したGPAMM培地(表4)と、L-フェニルアラニンを添加したGPMM培地(表5)をそれぞれ用いて好気条件下でそれぞれ2日間および3日間振とう培養(羽根付きフラスコ、100 mL)し、経時的に培養液をサンプリングし、本菌によるD-3-フェニル乳酸の生産量を測定した(図4及び5)。
湿菌体重量1.0 gあたり酸化アルミニウム2.5 gとプロテアーゼ阻害剤phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride(PMSF)、N-tosyl-L-phenylalanylchlormethyl ketone(TPCK)各0.2 mM、10%グリセロールと1 mM dithiothreitol(DTT)を含んだ20 mMのリン酸緩衝液を加えて、菌体を乳棒と乳鉢を用いて破砕した。破砕液に菌体と同量の同緩衝液を加え、15000×gで遠心分離した。得られた培養上清を無細胞抽出液とした。以上の操作は氷中にて行った。
フェニルピルビン酸のD-3-フェニル乳酸への還元を触媒する酵素(フェニルピルビン酸還元酵素)である本酵素PPRをW. fluorescens TK1菌株の無細胞抽出液から精製するのに先立って、本菌の本培養の培養時間と無細胞抽出液中のPPR活性の関係を検討した。GPMM培地を用いて培養開始4、12、48時間後の菌体より無細胞抽出液を調製したところ、培養時間12時間でのPPR活性が4時間、48時間に比べそれぞれ1.8、3.4倍高かった(図6)。
pH 5.5~8のTris-HCl緩衝液(pH 7, 7.5, 8)、リン酸緩衝液(pH 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7)の各pH緩衝液を反応液に用いてPPR活性を測定し、本酵素PPRの反応の至適pHを検討した。pH 6.5で最も高いPPR活性が検出された(図7)。このことから、本酵素PPRの至適pHは6.5であり、以後の活性測定のpHは6.5で行った。
上述の如く、無細胞抽出液を調製し、この無細胞抽出液を100,000×gで1時間遠心分離した。
遠心分離後の無細胞抽出液に、20%となるように硫安を添加した。wash buffer(10% glycerol, 1 mM dithiothreitol (DTT), 20 mMのリン酸緩衝液, 20% (NH4)2SO4, pH7)をカラム容積の5倍量流しカラムの平衡化を行った。このカラムに調製したサンプルをのせ硫酸アンモニウムの直線濃度勾配(20%-0%)により溶出を行い、活性画分を得た。
上記で得られた活性画分を、透析buffer(10% glycerol, 1 mM DTT, 20 mMリン酸緩衝液, pH7)に対して一晩透析を行った。このサンプルを、wash buffer(10%glycerol, 1 mM DTT, 20 mMリン酸緩衝液, pH7)を5倍量流し平衡化を行った2’5’-ADP-Sepharoseカラムに供した。溶出はelution buffer(10% glycerol, 1 mM DTT, 0.1-1 mM NADP+, 20 mMリン酸緩衝液, pH7)にて行い、活性画分を得た。
上記で得られた活性画分を、equilibration buffer(10% glycerol, 1 mM DTT, 20 mMリン酸緩衝液, pH7)で平衡化したMonoQ HR 5/5カラム(GE Healthcare)に供し、NaCl直線濃度勾配(0%-15%)により溶出を行った。
PPRの活性測定は、酵素反応液として50 mM リン酸緩衝液(pH 6.5)、2 mM フェニルピルビン酸、0.1 mM NADPHを用い、これに試料(酵素液や無細胞抽出液など)を加えることにより反応を開始する。反応温度は25℃。活性は、反応に伴い生成されるNADPHの持つ340nmの波長の吸収の減少を紫外・可視分光時計(Beckman-Coulter DU-800)を用いて測定することによって定量する。NADPHの340 nm の波長の吸収のモル吸光係数は、6.2 mM-1・cm-1とする。
PATの活性測定は、酵素反応液として50 mMリン酸緩衝液(pH 6.5)、10 mM L-フェニルアラニン、2.5 mM 2-オキソグルタル酸、12.5 μM Pridoxal phosphateを用い、これに試料(酵素液や無細胞抽出液など)を加えることにより反応を開始する。反応温度は37℃、反応時間30分とする。2 N NaOHを800 μL添加することで反応を終了させた。活性は、反応に伴い生成されるフェニルピルビン酸の持つ320 nmの波長の吸収の増加を測定することによって定量した。なおフェニルピルビン酸のモル吸光係数は17.5 mM-1・cm-1(Whitaker RJ., et al. J. Biol. Chem. (1982) 257, 3550-3556.)とする。
PPRの分子量の測定は、12.5%ポリアクリルアミドゲルを用いたSDS-PAGE及び/又はゲルろ過法により行う。
〔PPRの酵素学的解析〕
本酵素PPRはNADPH依存的に、フェニルピルビン酸と反応し、D-3-フェニル乳酸を生産することが、上述のHPLCの測定方法により確認できた。
各金属イオンと各阻害剤をそれぞれ終濃度1 mMで反応系に添加し、PPR活性を測定した。Cu2+ , Zn2+ , Fe2+, WO2-, Hg2+ の金属イオンにより、本酵素PPR活性の低下が見られたことから(表8)、これらがPPR活性を阻害することが示された。
D-3-フェニル乳酸生産菌を検索した結果、子嚢菌酵母であるW. fluorescens TK1菌株が培養上清中にD-3-フェニル乳酸を0.1 mM生産していたことから、新規D-3-フェニル乳酸生産菌をスクリーニングすることができたと考えられた。また、L-フェニルアラニンを培地に添加し同様に培養した際のD-3-フェニル乳酸の生産量は5.7 mM生産していた。3-フェニル乳酸の生産の報告があるG. candidumではTSBYE培地を用いてジャーファーメンターを用いて培養することで3.6~6.0 mM(非特許文献2)、乳酸菌ではMRS培地を用いることで0.57 mM(J. Biochem. 2005 138, 741-74915))の3-フェニル乳酸が生産されることが報告されている。また、Lactobacillus. Sp. SK007が3-フェニル乳酸の前駆体であるフェニルピルビン酸を培地に6 mM添加した際に5.2 mMの3-フェニル乳酸を生産し(Li, X. et al., Biotechnol. Lett (2007) 29, 593-597,)、L. plantarum TMW1.468、L. sanfranciscensis DSM20451では培地に50 mMのフェニルアラニンを添加した場合0.04~0.08 mMの生産がみられた(Vermeulen, N. et al. J. Agric. Food Chem. (2006) 54, 3832- 3839)。以上の結果は、W. fluorescens TK1菌株がジャーファーメンターなどを用いて培養条件を精密にコントロールしなくて比較的高いD-3-フェニル乳酸を生産する能力をもつことを示しものである。
(1)使用菌株
3-フェニル乳酸生産菌W. fluorescens TK1菌株を用いた。
全容50 mLの試験管に分注した上述のYPD培地10 mLに、予め菌体を生育させたYPD寒天培地から、菌体を一白金耳植菌し、30℃で2日間、120 rpmで振とう培養した。前培養液から菌体を遠心分離により集菌し、その沈殿を生理食塩水で洗浄した。これを150 mLのGPMM培地を含む全容500 mLの羽根つきフラスコに植菌した。これを30℃、12時間、120 rpm、好気条件下で振とう培養した。
〔ブロッティング〕
濾紙をA溶液(0.3 M Tris、5%メタノール)に2枚、B溶液(25 mM Tris、5%メタノール)に1枚、C溶液(25 mM Tris、40mM 6-アミノカプロン酸、5%メタノール)に3枚それぞれ浸した。精製した本酵素PPRをSDS-PAGEで電気泳動した後、ゲルをそれぞれの溶液に浸した濾紙を重ね、転写装置(ホライズブロットAE - 6670P/N、ATTO)を用いて電気的にPolyVinylidene DiFluoride(PVDF)膜(AE-6665、ATTO)に転写した。
乾燥させたPVDF膜より目的のバンドを切り出し、アミノ酸配列分析装置(Applied Biosystems Procise 492 cLC)に供した。
SDS-PAGEに泳動した精製した本酵素PPRをゲルより切り出し、トリプシンによりゲル内消化した。トリプシン消化ペプチドをMatrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of Flight (MALDI-TOF/MS) (AXIMA(登録商標), AXIMA(登録商標)-QIT Shimazu)に供し、得られたフラグメント情報を基にアミノ酸配列を決定した。
GPMM培地で培養したW. fluorescens TK1菌株を破砕バッファー(500 mM NaCl, 200 mM Tris-HCl (pH7.5), 10 mM EDTA, 1% SDS)に懸濁し、半量のガラスビーズと等量のフェノール・クロロホルム・イソアミルアルコール(25:24:1)を加えた(フェノクロ処理)。ボルテックスで攪拌したのち遠心分離し、上清を回収し、DNase処理し、フェノール・クロロホルム・イソアミルアルコール抽出を2回繰り返して、2.5倍量のエタノールと1/10倍量の3 M酢酸ナトリウムを添加した(エタノール沈殿)。遠心分離後、沈殿をRLC (RNeasy(登録商標) Plant Mini Kitに付属のもの) 450 μL、2-メルカプトエタノール4.5 μLに懸濁した 。以降のステップは RNeasy(登録商標) Plant Mini Kitのプロトコルに従った。調整したRNAとPrimeScript(登録商標)Reverse Transcriptaseを用いてcDNAを合成した。
YPD培地で一夜培養したW. fluorescens TK1菌株を破砕バッファー(100 mM NaCl、10 mM Tris-HCl (pH8.0)、1 mM EDTA、2% TritonX-100)に懸濁し、半量のガラスビーズと等量のフェノール・クロロホルム・イソアミルアルコール(25:24:1)を加えた(フェノクロ処理)。ボルテックスで攪拌したのち遠心分離し、上清を回収し、フェノール・クロロホルム・イソアミルアルコール抽出を2回繰り返して、2.5倍量のエタノールと1/10倍量の3 M酢酸ナトリウムを添加した(エタノール沈殿)。遠心分離後、沈殿を70%エタノールで洗浄した。70%エタノールを捨てアスピレータで乾燥させ、RNaseを加えた適量の滅菌水に懸濁した。
〔PCR法〕
50 μLのPCR反応系に、得られたcDNAを鋳型として1 μL、10×KOD -Plus- buffer(TOYOBO) 5 μL、各2.5 mM dNTP 4 μL、プライマーNP (5'-ATGAARAARCCNCAGGT-3')(配列番号10)、Oligo dT (5'-TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT-3') (配列番号11)、KOD -Plus- DNA Polymerase(TOYOBO) 1 μL、25 mM MgSO4 2 μLを加えた。この反応系に対して、96℃ 30 s、50℃ 30 s、68℃ 3 minの処理を35回行った後、68℃ 5 min伸長反応させた(一次PCR)。さらに、PCR産物をテンプレート1 μL、10×Ex Taq buffer(TaKaRa) 5 μL、各2.5 mM dNTP 4 μL、プライマーNP(配列番号10)、プライマー2427P (5'-GGYTCYTCYTCRAANACRTT-3') (配列番号12)、Ex Taq Polymerase (TaKaRa) 0.5 μLを加えた。96℃ 15 s、56℃ 20 s、72℃ 1 minの処理を35回行い、72℃ 5 min伸長反応させた(二次PCR)。
調製した全RNAをもとに、5’ RACE System for Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE), Version 2.0 (Invitrogen Co., CA)を用いてPPRの5’-末端のcDNAを合成した。得られたcDNAをテンプレートとして、kit付属のアダプターオリゴヌクレオチドとPPRをコードする遺伝子に特異的なプライマー(GSP1(5'-TGAAAATGCGTTAGTATGTGGAT-3') (配列番号13)、GSP2 (5'-TGCCTTTGCTGCTTTGAATGTAT-3') (配列番号14))を用いてnested PCRした。PCRの反応条件は、96℃ 15 s、56℃ 20 s、72℃ 1 minの処理を35回行い、72℃ 5 min伸長反応させた。PCRで得られた200 kpのDNA断片をアガロース電気泳動により回収し、pGEM(登録商標)-T easy (Promega, Madison, WI)にクローニングした。得られたプラスミドの挿入断片のDNA配列を決定した。
DNAの配列解析は全自動 DNAシーケンサー(CEQ2000, Beckman Coulter)を用いて解析した。方法は、プロトコルに従って行った。
W. fluorescens TK1菌株を、MM培地、GPMM培地、GPAMM培地を用いて30℃ 、8時間培養し、得られた各培地の菌体からRNAを調製した。これを鋳型としてoligo-dT19プライマー、Reverse Transcriptase M-MLV (TAKARA BIO, Inc., Japan)を用いて逆転写反応を行った。得られた一本鎖cDNAを鋳型として、iQ(登録商標) SYBR(登録商標) Green Supermix (Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc., CA)を用いてMiniOpticon(登録商標)version 3.1 (Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc., CA)に供した。それぞれの菌体でpprA遺伝子の発現量を、18S ribosomal RNAの発現量との比として表した。
*CTは増幅産物が蓄積し、検出可能な蛍光シグナルが得られたサイクル数。
〔形質転換体の作製〕
W. fluorescens TK1菌株のRNAから調製した一本鎖cDNAとプライマーNde-PPR(5'-GGGTTTCATATGAAAAAGCCTCAG-3')(配列番号21)、Xho-PPR(5'-CCGCTCGAGAACTACAAGATT-3')(配列番号22)を用いて、PCR反応によりpprA遺伝子のcDNA断片を増幅した。これをNdeI, XhoIで処理したものをpCWoriを予め同じ制限酵素で処理したものに連結して構築したプラスミド(pCW-PPR)をE. coli ATCC31882(ATCCより取得)に導入した(図9及び図10参照)。
得られた組換え体を終濃度100 μg/L アンピシリンナトリウムを含んだLB培地(LA) 10 mLで37℃、12 時間前培養した。この全量を150 mL LAに植菌した。120 rpm, 37℃、2時間培養後、終濃度1 mMのIPTGを添加し、50 rpm、室温で8時間培養した。
培養した菌体を集菌し、buffer A (20 mM potassium phosphate (pH 7.0), 10% glycerol, 0.1 mM DTT)に懸濁して、超音波破砕した。破砕液を15,000 rpm, 30 分間遠心分離して上清(無細胞抽出液)を回収した。予めNi2+を吸着させた後、300 mM NaClを含んだbuffer A (buffer C)で平衡化したchelating Sepharose column (Amersham)に無細胞抽出液を供した。500 mM imidazoleを含んだbuffer Cで溶出した画分を回収し、buffer Aに対して透析し、以降の解析に用いた。
〔アミノ酸配列のアライメント〕
クローニングしたpprA遺伝子の推定アミノ酸配列と相同性のある配列をNational Center for Biotechnology Information(NCBI)のデータベース内で検索した。この際、BLASTを用いた。得られた配列情報を利用してClustalWによるマルチプルアライメント解析を行った。
系統樹の作成にはMEGA 4を用いた。系統樹の作製に用いたアミノ酸配列はNCBIより入手した。系統樹の作成は近隣接合法により行い、枝上にブートストラップ反復推定値を示した。
精製した本酵素PPR(1μg)をPVDF膜に電気的にブロッティングし、本酵素PPRのN末端のアミノ酸配列を分析した。その結果、MKKPOVLILGRIからなる本酵素PPRの12残基のN末端アミノ酸配列を決定することができた(配列番号1)。
SDS-PAGE後の本酵素PPRをゲルより切り出し、トリプシンを用いてゲル内消化を行った。得られたトリプシン消化ペプチドをMALDI-TOF MS解析した。MALDI-TOF MS解析により得られたペプチドピーク中から、m/z 2000.00とm/z 2427.27の二つのペプチドを選び、MALDI-QIT-TOF MSを用いたMS/MS解析を行った(図11)。得られた質量フラグメントピークの情報をもとにトリプシン消化ペプチドのアミノ酸配列のde novoシーケンスを行った結果、m/z 2000.00を示すペプチドは19アミノ酸残基からなるNIQAIYGNWGGLASFGGFKのアミノ酸配列(配列番号2)、m/z 2427.27を示すペプチドは22アミノ酸残基からなるVAFAALDVFEEEPFIHPGLIGRのアミノ酸配列(配列番号3)をそれぞれ得ることができた(図12)。
N末端アミノ酸配列(配列番号1)と内部アミノ酸配列m/z 2427.27(配列番号3)の情報を基に、プライマーNP(配列番号10)、プライマー2427P(配列番号12)をそれぞれ設計した。W. fluorescens TK1菌株より調製したcDNAを鋳型とし、プライマーNP(配列番号10)、プライマーOligo dT(配列番号11)を用いてPCRを行った。さらに、PCR産物を鋳型として、プライマーNP(配列番号10)、プライマー2427P(配列番号12)を用いてPCRを行った。その結果、935 bpの目的のDNA断片が増幅された(図13)。
W. fluorescens TK1菌株のゲノム上に存在するpprA遺伝子のコピー数を確認するためにサザンブロット解析を行った(図15)。制限酵素(HindIII、EcoRI、PstI、BamHI)で処理したW. fluorescens TK1菌株の全DNAに対して、pprA遺伝子の配列を含むDNA断片をプローブとしてサザンハイブリダイゼーションを行った。その結果、いずれの制限酵素処理した全DNAを用いた場合でもバンドは一本のみ検出された。このことより、ゲノム上に存在するpprA遺伝子は1コピーのみであり、精製した本酵素PPRはpprA遺伝子が発現したものであることが示された。
GPMM培地(D-グルコース及びL-フェニルアラニンを含む)、GPAMM培地(D-グルコース及びフェニルピルビン酸を含む)、MM培地(D-グルコースを含む)をそれぞれ用いてW. fluorescens TK1菌株を10時間、30℃でそれぞれ培養して得られた菌体の無細胞抽出液中のPPR活性を上述の〔PPR活性の測定法〕に従って測定した。その結果、L-フェニルアラニンを添加したGPMM培地を用いて得られた菌体の無細胞抽出液中のPPR活性は0.22 μmol/min/mgであり、MM培地を用いて培養した際の活性に比べ3.6倍であった。また、フェニルピルビン酸を添加したGPAMM培地を用いた際のそれと比べ3.0倍高かった(図16)。同様の条件下でW. fluorescens TK1菌株を8時間培養して得られた菌体のpprA遺伝子の転写量をリアルタイムPCRを用いて測定した。その結果、5 mMフェニルアラニンを添加したGPMM培地を用いて培養した菌体でのpprA遺伝子の発現量がMM培地を用いた条件に比べ40倍、GPAMM培地を用いて培養した条件に比べ18倍増加していた(図16)。以上の結果から、pprA遺伝子の発現は、フェニルアラニンによって誘導されることが示された。
〔酵素rPPRの精製〕
大腸菌Origami B株にpET21aにpprA遺伝子のcDNAを組込んだプラスミドを導入した。N末端にHisを付加させた本酵素PPRを発現させた後、chelating Sepharoseカラムを用いて精製した(図17)。その結果、40 kDaに単一バンドが得られたことから、酵素rPPRを精製できたことが示された。
精製した酵素rPPRはW. fluorescens TK1菌株の酵素PPRと同様に、NADPHを補酵素として利用可能であり、フェニルピルビン酸、4-ヒドロキシフェニルピルビン酸、グリオキシル酸およびヒドロキシピルビン酸を基質とした際のkcat/Km値はフェニルピルビン酸を基質としたときが最も高かった(表10)。また、ピルビン酸とオキサロ酢酸を基質とした活性は検出されなかった(データ示さず)。これらのことより、大腸菌を用いて発現させた酵素rPPRも、W. fluorescens TK1菌株由来の酵素PPRと同様の基質特異性を示すことが明らかとなった。
〔酵素PPRのアライメント解析〕
酵素PPRの推定アミノ酸配列は、相同性が最も高かったCandida dubliniensis の機能未知遺伝子の推定アミノ酸配列と54%の相同性しか示さなかった。また、機能が明らかとなっているタンパク質のアミノ酸配列では L. plantarum 由来のD-lactate dehydrogenase(DLDH)と20%、R. etli CFN 42の組換えGRHPRと25%、Solenostemon scutellarioide由来のhydroxyphenylpyruvate reductase(HPPR)と27%の相同性を示したのみであった。
GRHPR、HPPR、DLDH、formate dehydrogenase(FDH)、L-lactate dehydrogenase(LLDH)およびmalate dehydrogenase(MDH)ファミリーに属する既知の酵素と、本酵素PPRと相同性の高かった機能未知タンパク質のアミノ酸配列を選抜し、分子系統樹を作製した。その結果、PPRはLLDH、MDH superfamily とは異なるクラスターに属しておりD-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase superfamilyに分類された。
本研究において、D-3-フェニル乳酸及び光学活性4-ヒドロキシフェニル乳酸を生産可能な子嚢菌酵母W. fluorescens TK1菌株を新たに見出した。さらに供試菌よりD-3-フェニル乳酸及びD-4-ヒドロキシフェニル乳酸の生産に関与する本酵素PPRを精製し、その遺伝子であるpprA遺伝子をクローニングした。今までにD-3-フェニル乳酸及びD-4-ヒドロキシフェニル乳酸の生産に直接関わる酵素を精製し、その遺伝子をクローニングしたという報告はなく、本研究は初めての例である。また、本酵素PPRは3-フェニル乳酸の生産に関与しているとして報告のあった乳酸菌のDLDHとは酵素学的解析、分子系統解析のいずれの結果からも異なる酵素であることが示された。系統解析より、本酵素PPRはD-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase superfamilyの既存のファミリーには分類されず、子嚢菌酵母の機能未知タンパク質と同じグループにマッピングされた。このことより、本酵素PPRはD-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase superfamilyに属する新規酵素であり、その機能は子嚢菌酵母に保存されている可能性が示唆された。
(1)ppr遺伝子を導入したフェニルアラニン生産性大腸菌の調製
D-3-フェニル乳酸の生産株は、LB培地{10.0 g/L tryptone、5.0 g/L yeast extract、10.0 g/L NaCl}で一晩培養した後に、滅菌したグリセロールを全量の20%添加し、-80℃で保存した。
本フェニル乳酸生産株を、50 mLのフェニル乳酸生産培地(表11及び12)に20 g/Lのグルコースと50 mg/Lのカナマイシンを加えたものを用いて、1/100量の前述した前培養液を接種し、500 mL容羽根付き三角フラスコで、37℃、120 rpm、24時間振とう培養した。
培地中に生産されたD-フェニル乳酸は、有機溶媒を用いた抽出法と再結晶法を用いて精製された。抽出溶媒は、メタノールとヘキサンの混合溶媒(混合比1:1)を用いた。
(1)ppr遺伝子を導入したL-チロシン生産性大腸菌の調製
光学活性4-ヒドロキシフェニル乳酸の生産株は、LB培地{10.0 g/L tryptone、5.0 g/L yeast extract、10.0 g/L NaCl}で一晩培養した後に、滅菌したグリセロールを全量の20% 添加し、-80℃で保存した。
PPRを有する光学活性ヒドロキシフェニル乳酸生産株を、50 mLのD-ヒドロキシフェニル乳酸生産培地(表14及び表15)に20 g/Lのグルコースと50 mg/Lのカナマイシンを加えたものを用いて、1/100量の前述した前培養液を接種し、500 mL容羽根付き三角フラスコで、37℃、120 rpm、24時間振とう培養した。
培地中に生産されたD-4-ヒドロキシフェニル乳酸は、有機溶媒を用いた抽出法と再結晶法を用いて精製された。抽出溶媒は、酢酸エチルとヘキサンの混合溶媒(混合比1:1)を用いた。
本菌が、培地に添加したチロシンを4-ヒドロキシフェニル乳酸に変換可能であることを示した。本菌は、グルコースを原料として、シキミ酸経路、4-ヒドロキシフェニルピルビン酸を経由して4-ヒドロキシフェニル乳酸を生成すると考えられた。生産される4-ヒドロキシフェニル乳酸は光学活性体(D-4-ヒドロキシフェニル乳酸)であった。
試料中のヒドロキシフェニル乳酸の定量はHPLCを用いて、以下の分析条件にて、分析する。
カラム:TSKgel ODS-80(登録商標) (4.6 × 150 mm, Tosoh, Tokyo, Japan)
カラム温度:28℃
流速:0.8 mL/min
移動相:20 mm potassium phosphate buffer (pH 2.5): methanol (6:4, v/v)
<ガスクロマトグラフィー質量分析計(GC/MS)を用いた4-ヒドロキシフェニル乳酸の定性>
培養液5 mLを、1% NaOHを用いてpH を9から10に調整し、遠心エバポレーターを用いて減圧乾燥した。得られた沈殿を、1% NaOH 200 μL、Methanol 167 μL、Pyridine 34 μLに完全に懸濁した。これに、Methyl chlorocarbonateを20 μL加え、激しく攪拌することにより試料をメチル化した。Methyl chlorocarbonateを加え攪拌する操作を繰り返した後、Chloroformを400 μL加え、攪拌した。次に、50 mM Sodium bicarbonateを加え、攪拌後の水層を除去した。得られたChloroform層に0.1gのSodium sulfateを加えることによりChloroform層を完全に脱水し、得られた溶液に含まれる有機酸をGC/MS(GCMS-QP2010 Plus、Shimadzu)を用いて測定した。分析の条件を以下に示す。
カラム:DB-5(0.32 mm x 30 m)
カラム温度:60 ℃ (2 min)-8℃/min-180℃ (5 min)-40℃/min-220℃ (5 min)
インターフェイス温度:230℃
イオンソース温度:250℃
キャリアガス:He
流量:30 ml/min
<生産した4-ヒドロキシフェニル乳酸の光学異性>
〔HPLCを用いたキラル分析〕
培養液中の4-ヒドロキシフェニル乳酸の光学異性を、HPLCを用いて、以下の分析条件にて、決定する。なお、培養液から濾過や遠心分離等により菌体を除去した培養上清を試料として使用する。
カラム:Nucleosil Chiral-1 (Macherey-Nagel)
カラム温度:60℃
流速:1.2 mL/min
移動相:0.5 mM CuSO4
<生産した4-ヒドロキシフェニル乳酸の光学異性>
培養上清を回収し適宜メタノールで希釈したものを分析試料とする。ヒドロキシフェニル乳酸濃度の測定は、HPLCを用いて、以下の分析条件にて決定する。
カラム:ODS-column (5C18-MS-II : COSMSIL)
カラム温度:28℃
流速: 0.8 mL/ min
移動相:20mM リン酸:メタノール=4:6
以上、本発明の酵素PPRを利用すると、チロシンをD-4-ヒドロキシフェニル乳酸に変換可能である。更に、シキミ酸経路及びヒドロキシフェニルピルビン酸を経由するような形質転換体を利用することで、グルコースを原料としてD-4-ヒドロキシフェニル乳酸を生成することが可能である。
Claims (13)
- フェニルピルビン酸を基質としてD-フェニル乳酸を生成するフェニルピルビン酸還元酵素をコードするポリヌクレオチドであって、
(a)配列番号5に示される塩基配列からなるポリヌクレオチド、
(b)配列番号5に示される塩基配列からなるポリヌクレオチドとストリンジェントな条件下でハイブリダイズするポリヌクレオチド、
(c)配列番号5に示される塩基配列からなるポリヌクレオチドと60%以上の同一性を有する塩基配列からなるポリヌクレオチド、
(d)配列番号6,7又は8に示される塩基配列を含むポリヌクレオチド、
(e)配列番号4に示されるアミノ酸配列をコードするポリヌクレオチド、
(f)配列番号4に示されるアミノ酸配列において、1若しくは数個のアミノ酸が欠失、置換若しくは付加されたアミノ酸配列をコードするポリヌクレオチド、及び
(g)配列番号4に示されるアミノ酸配列と60%以上の同一性を有するアミノ酸配列をコードするポリヌクレオチド、
からなる群より選択されるポリヌクレオチド。 - フェニルピルビン酸を基質としてD-フェニル乳酸を生成するフェニルピルビン酸還元酵素であって、
(a)配列番号4に示されるアミノ酸配列、
(b)配列番号4に示されるアミノ酸配列において、1若しくは数個のアミノ酸が欠失、置換若しくは付加されたアミノ酸配列、又は
(c)配列番号4に示されるアミノ酸配列と60%以上の同一性を有するアミノ酸配列、
のいずれかを含む、フェニルピルビン酸還元酵素。 - 請求項1に記載のヌクレオチドを含有する組換えベクター。
- 請求項3に記載の組換えベクターを含む形質転換体。
- 宿主が微生物である請求項4に記載の形質転換体。
- 前記微生物が大腸菌又はフェニルアラニン若しくはチロシン生産性組換微生物である請求項5に記載に形質転換体。
- 次の(a)、(b)又は(c)のタンパク質からなるフェニルピルビン酸還元酵素を用いて、フェニルピルビン酸又は4-ヒドロキシフェニルピルビン酸を基質としてD-フェニル乳酸又はD-4-ヒドロキシフェニル乳酸を生成させ、これを回収することを特徴とするD-フェニル乳酸又はD-4-ヒドロキシフェニル乳酸の製造方法:
(a)配列番号4に示されるアミノ酸配列からなるタンパク質、
(b)配列番号4に示されるアミノ酸配列において、1若しくは数個のアミノ酸が欠失、置換若しくは付加されたアミノ酸配列からなるタンパク質、又は
(c)配列番号4に示されるアミノ酸配列と60%以上の同一性を有するアミノ酸配列からなるタンパク質。 - 前記フェニルピルビン酸還元酵素の反応条件が、反応温度20~40℃、pH6~7であることを特徴とする請求項7に記載のD-フェニル乳酸又はD-4-ヒドロキシフェニル乳酸の製造方法。
- 次の(a)、(b)又は(c)のタンパク質からなるフェニルピルビン酸還元酵素をコードする遺伝子を含む微生物を用いて培養し、微生物基質からD-フェニル乳酸又はD-4-ヒドロキシフェニル乳酸を生成させ、これを回収することを特徴とするD-フェニル乳酸又はD-4-ヒドロキシフェニル乳酸の製造方法:
(a)配列番号4に示されるアミノ酸配列からなるタンパク質、
(b)配列番号4に示されるアミノ酸配列において、1若しくは数個のアミノ酸が欠失、置換若しくは付加されたアミノ酸配列からなるタンパク質、又は
(c)配列番号4に示されるアミノ酸配列と60%以上の同一性を有するアミノ酸配列からなるタンパク質。 - 前記微生物が、ウィッケルハミア属酵母若しくはこれを親株とした変異株又は請求項4又は5に記載の形質転換体であることを特徴とする請求項9に記載のD-フェニル乳酸又はD-4-ヒドロキシフェニル乳酸の製造方法。
- 前記微生物基質がD-グルコース、L-フェニルアラニン、L-チロシン、フェニルピルビン酸及び4-ヒドロキシフェニルピルビン酸から選ばれる1種以上の基質であることを特徴とする請求項9に記載のD-フェニル乳酸又はD-4-ヒドロキシフェニル乳酸の製造方法。
- ウィッケルハミア属酵母が、Wicherhamia fluorescensである請求項10に記載のD-フェニル乳酸又はD-4-ヒドロキシフェニル乳酸の製造方法。
- ウィッケルハミア フルオレセンス(Wicherhamia fluorescens)TK1と命名され、FERM AP-22048として寄託された微生物。
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US13/981,832 US9187771B2 (en) | 2011-01-31 | 2012-01-30 | Phenylpyruvate reductase and method for manufacturing optically-active phenyllactic acid and 4-hydroxyl-phenyllactic acid using same enzyme |
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WO2016136508A1 (ja) * | 2015-02-23 | 2016-09-01 | 国立大学法人静岡大学 | 2-アザ-8オキソヒポキサンチンの製造方法 |
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CN107729719B (zh) * | 2017-09-30 | 2020-05-26 | 中国科学院计算技术研究所 | 一种从头测序方法 |
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Cited By (4)
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CN103710291A (zh) * | 2014-01-02 | 2014-04-09 | 常熟理工学院 | 一株巨大芽孢杆菌z2013513及其生产苯基乳酸的方法 |
CN103710291B (zh) * | 2014-01-02 | 2015-11-18 | 常熟理工学院 | 一株巨大芽孢杆菌z2013513及其生产苯基乳酸的方法 |
WO2016136508A1 (ja) * | 2015-02-23 | 2016-09-01 | 国立大学法人静岡大学 | 2-アザ-8オキソヒポキサンチンの製造方法 |
JPWO2016136508A1 (ja) * | 2015-02-23 | 2017-12-07 | 国立大学法人静岡大学 | 2−アザ−8オキソヒポキサンチンの製造方法 |
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