WO2012105459A1 - 電力計測装置 - Google Patents
電力計測装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012105459A1 WO2012105459A1 PCT/JP2012/051883 JP2012051883W WO2012105459A1 WO 2012105459 A1 WO2012105459 A1 WO 2012105459A1 JP 2012051883 W JP2012051883 W JP 2012051883W WO 2012105459 A1 WO2012105459 A1 WO 2012105459A1
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- magnetic film
- magnetic
- longitudinal direction
- measuring device
- power measuring
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R21/00—Arrangements for measuring electric power or power factor
- G01R21/08—Arrangements for measuring electric power or power factor by using galvanomagnetic-effect devices, e.g. Hall-effect devices
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R21/00—Arrangements for measuring electric power or power factor
- G01R21/06—Arrangements for measuring electric power or power factor by measuring current and voltage
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
- G01R33/02—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux
- G01R33/06—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux using galvano-magnetic devices
- G01R33/07—Hall effect devices
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
- G01R33/02—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux
- G01R33/06—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux using galvano-magnetic devices
- G01R33/09—Magnetoresistive devices
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
- G01R33/02—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux
- G01R33/06—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux using galvano-magnetic devices
- G01R33/09—Magnetoresistive devices
- G01R33/093—Magnetoresistive devices using multilayer structures, e.g. giant magnetoresistance sensors
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
- G01R33/02—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux
- G01R33/06—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux using galvano-magnetic devices
- G01R33/09—Magnetoresistive devices
- G01R33/096—Magnetoresistive devices anisotropic magnetoresistance sensors
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
- G01R33/02—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux
- G01R33/06—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux using galvano-magnetic devices
- G01R33/09—Magnetoresistive devices
- G01R33/098—Magnetoresistive devices comprising tunnel junctions, e.g. tunnel magnetoresistance sensors
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R15/00—Details of measuring arrangements of the types provided for in groups G01R17/00 - G01R29/00, G01R33/00 - G01R33/26 or G01R35/00
- G01R15/14—Adaptations providing voltage or current isolation, e.g. for high-voltage or high-current networks
- G01R15/20—Adaptations providing voltage or current isolation, e.g. for high-voltage or high-current networks using galvano-magnetic devices, e.g. Hall-effect devices, i.e. measuring a magnetic field via the interaction between a current and a magnetic field, e.g. magneto resistive or Hall effect devices
- G01R15/207—Constructional details independent of the type of device used
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
- G01R33/02—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux
- G01R33/06—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux using galvano-magnetic devices
- G01R33/09—Magnetoresistive devices
- G01R33/091—Constructional adaptation of the sensor to specific applications
Definitions
- the present invention relates to various thin film sensor type power measuring devices capable of measuring power in a high-frequency circuit or a battery with a simple and small configuration.
- Non-Patent Literature a power measuring device and a magnetic field sensor that can measure power consumption with the amount of electricity using the magnetoresistive effect of a magnetic thin film have been proposed (Non-Patent Literature). 1, 2).
- This uses a magnetic thin film (configured on the substrate) placed in parallel to the primary conductor through which alternating current flows, and a primary voltage is applied to both ends of the magnetic thin film via resistors, from both ends of the magnetic thin film.
- a power measurement device and a magnetic field sensor that extract output. This power measuring device or the like takes a method of taking out the power IV from the amplitude value of the double frequency component.
- planar Hall effect which is a phenomenon in which the electric resistance value of the magnetic material changes depending on the angle between the current and the magnetization in the ferromagnetic material made of a magnetic thin film. Focusing on the fact that linear characteristics can be obtained without a bias magnetic field, a signal component proportional to power is extracted (this power measuring device is called “planar hall type power measuring device” or “PHE type power measuring device”). Called).
- the magnetic field sensor used here is an element that converts an external magnetic field change into an electrical signal. Patterning a magnetic thin film such as a ferromagnetic thin film or a semiconductor thin film and passing a current through the pattern of the magnetic thin film as a voltage change. A change in the external magnetic field is converted into an electric signal.
- the voltage output detected from the magnetic thin film must be taken in the direction orthogonal to the load current of the primary conductor. That is, a voltage must be output at both ends in the width direction of the magnetic thin film. Therefore, in the PHE type power measuring device, the magnetic thin film needs to be thick to some extent, and a thin magnetic film (for example, a thin shape in the longitudinal direction of a linear shape or a rectangular shape, for example) is used. It is not possible.
- the PHE type power measuring device has a geometric limitation that the magnetic thin film must be configured in a bridge circuit configuration. This means that it is difficult for the PHE type power measuring apparatus to be installed on a special line such as a microstrip line or a coplanar line used in a high frequency circuit.
- Thin-film wattmeter using a magnetic film (The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan Magnetics Study Group data VOL.MAG-05 No.182) Thin-film wattmeter using a magnetic film (Materials of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, Vol. MAG-05 No. 192)
- the present invention has been created in view of the above problems, and provides a configuration of a power measurement device suitable for power measurement of various circuits, batteries, and the like including a high-frequency circuit with a simple and inexpensive configuration. Objective.
- the power measuring device is A power measuring device that measures power consumed in a load connected to a power supply via a connection line, A pair of connecting ends for connecting the power supply in parallel with the load; A magnetic film portion including a magnetic film; A pair of sensor terminals provided at both ends of the magnetic film portion; One end of the sensor terminal is connected to one of the coupling ends, A sensor element disposed adjacent to the connection line via an insulating layer so that the longitudinal direction of the magnetic film portion is substantially parallel to the direction in which the current of the connection line flows; One end is connected to the other end of the sensor terminal of the sensor element, and the other end is connected to the other of the connecting ends, a measuring resistor, Each of the sensor terminals is a measurement terminal, and a voltage detection unit that measures a voltage between the measurement terminals is provided.
- the power measuring apparatus is A power measuring device that measures power consumed in a load connected to a power supply via a connection line, A pair of connecting ends for connecting the power supply in parallel with the load; A magnetic film portion in which a first magnetic film and a second magnetic film formed in a straight line are connected in series, and a connection point between the first magnetic film and the second magnetic film is grounded; A pair of sensor terminals provided at both ends of the magnetic film portion; One end of the sensor terminal is connected to one of the coupling ends, A sensor element disposed adjacent to the connection line via an insulating layer so that the longitudinal direction of the magnetic film portion is substantially parallel to the direction in which the current of the connection line flows; One end is connected to the other end of the sensor terminal of the sensor element, and the other end is connected to the other of the connecting ends, a measuring resistor, Each of the sensor terminals is a measurement terminal, and a voltage detection unit that measures a voltage between the measurement terminals is provided.
- the power measuring apparatus of the present invention even when an offset is generated by a magnetic field applied to the magnetic film, it can be canceled and only the change in the measured magnetic field can be detected.
- a power measuring apparatus is A power measuring device that measures power consumed in a load connected to a power supply via a connection line, A pair of connecting ends for connecting the power supply in parallel with the load; A magnetic film formed in a straight line and having a first magnetic film and a second magnetic film having different operating points connected in series, and a connection point between the first magnetic film and the second magnetic film is grounded And A pair of sensor terminals provided at both ends of the magnetic film portion; One end of the sensor terminal is connected to one of the coupling ends, A sensor element disposed adjacent to the connection line via an insulating layer so that the longitudinal direction of the magnetic film portion is substantially parallel to the direction in which the current of the connection line flows; One end is connected to the other end of the sensor terminal of the sensor element, and the other end is connected to the other of the connecting ends, a measuring resistor, The sensor terminal includes a point where one end and the other end of the sensor terminal are connected via a resistor, and a grounding point as a measurement terminal, and a voltage detection unit that
- the power measuring apparatus uses sensor elements having different operating points in combination, a bias magnetic field is not required during use.
- a power measuring apparatus is A power measuring device that measures power consumed in a load connected to a power supply via a connection line, A pair of connecting ends for connecting the power supply in parallel with the load; A magnetic film portion including a magnetic film; A pair of sensor terminals provided at both ends of the magnetic film portion; One end of the sensor terminal is connected to one of the coupling ends, A sensor element disposed adjacent to the connection line via an insulating layer so that the longitudinal direction of the magnetic film portion is substantially parallel to the direction in which the current of the connection line flows; One end is connected to the other end of the sensor terminal of the sensor element, and the other end is connected to the other of the connecting ends, a measuring resistor, In parallel with the sensor element and the measurement resistance, an equivalent sensor resistance having a resistance value equivalent to the sensor element and a series connection of an equivalent measurement resistance having the same resistance value as the measurement resistance are connected, A voltage detection unit that detects a potential between the respective measurement terminals using the connection point of the sensor element and the measurement resistor and the connection point of the variable
- the sensor element is used as one resistance element of the bridge circuit, so that the AC component can be canceled and a slight DC component on the AC component can be detected with high accuracy.
- a power measuring apparatus is A power measuring device that measures power consumed in a load connected to a power supply via a connection line, A pair of connecting ends for connecting the power supply in parallel with the load; A linearly formed first magnetic film and a second magnetic film are connected in series, and a magnetic film portion in which a connection point between the first magnetic film and the second magnetic film is grounded; A pair of sensor terminals provided at both ends of the magnetic film portion; One end of the sensor terminal is connected to one of the coupling ends, A sensor element disposed adjacent to the connection line via an insulating layer so that the longitudinal direction of the magnetic film portion is substantially parallel to the direction in which the current of the connection line flows; One end is connected to the other end of the sensor terminal of the sensor element, and the other end is connected to the other of the connecting ends, a measuring resistor, An equivalent measurement hand resistance having the same resistance value as the measurement resistance at the sensor terminal where the sensor element is connected to one of the connection ends and the other end where the measurement resistance is connected to the other of the connection ends. Is
- the AC component can be canceled, a slight DC component on the AC component can be detected with high accuracy, and the offset related to the magnetic film can be canceled.
- a power measuring apparatus is: A power measuring device that measures power consumed in a load connected to a power supply via a connection line, A pair of connecting ends for connecting the power supply in parallel with the load; A magnetic film formed in a straight line and having a first magnetic film and a second magnetic film having different operating points connected in series, and a connection point between the first magnetic film and the second magnetic film is grounded And A pair of sensor terminals provided at both ends of the magnetic film portion; One end of the sensor terminal is connected to one of the coupling ends, A sensor element disposed adjacent to the connection line via an insulating layer so that the longitudinal direction of the magnetic film portion is substantially parallel to the direction in which the current of the connection line flows; One end is connected to the other end of the sensor terminal of the sensor element, and the other end is connected to the other of the connecting ends, a measuring resistor, An equivalent measurement hand resistance having the same resistance value as the measurement resistance at the sensor terminal where the sensor element is connected to one of the connection ends and the other end where the measurement resistance is connected to the other of
- the power measuring device does not require a magnetic field for adjusting the operating point when used, can cancel the AC component, and accurately detects a slight DC component on the AC component. Can do.
- a power measuring apparatus is A power measuring device that measures power consumed in a load connected to a power supply via a connection line, A pair of connecting ends for connecting the power supply in parallel with the load; A magnetic film portion including a magnetic film; A pair of sensor terminals provided at both ends of the magnetic film portion; One end of the sensor terminal is connected to one of the coupling ends, A sensor element disposed adjacent to the connection line via an insulating layer so that the longitudinal direction of the magnetic film portion is substantially parallel to the direction in which the current of the connection line flows; One end is connected to the other end of the sensor terminal of the sensor element, and the other end is connected to the other of the connecting ends, a measuring resistor, Each of the end portions of the magnetic film portion perpendicular to the sensor terminal is used as a measurement terminal, and a voltage detection unit that measures a voltage between the measurement terminals is provided.
- the power measuring device can use the planar Hall effect as a sensor element.
- This is a configuration of a power measuring device that extracts and outputs a desired n-order high frequency with a band-pass filter.
- FIG. 22 shows an improved example of the connection method shown in FIG.
- FIG. 22 which is a configuration that can monitor the discharge amount and the charge amount of the battery.
- (A) is a schematic diagram similar to FIG. 5,
- (b) is a schematic diagram using this power measuring device for measuring a microstrip line, and
- (c) is a schematic diagram using this power measuring device for measuring a coplanar line. is there.
- the magnetic film in the barber pole type magnetoresistive effect type power measuring device is shown.
- An oblique conductor film and electrodes provided on the magnetic film are shown.
- the relationship between the longitudinal voltage V1 and the magnetic field H is shown.
- a differential barber pole type magnetoresistive power measuring device is shown.
- (A) is a photograph viewed from above, and (b) is used for measuring a microstrip line.
- a schematic diagram is shown.
- the barber pole patterns with different inclinations show the characteristics of the magnetic resistance effect of the barber pole magnetic film as if different bias magnetic fields were applied to the left and right of the magnetic film.
- the state of the connection of the amplifier circuit of the differential barber pole magnetoresistive effect type power measuring device is shown.
- the concrete measurement system of FIG. 32 is shown.
- the output characteristic between the AB terminals in FIG. 33 is shown.
- the output characteristic between the CB terminals of FIG. 33 is shown.
- the output voltage of the operational amplifier of FIG. 33 is shown.
- the schematic diagram of the measurement system when a bias magnetic field is applied parallel to the long axis is shown.
- the output characteristic of the measurement system of FIG. 37 is shown.
- the output characteristic of the measurement system of FIG. 37 is shown.
- the output characteristic of the measurement system of FIG. 37 is shown.
- a characteristic measurement system as a wattmeter when a load current (I1) is passed through the conductor film is shown.
- the output characteristics when a load current (I1) is passed through the conductor film without applying a bias magnetic field are shown. This The output change by the magnetic field application to the element longitudinal direction (longitudinal direction of a magnetic film) is shown.
- the measurement system when a bias magnetic field is applied is shown.
- the output characteristics of the magnetoresistive effect type power measuring device when a bias magnetic field is applied are shown. It is a figure which shows the sensor element using the magnetic film which inclined the magnetization easy axis with respect to the longitudinal direction.
- (A) is an image diagram of a slight DC component
- (b) is an image diagram in which the DC component is amplified by a low-pass filter or an amplifier
- (c) is a differential amplification of the output voltage of the dummy resistor VR and the magnetic thin film Rmr.
- the image figure which takes out only DC voltage component is shown.
- the specific measurement circuit of FIG. 47 is shown.
- (A) and (b) show the measurement results when the input AC (load current) on the reference side is set to an execution value of 4.0 V and 100 Hz, respectively. It is a graph of the result of having detected a harmonic current by the method similar to FIG.49 (b).
- the power measuring device utilizes the magnetoresistive effect, which is a phenomenon in which the electrical resistance value of a magnetic material changes depending on the angle (direction) between current and magnetization (spontaneous magnetization) in a ferromagnetic material or semiconductor. It is. This will be described more specifically with reference to FIG. A current I is passed through the ferromagnetic material.
- the magnetization M is affected by the magnetic field H and the direction changes. Then, the voltage V1 in the current direction changes.
- the output voltage V1 with respect to the magnetic field H shows an even function as shown in FIG.
- the horizontal axis represents the magnetic field acting on the ferromagnetic material
- the vertical axis represents the voltage V1 of the ferromagnetic material in the current direction.
- the horizontal axis is determined by the direction. For example, if the magnetic field H from the bottom to the top of FIG. 1 is a positive direction, the magnetic field acting from the top to the bottom of the paper is a negative magnetic field.
- the output voltage V1 exhibits a mountain-shaped characteristic, and in order to obtain a linear characteristic, it is necessary to apply a bias magnetic field in either the positive or negative direction.
- FIG. 2 shows a state in which a bias magnetic field is applied in the positive direction and the operating point has moved to the inclined portion of the mountain-shaped characteristic curve.
- This circuit configuration is a parallel circuit in which the current from the power source Vin is divided into currents I1 and I2.
- the current from the power source Vin is obtained by applying a current I2 to the primary conductor film Cu and a load path R1 (Load R1) where power consumption is measured, and to the magnetic film 1a and the measurement resistor R2 (12). Flowed in parallel with the measurement path.
- the measurement resistance R2 is sufficiently larger than the resistance value Rmr of the magnetic film 1a.
- Equation 2 is the sum of the AC component and DC component of each frequency component. Therefore, in the power measuring apparatus according to the present invention, in principle, even when the voltage and current include a high frequency, the AC voltage and the DC voltage are superimposed on the output voltage Vmr in the longitudinal direction of the magnetic film 1a. Appear. At this time, the DC voltage component of the output voltage Vmr is a DC voltage obtained by summing the DC voltage proportional to the power consumption due to the fundamental wave and the DC voltage proportional to the power consumption due to the harmonic.
- the power measuring device even when the power source includes a harmonic component, if only the DC voltage in the longitudinal direction of the magnetic film 1a is measured, the power consumption (effective power including the power factor) at the load R1 It is possible to measure
- the power measuring device will be outlined.
- the sensor element 1 including the magnetic film 1a, the measuring resistor R2, and the voltage detector for measuring the voltage of the sensor element 1 (FIG. 3). Is omitted). Furthermore, it has a pair of connection end (10a, 10b) for connecting these structures to the conveyance circuit by which electric power is measured.
- the signal to be detected is a DC voltage signal
- power consumption can be measured even with a simple device such as a digital tester (DMM) as a voltage detection unit.
- DMM digital tester
- the direct-current voltage signal is essentially less influenced by high frequency induction noise. Therefore, it can be said that this power measuring device is suitable for power measurement in a high-frequency circuit.
- the power measuring apparatus since the voltage in the longitudinal direction (current direction) of the magnetic film is detected, the long and narrow magnetic film increases the output voltage (higher SNR).
- this power measuring device can easily install a substantially linear element in a line shape such as a microstrip line, strip line, or cosplayer line that is often used in a high-frequency circuit. Also in this respect, it can be said that this power measuring apparatus is suitable in principle for power measurement of a high-frequency circuit.
- FIG. 4 shows a state in which a three-layer structure in which the insulating film 2 is interposed between the conductor film 3 and the magnetic film 1a corresponding to a connection line for passing a current to the load is integrally formed.
- the insulating film 2 is an insulating layer provided for closely attaching the sensor element 1 to the connection line.
- the magnetic field H is formed by a current I1 flowing through the conductor film 3.
- the conductor film 3, the insulating film 2, and the magnetic film 1a are made of copper Cu, a polyimide substrate, and permalloy, respectively.
- a permalloy film 1a is formed as a magnetic film on the glass substrate 4, and a copper film 3s (3sa, 3sb) is formed so as to be connected to both ends of the permalloy film 1a.
- a polyimide substrate 2 is formed on the surfaces of the permalloy film 1 a and the copper film 3 s, and a conductor film 3 is formed on the surface of the polyimide substrate 2.
- a current I2 (see FIG. 3) having the same phase as the current I1 flowing from the left side to the right side through the upper conductor film 3 flows in the copper film 3sa. This current flows from the left end to the right end in the magnetic film 1a (Permalloy), and then flows to the copper film 3sb.
- the magnetic field H created by the line becomes a magnetic film (see FIG. 4).
- the power can be obtained as an electrical output (DC power component) by the magnetoresistive effect of the magnetic film.
- FIG. 25A is a schematic diagram similar to FIG. 5, FIG. 25B is a schematic diagram in which the power measuring device is used for measuring a microstrip line, and FIG. 25C is a coplanar device.
- the schematic diagram used for the measurement of the track is shown.
- the same reference numerals as those in FIG. 25A and 25B the current I1 flows through the strip line 3, and the current I2 flows through the magnetic film 1a.
- the central strip line 3 which is a signal line of the microstrip line and the coplanar line also serves as the conductor film 3 on which the sensor element 1 of the power measuring apparatus is disposed. That is, the power measuring apparatus can be integrally formed as a part of a microstrip line or a coplanar line.
- FIG. 6A shows the configuration of the magnetoresistive effect type power measuring apparatus together with the circuit 20 for measuring power.
- the circuit 20 for measuring the power is composed of a function generator 22 and an amplifier 24 as a power source.
- the load is R1.
- the load and the power source are connected by a connection line.
- the location where the sensor unit of the power measuring device is disposed is represented by the connection line Rcu.
- the signal from the function generator 22 is amplified by an amplifier (DC amplifier) 24 and becomes an AC power supply.
- the power measuring device 15 includes a sensor element 1, a measuring resistor 12 (R2), and a voltage detection unit 28. Moreover, the power measuring device 15 has a pair of connecting ends 10 (10a, 10b) for connecting in parallel to a power source of a circuit whose power is measured. As long as this connection end 10 can be connected to the power supply in parallel with the load R1, the connection end 10 may be connected anywhere in the circuit where power is measured.
- a sensor element 1 including a magnetic film and a measuring resistor 12 (R2) are connected in series between the connection ends. The terminals of the measurement resistor 12 are denoted by reference numerals 12a and 12b, respectively.
- the sensor element 1 has a pair of sensor terminals 1ta and 1tb, and a magnetic film 1a is formed between the sensor terminals.
- FIG. 6B shows an enlarged view of the sensor element 1. That is, a sensor terminal is provided on each of the opposing short sides of the strip-shaped magnetic film. It should be noted that when both sensor terminals are described without distinction, they are indicated as “sensor terminal 1t”, and when they need to be described separately, they are indicated as “sensor terminal 1ta” or “sensor terminal 1tb”. Further, the connection end 10 and the terminals of the measuring resistor 12 are also expressed in the same manner.
- One end 1tb of the sensor terminal is connected to one end 10b of the connecting end.
- the sensor element 1 is arranged on the connection line of the circuit where power is measured so that the longitudinal direction of the magnetic film is the same direction as the current flowing through the connection line. At this time, an insulating layer is formed between the magnetic film of the sensor element 1 and the connection line. This is because the current flowing through the connection line does not flow through the magnetic film.
- the magnetic film exhibits a magnetoresistive effect under the influence of a magnetic field generated by a current flowing through the connection line. Since the magnetoresistive effect may be considered to be proportional to the strength of the applied magnetic field, the sensor element is preferably arranged as close to the connection line as possible.
- the other end 1ta of the sensor element 1 is connected to one end 12b of the measuring resistor 12.
- the other end 12 a of the measuring resistor 12 is connected to the other 10 a of the connecting end 10.
- the sensor terminals (1ta, 1tb) are measurement terminals 13 (13a, 13b), and the voltage detection unit 28 measures the voltage between the measurement terminals 13.
- a low-pass filter 26 is connected between the measurement terminals 13. Note that this low-pass filter can be provided in all electrode measuring apparatuses according to the present invention.
- the high frequency component of the voltage is cut by the low pass filter 26.
- the magnetic film of the sensor element 1 preferably has a strip shape. This is because a large resistance change can be obtained by passing an electric current in the longitudinal direction. However, it does not exclude other shapes such as a square, a rhombus, a circle, an ellipse, a bent shape, and the like. This is because the magnetic film needs to match the shape of the connection line of the current flowing through the load. That is, in this specification, in the case of a strip shape, it may be considered as a concept including these shapes.
- the sensor terminal is described as being provided on the opposite short sides of the strip-shaped magnetic film.
- the sensor terminal is substantially a sensor terminal provided to allow a current to flow in the longitudinal direction of the magnetic film. If it exists, it may be provided at a position other than the opposing short sides of the strip-shaped magnetic film. This is because, depending on the shape of the connection line for passing a current to the load, it may be necessary to provide the sensor terminal at a position away from the short side of the magnetic film.
- the operating point adjusting bias magnetic field applying means can be composed of a permanent magnet or an electromagnet.
- FIG. 7 shows another configuration of the power measuring device 15.
- the signal from the function generator 32 is input to two amplifiers (DC amplifiers) 34 and 35 so that the change in the offset of the amplifier 35 (AMP2) does not affect the output voltage of the sensor element 1. Yes.
- In-phase alternating current is output to the amplifier 34 (AMP1) and the amplifier 35 (AMP2).
- the current flowing through the power measuring device 15 of the present invention must flow a current having the same frequency as the current flowing through the circuit where power is measured.
- this condition is satisfied.
- the power measurement device itself has a power source. Also good.
- This power source may be a voltage source or a current source.
- Equation 3 the reason why it is necessary to flow a current in the same phase as the current flowing in the circuit in which power is measured through the magnetic film is shown in Equation 3 below. Equation 3 is understood from the fact that if the input voltage is not the same frequency ( ⁇ 1 ⁇ ⁇ 2), the output voltage is only an AC component. In addition, Formula 3 is based on the power measurement principle of FIG. 3 like Formula 1 and Formula 2.
- the high-frequency component of the output voltage from the magnetic film is cut by the low-pass filter 26, and the DC component of the output voltage is measured by the digital tester 28, as in the case of FIG.
- FIG. 8 to FIG. 10 show the results of power measurement with the configuration of FIG. 8 and 9, the power supply voltage is an AC power supply having an effective value of 2.0 V and 60 Hz, the load R1 is changed to infinite (released) 10 ⁇ , 3.9 ⁇ , and 2 ⁇ every 200 seconds, and further 2 ⁇ , 3.
- the graph shows the results of measuring the output voltage of the sensor element 1 with 9 ⁇ , 10 ⁇ , and infinity (open).
- the horizontal axis is time, but substantially the magnitude of the load resistance.
- the left vertical axis is the output voltage of the digital tester 28, and the right vertical axis is the current value flowing through the load.
- the output fluctuates in the direction of the vertical axis is the output voltage, indicated by the symbol “a”.
- FIG. 9 shows the measurement results obtained by changing the frequency of the power supply voltage.
- the frequency of the power supply voltage is 100 Hz
- FIG. 9B shows the measurement result of 200 Hz.
- the horizontal axis is time (substantially the resistance value)
- the left vertical axis is the output voltage
- the right vertical axis is the current flowing through the load, as in FIG. It is understood that the output voltage changes corresponding to the power consumption changed stepwise at any frequency.
- FIG. 10 is a graph showing the relationship between the power consumption and the output voltage by calculating the average value of the output voltage in each time interval of each frequency (that is, the resistance value of the selected load).
- the horizontal axis represents power consumption, and the vertical axis represents the average value of each output voltage. It can be seen from this graph that an output voltage proportional to power consumption can be obtained with relatively good reproducibility.
- the reason why the output voltage when the power consumption is 0 [W] is different at each frequency may be that the offset of the amplifier 35 (AMP2) changes for each measurement.
- ⁇ Power measurement device for every nth harmonic (applicable to magnetoresistance effect type, planar Hall effect type (PHE type), Hall effect type power measurement device) ⁇
- a power measuring device using the magnetoresistive effect an AC voltage component and a DC voltage component are superimposed on a sensor element and output, and the DC voltage component is detected by a voltage detection unit such as a DMM.
- a voltage detection unit such as a DMM.
- an output signal detected in a power measuring device using a thin film element such as a PHE type power measuring device or a power measuring device using a semiconductor thin film is a DC voltage.
- the DC voltage component of the output voltage signal Vmr is the effective power consumption (including power factor) of each n-order harmonic. ). Therefore, in the case of the power measuring device of the present invention, it is possible to measure the total power consumption of each corresponding high frequency only by measuring the DC voltage of the sensor element even with respect to the power source including the nth harmonic. This point will be described in detail.
- Fig. 11 shows the measurement circuit used for the demonstration.
- This current also flows through the conductor film Rcu, which is a connection line.
- the high-frequency component of the output voltage from the sensor element 1 resistance is Rmr
- the low-pass filter 26 On the power measuring apparatus side, the high-frequency component of the output voltage from the sensor element 1 (resistance is Rmr) is cut by the low-pass filter 26.
- a component having a frequency equal to or higher than the minimum oscillation frequency at the power source V1 is cut.
- DDM digital multimeter
- FIG. 12 shows the measurement result of the output voltage at the DMM 28 in the measurement circuit of FIG.
- the power source V1 includes a 100 Hz component and a 200 Hz component having the same magnitude superimposed (denoted as “100 Hz + 200 Hz”). That is, FIG. 12 shows an example of power consumption measurement when a power supply voltage including two frequency components of 100 Hz and 200 Hz is used.
- a current determined by the power supply voltage and the load flows through the load Rload.
- signals of (1) 100 Hz + 200 Hz, (2) 100 Hz, (3) 200 Hz, (4) 300 Hz are prepared as signals of the power source V2, and between the sensor terminals (1ta, 1tb) of the sensor element 1 A current was passed through.
- the horizontal axis represents time
- the left vertical axis represents the detected voltage of the power measuring device (measured value at the DMM 28 in FIG. 11)
- the right vertical axis represents the current flowing through the load.
- the horizontal axis represents the time because the resistances are sequentially switched, but it represents the time directly, but substantially the resistance value of the load in the circuit where the power is measured.
- a region where the load is infinite, 3.9 ⁇ , 1.9 ⁇ is indicated by numbers “1”, “2”, and “3” surrounded by a square.
- symbol (5) in FIG. 12 is the electric current which flowed through load, and is increasing in steps according to each area
- the measured voltage value (vertical axis) is shown as the current flowing through the sensor element is (1) 100 Hz + 200 Hz, (2) 100 Hz, (3) 200 Hz, and the power consumption at the load resistance RLoad increases. You can see how it increases.
- the measured voltage value does not increase at 300 Hz. That is, it can be seen that the 300 Hz component that is not included in the signal component of 100 Hz + 200 Hz that is not supplied as current to the sensor element is not detected even when current is passed through the sensor element. As a result, it can be seen that frequency components that are not in the power source on which power consumption is measured are not output as DC components in the power measurement device according to the present invention.
- the input current to the sensor element is (1) 100Hz + 200Hz, (2) 100Hz includes almost the same level of noise, but (3) the noise level is slightly reduced at 200Hz, and (4) the noise level is further increased at 300Hz. You can see how it is decreasing. Therefore, it turns out that this electric power measuring apparatus is a system suitable for the measurement of high frequency electric power. Note that the offset voltage and its variation are presumed to be an influence on the measuring instrument.
- FIG. 13 (a) is a graph summarizing the measurement results of FIG. 12, which are the results of the measurement system of FIG.
- the vertical axis represents the output voltage of the power measuring device, and the horizontal axis represents time (substantially the resistance value of the load). The average value was plotted for each time (load resistance value).
- FIG. 13 (b) is a rewrite of the amount of change in the measurement voltage of the power measurement device with 0 W consumption as a reference.
- the horizontal axis is time (substantially the resistance value of the load), and the vertical axis is voltage.
- the measurement results obtained when the currents flowing through the sensor elements are (2) 100 Hz and (3) 200 Hz are in good agreement, and the linearity is also good.
- the measurement result of 100 Hz + 200 Hz and (6) the sum of the measurement values at 100 Hz and 200 Hz are in good agreement. This indicates that the power measurement apparatus can measure power consumption at all harmonics and can measure power consumption at any n-th harmonic.
- FIG. 14A is a graph summarizing the measurement results of FIGS. 11 and 12 (same as FIG. 13B), and FIG. 14B shows the measurement result of FIG. 14A as the load resistance RLoad.
- the power consumption is rewritten with the horizontal axis.
- FIG. 14B all the measured values are on a straight line, the measurement results are in good agreement, and the linearity is good.
- FIG. 15 shows another specific configuration example of the power measuring apparatus of the present invention.
- the voltage detection unit that measures the output from the sensor element is not shown.
- n band-pass filters 41 are arranged in parallel, and band-pass filter means 40 having a switch 42 for selecting one of the band-pass filters is connected in series to the sensor element 1 and the measuring resistor 12. ing.
- the switch 42 is described as selecting one band-pass filter, but n or less band-pass filters may be selected simultaneously.
- the band-pass filter 41 can be used to detect a voltage proportional to an arbitrary nth harmonic.
- the electric resistance Rmr of the adjacent sensor element 1 is changed by a magnetic field generated by the current I1 flowing through the load R1.
- a current proportional to an arbitrary n-order harmonic voltage is passed through the sensor element 1 from the high frequency included in the AC power source through the band pass filter 41.
- the output voltage Vmr in the power measuring device of FIG. 15 can obtain a DC voltage proportional to the power consumed by the nth harmonic voltage selected by the bandpass filter 41.
- the power measuring device using the thin film element includes the above-described (1) power measuring device using the change in the electric resistance of the magnetic thin film due to the magnetoresistive effect, and (2) the electric resistance of the magnetic thin film due to the planar hole effect. In addition to the power measurement device that uses the change, (3) it is also applicable to a power measurement device that uses a change in electrical resistance of the semiconductor film due to the Hall effect.
- the output voltage in (1) is the longitudinal voltage Vmr with reference numeral 1a as a magnetic film, in (2) with reference numeral 1a as a magnetic film and in the width direction voltage VPHE, and in (3) with reference numeral 1a as a semiconductor film.
- a DC component is detected using the voltage VHE in the thickness direction as an output.
- the 15 can detect power consumption due to harmonic components of the power supply. Therefore, it can be used as a means to detect high-frequency leakage for each frequency and to warn of high-frequency leakage in areas where electrical appliance fires, etc., frequently occur due to leakage of high-frequency component power .
- the configuration example of the power measurement device shown in FIG. 15 is a case where the input voltage has a single frequency. May be.
- the power consumption in the load that is the measurement target can be measured only with the DC voltage component. Therefore, by removing the AC voltage component with the band-pass filter, only the DC voltage component can be separated and the power consumption of the load can be measured. Furthermore, the power consumption in the necessary frequency region can be measured by removing the output voltage component in the low frequency or high frequency region with a band pass filter.
- FIG. 16A shows a schematic diagram of a magnetic film portion (ferromagnetic material) of an (anisotropic) magnetoresistive effect type power measuring device
- FIG. A schematic diagram of a magnetic film portion (ferromagnetic material) of a power measurement device of “PHE type” is shown. In the PHE type, a voltage V2 between two opposite sides in the direction perpendicular to the current flowing through the magnetic film is measured.
- the measurement terminals 13 (13a, 13b) for taking out the voltage are formed on the sides where the sensor terminals of the sensor elements are not formed. This point is different from the magnetoresistive effect type power measuring device (FIG. 16A), and the other configurations are the same as those of the power measuring device described with reference to FIGS.
- the DC output voltages of the outputs V1 and V2 are usually unstable (drift). It was.
- FIG. 17 shows the measurement result of the output voltage V2 with respect to the current I1 when only the DC magnetic field H is measured by the PHE type power measuring device having the measurement terminal as shown in FIG. 16B (no application of the AC bias magnetic field). Show. Here, only a direct current flows through the load.
- the experimental conditions in FIG. 17 are as follows. Magnetic element used: Circular element with a diameter of 10 mm DC applied magnetic field: -2 A (-100 A / m) to 2 A (100 A / m) Measurement: Cycle is 120sec, this time 300prot / 600sec Further, when the current flowing through the load is only a direct current, since there is no alternating current component, the low-pass filter 26 (see FIG. 6) is not required in the power measuring device. That is, in the power measurement device of the present invention, the voltage detection unit 28 may not be connected to the low-pass filter.
- the horizontal axis represents the current flowing through the load
- the vertical axis represents the detected voltage.
- the output voltage characteristic becomes an odd function with respect to the magnetic field to be acted on, and therefore, the output voltage characteristic is lowered to the right centering on zero current.
- the measurement was repeated several times, but the results varied as shown in FIG. From FIG. 17, it can be seen that when the power measurement is performed only by the action of the DC magnetic field by the load current (DC current) flowing through the primary conductor, the reproducibility of the output voltage is deteriorated due to drift.
- FIGS. 18 to 19 show the measurement of the output voltage V2 with respect to the load current I1 when an AC bias magnetic field is applied parallel to the DC magnetic field to be measured when the DC magnetic field H is measured by the PHE type power measuring device. Results are shown. In each case, the same measurement was performed several times.
- the experimental conditions in FIGS. 18 to 19 are the same as those in FIG. 17 except that an extra AC bias magnetic field is applied.
- the AC bias magnetic field was generated by a combination of an oscillator and an amplifier.
- means for applying the AC bias magnetic field in parallel with the detection magnetic field is referred to as AC bias magnetic field applying means.
- the applied AC bias magnetic field is -0.1 A (5 A / m), 50 Hz in the case of FIG. 18A, -0.2 A (10 A / m), 50 Hz in the case of FIG. c) -0.3 A (15 A / m), 50 Hz, Fig. 19 (d) -0.4 A (20 A / m), 50 Hz, Fig. 18 (e) -0.5 A (25 A / m) ), 50 Hz.
- This phenomenon is related to the magnetization behavior of the magnetic film, and as long as the magnetic film is used as a sensor element, it has an effect on output stability. That is, in the above description, the PHE type power measuring device has been described. However, even a magnetoresistive effect type power measuring device that measures a voltage in the same direction as the current flowing through the magnetic film is parallel to the measured DC magnetic field. An AC bias magnetic field applying means for applying such an AC bias magnetic field is effective.
- FIGS. 20 to 21 (a)
- rectangular wave currents of ⁇ 2 A ( ⁇ 100 A / m) and 2 A ( ⁇ 100 A / m) are allowed to flow through the conductor film Cu (primary conductor) at a period of 120 [sec].
- FIG. 21 shows a case where an AC bias magnetic field ( ⁇ 0.3 A (15 A / m), 50 Hz) is applied (added) to the magnetic film parallel to the magnetic field generated from the conductor film Cu. Is shown. Note that the measurement was performed at 240 [sec] (2 cycles) for 240 proto.
- the horizontal axis of the graph shows time, and the vertical axis shows input (DC applied magnetic field) and output voltage.
- DC bias magnetic field refers to applying a DC magnetic field parallel to the easy axis of magnetization of the magnetic film.
- FIG. 22 shows output voltages when a DC bias magnetic field is not applied (in the PHE type power measuring device, only the DC magnetic field H is applied to the magnetic film) and when a DC bias magnetic field is applied. .
- the results using DC bias magnetic fields of different sizes were shown.
- the horizontal axis represents the magnitude of the DC magnetic field generated by the DC current flowing through the load
- the vertical axis represents the output of the power measuring device. From this figure, it can be seen that the output potential difference can be increased as the DC bias magnetic field increases. It can be said that application of the DC bias magnetic field can improve the sensitivity of the power measuring device.
- the power measuring device of the present invention can have a DC bias magnetic field applying means for applying a DC bias magnetic field to the sensor element 1 in the direction of the easy magnetization axis of the magnetic film.
- the easy axis of magnetization of the magnetic film is induced in the longitudinal direction of the magnetic film.
- the DC bias magnetic field applying means applies a magnetic field in a direction parallel to the longitudinal direction of the magnetic film of the sensor element.
- the DC bias magnetic field applying means is also applicable to a sensor element in which the magnetic film is composed of a barber pole magnetic film, an easy-magnetization-tilt magnetic film, a ninety-nine-fold magnetic film, and a combination thereof, which will be described later. Can do.
- the longitudinal direction of the magnetic film may not coincide with the easy axis of magnetization.
- a DC bias magnetic field is applied in a direction (direction of the easy axis of magnetization) apparently different from the longitudinal direction of the magnetic film.
- a magnetic field by a permanent magnet or an electromagnet can be considered.
- an AC bias magnetic field applying means may be used in combination.
- the AC bias by the AC bias magnetic field applying means is represented by Hbac.
- FIG. 24 shows a configuration in which the power measuring device of FIG. 23 is applied to a secondary battery.
- a rectifier circuit 37 converts an alternating current into a direct current, and a bridge circuit is a simple configuration example.
- the charger 38 charges an alternating current, and an external power source (alternating current) is connected to the charger 38 (not shown).
- the amount of power transfer (discharge amount, charge amount) between when the battery supplies power to the load R1 and when the battery is charged by an external power source is monitored. be able to.
- FIG. 26 shows a magnetic film of a sensor element in a barber pole type magnetoresistive effect type power measuring device.
- FIG. 27 shows an oblique conductor film 1c and electrodes provided on the surface of the magnetic film (hereinafter referred to as barber pole electrodes).
- barber pole electrodes an integrated magnetic film of a magnetic film and an oblique conductor (barber pole electrode) formed thereon
- FIG. 26A is an image diagram showing the current direction and the magnetization direction when the barber pole magnetic film 1bbp is viewed from above
- FIG. 26B is a photograph of the barber pole magnetic film 1bbp viewed from above as in FIG. ).
- the magnetic field H generated by the current flowing through the load is assumed to be upward from the bottom of the page.
- FIG. 27 shows an oblique conductor 1c and electrodes provided on the surface of the magnetic film 1a.
- FIG. 27A shows an overall view
- FIG. 27B shows an enlarged view of a circled portion of FIG.
- a plurality of oblique conductors 1c are arranged in the longitudinal direction of the magnetic film 1a.
- the direction of inclination changes from the center to the left and right.
- the respective inclination directions are opposite to each other.
- a center tap electrode 1m is formed between the first group and the second group (boundary) of the oblique conductors. That is, two barber pole magnetic films 1bbp connected in series to form one sensor element can ground the center tap electrode 1m during use.
- Sensor terminals 10 (10a, 10b) are formed at both ends of the diagonal conductor. This is because a current flows through the magnetic film 1c. Thus, the sensor terminal 10 may be formed at a position away from both ends of the magnetic film 1c.
- a measurement terminal 13 is also formed from the same point as the sensor terminal 10. Two magnetic films having the same conductive film in the inclined direction may be connected in series and a center tap electrode may be attached. Such a sensor element can cancel the offset voltage of each magnetic film.
- a permalloy (NiFe) film having a length of 30 mm, a width of 1 mm, and a film thickness of about 0.1 ⁇ m is used as the magnetic film.
- the barber pole magnetic film 1bbp is provided with a conductor film 1c oblique in the width direction of the magnetic film (up and down in the drawing), and uses copper (Cu).
- the conductor film 1c has a width of 0.5 mm, a length of 3 mm, a film thickness of 0.1 ⁇ m, and a conductor film-conductor film interval of 1 mm (see FIG. 27).
- the sensor element 1 shown in FIGS. 26 to 27 When the sensor element 1 shown in FIGS. 26 to 27 is used as a part of the power measuring device, it is necessary to pass a current through the magnetic film 1a. At this time, by providing the conductor film 1c, the direction of the current flowing in the magnetic film can be controlled. That is, since the current has a property of flowing in a direction in which the electric resistance is smaller, the current flowing in the magnetic film travels the shortest distance between the conductor films 1c, and as a result, the current is inclined with respect to the longitudinal direction of the magnetic film. (See FIG. 26A).
- the electric resistance of the conductor film (Cu film) 1c is about 1/10 of the electric resistance of the magnetic film (permalloy film) 1a. Therefore, the electric resistance of the current is smaller when the distance between the conductor film and the conductor film is shorter and when the current flows through the conductor film 1c than when traveling straight in the longitudinal direction of the magnetic film 1a. Since the magnetization direction (easy magnetization direction) is previously induced in the longitudinal direction by shape anisotropy and induction anisotropy in the magnetic film, the direction of current flowing in the magnetic film between the oblique conductors 1c and the magnetization direction are An angle will result.
- the magnetic resistance characteristics of the barber pole magnetic film 1bbp are as if the magnetic field-resistance characteristics due to the normal magnetoresistance effect are biased by a bias magnetic field. That is, the operating point at which linear characteristics can be obtained from the magnetoresistive effect can be set to a point where the working magnetic field is zero in the absence of a bias magnetic field.
- FIG. 28 shows the relationship between the longitudinal voltage V1 and the magnetic field H.
- FIG. 28A shows a normal magnetoresistance effect.
- the output voltage V1 with respect to the magnetic field H forms an even function. Therefore, it is necessary to apply a bias magnetic field to obtain linear characteristics.
- FIG. 28B shows the magnetoresistive effect of the barber pole magnetic film, and it can be seen that a bias magnetic field is unnecessary. Therefore, a power measuring device having a sensor element using a barber pole magnetic film does not require a DC bias magnetic field perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the sensor element. Moreover, such a power measuring device can be configured in the same manner as the power measuring device described above.
- FIG. 29 shows a sensor element of a magnetoresistive effect type power measuring device of a differential barber pole.
- FIG. 29A is a photograph viewed from above, and FIG. 29B is a microstrip line. The schematic diagram used for the measurement is shown.
- FIG. 29 (a) shows that barber poles having different inclinations on the left and right are formed on the magnetic film. Note that FIG. 29B is different from FIG. 25B in the number of electrodes.
- FIG. 29B shows a sensor element having a center tap electrode.
- FIG. 30 shows how the electric resistance of the magnetic film changes due to the normal magnetoresistance effect.
- FIG. 30A shows a strip-shaped magnetic film 1a and a magnetic field H generated by a current flowing through a load.
- FIG. 30B shows the relationship between the both-end voltage (vertical axis) and the magnetic field H (horizontal axis) when current flows in the longitudinal direction of the strip.
- the voltage VMR on the vertical axis is proportional to the resistance R.
- the output voltage characteristic shows an even function around the point where the magnetic field H is zero.
- FIG. 31 (a) is the magnetoresistive effect of the differential barber pole magnetic film 1bbp with the barber pole patterns having different inclinations applied with different bias magnetic fields depending on the inclination direction of the oblique conductors? It shows the following characteristics. As shown in FIG. 31, the left barber pole magnetic film 1bbpa shows a characteristic B that is negatively biased with respect to an externally applied magnetic field, and the right barber pole magnetic film 1bbpp shows a characteristic that it is positively biased. A is shown.
- each barber pole magnetic film 1bbpa and 1bbpp When these different barber pole magnetic films 1bbpa and 1bbpp are connected in series and a magnetic field is applied in the same direction, for example, from left to right, the resistance of each barber pole magnetic film decreases on the one hand and increases on the other hand. . If they are differentially output, only the change can be extracted with the magnetic field zero point as the operating point as shown in FIG. This is called a differential barber pole magnetic film.
- the normal magnetic resistance effect magnetic film 1a when used, it is necessary to apply a large bias magnetic field as shown in FIG. 30 and set the operating point at a place with good linearity.
- the operating point can be moved to a zero magnetic field by using a differential barber pole magnetic film as shown in FIG.
- the change in electrical resistance due to the magnetic field can be doubled.
- an output voltage can be obtained with a biasless magnetic field.
- FIG. 32 shows a configuration of a differential barber pole magnetoresistive power measuring apparatus using a differential barber pole magnetic film as a sensor element.
- a current is supplied from the power source to the load R1.
- the load and the power source are connected by a connection line.
- the sensor element 1 is arranged on a part of the connection line so that the longitudinal direction of the magnetic film coincides with the direction of the connection line.
- FIG. 32 shows a state where the current flowing through the load R1 flows under the sensor element 1.
- the connection ends 10a and 10b are connected to a circuit formed by the power source and the load so as to be in parallel with the load R1.
- the one end 12a of the measuring resistor 12 is connected to the connecting end 10a.
- the other end 12b is connected to the sensor terminal 1ta.
- the sensor terminal 1tb is connected to the connection end 10b.
- the sensor terminals 1ta and 1tb are joined via a resistor. This point is the measurement terminal 13a.
- the center tap electrode 1m is grounded and further serves as a measurement terminal 13b.
- the voltage detector 28 detects a potential difference between the measurement terminals 13a and 13b.
- the operational amplifier to which negative feedback is applied is shown as the voltage detection unit 28, but other means may be used.
- the B terminal (center tap electrode) in FIG. 32 is grounded, and the electric signals from the A terminal (sensor terminal 1ta) and C terminal (sensor terminal 1tb) are added by an operational amplifier, so that only a change in magnetic field without a bias voltage is obtained. Can be obtained.
- FIG. 33 shows a measurement system of an experiment in which the operation of a sensor element using a differential barber pole magnetic film was confirmed.
- the magnetic field applied to the differential barber pole magnetic film was generated by a Helmholm coil.
- the current flowing through the magnetic film was supplied from a constant current source. All the resistance values of the amplifier are 2 k ⁇ and the amplification gain is 1.
- FIG. 34 shows the output characteristics between the AB terminals of the measurement system shown in FIG. 33
- FIG. 35 shows the output characteristics between the CB terminals of the measurement system
- FIG. The output voltage of the operational amplifier is shown.
- the output offset between AB is 742 [mV]
- the output change between AB is 4 [mV]
- the output change rate of AB is 0.42 [%] ]
- the output offset between CB is 743 [mV]
- the output change between CB is 2.6 [mV]
- the output offset between AC is 1.46 [mV]
- the output change between ACs is 0.11 [mV]
- the output change between ACs is 7.5 [%]
- the resistance greatly changes with respect to the magnetic field.
- FIG. 36 (c) it can be seen that the bias voltage is greatly reduced as compared with FIGS.
- the change in output voltage due to the magnetic field is small. Therefore, it is considered that the magnetization direction and the magnetic domain structure in the magnetic film 1c are in a multi-domain state and are not single magnetic domains having uniaxial anisotropy.
- Table 2 shows the results of output improvement using differential barber pole magnetic thin films.
- the reason why the output change and the output change rate are greatly reduced is presumed that the magnetization in the film is not sufficiently aligned in the longitudinal direction of the element.
- the rate of change in resistance is drastically improved due to a rapid decrease in the offset voltage, and the device performance is remarkably improved by the differential connection of the barber pole magnetic film.
- the reduction of the offset voltage brings about an advantage that the amplification factor of the amplifier circuit connected to the element can be increased, which is a very beneficial result.
- FIG. 37 shows a schematic diagram of a measurement system when a DC bias magnetic field is applied parallel to the longitudinal direction of the magnetic film. This is to apply a DC bias magnetic field in the longitudinal direction of the sensor element to the magnetic film of the sensor element of the power measuring device. Although a differential barber pole magnetic film is shown here, it may not be a differential type. In the power measuring device, it is realized by a DC bias magnetic field applying means. As described above, changes in the characteristics of the device (device) were studied by forcibly aligning the magnetization directions in one direction.
- FIGS. FIG. 38 shows output characteristics when a bias magnetic field is applied in the longitudinal direction of the magnetic film in a sensor element (differential connection) using a magnetic film prepared without providing a barber pole.
- the horizontal axis is the magnetic field applied from the outside, and the vertical axis is the output voltage.
- the resistance change with no barber pole and with a bias magnetic field was very small, and the resistance change rate was 0.00022%, which was very small.
- FIG. 40 shows the output characteristics of an element with a barber pole and a bias magnetic field in the longitudinal direction of the magnetic film, that is, the output characteristics when a DC bias magnetic field is applied in the longitudinal direction of the barber pole magnetic film 1. It can be seen that the output characteristics vary greatly depending on whether a DC bias magnetic field is applied in the longitudinal direction of the sensor element.
- the magnetization is strongly aligned in the magnetic field direction by the DC bias magnetic field in the longitudinal direction of the sensor element that compensates for the strength of the anisotropy, and that a clear angle is formed between the magnetization and the current.
- the rate of change in resistance is 0.6% when there is no DC bias magnetic field, and 3.3% or more when there is a DC bias magnetic field, and it can be said that the DC bias magnetic field is very effective.
- FIG. 41 shows a measurement system for characteristics as a wattmeter when a load current (I1) is passed through the conductor film.
- a current (I2) proportional to the magnitude of the load voltage is often passed through the magnetic film for measurement.
- I1 and I2 can be set individually. That is, a constant current power source is connected between the sensor terminals, and a desired current can be passed regardless of the current flowing through the load.
- FIG. 42 shows output characteristics when a load current (I1) is passed through the conductor film without applying a DC bias magnetic field.
- the direct current (I2) passed through the magnetic film was 2 mA.
- the load current (I1) was set using a DC power source connected to a load resistor.
- the load current was increased from 0 [A] to 1 [A] in increments of 0.2 [A], and then measured for 50 [s] while decreasing in increments of 0.2 [A]. Therefore, in FIG. 42, the horizontal axis represents time, but substantially represents the load current.
- FIG. 43 shows changes in output due to magnetic field application (DC bias magnetic field) in the longitudinal direction of the magnetic film.
- the horizontal axis indicates the magnetic field strength applied to the magnetic film, and the vertical axis indicates the output voltage.
- the output as a wattmeter is not uniquely determined in this state due to the relationship between the anisotropy strength of the magnetic film and the direction of magnetization, and cannot be used as a wattmeter.
- the magnitude of the DC bias magnetic field is 10 Oe and 40 Oe, linearity and good sensitivity can be obtained in a wide range, but in the case of a DC bias magnetic field of 100 Oe, the sensitivity is clearly lowered.
- FIG. 44 shows a measurement system when a DC bias magnetic field is applied.
- a DC bias magnetic field was applied using a permanent magnet.
- the magnitude of the magnetic field was set by adjusting the magnet distance.
- FIG. 45 shows the output characteristics of a magnetoresistive effect type power measuring device when a DC bias magnetic field is applied.
- the magnitude of the DC bias magnetic field is 40 Oe.
- Other measurement conditions are the same as in FIG. From FIG. 45, it is clear that the followability of the output voltage to the current change is improved by applying the DC bias magnetic field.
- the barber pole type magnetic film power measuring device and the differential type barber pole magnetic film power measuring device are optimally applied to smart grids, smart batteries, etc. It is. Even when a sensor element using a barber pole type magnetic film is used, when an AC bias magnetic field perpendicular to the current flowing through the sensor element is applied as shown in FIGS. effective. That is, even a sensor element using a barber pole type magnetic film can constitute a power measuring device together with an AC bias magnetic field applying means.
- a sensor element in which two barber pole type magnetic films having the same inclination direction of the oblique conductor are connected in series and a center tap electrode is provided at the connection point can also be used as shown in FIG. With such a configuration, the offset generated in each barber pole type magnetic film part can be canceled.
- FIG. 46 (a) shows a sensor element 1 having a magnetic film having an axis of easy magnetization inclined with respect to the longitudinal direction of the strip.
- the shape is a strip shape, and the sensor terminal is provided on the short side of the strip shape.
- the easy axis of magnetization is induced to be inclined with respect to the longitudinal direction of the magnetic film.
- Such an easy axis tilted magnetic film also exhibits the characteristics as shown in FIG. 28, like the barber pole type magnetic film.
- the power measuring device having the sensor element using the easy axis tilted magnetic film does not require a DC bias magnetic field perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the sensor element. Moreover, such a power measuring device can be configured in the same manner as the power measuring device described above.
- FIG. 46 (b) shows a sensor element having a configuration in which two easy-magnetization-axis tilted magnetic films are connected in series. Two easy-magnetization-axis tilted magnetic films connected in series and arranged linearly have different tilt directions of the easy-magnetization axis with respect to the longitudinal direction.
- the operation characteristics of the respective easy axis tilted magnetic films are shifted. Therefore, when a magnetic field is applied to such a sensor element from the lateral direction, the same effect as in FIG. 31 can be obtained.
- the power measuring device can be configured together with the DC bias magnetic field applying means or the AC bias magnetic field applying means.
- a sensor element in which two easy-magnetization-axis tilted magnetic films whose easy-magnetization axes are tilted in the same direction are connected in series and a center tap electrode is provided at the connection point can be used as shown in FIG. With such a configuration, it is possible to cancel the offset generated in each easy-magnetization-axis tilted magnetic film.
- the signal from the function generator 32 is input to two amplifiers (DC amplifiers) 34 and amplified to be used as an AC power source.
- the output voltage from the sensor element 1 cuts high frequency components in the low pass filter 26.
- the output voltage from which the high frequency component has been cut by the low pass filter 26 is measured by the digital tester 28 (DMM) for the direct current component.
- This circuit is configured so that the offset change of the amplifier 34 (AMP1) does not affect the output voltage of the sensor element 1.
- the amplification factors of the amplifier 34 (AMP1) and the amplifier 35 (AMP2) are equal, and alternating current of the same frequency is output. This is because if the input voltage is not the same frequency, the output voltage is only an AC component.
- FIG. 48 shows a part of the configuration according to another embodiment of the power measuring device according to the present invention.
- an equivalent sensor resistance 51 and an equivalent measurement resistance 52 are connected in parallel with the sensor element 1 and the measurement resistance 13.
- connection point 53 between the measurement resistor 12 and the sensor element 1 and the connection point 53 between the equivalent sensor resistor 51 and the equivalent measurement resistor 52 are used as measurement terminals (13a and 13b), respectively, and the output voltage between the measurement terminals is differentially amplified. By doing so, only the DC voltage component can be extracted (see the image diagram of FIG. 47C). That is, by configuring a bridge circuit including a sensor element and a measurement resistor, it is possible to accurately measure the power consumption of the AC power supply.
- 49 (a) and 49 (b) show that the input alternating current (load current) on the power measuring device side (AMP1 (34) side in FIG. 7) is set to an execution value of 4.0 V and 100 Hz, respectively. 3 outputs are compared.
- the horizontal axis represents time but substantially the current flowing through the load, and the vertical axis represents the output of the amplifier. It can be seen from FIG. 49 that noise and DC offset are improved by the AC component due to differential amplification with a gain of 80 dB.
- FIG. 50 is a graph showing the result of detecting the harmonic current by the same method as in FIG. 49 (b).
- the output measurement results when the frequency of the current input to the magnetic film of the power measuring device is (1) 100 Hz + 200 Hz + 300 Hz, (2) 100 Hz + 200 Hz, (3) 100 Hz, (4) 200 Hz, (5) 300 Hz, respectively. Is shown. From this result, it can be seen that only current of each frequency can be detected almost accurately.
- FIG. 51 shows a connection structure when a bridge circuit including a sensor element and a measurement resistor is formed when a center tap electrode is provided. Only the equivalent measurement resistor 52 is added, and a bridge circuit is formed by the magnetic film portions on both sides of the center tap electrode and the measurement resistor. A variable resistor may be added for offset adjustment.
- the magnetic film may be a combination of a barber pole magnetic film, a combination of an easy magnetization axis tilted magnetic film, or a film in which an easy magnetization axis is induced in a normal longitudinal direction.
- FIG. 52 shows a connection structure when a bridge circuit is formed when the operating points of the magnetic film portions on both sides of the center tap electrode are different.
- the case where the operating points are different may be an easy-magnetization-axis tilted magnetic film or a differential barber pole magnetic film. It is only necessary that these easy magnetization axes or the inclination directions of the conductors are different in each magnetic film portion.
- FIG. 53 shows a sensor element composed of a magnetic film portion of a type in which magnetic films are arranged in parallel and the upper end and the lower end are connected to the surface of the adjacent magnetic film.
- the sensor terminals (1ta, 1tb) are formed at the upper and lower ends of the magnetic films at both ends. That is, all the magnetic films are connected in series.
- Such a type of magnetic film is called a ninety-nine-folded magnetic film.
- the output characteristics with respect to the applied magnetic field are an even function as shown in FIG. Therefore, the resistance of the film changes regardless of the direction of the current flowing in the magnetic film.
- the output voltage can be increased as the current length is longer. Therefore, the sensitivity of the output voltage can be increased by using the 99-fold magnetic film as a sensor element.
- a barber pole electrode can be formed on the magnetic film.
- barber pole electrodes are provided on the surface of the magnetic film.
- an easy axis tilted magnetic film may be used.
- FIG. 54 shows a sensor element in which a differential barber pole magnetic film is formed in a ninety-nine fold type and a center tap electrode is further formed. Even if such a sensor element is used, the power measuring device of the present invention can be configured. Even when the sensor element of the above variation using the 99-fold type magnetic film is used, the operating point adjusting bias magnetic field applying means, the DC bias magnetic field applying means, the AC bias magnetic field applying means, the band pass Filter means can be used. Further, instead of the barber pole magnetic film, a sensor element in which two easy-axis-inclined magnetic films having different easy-axis inclination directions are connected in series to form a center tap electrode may be used.
- the present invention can be used not only as a power measuring device but also for larger devices and systems that require power measuring means.
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Abstract
Description
電源に接続線を介して接続された負荷において消費される電力を測定する電力計測装置であって、
前記電源に対して前記負荷と並列に連結するための一対の連結端と、
磁性膜を含む磁性膜部と、
前記磁性膜部の両端に設けられた一対のセンサ端子を有し、
前記センサ端子の一端は前記連結端の一方に接続され、
前記磁性膜部の長手方向が前記接続線の電流が流れる方向と略平行になるように前記接続線に絶縁層を介して隣接配置されるセンサ素子と、
一端が前記センサ素子のセンサ端子の他端に接続され、他端が前記連結端の他方に接続される計測抵抗と、
前記センサ端子のそれぞれを計測端子とし、前記計測端子間の電圧を計測する電圧検出部とを有することを特徴とする。
電源に接続線を介して接続された負荷において消費される電力を測定する電力計測装置であって、
前記電源に対して前記負荷と並列に連結するための一対の連結端と、
直線状に形成された第1の磁性膜と第2の磁性膜が直列に接続され、前記第1の磁性膜と前記第2の磁性膜の接続点が接地された磁性膜部と、
前記磁性膜部の両端に設けられた一対のセンサ端子を有し、
前記センサ端子の一端は前記連結端の一方に接続され、
前記磁性膜部の長手方向が前記接続線の電流が流れる方向と略平行になるように前記接続線に絶縁層を介して隣接配置されるセンサ素子と、
一端が前記センサ素子のセンサ端子の他端に接続され、他端が前記連結端の他方に接続される計測抵抗と、
前記センサ端子のそれぞれを計測端子とし、前記計測端子間の電圧を計測する電圧検出部とを有することを特徴とする。
電源に接続線を介して接続された負荷において消費される電力を測定する電力計測装置であって、
前記電源に対して前記負荷と並列に連結するための一対の連結端と、
直線状に形成され、動作点のそれぞれ異なる第1の磁性膜と第2の磁性膜が直列に接続され、前記第1の磁性膜と前記第2の磁性膜の接続点が接地された磁性膜部と、
前記磁性膜部の両端に設けられた一対のセンサ端子を有し、
前記センサ端子の一端は前記連結端の一方に接続され、
前記磁性膜部の長手方向が前記接続線の電流が流れる方向と略平行になるように前記接続線に絶縁層を介して隣接配置されるセンサ素子と、
一端が前記センサ素子のセンサ端子の他端に接続され、他端が前記連結端の他方に接続される計測抵抗と、
前記センサ端子の一端および他端とを抵抗を介して連結した点と、前記接地点をそれぞれ計測端子とし、前記計測端子間の電圧を計測する電圧検出部と
を有することを特徴とする。
電源に接続線を介して接続された負荷において消費される電力を測定する電力計測装置であって、
前記電源に対して前記負荷と並列に連結するための一対の連結端と、
磁性膜を含む磁性膜部と、
前記磁性膜部の両端に設けられた一対のセンサ端子を有し、
前記センサ端子の一端は前記連結端の一方に接続され、
前記磁性膜部の長手方向が前記接続線の電流が流れる方向と略平行になるように前記接続線に絶縁層を介して隣接配置されるセンサ素子と、
一端が前記センサ素子のセンサ端子の他端に接続され、他端が前記連結端の他方に接続される計測抵抗と、
前記センサ素子および前記計測抵抗と並列に、前記センサ素子と同等の抵抗値を有する等価センサ抵抗と、前記計測抵抗と同じ抵抗値を有する等価計測抵抗の直列接続が接続され、
前記センサ素子と前記計測抵抗の接続点と、前記可変抵抗と前記等価抵抗の接続点とを計測端子とし、前記それぞれの計測端子間の電位を検出する電圧検出部と
を有することを特徴とする。
電源に接続線を介して接続された負荷において消費される電力を測定する電力計測装置であって、
前記電源に対して前記負荷と並列に連結するための一対の連結端と、
直線状の形成された第1の磁性膜と第2の磁性膜が直列に接続され、前記第1の磁性膜と前記第2の磁性膜の接続点が接地された磁性膜部と、
前記磁性膜部の両端に設けられた一対のセンサ端子を有し、
前記センサ端子の一端は前記連結端の一方に接続され、
前記磁性膜部の長手方向が前記接続線の電流が流れる方向と略平行になるように前記接続線に絶縁層を介して隣接配置されるセンサ素子と、
一端が前記センサ素子のセンサ端子の他端に接続され、他端が前記連結端の他方に接続される計測抵抗と、
前記センサ素子が前記連結端の一方に接続された前記センサ端子と、前記計測抵抗が前記連結端の他方に接続された前記他端とに、前記計測抵抗と同じ抵抗値を有する等価計測手抵抗が接続され、
前記センサ端子同士を計測端子とし、前記それぞれの計測端子間の電位を検出する電圧検出部と
を有することを特徴とする。
電源に接続線を介して接続された負荷において消費される電力を測定する電力計測装置であって、
前記電源に対して前記負荷と並列に連結するための一対の連結端と、
直線状に形成され、動作点のそれぞれ異なる第1の磁性膜と第2の磁性膜が直列に接続され、前記第1の磁性膜と前記第2の磁性膜の接続点が接地された磁性膜部と、
前記磁性膜部の両端に設けられた一対のセンサ端子を有し、
前記センサ端子の一端は前記連結端の一方に接続され、
前記磁性膜部の長手方向が前記接続線の電流が流れる方向と略平行になるように前記接続線に絶縁層を介して隣接配置されるセンサ素子と、
一端が前記センサ素子のセンサ端子の他端に接続され、他端が前記連結端の他方に接続される計測抵抗と、
前記センサ素子が前記連結端の一方に接続された前記センサ端子と、前記計測抵抗が前記連結端の他方に接続された前記他端とに、前記計測抵抗と同じ抵抗値を有する等価計測手抵抗が接続され、
前記センサ端子同士を抵抗を介して連結した点と、接地された前記接地点とを計測端子とし、前記それぞれの計測端子間の電位を検出する電圧検出部と
を有することを特徴とする。
電源に接続線を介して接続された負荷において消費される電力を測定する電力計測装置であって、
前記電源に対して前記負荷と並列に連結するための一対の連結端と、
磁性膜を含む磁性膜部と、
前記磁性膜部の両端に設けられた一対のセンサ端子を有し、
前記センサ端子の一端は前記連結端の一方に接続され、
前記磁性膜部の長手方向が前記接続線の電流が流れる方向と略平行になるように前記接続線に絶縁層を介して隣接配置されるセンサ素子と、
一端が前記センサ素子のセンサ端子の他端に接続され、他端が前記連結端の他方に接続される計測抵抗と、
前記磁性膜部の前記センサ端子と直角方向の端部のそれぞれを計測端子とし、前記計測端子間の電圧を計測する電圧検出部と
を有することを特徴とする。
まずは本発明の電力計測装置の測定原理について説明する。
次に、本発明の電力計測装置における測定原理を図3を参照しつつ説明する。この回路構成は、電源Vinからの電流を電流I1とI2とに分けた並列回路である。電源Vinからの電流は、一次導体膜Cuと、消費電力が測定される負荷R1(Load R1)とに電流I1を流す搬送経路と、磁性膜1aと計測抵抗R2(12)とに電流I2を流す計測経路に並列に流される。なお、ここで計測抵抗R2は、磁性膜1aの抵抗値Rmrより十分に大きいとする。
次に、本発明の電力計測装置において、磁性膜の磁気抵抗効果による交流電力測定について説明する。図4には、電力計測装置に用いるセンサ素子1を示す。センサ素子1は、磁性膜1aと、磁性膜1aの両短辺に設けられたセンサ端子1tで構成される。なお、図面向こう側のセンサ端子1tはこの図では見えない。磁性膜1aを保持するために絶縁体などからなる基板が含まれていてもよい。図4では、負荷に電流を流す接続線に相当する導体膜3と磁性膜1aとの間に絶縁膜2を介挿した3層構造を一体として形成した状態を示している。絶縁膜2はセンサ素子1を接続線に密着させるために設ける絶縁層である。
ここで図6(a)に、磁気抵抗効果型である本電力計測装置の構成を、電力測定される回路20と共に示す。電力を計測される回路20は、電源をファンクションジェネレータ22とアンプ24で構成した。負荷はR1である。なお、負荷と電源の間は接続線で接続される。その接続線中において、電力計測装置のセンサ部が配設される箇所を接続線Rcuで表した。ファンクションジェネレータ22からの信号はアンプ(直流増幅器)24で増幅され、交流電源となる。
上述するように磁気抵抗効果を利用した電力計測装置では、センサ素子に交流電圧成分と直流電圧成分とが重畳して出力され、このうち直流電圧成分をDMM等の電圧検出部で検出する。その他、PHE型電力計測装置や半導体薄膜を利用する電力計測装置のごとき薄膜素子を用いる電力計測装置(「薄膜型電力計測装置」とも称する)において検出する出力信号は直流電圧である。
「交流バイアス磁界を印加(再現性向上)」
次に、図16(a)では(異方性)磁気抵抗効果型の電力計測装置の磁性膜部分(強磁性体)の模式図が示され、図16(b)ではプレナーホール型(以後「PHE型」と呼ぶ。)の電力計測装置の磁性膜部分(強磁性体)の模式図が示されている。PHE型では、磁性膜に流す電流と直角方向の相対する2辺の間の電圧V2を計測する。
使用した磁性体素子:直径10mmの円形素子
直流印加磁界:-2A(-100A/m)~2A(100A/m)
測定:周期は120sec、今回は300prot/600sec
また、負荷に流れる電流が直流電流だけの場合は、交流成分がないため、電力計測装置には、ローパスフィルタ26(図6参照)は不要である。つまり、本発明の電力計測装置では、電圧検出部28にはローパスフィルタが接続されない場合もある。
次に、矩形波電流を負荷に流したときの消費電力を測定する際に、交流バイアス磁界を磁性膜に印加した時の測定結果を示す。図20~図21の(a)図は、周期120[sec]で導体膜Cu(一次導体)に-2A(-100A/m)と2A(-100A/m)の矩形波の電流を流すことで直流磁界(図16参照)をセンサ素子の磁性膜に作用させたときの出力電圧を示している。図20は交流バイアス磁界を印加しない場合、図21は交流バイアス磁界(-0.3A(15A/m)、50Hz)を導体膜Cuから発生する磁界に平行に磁性膜に印加(追加)した場合を示している。なお、測定は、240[sec](2周期)で240prot行った。グラフの横軸に時間、縦軸に入力(直流印加磁界)、出力電圧を表示している。
図17~図21では直流磁界の測定に際し交流バイアス磁界を印加した場合の効果について説明してきた。ここでは直流バイアス磁界を用いた場合の効果について言及する。ここでの「直流バイアス磁界」とは、磁性膜の磁化容易軸方向に平行に直流磁界を印加することをいう。
(1)直流バイアス磁界を印加しない場合、(2)80A/mの直流バイアス磁界を印加した場合、(3)240A/mの直流バイアス磁界を印加した場合、(4)480A/mの直流バイアス磁界を印加した場合、(5)800A/mの直流バイアス磁界を印加した場合、(6)1200A/mの直流バイアス磁界を印加した場合、の測定結果を示している。磁性膜に流す直流電流は10mAである。なお、直流バイアス磁界は、永久磁石の距離調整により調節される。
磁気抵抗効果型の電力計測装置では、負荷に接続する電源が直流電源の場合には、大きな直流オフセット電圧が現れる。このため1つの磁性膜1aでは直流電力測定ができない。しかしながら、図23に示すように2個の磁性膜1aおよび1pを直列に接続し、かつ接続点を接地することで、それぞれの磁性膜で発生するオフセット電圧をキャンセルさせることができる。ここでセンサ端子1t(1ta、1tb)は、磁性膜1aと磁性膜1pの両端である。また、このセンサ端子1tは計測端子13(13a、13b)でもあり、電圧検出手段28が接続される。なお、図23ではアンプが電圧検出手段28を表す。
次に、バーバーポール磁気抵抗効果型の電力計測装置について説明する。この電力計測装置は、上述する磁気抵抗効果型の電力計測装置の変形例である。
図29に差動型のバーバーポールの磁気抵抗効果型の電力計測装置のセンサ素子を示しており、(a)には上方から見た写真、(b)にはこのセンサ素子をマイクロストリップ線路の測定に用いた模式図が示されている。図29(a)からは、磁性膜上には、左右に傾きの異なるバーバーポールが作製されているのが分かる。なお、図29(b)は図25(b)と電極の数が違う。図29(b)は、センタータップ電極を有するタイプのセンサ素子である。
ここで再び磁気抵抗効果型である電力計測装置による実際の電力計測回路を示す。
1a、1p 磁性膜
1c 導体膜
1t センサ端子
1m センタータップ電極
2 絶縁膜
3 導体膜
10 連結端
12 計測抵抗
13 計測端
15 電力計測装置
22、32 ファンクションジェネレータ
24、34、35 アンプ
26、37 ローパスフィルタ
28、38 DMM(デジタルテスター)
37 整流回路
38 充電器
39 スイッチ
40 バンドパスフィルター手段
41 バンドパスフィルター
42 スイッチ
51 等価センサ抵抗
52 等価計測抵抗
Claims (49)
- 電源に接続線を介して接続された負荷において消費される電力を測定する電力計測装置であって、
前記電源に対して前記負荷と並列に連結するための一対の連結端と、
磁性膜を含む磁性膜部と、
前記磁性膜部の両端に設けられた一対のセンサ端子を有し、
前記センサ端子の一端は前記連結端の一方に接続され、
前記磁性膜部の長手方向が前記接続線の電流が流れる方向と略平行になるように前記接続線に絶縁層を介して隣接配置されるセンサ素子と、
一端が前記センサ素子のセンサ端子の他端に接続され、他端が前記連結端の他方に接続される計測抵抗と、
前記センサ端子のそれぞれを計測端子とし、前記計測端子間の電圧を計測する電圧検出部と
を有することを特徴とする電力計測装置。 - 前記磁性膜部の長手方向と同じ方向の直流磁界を前記磁性膜部に印加する直流バイアス磁界印加手段を設けた事を特徴とする請求項1に記載された電力計測装置。
- 前記磁性膜部の長手方向と直角方向の交流磁界を前記磁性膜部に印加する交流バイアス磁界印加手段を設けたことを特徴とする請求項1に記載された電力計測装置。
- 前記磁性膜部は、前記磁性膜部の長手方向に対して傾いた磁化容易軸が誘導されたことを特徴とする請求項1乃至3のいずれか1の請求項に記載された電力計測装置。
- 前記磁性膜部は、前記磁性膜部の長手方向に磁化容易軸が誘導され、前記磁性膜の表面には、前記磁化容易軸の方向に対して傾斜した複数の導電膜が形成されたことを特徴とする請求項1乃至3のいずれか1の請求項に記載された電力計測装置。
- 前記磁性膜部は、複数の磁性膜を並設し、前記それぞれの磁性膜をすべて直列に接続したことを特徴とする請求項1乃至3のいずれか1の請求項に記載された電力計測装置。
- 電源に接続線を介して接続された負荷において消費される電力を測定する電力計測装置であって、
前記電源に対して前記負荷と並列に連結するための一対の連結端と、
直線状に形成された第1の磁性膜と第2の磁性膜が直列に接続され、前記第1の磁性膜と前記第2の磁性膜の接続点が接地された磁性膜部と、
前記磁性膜部の両端に設けられた一対のセンサ端子を有し、
前記センサ端子の一端は前記連結端の一方に接続され、
前記磁性膜部の長手方向が前記接続線の電流が流れる方向と略平行になるように前記接続線に絶縁層を介して隣接配置されるセンサ素子と、
一端が前記センサ素子のセンサ端子の他端に接続され、他端が前記連結端の他方に接続される計測抵抗と、
前記センサ端子のそれぞれを計測端子とし、前記計測端子間の電圧を計測する電圧検出部と
を有することを特徴とする電力計測装置。 - 前記磁性膜部の長手方向と同じ方向の直流磁界を前記第1および第2の磁性膜に印加する直流バイアス磁界印加手段を設けた事を特徴とする請求項7に記載された電力計測装置。
- 前記磁性膜部の長手方向と直角方向の交流磁界を前記第1および第2の磁性膜に印加する交流バイアス磁界印加手段を設けたことを特徴とする請求項7に記載された電力計測装置。
- 前記第1および第2の磁性膜の少なくとも一方は、前記磁性膜部の長手方向に対して傾いた磁化容易軸が誘導され、かつそれぞれの前記磁化容易軸は、前記磁性膜部の長手方向に対して互いに逆向きとなるように配設されたことを特徴とする請求項7乃至9のいずれか1の請求項に記載された電力計測装置。
- 前記第1および第2の磁性膜の少なくとも一方は、前記磁性膜部の長手方向に磁化容易軸が誘導され、前記磁性膜の表面には、前記磁化容易軸の方向に対して傾斜した複数の導電膜が形成され、前記導電膜の傾きは、前記磁性膜部の長手方向に対して互いに逆向きにとなるように形成されたことを特徴とする請求項7乃至9のいずれか1の請求項に記載された電力計測装置。
- 前記第1および第2の磁性膜の少なくとも一方は、複数の磁性膜を並設し、前記それぞれの磁性膜をすべて直列に接続したことを特徴とする請求項7乃至9のいずれか1の請求項に記載された電力計測装置。
- 電源に接続線を介して接続された負荷において消費される電力を測定する電力計測装置であって、
前記電源に対して前記負荷と並列に連結するための一対の連結端と、
直線状に形成され、動作点のそれぞれ異なる第1の磁性膜と第2の磁性膜が直列に接続され、前記第1の磁性膜と前記第2の磁性膜の接続点が接地された磁性膜部と、
前記磁性膜部の両端に設けられた一対のセンサ端子を有し、
前記センサ端子の一端は前記連結端の一方に接続され、
前記磁性膜部の長手方向が前記接続線の電流が流れる方向と略平行になるように前記接続線に絶縁層を介して隣接配置されるセンサ素子と、
一端が前記センサ素子のセンサ端子の他端に接続され、他端が前記連結端の他方に接続される計測抵抗と、
前記センサ端子の一端および他端とを抵抗を介して連結した点と、前記接地点をそれぞれ計測端子とし、前記計測端子間の電圧を計測する電圧検出部と
を有することを特徴とする電力計測装置。 - 前記磁性膜部の長手方向と同じ方向の直流磁界を前記第1および第2の磁性膜に印加する直流バイアス磁界印加手段を設けた事を特徴とする請求項13に記載された電力計測装置。
- 前記磁性膜部の長手方向と直角方向の交流磁界を前記第1および第2の磁性膜に印加する交流バイアス磁界印加手段を設けたことを特徴とする請求項13に記載された電力計測装置。
- 前記第1および第2の磁性膜は、前記磁性膜部の長手方向に対して傾いた磁化容易軸が誘導され、かつそれぞれの前記磁化容易軸は、前記磁性膜部の長手方向に対して互いに逆向きとなるように配設されたことを特徴とする請求項13乃至15のいずれか1の請求項に記載された電力計測装置。
- 前記第1および第2の磁性膜は、前記磁性膜部の長手方向に磁化容易軸が誘導され、前記磁性膜の表面には、前記磁化容易軸の方向に対して傾斜した複数の導電膜が形成され、前記導電膜の傾きは、前記磁性膜部の長手方向に対して互いに逆向きにとなるように形成されたことを特徴とする請求項13乃至15のいずれか1の請求項に記載された電力計測装置。
- 電源に接続線を介して接続された負荷において消費される電力を測定する電力計測装置であって、
前記電源に対して前記負荷と並列に連結するための一対の連結端と、
磁性膜を含む磁性膜部と、
前記磁性膜部の両端に設けられた一対のセンサ端子を有し、
前記センサ端子の一端は前記連結端の一方に接続され、
前記磁性膜部の長手方向が前記接続線の電流が流れる方向と略平行になるように前記接続線に絶縁層を介して隣接配置されるセンサ素子と、
一端が前記センサ素子のセンサ端子の他端に接続され、他端が前記連結端の他方に接続される計測抵抗と、
前記センサ素子および前記計測抵抗と並列に、前記センサ素子と同等の抵抗値を有する等価センサ抵抗と、前記計測抵抗と同じ抵抗値を有する等価計測抵抗の直列接続が接続され、
前記センサ素子と前記計測抵抗の接続点と、前記可変抵抗と前記等価抵抗の接続点とを計測端子とし、前記それぞれの計測端子間の電位を検出する電圧検出部と
を有することを特徴とする電力計測装置。 - 前記磁性膜部の長手方向と同じ方向の直流磁界を前記磁性膜部に印加する直流バイアス磁界印加手段を設けた事を特徴とする請求項18に記載された電力計測装置。
- 前記磁性膜部の長手方向と直角方向の交流磁界を前記磁性膜部に印加する交流バイアス磁界印加手段を設けたことを特徴とする請求項18に記載された電力計測装置。
- 前記磁性膜部は、前記磁性膜部の長手方向に対して傾いた磁化容易軸が誘導されたことを特徴とする請求項18乃至20のいずれか1の請求項に記載された電力計測装置。
- 前記磁性膜部は、前記磁性膜部の長手方向に磁化容易軸が誘導され、前記磁性膜の表面には、前記磁化容易軸の方向に対して傾斜した複数の導電膜が形成されたことを特徴とする請求項18乃至20のいずれか1の請求項に記載された電力計測装置。
- 前記磁性膜部は、複数の磁性膜を並設し、前記それぞれの磁性膜をすべて直列に接続したことを特徴とする請求項18乃至20のいずれか1の請求項に記載された電力計測装置。
- 電源に接続線を介して接続された負荷において消費される電力を測定する電力計測装置であって、
前記電源に対して前記負荷と並列に連結するための一対の連結端と、
直線状の形成された第1の磁性膜と第2の磁性膜が直列に接続され、前記第1の磁性膜と前記第2の磁性膜の接続点が接地された磁性膜部と、
前記磁性膜部の両端に設けられた一対のセンサ端子を有し、
前記センサ端子の一端は前記連結端の一方に接続され、
前記磁性膜部の長手方向が前記接続線の電流が流れる方向と略平行になるように前記接続線に絶縁層を介して隣接配置されるセンサ素子と、
一端が前記センサ素子のセンサ端子の他端に接続され、他端が前記連結端の他方に接続される計測抵抗と、
前記センサ素子が前記連結端の一方に接続された前記センサ端子と、前記計測抵抗が前記連結端の他方に接続された前記他端とに、前記計測抵抗と同じ抵抗値を有する等価計測手抵抗が接続され、
前記センサ端子同士を計測端子とし、前記それぞれの計測端子間の電位を検出する電圧検出部と
を有することを特徴とする電力計測装置。 - 前記磁性膜部の長手方向と同じ方向の直流磁界を前記第1および第2の磁性膜に印加する直流バイアス磁界印加手段を設けた事を特徴とする請求項24に記載された電力計測装置。
- 前記磁性膜部の長手方向と直角方向の交流磁界を前記第1および第2の磁性膜に印加する交流バイアス磁界印加手段を設けたことを特徴とする請求項24に記載された電力計測装置。
- 前記第1および第2の磁性膜の少なくとも一方は、前記磁性膜部の長手方向に対して傾いた磁化容易軸が誘導され、かつそれぞれの前記磁化容易軸は、前記磁性膜部の長手方向に対して互いに逆向きとなるように配設されたことを特徴とする請求項24乃至26のいずれか1の請求項に記載された電力計測装置。
- 前記第1および第2の磁性膜の少なくとも一方は、前記磁性膜部の長手方向に磁化容易軸が誘導され、前記磁性膜の表面には、前記磁化容易軸の方向に対して傾斜した複数の導電膜が形成され、前記導電膜の傾きは、前記磁性膜部の長手方向に対して互いに逆向きにとなるように形成されたことを特徴とする請求項24乃至26のいずれか1の請求項に記載された電力計測装置。
- 前記第1および第2の磁性膜の少なくとも一方は、複数の磁性膜を並設し、前記それぞれの磁性膜をすべて直列に接続したことを特徴とする請求項24乃至26のいずれか1の請求項に記載された電力計測装置。
- 電源に接続線を介して接続された負荷において消費される電力を測定する電力計測装置であって、
前記電源に対して前記負荷と並列に連結するための一対の連結端と、
直線状に形成され、動作点のそれぞれ異なる第1の磁性膜と第2の磁性膜が直列に接続され、前記第1の磁性膜と前記第2の磁性膜の接続点が接地された磁性膜部と、
前記磁性膜部の両端に設けられた一対のセンサ端子を有し、
前記センサ端子の一端は前記連結端の一方に接続され、
前記磁性膜部の長手方向が前記接続線の電流が流れる方向と略平行になるように前記接続線に絶縁層を介して隣接配置されるセンサ素子と、
一端が前記センサ素子のセンサ端子の他端に接続され、他端が前記連結端の他方に接続される計測抵抗と、
前記センサ素子が前記連結端の一方に接続された前記センサ端子と、前記計測抵抗が前記連結端の他方に接続された前記他端とに、前記計測抵抗と同じ抵抗値を有する等価計測手抵抗が接続され、
前記センサ端子同士を抵抗を介して連結した点と、接地された前記接地点とを計測端子とし、前記それぞれの計測端子間の電位を検出する電圧検出部と
を有することを特徴とする電力計測装置。 - 前記磁性膜部の長手方向と同じ方向の直流磁界を前記第1および第2の磁性膜に印加する直流バイアス磁界印加手段を設けた事を特徴とする請求項30に記載された電力計測装置。
- 前記磁性膜部の長手方向と直角方向の交流磁界を前記第1および第2の磁性膜に印加する交流バイアス磁界印加手段を設けたことを特徴とする請求項30に記載された電力計測装置。
- 前記第1および第2の磁性膜は、前記磁性膜部の長手方向に対して傾いた磁化容易軸が誘導され、かつそれぞれの前記磁化容易軸は、前記磁性膜部の長手方向に対して互いに逆向きとなるように配設されたことを特徴とする請求項30乃至32のいずれか1の請求項に記載された電力計測装置。
- 前記第1および第2の磁性膜は、前記磁性膜部の長手方向に磁化容易軸が誘導され、前記磁性膜の表面には、前記磁化容易軸の方向に対して傾斜した複数の導電膜が形成され、前記導電膜の傾きは、前記磁性膜部の長手方向に対して互いに逆向きにとなるように形成されたことを特徴とする請求項30乃至32のいずれか1の請求項に記載された電力計測装置。
- 電源に接続線を介して接続された負荷において消費される電力を測定する電力計測装置であって、
前記電源に対して前記負荷と並列に連結するための一対の連結端と、
磁性膜を含む磁性膜部と、
前記磁性膜部の両端に設けられた一対のセンサ端子を有し、
前記センサ端子の一端は前記連結端の一方に接続され、
前記磁性膜部に電流を流す方向が前記接続線の電流が流れる方向と略平行になるように前記接続線に絶縁層を介して隣接配置されるセンサ素子と、
一端が前記センサ素子のセンサ端子の他端に接続され、他端が前記連結端の他方に接続される計測抵抗と、
前記磁性膜部の前記センサ端子と直角方向の端部のそれぞれを計測端子とし、前記計測端子間の電圧を計測する電圧検出部と
を有することを特徴とする電力計測装置。 - 前記磁性膜部の長手方向と同じ方向の直流磁界を前記磁性膜部に印加する直流バイアス磁界印加手段を設けた事を特徴とする請求項35に記載された電力計測装置。
- 前記磁性膜部の長手方向と直角方向の交流磁界を前記磁性膜部に印加する交流バイアス磁界印加手段を設けたことを特徴とする請求項35に記載された電力計測装置。
- 前記電圧検出部は、前記計測端子間にローパスフィルタを配置したことを特徴とする請求項1乃至37のいずれかの請求項に記載された電力計測装置。
- n個のバンドパスフィルターが並列に配置され、前記n個のバンドパスフィルターのうちからn個以下のバンドパスフィルターを選択できるスイッチを有するバンドパスフィルター手段を前記センサ素子と直列に接続されたことを特徴とする請求項1乃至37のいずれかの請求項に記載された電力計測装置。
- 一対のセンサ端子の間に磁性膜部が形成され、前記磁性膜部の長手方向には磁化容易軸が誘導され、前記磁性膜の表面には、前記磁化容易軸の方向に対して傾斜した複数の導電膜が形成されたことを特徴とするセンサ素子。
- 一対のセンサ端子の間に、
磁性膜の長手方向に誘導された磁化容易軸を有し、前記磁化容易軸に対して傾斜した複数の導電膜が前記磁性膜の表面に形成された磁性膜部を2個結合して形成されたセンサ素子であって、
前記導電膜の傾斜方向が前記磁性膜部同士で異なるように形成され、
前記磁性膜部同士の結合部分にセンタータップ電極が形成されたことを特徴とするセンサ素子。 - 一対のセンサ端子の間に磁性膜が形成され、前記一対の磁性膜部の長手方向に対して傾斜した方向に磁化容易軸が誘導されたことを特徴とするセンサ素子。
- 一対のセンサ端子の間に、一対の磁性膜部が結合して形成され、前記磁性膜部の長手方向に対してそれぞれ異なる方向に傾斜した磁化容易軸が誘導され、前記2種類の磁性膜部の結合点にセンタータップ電極が形成されたことを特徴とするセンサ素子。
- 一対のセンサ端子間に直列に接続された複数個の短冊状の磁性膜が隣接して配置されたことを特徴とするセンサ素子。
- 前記短冊状の磁性膜の表面に前記短冊状の長手方向に対して傾斜を有する導電膜が複数個形成されたことを特徴とする請求項44に記載されたセンサ素子。
- 前記短冊状の磁性膜の長手方向に対して傾斜した磁化容易軸が誘導されたことを特徴とする請求項44に記載されたセンサ素子。
- 一対のセンサ端子間に直列に接続された複数個の短冊状の磁性膜が隣接して配置された2個の磁性膜部を、それぞれ前記磁性膜部の前記短冊状の磁性膜の長手方向を揃え、前記磁性膜部同士を縦列配置させ、
さらに、前記磁性膜部同士を直列に接続する接続点を形成し、前記接続点にセンタータップ電極が形成されたことを特徴とするセンサ素子。 - 前記短冊状の磁性膜の長手方向に対して傾斜した磁化容易軸を誘導し、前記2個の磁性膜部の磁化容易軸の方向は、前記長手方向に対して逆向きであることを特徴とする請求項47に記載されたセンサ素子
- 前記短冊状の磁性膜の表面に前記短冊状の長手方向に対して傾斜を有する導電膜が複数個形成され、前記磁性膜部同士の前記傾斜は、前記長手方向に対して異なる角度を有することを特徴とする請求項47に記載されたセンサ素子。
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