Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D491/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00
  • C07D491/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains three hetero rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
  • A61P35/02—Antineoplastic agents specific for leukemia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Definitions

• the invention relates generally to antibodies conjugated to maytansinoid drug moieties to form antibody-drug conjugates with therapeutic or diagnostic applications.
• the antibodies may be engineered with free cysteine amino acids, reactive for conjugation with alaninyl maytansinoid drug-linker reagents.
• the invention also relates to methods of using the alaninyl maytansinoid antibody-drug conjugate compounds for in vitro, in situ, and in vivo diagnosis or treatment of mammalian cells, or associated pathological conditions.
• Antibody drug conjugates are targeted chemotherapeutic molecules combining the ideal properties of both antibodies and cytotoxic drugs by targeting potent cytotoxic drugs to the antigen-expressing tumor cells, internalization, and release of drug, thereby enhancing their anti-tumor activity.
• the successful ADC development for a given target antigen depends on optimization of antibody selection, linker design and stability, cytotoxic drug potency and mode of drug and linker conjugation to the antibody.
• Linker properties of pH and redox sensitivities and protease susceptibility influence internalization and release of the cytotoxic drug moiety.
• ADC intracellular cleavage of disulfide containing linkers of an ADC is limited by the oxidizing potential of endosomes and lysosomes and are probably not released by reductive cleavage within the endocytic pathway (Austin et al (2005) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102(50): 17987-17992). Reductive cleavage may occur at the cell membrane and impart a bystander killing effect of tumor and susceptible normal cells by free drug. Inappropriate release of drug likely contributes to toxicity. Once internalized, ADC efficacy is dependent on proteolytic digestion for drug activity.
• Linker stability plays an important role in both the efficacy and toxicity of ADC (Alley et al (2008) Bioconjugate Chem. 19:759-765). Stable linkers such as mcc are more efficacious and safer than unstable, disulfide linkers, widening the therapeutic window.
• Antibodies with cysteine substitutions can be engineered at sites where the cysteines are available for conjugation but do not perturb immunoglobulin folding and assembly or alter antigen binding and effector functions (Junutula, et al., 2008b Nature Biotech., 26(8):925-932; Dornan et al (2009) Blood 114(13):2721-2729; US 7521541; US 7723485; WO2009/052249).
• These ThioMabs can then be conjugated to cytotoxic drugs through the engineered cysteine thiol groups to obtain ThioMab drug conjugates (TDC) with uniform stoichiometry (about 2 drugs per antibody).
• TDC are as efficacious as conventional ADC in xenograft models and are tolerated at higher doses in relevant preclinical models.
• ThioMab drug conjugates have been engineered with drug attachment at different parts of the antibody (light chain-Fab, heavy chain-Fab and heavy chain-Fc).
• the in vitro and in vivo stability, efficacy and PK properties of TDC provide a unique advantage over conventional ADC due to their homogeneity and site-specific conjugation to cytotoxic drugs.
• ADCs Antibody-drug conjugates
• DM1 maytansinoid, linked to trastuzumab show potent anti-tumor activity in HER2-overexpressing trastuzumab-sensitive and -resistant tumor cell lines and xenograft models of human cancer.
• T-DM1 Trastuzumab-mcc- DM1 (T-DM1) is currently undergoing evaluation in phase II clinical trials in patients whose disease is refractory to HER2-directed therapies (Beeram et al (2007) "A phase I study of trastuzumab -mcc-DMl (T-DM1), a first-in-class HER2 antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), in patients (pts) with HER2+ metastatic breast cancer (BC)", American Society of Clinical Oncology 43rd: June 02 (Abs 1042; Krop et al, European Cancer Conference ECCO, Poster 2118, September 23-27, 2007, Barcelona; US 7097840; US 2005/0276812; US
• Maytansinoids derivatives of the anti-mitotic drug maytansine, bind to microtubules in a manner similar to vinca alkaloid drugs (Issell BF et al (1978) Cancer Treat. Rev. 5: 199- 207; Cabanillas F et al. (1979) Cancer Treat Rep, 63:507-9.
• ADCs Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) composed of the maytansinoid DM1 linked to trastuzumab show potent anti-tumor activity in HER2-overexpressing trastuzumab-sensitive and trastuzumab-resistant tumor cell lines, and xenograft models of human breast cancer.
• a conjugate of maytansinoids linked to the anti-HER2 murine breast cancer antibody TA.1 via the mcc linker was 200-fold less potent than the corresponding conjugate with a disulfide linker (Chari et al (1992) Cancer Res. 127-133).
• ADCs composed of the maytansinoid, DM1, linked to trastuzumab show potent anti-tumor activity in HER2-overexpressing trastuzumab- sensitive and -resistant tumor cell lines and xenograft models of human cancer.
• trastuzumab-mcc-DMl trastuzumab-DM1; T-DM1;
• PRO 132365 a novel antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) specifically designed for the treatment of HER2 -positive breast cancer, is composed of the cytotoxic agent DM1 (a thiol-containing maytansinoid anti-microtubule agent) conjugated to trastuzumab (US 6407213) via lysine side chains, with an average drug to antibody ratio of about 3.4: 1.
• DM1 a thiol-containing maytansinoid anti-microtubule agent conjugated to trastuzumab (US 6407213) via lysine side chains, with an average drug to antibody ratio of about 3.4: 1.
• T-DM1 is in development for the treatment of HER2+ metastatic breast cancer (Beeram M, Burris H, Modi S et al. (2008) J Clin Oncol 26: May 20 suppl; abstr 1028).
• T-DM1 binds to HER2 with affinity similar to that of trastuzumab.
• T-DM1 anti-tumor activity HERCEPTIN® Investigator Brochure, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, July 2007. It is hypothesized that after binding to HER2, T-DM1 undergoes receptor-mediated internalization, resulting in intracellular release of DM1 and subsequent cell death (Austin CD, De Maziere AM, Pisacane PI, et al. (2004) Mol Biol Cell 15(12):5268-5282).
• Trastuzumab-maytansinoid ADC with various linkers was tested for in vitro and in vivo efficacy, pharmacokinetics and toxicity in pre-clinical studies (Phillips et al (2008) Cancer Res. 68(22):9280-9290).
• Trastuzumab linked to DM1 through a non-reducible thioether linkage (mcc) displayed superior activity compared with unconjugated trastuzumab or trastuzumab linked to other maytansinoids through disulfide linkers.
• trastuzumab linked to DM1 through a non-reducible linker offers improved efficacy and pharmacokinetics and reduced toxicity over the reducible disulfide linkers evaluated, trastuzumab-mcc-DMl was selected for clinical development.
• DM1 is a thiol-containing maytansinoid derived from the naturally occurring ester ansamitocin P3 (Remillard S, Rebhun LI, Howie GA, et al. (1975) Science 189(4207): 1002- 1005.3; Cassady JM, Chan K , Floss HG. (2004) Chem Pharm Bull 52(1): 1-26.4).
• the related plant ester, maytansine has been studied as a chemotherapeutic agent in
• DLT dose-limiting toxicity
• Trastuzumab-mcc-DMl (T-DM1) is currently undergoing evaluation in phase II clinical trials in patients whose disease is refractory to HER2-directed therapies (Beeram et al (2007) "A phase I study of trastuzumab-MCC-DMl (T-DM1), a first-in-class HER2 antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), in patients (pts) with HER2+ metastatic breast cancer (BC)", American Society of Clinical Oncology 43rd: June 02 (Abs 1042; Krop et al, European Cancer Conference ECCO, Poster 2118, September 23-27, 2007, Barcelona; US 7097840; US 2005/0276812; US
• An aspect of the present invention is to provide new antibody-drug conjugates of Formula la and lb prepared from linker-drug compounds of Formula I.
• L is — (CH 2 ) n (-C— NH (CH 2 CH 2 O) m CH 2 CH 2 ) q — .
• n 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6;
• m 2, 3 or 4;
• q is 0 or 1;
• p is 1 to 4; and
• Ab is an antibody.
• the antibody may be a cysteine engineered antibody (Ab) conjugated through a free cysteine amino acid to a linker L.
• Ab cysteine engineered antibody
• An aspect of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antibody- drug conjugate of Formula la or lb and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, carrier or excipient.
• An aspect of the invention is a method of treating cancer comprising to a patient a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antibody-drug conjugate of Formula la or lb.
• An aspect of the invention is the use of an antibody-drug conjugate of Formula la or lb in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of cancer in a mammal.
• An aspect of the invention is an article of manufacture comprising an antibody-drug conjugate of Formula la or lb; a container; and a package insert or label indicating that the compound can be used to treat cancer.
• Figure 1 a shows the synthesis of drug-linker intermediate, mal-hex-ala- May 5
• Figure lb shows the synthesis of drug intermediate, 3-(S-(N- methylalaninyl)maytansinol 4a
• Figure 2 shows the synthesis of drug-linker intermediate, bra-hex-ala- May 8
• Figure 3 shows the synthesis of drug-linker intermediate, mal-PEG3-ala-May 14
• Figure 4 shows the synthesis of drug-linker intermediate, bra-PEG3-ala-May 18
• Figures 5 a and 5b show plots of the in vivo fitted tumor volume change over time in MMTV-HER2 Fo5 transgenic mammary tumors inoculated into the mammary fat pad of CRL nu/nu mice after dosing with: (1) Vehicle (ADC buffer), (2) LC-V205C-Thio-TMAb- mpeo-DMl, (3) LC-V205C-Thio-TMAb-mal-PEG3-ala- May, (4) HC-A118C-Thio-TMAb- mal-PEG3-ala- May, (5) LC-V205C Thio-TMAb-mal-hex-ala- May, (6) TMAb-mcc-DM 1 (trastuzumab-mcc-DMl, T-DMl
• Figure 6 shows a plot of the in vivo fitted tumor volume change over time in MMTV-
• antibody herein is used in the broadest sense and specifically covers monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, dimers, multimers, multispecific antibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies), and antibody fragments, so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity (Miller et al (2003) Jour, of Immunology 170:4854-4861). Antibodies may be murine, human, humanized, chimeric, or derived from other species. An antibody is a protein generated by the immune system that is capable of recognizing and binding to a specific antigen. (Janeway, C, Travers, P., Walport, M., Shlomchik (2001) Immuno Biology, 5th Ed., Garland Publishing, New York).
• a target antigen generally has numerous binding sites, also called epitopes, recognized by CDRs on multiple antibodies. Each antibody that specifically binds to a different epitope has a different structure. Thus, one antigen may have more than one corresponding antibody.
• An antibody includes a full-length immunoglobulin molecule or an immunologically active portion of a full-length immunoglobulin molecule, i.e., a molecule that contains an antigen binding site that immunospecifically binds an antigen of a target of interest or part thereof, such targets including but not limited to, cancer cell or cells that produce autoimmune antibodies associated with an autoimmune disease.
• immunoglobulin disclosed herein can be of any type (e.g., IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, and IgA), class (e.g., IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgAl and IgA2) or subclass of immunoglobulin molecule.
• the immunoglobulins can be derived from any species. In one aspect, however, the immunoglobulin is of human, murine, or rabbit origin.
• Antibody fragments comprise a portion of a full length antibody, generally the antigen binding or variable region thereof.
• Examples of antibody fragments include Fab, Fab', F(ab') 2 , and Fv fragments; diabodies; linear antibodies; minibodies (Olafsen et al (2004) Protein Eng. Design & Sel. 17(4):315-323), fragments produced by a Fab expression library, anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies, CDR (complementary determining region), and epitope- binding fragments of any of the above which immunospecifically bind to cancer cell antigens, viral antigens or microbial antigens, single-chain antibody molecules; and multispecific antibodies formed from antibody fragments.
• monoclonal antibody refers to an antibody obtained from a population of substantially homogeneous antibodies, i.e., the individual antibodies comprising the population are identical except for possible naturally occurring mutations that may be present in minor amounts. Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific, being directed against a single antigenic site. Furthermore, in contrast to polyclonal antibody preparations which include different antibodies directed against different determinants (epitopes), each monoclonal antibody is directed against a single determinant on the antigen. In addition to their specificity, the monoclonal antibodies are advantageous in that they may be synthesized uncontaminated by other antibodies.
• the modifier "monoclonal” indicates the character of the antibody as being obtained from a substantially homogeneous population of antibodies, and is not to be construed as requiring production of the antibody by any particular method.
• the monoclonal antibodies to be used in accordance with the present invention may be made by the hybridoma method first described by Kohler et al (1975) Nature,
• the monoclonal antibodies may also be isolated from phage antibody libraries using the techniques described in Clackson et al (1991) Nature, 352:624-628; Marks et al (1991) J. Mol. Biol, 222:581-597; for example.
• the monoclonal antibodies herein specifically include "chimeric" antibodies in which a portion of the heavy and/or light chain is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from a particular species or belonging to a particular antibody class or subclass, while the remainder of the chain(s) is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from another species or belonging to another antibody class or subclass, as well as fragments of such antibodies, so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity (US 4816567; and Morrison et al (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81 :6851-6855).
• Chimeric antibodies of interest herein include "primatized" antibodies comprising variable domain antigen-binding sequences derived from a non-human primate ⁇ e.g., Old World Monkey, Ape etc) and human constant region sequences.
• an “intact antibody” herein is one comprising a VL and VH domains, as well as a light chain constant domain (CL) and heavy chain constant domains, CHI, CH2 and CH3.
• the constant domains may be native sequence constant domains ⁇ e.g., human native sequence constant domains) or amino acid sequence variant thereof.
• the intact antibody may have one or more "effector functions" which refer to those biological activities attributable to the Fc constant region (a native sequence Fc region or amino acid sequence variant Fc region) of an antibody. Examples of antibody effector functions include Clq binding;
• immunoglobulin antibodies can be assigned to different "classes.” There are five major classes of intact immunoglobulin antibodies: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, and several of these may be further divided into “subclasses” (isotypes), e.g., IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA, and IgA2.
• the heavy-chain constant domains that correspond to the different classes of antibodies are called ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ , respectively.
• the subunit structures and three-dimensional configurations of different classes of immunoglobulins are well known.
• Ig forms include hinge-modifications or hingeless forms (Roux et al (1998) J. Immunol. 161 :4083-4090; Lund et al (2000) Eur. J. Biochem. 267:7246-7256; US 2005/0048572; US 2004/0229310).
• a “free cysteine amino acid” refers to a cysteine amino acid residue which has been engineered into a parent antibody, has a thiol functional group (-SH), and is not paired as an intramolecular or intermolecular disulfide bridge.
• thiol reactivity value is a quantitative characterization of the reactivity of free cysteine amino acids.
• the thiol reactivity value is the percentage of a free cysteine amino acid in a cysteine engineered antibody which reacts with a thiol-reactive reagent, and converted to a maximum value of 1.
• a free cysteine amino acid on a cysteine engineered antibody which reacts in 100% yield with a thiol-reactive reagent, such as a biotin-maleimide reagent, to form a biotin-labelled antibody has a thiol reactivity value of 1.0.
• Another cysteine amino acid engineered into the same or different parent antibody which reacts in 80% yield with a thiol-reactive reagent has a thiol reactivity value of 0.8.
• Another cysteine amino acid engineered into the same or different parent antibody which fails totally to react with a thiol-reactive reagent has a thiol reactivity value of 0.
• Determination of the thiol reactivity value of a particular cysteine may be conducted by ELISA assay, mass spectroscopy, liquid chromatography, autoradiography, or other quantitative analytical tests.
• a “parent antibody” is an antibody comprising an amino acid sequence from which one or more amino acid residues are replaced by one or more cysteine residues.
• the parent antibody may comprise a native or wild type sequence.
• the parent antibody may have pre- existing amino acid sequence modifications (such as additions, deletions and/or substitutions) relative to other native, wild type, or modified forms of an antibody.
• a parent antibody may be directed against a target antigen of interest, e.g. a biologically important polypeptide.
• Antibodies directed against nonpolypeptide antigens are also contemplated.
• Exemplary parent antibodies include antibodies having affinity and selectivity for cell surface and transmembrane receptors and tumor-associated antigens (TAA).
• TAA tumor-associated antigens
• Phage display is a technique by which variant polypeptides are displayed as fusion proteins to a coat protein on the surface of phage, e.g., filamentous phage, particles.
• phage display One utility of phage display lies in the fact that large libraries of randomized protein variants can be rapidly and efficiently sorted for those sequences that bind to a target molecule with high affinity. Display of peptide and protein libraries on phage has been used for screening millions of polypeptides for ones with specific binding properties. Polyvalent phage display methods have been used for displaying small random peptides and small proteins, typically through fusions to either pill or pVIII of filamentous phage (Wells and Lowman, (1992) Curr. Opin. Struct.
• phagemid vectors are used, which simplify DNA manipulations. Lowman and Wells, Methods: A companion to Methods in Enzymology, 3:205-0216 (1991).
• Phage display includes techniques for producing antibody-like molecules (Janeway, C, Travers, P., Walport, M., Shlomchik (2001) Immunobiology, 5th Ed., Garland Publishing, New York, p627-628; Lee et al ).
• a "phagemid” is a plasmid vector having a bacterial origin of replication, e.g., ColEl, and a copy of an intergenic region of a bacteriophage.
• the phagemid may be used on any known bacteriophage, including filamentous bacteriophage and lambdoid bacteriophage.
• the plasmid will also generally contain a selectable marker for antibiotic resistance. Segments of DNA cloned into these vectors can be propagated as plasmids. When cells harboring these vectors are provided with all genes necessary for the production of phage particles, the mode of replication of the plasmid changes to rolling circle replication to generate copies of one strand of the plasmid DNA and package phage particles.
• the phagemid may form infectious or non-infectious phage particles.
• This term includes phagemids which contain a phage coat protein gene or fragment thereof linked to a heterologous polypeptide gene as a gene fusion such that the heterologous polypeptide is displayed on the surface of the phage particle.
• Linker means a chemical moiety comprising a chain of atoms that covalently attaches an antibody to a drug moiety.
• a linker is a divalent radical, specified as L.
• d and 1 or (+) and (-) are employed to designate the sign of rotation of plane-polarized light by the compound, with (-) or 1 meaning that the compound is levorotatory.
• a compound prefixed with (+) or d is dextrorotatory.
• these stereoisomers are identical except that they are mirror images of one another.
• a specific stereoisomer may also be referred to as an enantiomer, and a mixture of such isomers is often called an enantiomeric mixture.
• a 50:50 mixture of enantiomers is referred to as a racemic mixture or a racemate, which may occur where there has been no stereoselection or stereospecificity in a chemical reaction or process.
• racemic mixture and racemate refer to an equimolar mixture of two enantiomeric species, devoid of optical activity.
• ADC antibody-drug conjugate
• exemplary salts include, but are not limited, to sulfate, citrate, acetate, oxalate, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, bisulfate, phosphate, acid phosphate, isonicotinate, lactate, salicylate, acid citrate, tartrate, oleate, tannate, pantothenate, bitartrate, ascorbate, succinate, maleate, gentisinate, fumarate, gluconate, glucuronate, saccharate, formate, benzoate, glutamate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, /?-toluenesulfonate, and pamoate (i.e., 1,1 '-methyl ene-bis -(2-hydroxy-3- naphthoate)) salts.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable salt may involve the inclusion of another molecule such as an acetate ion, a succinate ion or other counterion.
• the counterion may be any organic or inorganic moiety that stabilizes the charge on the parent compound.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable salt may have more than one charged atom in its structure. Instances where multiple charged atoms are part of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt can have multiple counter ions. Hence, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt can have one or more charged atoms and/or one or more counterion.
• BME beta-mercaptoethanol
• Boc N-(t-butoxycarbonyl)
• cit citrulline (2-amino-5-ureido pentanoic acid)
• DCC 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
• DCM dichloromethane
• DEA diethylamine
• DEAD diethylazodicarboxylate
• DEPC diethylphosphorylcyanidate
• DIAD diisopropylazodicarboxylate
• DIEA N,N-diisopropylethylamine
• DMA is
• DMAP 4-dimethylaminopyridine
• DME ethyleneglycol dimethyl ether (or 1 ,2-dimethoxyethane)
• DMF is N,N-dimethylformamide
• DMSO is
• EDCI is l-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3- ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride
• EEDQ is 2-ethoxy-l-ethoxycarbonyl-l,2- dihydroquinoline
• ES-MS is electrospray mass spectrometry
• EtOAc is ethyl acetate
• Fmoc is N-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl)
• gly is glycine
• HATU is 0-(7-azabenzotriazol-l-yl)- N,N,N',N'-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate
• HOBt is 1-hydroxybenzotriazole
• HPLC high pressure liquid chromatography
• ile is isoleucine
• lys is lysine
• MeCN is 1-hydroxybenzotriazole
• HPLC high pressure liquid chromatography
• ile is isoleucine
• the compounds of the invention include cysteine engineered antibodies where one or more amino acids of a wild-type or parent antibody are replaced with a cysteine amino acid. Any form of antibody may be so engineered, i.e. mutated.
• a parent Fab antibody fragment may be engineered to form a cysteine engineered Fab, referred to herein as "ThioFab.”
• a parent monoclonal antibody may be engineered to form a
• ThioMab “ThioMab.” It should be noted that a single site mutation yields a single engineered cysteine residue in a ThioFab, while a single site mutation yields two engineered cysteine residues in a ThioMab, due to the dimeric nature of the IgG antibody. Mutants with replaced
• cysteine (Cys) residues are evaluated for the reactivity of the newly introduced, engineered cysteine thiol groups.
• the thiol reactivity value is a relative, numerical term in the range of 0 to 1.0 and can be measured for any cysteine engineered antibody.
• Thiol reactivity values of cysteine engineered antibodies of the invention are in the ranges of 0.6 to 1.0; 0.7 to 1.0; or 0.8 to 1.0.
• the design, selection, and preparation methods of the invention enable cysteine engineered antibodies which are reactive with electrophilic functionality. These methods further enable antibody conjugate compounds such as antibody-zirconium conjugate (AZC) compounds with zirconium atoms at designated, designed, selective sites. Reactive cysteine residues on an antibody surface allow specifically conjugating a zirconium moiety through a thiol reactive group such as maleimide or haloacetyl.
• a thiol reactive group such as maleimide or haloacetyl.
• the nucleophilic reactivity of the thiol functionality of a Cys residue to a maleimide group is about 1000 times higher compared to any other amino acid functionality in a protein, such as amino group of lysine residues or the N-terminal amino group.
• Thiol specific functionality in iodoacetyl and maleimide reagents may react with amine groups, but higher pH (>9.0) and longer reaction times are required (Garman, 1997, Non-Radioactive Labelling: A Practical Approach, Academic Press, London).
• cysteine engineered antibodies of the invention preferably retain the antigen binding capability of their wild type, parent antibody counterparts.
• cysteine engineered antibodies are capable of binding, preferably specifically, to antigens.
• antigens include, for example, tumor-associated antigens (TAA), cell surface receptor proteins and other cell surface molecules, transmembrane proteins, signaling proteins, cell survival regulatory factors, cell proliferation regulatory factors, molecules associated with (for e.g., known or suspected to contribute functionally to) tissue development or differentiation, lymphokines, cytokines, molecules involved in cell cycle regulation, molecules involved in vasculogenesis and molecules associated with (for e.g., known or suspected to contribute functionally to) angiogenesis.
• TAA tumor-associated antigens
• the tumor-associated antigen may be a cluster differentiation factor (i.e., a CD protein).
• An antigen to which a cysteine engineered antibody is capable of binding may be a member of a subset of one of the above-mentioned categories, wherein the other subset(s) of said category comprise other molecules/antigens that have a distinct characteristic (with respect to the antigen of interest).
• the parent antibody may also be a humanized antibody selected from huMAb4D5-l, huMAb4D5-2, huMAb4D5-3, huMAb4D5-4, huMAb4D5-5, huMAb4D5-6, huMAb4D5-7 and huMAb4D5-8 (Trastuzumab, HERCEPTIN®) as described in Table 3 of US 5821337, expressly incorporated herein by reference; humanized 520C9 (WO 93/21319) and humanized 2C4 antibodies as described herein. Cysteine engineered antibodies of the invention may be site-specifically and efficiently coupled with a thiol-reactive reagent.
• the thiol-reactive reagent may be a multifunctional linker reagent, a capture, i.e. affinity, label reagent (e.g. a biotin-linker reagent), a detection label (e.g. a fluorophore reagent), a solid phase immobilization reagent (e.g. SEPHAROSETM, polystyrene, or glass), or a zirconium-linker intermediate.
• label reagent e.g. a biotin-linker reagent
• detection label e.g. a fluorophore reagent
• solid phase immobilization reagent e.g. SEPHAROSETM, polystyrene, or glass
• zirconium-linker intermediate e.g. SEPHAROSETM, polystyrene, or glass
• a zirconium-linker intermediate e.g. SEPHAROSETM, polystyrene, or glass
• reaction of a ThioFab with a biotin-linker reagent provides a biotinylated ThioFab by which the presence and reactivity of the engineered cysteine residue may be detected and measured.
• Reaction of a ThioFab with a multifunctional linker reagent provides a ThioFab with a functionalized linker which may be further reacted with a zirconium moiety reagent or other label.
• Reaction of a ThioFab with a zirconium-linker intermediate provides a ThioFab zirconium conjugate.
• the exemplary methods described here may be applied generally to the identification and production of antibodies, and more generally, to other proteins through application of the design and screening steps described herein.
• Such an approach may be applied to the conjugation of other thiol-reactive agents in which the reactive group is, for example, a maleimide, an iodoacetamide, a pyridyl disulfide, or other thiol-reactive conjugation partner (Haugland, 2003, Molecular Probes Handbook of Fluorescent Probes and Research Chemicals, Molecular Probes, Inc.; Brinkley, 1992, Bioconjugate Chem. 3:2; Garman, 1997, Non-Radioactive Labelling: A Practical Approach, Academic Press, London; Means (1990) Bioconjugate Chem. 1 :2; Hermanson, G. in
• the partner may be a cytotoxic agent (e.g. a toxin such as doxorubicin or pertussis toxin), a fluorophore such as a fluorescent dye like fluorescein or rhodamine, a chelating agent for an imaging or radiotherapeutic metal, a peptidyl or non-peptidyl label or detection tag, or a clearance-modifying agent such as various isomers of polyethylene glycol, a peptide that binds to a third component, or another carbohydrate or lipophilic agent.
• a cytotoxic agent e.g. a toxin such as doxorubicin or pertussis toxin
• a fluorophore such as a fluorescent dye like fluorescein or rhodamine
• a chelating agent for an imaging or radiotherapeutic metal e.g. a chelating agent for an imaging or radiotherapeutic metal
• a peptidyl or non-peptidyl label or detection tag
• the sites identified on the exemplary antibody fragment, hu4D5Fabv8, herein are primarily in the constant domain of an antibody which is well conserved across all species of antibodies. These sites should be broadly applicable to other antibodies, without further need of structural design or knowledge of specific antibody structures, and without interference in the antigen binding properties inherent to the variable domains of the antibody.
• Cysteine engineered antibodies which may be useful in the treatment of cancer include, but are not limited to, antibodies against cell surface receptors and tumor-associated antigens (TAA). Such antibodies may be used as naked antibodies (unconjugated to a label moiety) or as Formula I antibody-drug conjugates (ADC). Tumor-associated antigens are known in the art, and can prepared for use in generating antibodies using methods and information which are well known in the art. In attempts to discover effective cellular targets for cancer diagnosis and therapy, researchers have sought to identify transmembrane or otherwise tumor-associated polypeptides that are specifically expressed on the surface of one or more particular type(s) of cancer cell as compared to on one or more normal noncancerous cell(s).
• tumor-associated polypeptides are more abundantly expressed on the surface of the cancer cells as compared to on the surface of the non-cancerous cells.
• the identification of such tumor-associated cell surface antigen polypeptides has given rise to the ability to specifically target cancer cells for destruction via antibody-based therapies.
• TAA tumor-associated antigens
• TAA (1)- (51) listed below.
• information relating to these antigens, all of which are known in the art, is listed below and includes names, alternative names, Genbank accession numbers and primary reference(s), following nucleic acid and protein sequence identification conventions of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).
• NCBI National Center for Biotechnology Information
• Nucleic acid and protein sequences corresponding to TAA (1)-(51) are available in public databases such as GenBank.
• Tumor-associated antigens targeted by antibodies include all amino acid sequence variants and isoforms possessing at least about 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% sequence identity relative to the sequences identified in the cited references, or which exhibit substantially the same biological properties or characteristics as a TAA having a sequence found in the cited references.
• a TAA having a variant sequence generally is able to bind specifically to an antibody that binds specifically to the TAA with the corresponding sequence listed.
• BMPR1B bone morphogenetic protein receptor-type IB, Genbank accession
• WO2003029421 (Claim 6); WO2003024392 (Claim 2; Fig 112); WO200298358 (Claim 1; Page 183); WO200254940 (Page 100-101); WO200259377(Page 349- 350); WO200230268 (Claim 27; Page 376); WO200148204 (Example; Fig 4)
• NP 001194 bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type IB /pid NP_001194.1 - Cross-references: MIM:603248; NP 001194.1; AY065994 (2) E16 (LAT1, SLC7A5, Genbank accession no. NM_003486)
• WO2004048938 (Example 2); WO2004032842 (Example IV); WO2003042661 (Claim 12);
• WO2003016475 (Claim 1); WO200278524 (Example 2); WO200299074 (Claim 19; Page 127-129); WO200286443 (Claim 27; Pages 222, 393); WO2003003906 (Claim 10; Page
• member 5 /pid NP_003477.3 - Homo sapiens
• EP1394274 (Example 11); WO2004016225 (Claim 2); WO2003042661 (Claim 12);
• NP 036581 six transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate
• WO200292836 (Claim 6; Fig 12); WO200283866 (Claim 15; Page 116-121);
• MPF MPF
• MSLN MSLN
• SMR megakaryocyte potentiating factor
• mesothelin Genbank accession no. NM_005823
• Yamaguchi N., et al Biol. Chem. 269 (2),
• Napi3b (NAPI-3B, NPTIIb, SLC34A2, solute carrier family 34 (sodium
• MIM 604217; NP_006415.1; NM_006424_1 (7) Sema 5b (FLJ10372, KIAA1445, Mm.42015, SEMA5B, SEMAG, Semaphorin 5b Hlog, sema domain, seven thrombospondin repeats (type 1 and type 1-like), transmembrane domain (TM) and short cytoplasmic domain, (semaphorin) 5B, Genbank accession no.
• WO2003003984 (Claim 1); WO200206339 (Claim 1; Page 50); WO200188133 (Claim 1; Page 41-43, 48-58); WO2003054152 (Claim 20); WO2003101400 (Claim 11);
• PSCA hlg (2700050C12Rik, C530008O16Rik, RIKEN cDNA 2700050C12, RIKEN cDNA 2700050C12 gene, Genbank accession no. AY358628); Ross et al (2002) Cancer Res.
• ETBR Endothelin type B receptor, Genbank accession no. AY275463
• WO2004048938 (Example 2); WO2004040000 (Claim 151); WO2003087768 (Claim 1); WO2003016475 (Claim 1); WO2003016475 (Claim 1); WO200261087 (Fig 1);
• WO2003016494 (Fig 6); WO2003025138 (Claim 12; Page 144); WO200198351 (Claim 1; Page 124-125); EP522868 (Claim 8; Fig 2); WO200177172 (Claim 1; Page 297-299);
• WO2003104275 (Claim 1); WO2004046342 (Example 2); WO2003042661 (Claim 12); WO2003083074 (Claim 14; Page 61); WO2003018621 (Claim 1); WO2003024392 (Claim 2; Fig 93); WO200166689 (Example 6);
• LocusID 54894; NP_060233.2; NM_017763_1
• STEAP2 (HGNC 8639, IPCA-1, PCANAP1, STAMP1, STEAP2, STMP, prostate cancer associated gene 1 , prostate cancer associated protein 1 , six transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate 2, six transmembrane prostate protein, Genbank accession no.
• TrpM4 (BR22450, FLJ20041, TRPM4, TRPM4B, transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 4, Genbank accession no. NM_017636)
• WO200040614 (Claim 14; Page 100-103); WO200210382 (Claim 1; Fig 9 A);
• CRIPTO (CR, CRl, CRGF, CRIPTO, TDGFl, teratocarcinoma-derived growth factor, Genbank accession no. NP 003203 or NM 003212)
• WO200216413 (Claim 1; Page 94-95, 105); WO200222808 (Claim 2; Fig 1); US5854399 (Example 2; Col 17-18); US5792616 (Fig 2);
• CD21 CR2 (Complement receptor 2) or C3DR (C3d/Epstein Barr virus
• WO9102536 (Fig 9.1-9.9); WO2004020595 (Claim 1); Accession: P20023; Q13866; Q14212; EMBL; M26004; AAA35786.1.
• CD79b (CD79B, CD79 , IGb (immunoglobulin-associated beta), B29, Genbank accession no. NM 000626 or 11038674)
• WO2003048202 (claim 1, pages 306 and 309); WO 99/558658, US6534482 (claim 13, Fig 17A/B); WO200055351 (claim 11, pages 1145-1146);
• FcPvH2 (IFGP4, IRTA4, SPAPIA (SH2 domain containing phosphatase anchor protein la), SPAP1B, SPAP1C, Genbank accession no. NM 030764, AY358130)
• HER2 (ErbB2, Genbank accession no. Ml 1730)
• WO2003055439 (Claim 29; Fig 1A-B); WO2003025228 (Claim 37; Fig 5C);
• WO200222636 (Example 13; Page 95-107); WO200212341 (Claim 68; Fig 7);
• NCA (CEACAM6, Genbank accession no. Ml 8728);
• WO2004031238 WO2003042661 (Claim 12); WO200278524 (Example 2); WO200286443 (Claim 27; Page 427); WO200260317 (Claim 2);
• WO200222153 (Page 45-47); US2002042366 (Page 20-21); WO200146261 (Page
• EphB2R (DRT, ERK, Hek5, EPHT3, Tyro5, Genbank accession no. NM 004442) Chan,J. and Watt, V.M., Oncogene 6 (6), 1057-1061 (1991) Oncogene 10 (5):897-905 (1995), Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 21 :309-345 (1998), Int. Rev. Cytol.
• WO2002102235 (Claim 13; Page 299); US2003091580 (Example 2); WO200210187 (Claim
• WO200140269 (Example 3; Pages 190-192); WO200036107 (Example 2; Page 205-207);
• WO2004053079 (Claim 12); WO2003004989 (Claim 1); WO200271928 (Page 233-234,
• WO2003003906 (Claim 10; Page 288); WO200140309 (Example 1; Fig 17);
• AAP14954 lipoma HMGIC fusion-partner-like protein /pid AAP14954.1 - Homo sapiens Species: Homo sapiens (human)
• WO2003054152 (Claim 20); WO2003000842 (Claim 1); WO2003023013 (Example 3, Claim 20); US2003194704 (Claim 45);
• BAFF-R B cell -activating factor receptor, BLyS receptor 3, BR3, Genbank accession No. AF116456
• BAFF receptor /pid NP_443177.1 - Homo sapiens
• WO2004011611; WO2003045422 (Example; Page 32-33); WO2003014294 (Claim 35; Fig 6B); WO2003035846 (Claim 70; Page 615-616); WO200294852 (Col 136-137);
• WO200238766 (Claim 3; Page 133); WO200224909 (Example 3; Fig 3);
• CD22 B-cell receptor CD22-B isoform, BL-CAM, Lyb-8, Lyb8, SIGLEC-2
• CD79a (CD79A, CD79a, immunoglobulin-associated alpha, a B cell-specific protein that covalently interacts with Ig beta (CD79B) and forms a complex on the surface with Ig M molecules, transduces a signal involved in B-cell differentiation), pi: 4.84, MW: 25028 TM: 2 [P] Gene Chromosome: 19ql3.2, Genbank accession No. NP 001774.10)
• CXCR5 Bokitt's lymphoma receptor 1, a G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by the CXCL13 chemokine, functions in lymphocyte migration and humoral defense, plays a role in HIV-2 infection and perhaps development of AIDS, lymphoma, myeloma, and leukemia); 372 aa, pi: 8.54 MW: 41959 TM: 7 [P] Gene Chromosome: l lq23.3, Genbank accession No. NP_001707.1)
• P2X5 Purinergic receptor P2X ligand-gated ion channel 5, an ion channel gated by extracellular ATP, may be involved in synaptic transmission and neurogenesis, deficiency may contribute to the pathophysiology of idiopathic detrusor instability
• 422 aa pi: 7.63, MW: 47206 TM: 1
• Gene Chromosome 17pl3.3, Genbank accession No. NP_002552.2) Le et al (1997) FEBS Lett. 418(1-2): 195-199; WO2004047749; WO2003072035 (claim 10); Touchman et al (2000) Genome Res. 10: 165-173; WO200222660 (claim 20);
• CD72 B-cell differentiation antigen CD72, Lyb-2) PROTEIN SEQUENCE Full maeaity...tafrfpd (1..359; 359 aa), pi: 8.66, MW: 40225 TM: 1 [P] Gene Chromosome:
• WO2004042346 (claim 65); WO2003026493 (pages 51-52, 57-58); WO200075655 (pages 105-106); Von Hoegen et al (1990) J. Immunol. 144(12):4870-4877; Strausberg et al (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad.
• LY64 Lymphocyte antigen 64 (RP105), type I membrane protein of the leucine rich repeat (LRR) family, regulates B-cell activation and apoptosis, loss of function is associated with increased disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosis); 661 aa, pi: 6.20, MW: 74147 TM: 1 [P] Gene Chromosome: 5ql2, Genbank accession No.
• IRTA2 Immunoglobulin superfamily receptor translocation associated 2, a putative immunoreceptor with possible roles in B cell development and lymphomagenesis
• TENB2 (TMEFF2, tomoregulin, TPEF, HPP1, TR, putative transmembrane
• proteoglycan related to the EGF/heregulin family of growth factors and follistatin
• 374 aa NCBI Accession: AAD55776, AAF91397, AAG49451, NCBI RefSeq: NP 057276; NCBI Gene: 23671; OMIM: 605734; SwissProt Q9UIK5; Genbank accession No. AF179274; AY358907, CAF85723, CQ782436
• WO2004074320 (SEQ ID NO 810); JP2004113151 (SEQ ID NOS 2, 4, 8); WO2003042661 (SEQ ID NO 580); WO2003009814 (SEQ ID NO 411); EP1295944 (pages 69-70); WO200230268 (page 329); WO200190304 (SEQ ID NO 2706); US2004249130; US2004022727; WO2004063355; US2004197325; US2003232350; US2004005563;
• PMEL17 (silver homolog; SILV; D12S53E; PMEL17; (SI); (SIL); ME20; gplOO) BC001414; BT007202; M32295; M77348; NM 006928; McGlinchey, R.P. et al (2009) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 (33), 13731-13736; Kummer, M.P. et al (2009) J. Biol. Chem. 284 (4), 2296-2306;
• TMEFF1 transmembrane protein with EGF-like and two follistatm-iike domains 1 ; Tomoregulin-1; H7365; C9orf2; C90RF2; U19878; X83961) NM 080655; NM 003692; Harms, P.W. (2003) Genes Dev. 17 (21), 2624-2629; Gery, S. et al (2003) Oncogene 22 (18):2723-2727;
• GDNF-Ral GDNF family receptor alpha 1; GFRA1; GDNFR; GDNFRA; RETLl; TRNRl; RETIL; GDNFR-alphal; GFR-ALPHA-1; U95847; BC014962; NM 145793) NM_005264; Kim, M.H. et al (2009) Mol. Cell. Biol. 29 (8), 2264-2277; Treanor, J.J. et al (1996) Nature 382 (6586):80-83;
• Ly6E lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus E; Ly67,RIG-E,SCA-2,TSA-l
• TMEM46 shisa homolog 2 (Xenopus laevis); SHISA2) NP 001007539.1;
• LGR5 leucine-rieh repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5; GPR49, GPR67
• NP 003658.1 NM 003667.2
• Salanti G. et al (2009) Am. J. Epidemiol. 170 (5):537-545; Yamamoto, Y. et al (2003) Hepatology 37 (3):528-533; (44) RET (ret proto-oncogene; MEN2A; HSCR1; MEN2B; MTC1; (PTC); CDHF12;
• LY6K lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus ; LY6K; HSJ001348; FLJ35226) NP_059997.3; NM_017527.3; Ishikawa, N. et al (2007) Cancer Res. 67 (24): 11601-11611; de Nooij-van Dalen, A.G. et al (2003) Int. J. Cancer 103 (6):768-774;
• GPR19 G protein-coupled receptor 19; Mm.4787
• GPR54 ISS1 receptor; KISS1R; GPR54; HOT7T175; AXOR12
• ASPHDl aspartate beta-hydroxylase domain containing 1; LOC253982
• NP_859069.2 NMJ81718.3
• Tyrosinase (TYR; OCAIA; OCAIA; tyrosinase; SHEP3) NP 000363.1; NM 000372.4; Bishop, D.T. et al (2009) Nat. Genet. 41 (8):920-925; Nan, H. et al (2009) Int. J. Cancer 125
• TMEM118 ring fmger protein, transmembrane 2; RNFT2; FLJ14627
• GPR172A G protein-coupled receptor 172A; GPCR41; FLJ11856; D15Ertd747e) NP_078807.1; NM_024531.3; Ericsson, T.A. et al (2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (l l):6759-6764; Takeda, S. et al (2002) FEBS Lett. 520 (l-3):97-101.
• the parent antibody may also be a fusion protein comprising an albumin-binding peptide (ABP) sequence (Dennis et al. (2002) "Albumin Binding As A General Strategy For Improving The Pharmacokinetics Of Proteins" J Biol Chem. 277:35035-35043; WO
• Antibodies of the invention include fusion proteins with ABP sequences taught by: (i) Dennis et al (2002) J Biol Chem. 277:35035-35043 at Tables III and IV, page 35038; (ii) US 20040001827 at [0076]; and (iii) WO 01/45746 at pages 12-13, and all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
• DNA encoding an amino acid sequence variant of the starting polypeptide is prepared by a variety of methods known in the art. These methods include, but are not limited to, preparation by site-directed (or oligonucleotide-mediated) mutagenesis, PCR mutagenesis, and cassette mutagenesis of an earlier prepared DNA encoding the polypeptide. Variants of recombinant antibodies may be constructed also by restriction fragment manipulation or by overlap extension PCR with synthetic oligonucleotides. Mutagenic primers encode the cysteine codon replacement(s). Standard mutagenesis techniques can be employed to generate DNA encoding such mutant cysteine engineered antibodies.
• Site-directed mutagenesis is one method for preparing substitution variants, i.e. mutant proteins (Carter (1985) et al Nucleic Acids Res. 13:4431-4443; Ho et al (1989) Gene (Amst.) 77:51-59; and Kunkel et al (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:488).
• Starting DNA is altered by first hybridizing an oligonucleotide encoding the desired mutation to a single strand of such starting DNA. After hybridization, a DNA polymerase is used to synthesize an entire second strand, using the hybridized oligonucleotide as a primer, and using the single strand of the starting DNA as a template.
• the oligonucleotide encoding the desired mutation is incorporated in the resulting double-stranded DNA.
• Site- directed mutagenesis may be carried out within the gene expressing the protein to be mutagenized in an expression plasmid and the resulting plasmid may be sequenced to confirm the introduction of the desired cysteine replacement mutations (Liu et al (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273:20252-20260).
• Site-directed mutagenesis protocols and formats are widely available, e.g. QuikChange® Multi Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA).
• PCR mutagenesis is also suitable for making amino acid sequence variants of the starting polypeptide.
• the starting material is the plasmid (or other vector) comprising the starting polypeptide DNA to be mutated.
• the codon(s) in the starting DNA to be mutated are identified. There must be a unique restriction endonuclease site on each side of the identified mutation site(s). If no such restriction sites exist, they may be generated using the above described oligonucleotide -mediated
• oligonucleotide encoding the sequence of the DNA between the restriction sites but containing the desired mutation(s) is synthesized using standard procedures, wherein the two strands of the oligonucleotide are synthesized separately and then hybridized together using standard techniques.
• This double-stranded oligonucleotide is referred to as the cassette.
• This cassette is designed to have 5' and 3' ends that are compatible with the ends of the linearized plasmid, such that it can be directly ligated to the plasmid.
• This plasmid now contains the mutated DNA sequence. Mutant DNA containing the encoded cysteine replacements can be confirmed by DNA sequencing.
• Single mutations are also generated by oligonucleotide directed mutagenesis using double stranded plasmid DNA as template by PCR based mutagenesis (Sambrook and Russel, (2001) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 3rd edition; Zoller et al (1983) Methods Enzymol. 100:468-500; Zoller, M.J. and Smith, M. (1982) Nucl. Acids Res.
• Cysteine was introduced into each position of the heavy chain and light chain of the anti-HER2 hu4D5Fabv8 Fab fragment antibody (US 5821337; Carter et al (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 89:4285-4289). All 440 of the heavy chain mutants and light chain mutants were prepared according to the methods described herein. Thiol reactivity was measured according to the PHESELECTOR assay. Heavy chain sequences are numbered by the Sequential numbering system. Light chain sequences follow the Kabat numbering system. In the light chain, both Kabat and Sequential numbering denotes same numbers.
• Heavy chain hu4D5Fabv8 mutants were selected for efficient binding to HER2 receptor protein and thiol reactivity with the biotinylation reagent, Biotin-PEO-maleimide (US 7521541). Certain heavy chain mutants had limited or compromised binding to HER2 ECD because this is an important residue for antigen binding (HER2), located in CDRs in the variable region of the antibody-Fab. Some of the residues located in the constant domain of the Fabs also resulted in poor HER2 binding because these residues may contribute to structure and folding of Fab, thus resulting in poor 4D5-Fab display on M13-page (Junutula, J.R. et al. (2008) J. Immunol Methods, 332:41-52).
• Heavy chain hu4D5Fabv8 mutants with poor HER2 ECD binding included cysteine mutations at positions 1, 21, 31, 33-36, 38, 48-50, 59, 87, 95, 101, 104, 129, 131, 132, 136, 153, 155, 159, 166, 169, 170, 172, 197, 198, 202, 215, 219. Wild type cysteine variants 22, 96, 147, 203, 223 were measured. Other heavy chain mutants had limited thiol reactivity with the biotinylation reagent.
• the A121C free cysteine amino acid introduced by the cysteine engineering methods described herein and SEQ ID NO. 32, is designated by the Sequential number system. This residue at the beginning of the constant domain is also Al 18C as designated by the EU numbering system, or Al 14C by the Kabat system.
• the mutants as conjugated in the antibody-drug conjugates described herein ( Figures 5a and 5b, Table 3, and Example 6 use the Al 18C EU system for designating antibodies comprising SEQ ID NO. 32.
• the free cysteine amino acid residue is in the center with flanking residues in the sequences in the middle column of Table 1.
• the substituted amino acid and position in the heavy chain are designated in the left column.
• Heavy chain hu4D5Fabv8 mutants SEQ ID NOS: 1-49 of Table 1 have retained HER2 binding and thiol reactivity values of about 0.8 or higher, excluding wild type cysteine variants.
• Antibodies with SEQ ID NOS: 1-49 (Table 1) have demonstrated thiol reactivity and may be useful to form covalent attachments with a capture label, a detection label, a drug moiety, or a solid support.
• the heavy chain mutants of Table 1 may be conjugated as ThioFabs or ThioMabs for example as antibody-drug conjugates.
• HC-G10C VESGGCLVQPG SEQ ID NO: 3
• HC -L20C GGSLRCSCAAS SEQ ID NO: 4
• Light chain hu4D5Fabv8 mutants were selected for efficient binding to HER2 receptor protein and thiol reactivity with the biotinylation reagent, Biotin-PEO-maleimide (US 7521541). Certain light chain mutants had limited or compromised binding to HER2 because this is an important residue for antigen binding (HER2), located in CDRs in the variable region of the antibody-Fab. Some of the residues located in constant domain of Fab also resulted in poor HER2 binding because these residues may contribute to structure and folding of Fab, thus resulting in poor 4D5-Fab display on M13-page (Junutula, J.R. et al. (2008) J. Immunol Methods, 332:41-52).
• Light chain hu4D5Fabv8 mutants with poor binding to HER2 included cysteine mutants at positions 4, 29-32, 35, 36, 50, 82, 86, 89-91, 113, 115, 117, 120, 126, 128, 139, 141, 146, 148, 179, 186, 192, 202. Wild type cysteine variants 23, 134, 194, 214 were measured. Other light chain mutants had limited thiol reactivity with the biotinylation reagent.
• V205C free cysteine amino acid residue introduced by the cysteine engineering methods described herein and SEQ ID NO. 96 is designated by the Kabat and Sequential number systems.
• the V205C mutants as conjugated in the antibody-drug conjugates described herein ( Figures 5a and 5b, Table 3, and Example 6 comprise SEQ ID NO. 96.
• the free cysteine amino acid residue is in the center with flanking residues in the sequences in the middle column of Table 2.
• the substituted amino acid and position in the light chain are designated in the left column.
• Light chain hu4D5Fabv8 mutants SEQ ID NOS: 50-98 of Table 2 have retained HER2 binding and thiol reactivity values of about 0.8 or higher, excluding wild type cysteine variants.
• Antibodies with SEQ ID NOS: 50-98 (Table 2) have demonstrated thiol reactivity and may be useful to form covalent attachments with a capture label, a detection label, a drug moiety, or a solid support.
• the light chain mutants of Table 2 may be conjugated as ThioFabs or ThioMabs for example as antibody-drug conjugates.
• cysteine engineered antibodies may be made reactive for conjugation with drug-linker intermediates of the invention by treatment with a reducing agent such as DTT (Cleland's reagent, dithiothreitol) or TCEP (tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride; Getz et al (1999) Anal. Biochem. Vol 273:73-80; Soltec Ventures, Beverly, MA).
• a reducing agent such as DTT (Cleland's reagent, dithiothreitol) or TCEP (tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride; Getz et al (1999) Anal. Biochem. Vol 273:73-80; Soltec Ventures, Beverly, MA).
• DTT Cyleland's reagent, dithiothreitol
• TCEP tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride
• oxidizing agents and oxidizing conditions, which are known in the art may be used. Ambient air oxidation is also effective. This mild, partial reoxidation step forms intrachain disulfides efficiently with high fidelity.
• the conjugation mixture was loaded and eluted through a HiTrap SP FF column to remove excess drug-linker intermediate and other impurities.
• the drug moiety (D) of the antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) of the invention is a maytansinoid derivative which has a cytotoxic or cytostatic effect through any mechanism of action including microtubulin inhibition, mitosis inhibition, topoisomerase inhibition, or DNA intercalation.
• Maytansine compounds inhibit cell proliferation by inhibiting the formation of microtubules during mitosis through inhibition of polymerization of the microtubulin protein, tubulin (Remillard et al (1975) Science 189: 1002-1005). Maytansine and maytansinoids are highly cytotoxic but their clinical use in cancer therapy has been greatly limited by their severe systemic side-effects primarily attributed to their poor selectivity for tumors. Clinical trials with maytansine had been discontinued due to serious adverse effects on the central nervous system and gastrointestinal system (Issel et al (1978) Can. Treatment. Rev. 5: 199- 207).
• Maytansinoid drug moieties are attractive drug moieties in antibody-drug conjugates because they are: (i) relatively accessible to prepare by fermentation or chemical modification, derivatization of fermentation products, (ii) amenable to derivatization with functional groups suitable for conjugation through the non-disulfide linkers to antibodies, (iii) stable in plasma, and (iv) effective against a variety of tumor cell lines (US 2005/0169933; WO 2005/037992; US 5208020).
• Maytansinoid derivatives include N-methyl alaninyl maytansinol compounds prepared from natural sources according to known methods, produced using genetic engineering techniques (Yu et al (2002) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 99:7968-7973; US 6790954; US 7192750). First isolated from an African shrub (US 3896111), maytansines are most efficiently obtained by microbial fermentation (US 4151042; US 6790954; US
• N-methyl alaninyl maytansinol drug moiety (D) of the antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) of Formula I have the structure:
• the maytansinoid drug moiety (D) will have the following stereochemistry:
• N-methyl alaninyl maytansinol drug moiety (D) of the antibody-drug conjugates and drug-linker intermediates of Formula I of the invention comprise an amide-alkyl or amide-ethyleneoxy linkage to the N-methyl alaninyl group and not an alkylthio-maleimido linkage attached to the N-methyl alaninyl group of the maytansinoid drug moiety, such as the mpeo-DMl or mcc-DMl linkage, exemplified in US 2005/0276812 at pages 29 and 32, respectively.
• the invention includes N-methyl alaninyl maytansinol drug-linker intermediate compounds where the linker is attached to the C-3 alaninyl maytansinoid moiety and having Formul
• n 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6;
• n 2, 3 or 4;
• q 0 or 1.
• Linker (L) is a bifunctional or multifunctional moiety which can be used to link one or more maytansinol drug moieties (D) and an antibody unit (Ab) to form antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) of Formula la or lb.
• ADC antibody-drug conjugates
• a cysteine thiol of a cysteine engineered antibody can form a bond with an electrophilic functional group (E) of a linker reagent or drug-linker intermediate.
• E electrophilic functional group
• Bromoacetamido and maleimide functional groups are known to be reactive with thiols, including cysteine thiols of proteins (Schelte et al (2000) Bioconjugate Chem. 11 : 118-123; Alley et al (2008) Bioconjugate Chem. 19:759-765).
• a Linker has a reactive site which has an electrophilic group that is reactive to a nucleophilic cysteine present on an antibody.
• the cysteine thiol of the antibody is reactive with an electrophilic group on a Linker and forms a covalent bond to a Linker.
• Useful electrophilic groups include, but are not limited to, maleimide and haloacetamide groups.
• Cysteine engineered antibodies react with linker reagents or drug-linker intermediates, with electrophilic functional groups such as maleimide or a-halo carbonyl, according to the conjugation method at page 766 of Klussman, et al (2004), Bioconjugate Chemistry 15(4):765-773, and according to the protocol of
• thiol-reactive, electrophilic functional groups include, but are not limited to, maleimide, a-haloacetyl, activated esters such as succinimide esters, 4-nitrophenyl esters, pentafluorophenyl esters, tetrafluorophenyl esters, anhydrides, acid chlorides, sulfonyl chlorides, isocyanates, isothiocyanates, vinyl sulfone, chlorotriazine, 2-halopyridyl, chloropyrimidine, and enamide.
• maleimide such as succinimide esters, 4-nitrophenyl esters, pentafluorophenyl esters, tetrafluorophenyl esters, anhydrides, acid chlorides, sulfonyl chlorides, isocyanates, isothiocyanates, vinyl sulfone, chlorotriazine, 2-halopyridyl, chloropyrimidine, and enamide.
• the linker moiety of a drug- linker intermediate may be an alkyl of 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 methylene groups where L is (CH 2 ) n an( j n j s 2 ? 3 ? 4 ? 5 ? or g
• L is (CH 2 ) n an( j n j s 2 ? 3 ? 4 ? 5 ? or g
• embodiment is the mal-mc-ala-May drug-linker intermediate 5 of Figure 1 and Example 1 where E is maleimide, and n is 5.
• E maleimide
• n 5
• Acylation of 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-l-yl 6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5- dihydro-lH-pyrrol-l-yl)hexanoate 1 with (S)-2-(methylamino)propanoic acid (N -methyl S- alanine) 2 gives (S)-2-(6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-lH-pyrrol-l-yl)-N- methylhexanamido)propanoic acid 3.
• Coupling of maytansinol 4 at the 3-hydroxyl with 3 gives mal-hex-ala- May 5, ready for conjugation with an antibody to give the antibody-drug conjugate, Ab-hex-mc-ala- May.
• Another exemplary embodiment is bra-hex-ala- May 8 of Figure 2 and Example 2 where E is 2-bromoacetamide, and n is 5.
• E 2-bromoacetamide
• n is 5.
• Acylation of 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-l-yl 6-(2- bromoacetamido)hexanoate 6 with (S)-2-(methylamino)propanoic acid (N-methyl S-alanine) 2 gave (S)-2-(6-(2-bromoacetamido)-N-methylhexanamido)propanoic acid 7.
• Coupling of maytansinol 4 at the 3-hydroxyl with 7 gives bra-hex-ala- May 8, ready for conjugation with an antibody to give the antibody-drug conjugate, Ab-acet-hex-ala- May.
• the linker moiety L of a drug-linker intermediate may comprise ethyleneoxy (PEG)
• An exemplary embodiment is the mal-PEG3-ala- May drug-linker intermediate 14 of Figure 3 and Example 3 where E is maleimide, n is 4, and m is 3.
• the maleimide of 10 is formed with methyl 2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-lH-pyrrole-l- carboxylate to give l-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-lH-pyrrol-l-yl)-13-oxo-3,6,9-trioxa-12- azaoctadecan-18-oic acid 11.
• the NHS ester of 11 is formed with N-hydroxysuccinimide and DCC to give 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-l-yl l-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-lH-pyrrol-l-yl)-13-oxo- 3,6,9-trioxa-12-azaoctadecan-18-oate 12.
• maytansinol 4 is reacted with ⁇ , ⁇ -diisopropylethylamine, zinc triflate, and (5)-3,4-dimethyloxazolidine-2,5-dione 2a in THF/DMF to give 3-(5-( - methylalaninyl)maytansinol 4a ( Figure lb).
• Reagent 2a is prepared from (S)-2- (methylamino)propanoic acid (N-methyl S-alanine) 2 and phosphorus trichloride in DCM.
• S- ⁇ -fN-methylalaniny ⁇ maytansinol 4a is coupled with l-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-lH-pyrrol- l-yl)-13-oxo-3,6,9-trioxa-12-azaoctadecan-18-oic acid 11, N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N'- ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride, and ⁇ , ⁇ -diisopropyl ethyl amine to provide mal-PEG3-ala- May 14 ( Figure 3).
• Another exemplary embodiment is bra-PEG3-ala- May 18 of Figure 4 and Example 4 where E is 2-bromoacetamide, n is 4, and m is 3.
• E 2-bromoacetamide
• n is 4, and m is 3.
• l-Amino-13-oxo-3,6,9-trioxa-12- azaoctadecan-18-oic acid 10 is acylated with bromoacetyl bromide to give l-bromo-2,16- dioxo-6,9,12-trioxa-3,15-diazahenicosan-21-oic acid 15.
• the NHS ester of 15 is formed with N-hydroxysuccinimide and DCC in DCM to give 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-l-yl l-bromo-2,16- dioxo-6,9,12-trioxa-3,15-diazahenicosan-21-oate 16.
• Amidation of 16 with (S)-2- (methylamino)propanoic acid (N-methyl S-alanine) 2 gave linker reagent, (S)-l-bromo- 22,23-dimethyl-2, 16,21 -trioxo-6,9, 12-trioxa-3 , 15 ,22-triazatetracosan-24-oic acid 17.
• 3-(5'-(N-methylalaninyl)maytansinol 4a ( Figure lb) was coupled with l-bromo-2,16-dioxo-6,9,12-trioxa-3,15-diazahenicosan-21-oic acid 15, N-(3- dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride, and N,N-diisopropylethylamine to provide bra-PEG3-ala- May 18 ( Figure 4).
• the antibody-drug conjugates of the invention are comprised of an N-methyl alaninyl maytansinol drug moiety covalently attached through a linker moiety to the reactive cysteine thiol group of an antibody.
• an exemplary embodiment of an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) compound comprises a cysteine engineered antibody (Ab), and an N-methyl alaninyl maytansinol drug moiety (D) wherein the antibody has one or more free cysteine amino acids, and the antibody is attached through the one or more free cysteine amino acids by a linker moiety (L) to D; the composition having the formula:
• ADC prepared from drug-linker intermediates of Formula I therefore comprise antibodies which have 1, 2, 3, or 4 engineered cysteine amino acids.
• Exemplary embodiments of an alaninyl maytansinoid antibody-drug conjugate are Formula la where L comprises a maleimide moiety, and Formula lb where L comprises an acetamidomethyl moiety.
• L is — (CH 2 ) n (-C— NH (CH 2 CH 2 O) m CH 2 CH 2 ) q — .
• n 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6;
• n 2, 3 or 4;
• q is 0 or 1 ;
• p 1 to 4.
• Ab is an antibody.
• the ADC compounds of the invention include those with utility for anticancer activity.
• the compounds include a cysteine-engineered antibody conjugated, i.e.
• ADC antibody-drug conjugates
• the cytotoxic or cytostatic activity of an antibody-drug conjugate is measured by: exposing mammalian cells having receptor proteins, e.g. HER2, to the antibody of the ADC in a cell culture medium; culturing the cells for a period from about 6 hours to about 5 days; and measuring cell viability.
• Cell-based in vitro assays were used to measure viability (proliferation), cytotoxicity, and induction of apoptosis (caspase activation) of the ADC of the invention.
• the in vitro potency of antibody-drug conjugates was measured by a cell proliferation assay (Example 7).
• the CellTiter-Glo ® Luminescent Cell Viability Assay is a commercially available (Promega Corp., Madison, WI), homogeneous assay method based on the recombinant expression of Coleoptera luciferase (US Patent Nos. 5583024; 5674713 and 5700670).
• This cell proliferation assay determines the number of viable cells in culture based on quantitation of the ATP present, an indicator of metabolically active cells (Crouch et al (1993) J. Immunol. Meth. 160:81-88; US 6602677).
• the CellTiter-Glo ® Assay was conducted in 96 well format, making it amenable to automated high-throughput screening (HTS) (Cree et al (1995) Anticancer Drugs 6:398-404).
• the homogeneous assay procedure involves adding the single reagent (CellTiter-Glo ® Reagent) directly to cells cultured in serum-supplemented medium. Cell washing, removal of medium and multiple pipetting steps are not required.
• the system detects as few as 15 cells/well in a 384-well format in 10 minutes after adding reagent and mixing.
• the cells may be treated continuously with ADC, or they may be treated and separated from ADC. Generally, cells treated briefly, i.e. 3 hours, showed the same potency effects as continuously treated cells.
• the homogeneous "add-mix-measure” format results in cell lysis and generation of a luminescent signal proportional to the amount of ATP present.
• the amount of ATP is directly proportional to the number of cells present in culture.
• the CellTiter-Glo ® Assay generates a "glow-type" luminescent signal, produced by the luciferase reaction, which has a half-life generally greater than five hours, depending on cell type and medium used. Viable cells are reflected in relative luminescence units (RLU).
• the substrate, Beetle Luciferin is oxidatively decarboxylated by recombinant firefly luciferase with concomitant conversion of ATP to AMP and generation of photons.
• Trastuzumab-mcc-DMl (trastuzumab emtansine, TMAb-mcc-DMl, T-DM1) is an antibody-drug conjugate (CAS Reg. No. 139504-50-0), and has the structure:
• Tr is trastuzumab linked through a maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1- carboxylate linker moiety (mcc) formed from linker reagent succinimidyl 4-(N- maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-l-carboxylate (SMCC, Pierce Biotechnology, Inc) to the thiol group of thiol maytansinoid drug moiety DM1 (US 5208020; US 6441163).
• the drug to antibody ratio or drug loading is represented by p in the above structure of trastuzumab-mcc- DM1, and ranges in integer values from 1 to about 8.
• the drug loading value p is 1 to 8.
• trastuzumab-mcc-DMl includes all mixtures of variously loaded and attached antibody-drug conjugates where 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 drug moieties are covalently attached to the antibody trastuzumab (US 7097840; US 2005/0276812; US 2005/0166993).
• mice were implanted into the No. 2/3 mammary fat pad of CRL nu/nu mice. When tumors reached an average volume of 180 mm , mice were randomized and then given a single intravenous dose of DM1 conjugates (at 10 mg/kg) on Study Day 0.
• Figures 5 a and 5b show plots of the in vivo fitted tumor volume change over time in MMTV-HER2 Fo5 transgenic mammary tumors inoculated into the mammary fat pad of CRL nu/nu mice after dosing with: (1) Vehicle (ADC buffer), (2) LC-V205C-Thio-TMAb- mpeo-DMl, (3) LC-V205C-Thio-TMAb-mal-PEG3-ala- May, (4) HC-A118C-Thio-TMAb- mal-PEG3-ala- May, (5) LC-V205C Thio-TMAb-mal-hex-ala- May, (6) TMAb-mcc-DMl (trastuzumab-mcc-DMl, T-DM1), (7) LC-V205C-Thio anti-gD5B6-mal-PEG3-ala- May, (8) LC-V205C-Thio anti-gD5B6-
• the (6) TMAb-mcc-DMl showed partial inhibition in tumor growth at 10 mg/kg, which equates to a DM1 dose of 560 ⁇ g/m . All ThioTMAb-maytansinoid conjugates had comparable activity at the same antibody concentration despite having lower drug load.
• the (3) LC-V205C-Thio-TMAb-mal-PEG3-ala- May showed slightly improved activity on a mg/kg dose comparison over (2) LC-V205C Thio-TMAb-mpeo-DMl ( Figure 5a).
• ThioMab conjugates with hex and PEG3 linkers showed about 2-fold less potency in vitro due to lower drug load, they showed comparable in vivo efficacy to TMAb-mcc-DMl indicating that the hex and PEG3 alaninyl maytansinol linker-drug moieties may have improved pharmacokinetic properties in antibody-drug conjugates.
• Figure 6 shows a plot of the in vivo fitted tumor volume change over time in MMTV- HER2 Fo5 transgenic mammary tumors inoculated into the mammary fat pad of CRL nu/nu mice after dosing with: (1) Vehicle: Histidine Buffer #8: 20mM Histidine Acetate, pH 5.5, 240mM Sucrose, 0.02% PS 20, (4) HC-Al 18C-Thio-TMAb-mal-PEG3-ala- May, 5 mg/kg dose, 150 ⁇ g/m 2 drug exposure, (4) HC-Al 18C-Thio-TMAb-mal-PEG3-ala- May, 10 mg/kg dose, 300 ⁇ g/m 2 drug exposure, (10) HC-Al 18C Thio anti-gD5B6-bra-PEG3-ala- May, 5 mg/kg dose, 120 ⁇ g/m 2 drug exposure, (10) HC-Al 18C Thio anti-gD5B6-bra-PEG
• the antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) of the invention may be administered by any route appropriate to the condition to be treated.
• the ADC will typically be administered parenterally, i.e. infusion, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, intrathecal and epidural.
• compositions of therapeutic antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) of the invention are typically prepared for parenteral administration, i.e. bolus, intravenous, intratumor injection with a pharmaceutically acceptable parenteral vehicle and in a unit dosage injectable form.
• An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) having the desired degree of purity is optionally mixed with pharmaceutically acceptable diluents, carriers, excipients or stabilizers (Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (1980) 16th edition, Osol, A. Ed.), in the form of a lyophilized formulation or an aqueous solution.
• the antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) of the present invention may be used to treat various diseases or disorders, e.g. characterized by the overexpression of a tumor antigen.
• exemplary conditions or hyperproliferative disorders include benign or malignant tumors; leukemia and lymphoid malignancies.
• Others include neuronal, glial, astrocytal, hypothalamic, glandular, macrophagal, epithelial, stromal, blastocoelic,
• the disease or disorder to be treated is a hyperproliferative disease such as cancer.
• cancer to be treated herein include, but are not limited to, carcinoma, lymphoma, blastoma, sarcoma, and leukemia or lymphoid malignancies. More particular examples of such cancers include squamous cell cancer (e.g.
• lung cancer including small-cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, adenocarcinoma of the lung and squamous carcinoma of the lung, cancer of the peritoneum, hepatocellular cancer, gastric or stomach cancer including gastrointestinal cancer, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, bladder cancer, hepatoma, breast cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial or uterine carcinoma, salivary gland carcinoma, kidney or renal cancer, prostate cancer, vulval cancer, thyroid cancer, hepatic carcinoma, anal carcinoma, penile carcinoma, as well as head and neck cancer.
• lung cancer including small-cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, adenocarcinoma of the lung and squamous carcinoma of the lung, cancer of the peritoneum, hepatocellular cancer, gastric or stomach cancer including gastrointestinal cancer, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer,
• Autoimmune diseases for which the ADC compounds may be used in treatment include rheumatologic disorders (such as, for example, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome, scleroderma, lupus such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and lupus nephritis, polymyositis/dermatomyositis, cryoglobulinemia, anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome, and psoriatic arthritis), osteoarthritis, autoimmune gastrointestinal and liver disorders (such as, for example, inflammatory bowel diseases (e.g., ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease), autoimmune gastritis and pernicious anemia, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and celiac disease), vasculitis (such as, for example, ANCA-associated vasculitis, including Churg-Strauss vasculitis,
• More preferred such diseases include, for example, rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, ANCA-associated vasculitis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, Sjogren's syndrome, Graves' disease, IDDM, pernicious anemia, thyroiditis, and
• an ADC for the prevention or treatment of disease, the appropriate dosage of an ADC will depend on the type of disease to be treated, as defined above, the severity and course of the disease, whether the molecule is administered for preventive or therapeutic purposes, previous therapy, the patient's clinical history and response to the antibody, and the discretion of the attending physician.
• the molecule is suitably administered to the patient at one time or over a series of treatments.
• about 1 ⁇ g/kg to 15 mg/kg (e.g. 0.1-20 mg/kg) of molecule is an initial candidate dosage for administration to the patient, whether, for example, by one or more separate administrations, or by continuous infusion.
• a typical daily dosage might range from about 1 ⁇ g/kg to 100 mg/kg or more, depending on the factors mentioned above.
• An exemplary dosage of ADC to be administered to a patient is in the range of about 0.1 to about 10 mg/kg of patient weight
• an article of manufacture containing materials useful for the treatment of the disorders described above.
• the article of manufacture comprises a container and a label or package insert on or associated with the container.
• Suitable containers include, for example, bottles, vials, syringes, blister pack, etc.
• the containers may be formed from a variety of materials such as glass or plastic.
• the container holds an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) composition which is effective for treating the condition and may have a sterile access port (for example the container may be an intravenous solution bag or a vial having a stopper pierceable by a hypodermic injection needle).
• ADC antibody-drug conjugate
• At least one active agent in the composition is an ADC.
• the label or package insert indicates that the composition is used for treating the condition of choice, such as cancer.
• the article of manufacture may further comprise a second (or third) container comprising a pharmaceutically-acceptable buffer, such as bacteriostatic water for injection (BWFI), phosphate-buffered saline, Ringer's solution and dextrose solution. It may further include other materials desirable from a commercial and user standpoint, including other buffers, diluents, filters, needles, and syringes.
• 23-oic acid 9 (682.3 mg, 0.001623 mol) was added 4 mL of 4 M hydrogen chloride in 1,4- dioxane. The reaction was stirred for 30 min and then concentrated. A saturated aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate (5.1 mL) was added. The solution was cooled to 0 °C and stirred for 10 min, and then N-methoxycarbonylmaleimide (251.7 mg, 1.622 mmol) was added. The reaction was stirred for 20 min more at 0 °C, and then warmed to room temp.
• the maleimide of 10 is formed with methyl 2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-lH-pyrrole-l- carboxylate to give l-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-lH-pyrrol-l-yl)-13-oxo-3,6,9-trioxa-12- azaoctadecan-18-oic acid 11 (Hermanson, G.T. "Bioconjugate Techniques", Second Edition, (2008) Academic Press, Elsevier).
• the NHS ester of 11 is formed with N- hydroxysuccinimide and DCC in DCM to give 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-l-yl,l-(2,5-dioxo-2,5- dihydro-lH-pyrrol-l-yl)-13-oxo-3,6,9-trioxa-12-azaoctadecan-18-oate 12.
• the NHS ester of 15 is formed with N-hydroxysuccinimide and DCC in DCM to give 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-l-yl l-bromo-2,16-dioxo-6,9,12-trioxa-3,15-diazahenicosan-21- oate 16.
• Amidation of 16 with (S)-2-(methylamino)propanoic acid (N-methyl S-alanine) 2 gives linker reagent, (S)-l-bromo-22,23-dimethyl-2,16,21-trioxo-6,9,12-trioxa-3,15,22- triazatetracosan-24-oic acid 17.
• Coupling at the 3-hydroxyl of maytansinol 4 with 17 gives bra-PEG3-ala- May drug-linker intermediate 18 ( Figure 4).
• Light chain amino acids are numbered according to Kabat (Kabat et al., Sequences of proteins of immunological interest, (1991) 5th Ed., US Dept of Health and Human Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD). Heavy chain amino acids are numbered according to the EU numbering system (Edelman et al (1969) Proc. Natl. Acad of Sciences 63(l):78-85), except where noted as the Kabat system. Single letter amino acid abbreviations are used.
• ThioMabs Full length, cysteine engineered monoclonal antibodies (ThioMabs) expressed in CHO cells bear cysteine adducts (cystines) or glutathionylated on the engineered cysteines due to cell culture conditions.
• cysteine adducts cysteine adducts
• glutathionylated glutathionylated on the engineered cysteines due to cell culture conditions.
• the ThioMabs are dissolved in 500 mM sodium borate and 500 mM sodium chloride at about pH 8.0 and reduced with about a 50-100 fold excess of 1 mM TCEP (tris(2- carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride (Getz et al (1999) Anal. Biochem.
• the reduced ThioMab is diluted and loaded onto a HiTrap S column in 10 mM sodium acetate, pH 5, and eluted with PBS containing 0.3M sodium chloride.
• the eluted reduced ThioMab is treated with 2 mM dehydroascorbic acid (dhAA) at pH 7 for 3 hours, or 2 mM aqueous copper sulfate (CuS0 4 ) at room temperature overnight. Ambient air oxidation may also be effective.
• the buffer is exchanged by elution over Sephadex G25 resin and eluted with PBS with ImM DTP A.
• the thiol/ Ab value is checked by determining the reduced antibody concentration from the absorbance at 280 nm of the solution and the thiol concentration by reaction with DTNB (Aldrich, Milwaukee, WI) and determination of the absorbance at 412 nm.
• HIC Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography
• the cysteine engineered antibody is dissolved in PBS (phosphate buffered saline) buffer and chilled on ice.
• PBS phosphate buffered saline
• the reaction mixture is concentrated by centrifugal ultrafiltration and the cysteine engineered trastuzumab antibody drug conjugate is purified and desalted by elution through G25 resin in PBS, filtered through 0.2 ⁇ filters under sterile conditions, and frozen for storage.
• Efficacy of ADC was measured by a cell proliferation assay employing the following protocol (CELLTITER GLOTM Luminescent Cell Viability Assay, Promega Corp. Technical Bulletin TB288; Mendoza et al (2002) Cancer Res. 62:5485-5488):
• Control wells were prepared containing medium and without cells.
• ADC was added to the experimental wells and incubated for 3-5 days.
• a volume of CELLTITER GLOTM Reagent equal to the volume of cell culture
• the protocol is a modification of the CELLTITER GLOTM Luminescent Cell
• the Fo5 mouse mammary tumor model was employed to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of (6) TMAb-mcc-DMl and various Thio-TMAb- May conjugates of the invention (Example 6), after single dose intravenous injections, and as described previously (Phillips GDL, Li GM, Dugger DL, et al. Targeting HER2 -Positive Breast Cancer with Trastuzumab- DM1, an Antibody-Cytotoxic Drug Conjugate. (2008) Cancer Res. 68:9280-90), incorporated by reference herein.
• the Fo5 model is a transgenic mouse model in which the human HER2 gene is over-expressed in mammary epithelium under transcriptional regulation of the murine mammary tumor virus promoter (MMTV-HER2).
• MMTV-HER2 murine mammary tumor virus promoter
• the HER2 over- expression causes spontaneous development of a mammary tumor.
• the mammary tumor of one of these founder animals (founder #5 [Fo5]) has been propagated in subsequent generations of FVB mice by serial transplantation of tumor fragments (- 2 x 2 mm in size). All studies were conducted in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.
• Each antibody-drug conjugate (single dose) was dosed in nine animals intravenously at the start of the study, and 14 days post-transplant. Initial tumor size was about 200 mm volume. Measurements of tumor growth inhibition over time by antibody- drug conjugates of the invention and controls are shown in Figures 5a, 5b, and 6.

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