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Definitions

• the present invention relates to a composite material containing particles of a lithium transition metal phosphate and carbon having a carbon content of ⁇ 1.4% by weight.
• the present invention relates to electrodes for secondary lithium ion batteries containing the composite material according to the invention. Doped and non-doped mixed lithium metal oxides have received particular attention lately
• cathode material for example, since the work of Goodenough et al. (US 5,910,382) non-doped or doped mixed lithium transition metal phosphates
• WO 02/099913 describes a process for the preparation of L1MPO 4 , wherein M in addition to iron one or more
• Transition metal cation (s) of the first transition metal series of the Periodic Table of the Elements is (are) to produce phase-pure optionally doped L1MPO 4 .
• EP 1 195 838 A2 describes the preparation of
• Lithium transition metal phosphates especially LiFePC ⁇ , by a solid state process, typically
• Lithium iron phosphate have been described, for example, in Journal of Power Sources 119 to 121 (2003) 247 to 251, JP 2002-151082 A and in DE 103 53 266 A1.
• EP 1 193 784 A1 describes so-called carbon composite materials of LiFePC 1 and amorphous carbon which, in the preparation of the iron phosphate from iron sulfate, sodium hydrogen phosphate, are also used as reducing agents for remaining radicals of Fe 3+ in iron sulfate and to
• Lithium iron phosphate active material in the cathode Specifically, EP 1 193 786 A1 indicates that carbon has a content of not less than 3% by weight in the
• Lithium iron phosphate carbon composite material must be included to provide the necessary capacity and appropriate
• the density of the material can be correlated approximately with the electrode density or the density of the so-called active material and also the battery capacity. The higher the press density, the higher the capacity of the battery.
• the object of the present invention is achieved by a
• the composite material according to the invention has densities which are higher than the usual
• Secondary lithium ion battery also increased by about a factor of 5% or more.
• a lithium transition metal phosphate in the context of the present invention means that the
• Lithium transition metal phosphate doped or undoped Lithium transition metal phosphate doped or undoped.
• Non-doped means that pure, in particular phase-pure lithium transition metal phosphate is used.
• Transition metal is preferably selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Mn or Ni or mixtures thereof, thus has, for example, the empirical formulas LiFePC ⁇ , L1C0PO 4 , LiMnPC ⁇ or LiNiPC.
• Typical preferred compounds are, for example LiNb y Fe x P0 4 , LiMg y Fe x P0 4 LiB y Fe x P0 4 LiMn y Fe x P0 4 ,
• Class of compounds as bivalent metal M Zn, Mg or Ca, more preferably Zn and Mg.
• the doping metal ions are in all of the above
• mixed lithium transition metal phosphates preferably in an amount of 0.05 to 3 wt .-%, preferably 1-3 wt .-%, based on the total lithium transition metal phosphate present.
• Dopant metal cations occupy either the lattice sites of the metal or the lithium. Exceptions are mixed Fe, Co, Mn, Ni mixed phosphates, which are at least two of the
• the carbon in the composite material can according to the invention be present as pure pyrolysis carbon and / or elemental carbon, pyrolysis carbon being preferred.
• the term “elemental carbon” means that particles of pure carbon, which may be both amorphous and crystalline, but discrete particles (in shape of balls, such as. Spheroidal graphite, flakes, grains etc) can be used.
• amorphous carbon are, for example, ketchal black, acetylene black, carbon black, etc.
• Carbon allotrope used examples include graphite, carbon nanotubes (so-called Kohlenstoffnanotubes) and the class of fullerenes and mixtures thereof. Also preferred as the crystalline allotropes is so-called VGCF carbon (vapor grown carbon fibers).
• pyrolysis carbon in the context of the invention denotes the presence of a continuous
• Carbon that does not contain discrete particles of carbon does not contain discrete particles of carbon.
• the pyrolysis carbon is removed by heating, i. Pyrolysis at temperatures below 1500 ° C, preferably below 1200 ° C and more preferably below 1000 ° C and most preferably below 800 ° C of precursor compounds. At higher temperatures, in particular> 1000 ° C often occurs
• Lithium transition metal phosphates by so-called
• Typical precursor compounds are, for example
• Carbohydrates such as lactose, sucrose, glucose, starch, polymers such as polystyrene-butadiene block copolymers, Polyethylene, polypropylene, aromatic compounds such as
• the exact temperature also depends on the specific mixed lithium transition metal phosphate to be coated, since individual lithium transition metal phosphates often decompose to phosphides at temperatures around 800 ° C.
• the layer thickness of the coating of pyrolysis carbon is advantageously 2-15, preferably 2-10 and most preferably 2-5 nm, wherein the layer thickness
• the exact temperature selection and duration of heating can be adjusted specifically.
• the proportion of each type of carbon is at least 10% of the total carbon content.
• the shaking weight of the composite material according to the invention is more than 600 g / l, in other embodiments more than 650 g / l, in still further embodiments more than 700 g / l. This contributes to increasing the press density of an electrode containing the composite material according to the invention as
• the BET surface area of the composite material according to the invention is ⁇ 12.5 m 2 / g (measured according to DIN ISO 9277: 2003-05), which requires less binder in its processing into an electrode than in the case of a material with a higher BET surface area. Small BET surfaces continue to have
• the press density and thus the electrode density, and consequently the capacity of a battery is increased.
• the compaction density of the composite material according to the invention is> 2.2 g / cm 3 , preferably the compaction density is in a range of 2.2 to 3.5 g / cm 3 . These values for the pressed density result in significantly higher electrode densities in one
• the Di o ⁇ value of the composite material is preferably -S 0,30 ym, the D 5 o value preferably -S 0,70 ym and the D 90 value -S 5,00 ym.
• the small particle size of the invention is the small particle size of the invention.
• Composite material when used as an active material in an electrode in a battery as stated above leads to a higher current density and also to a better
• Composite material will also be finely ground, if necessary for a specific application.
• the milling process is carried out using methods known per se to those skilled in the art.
• the powder resistance of the composite material according to the invention is preferably ⁇ 70 ⁇ -cm, very particularly preferably ⁇ 50 ⁇ -cm, whereby a battery containing an electrode with the composite material according to the invention also characterized by a particularly high current carrying capacity.
• the composite material according to the invention is prepared by methods known per se, comprising the steps of a) providing particles of a
• Lithium transition metal phosphate for use in
• inventive method both doped and undoped are present. According to the invention, it is immaterial how the synthesis of the lithium transition metal phosphate was carried out before use in the process according to the invention. That The lithium transition metal phosphate can be used as part of a solid-state synthesis or as part of a so-called.
• Hydrothermalsynthese be obtained, or via any other method.
• Lithium transition metal phosphate which was obtained by hydrothermal routes, is particularly preferably used in the process according to the invention and in the composite material according to the invention, since this often has less impurities than one obtained by solid-state synthesis.
• precursors for the pyrolysis carbon are - as already mentioned - almost all
• Carbohydrates such as lactose, sucrose, glucose, starch or mixtures thereof, are particularly preferred in the context of the process according to the invention
• Lactose further higher alcohols such as glycols, polyglycols, polymers such as polystyrene-butadiene block copolymers, polyethylene, polypropylene, aromatic ketones, lactose, further higher alcohols such as glycols, polyglycols, polymers such as polystyrene-butadiene block copolymers, polyethylene, polypropylene, aromatic
• carbohydrates these are used in preferred embodiments in the form of an aqueous solution, or in an advantageous embodiment of the present invention, after mixing the carbon with the lithium transition metal phosphate and / or the
• Emission point is preferred over other variants of the method.
• precursor materials such as benzene, toluene, naphthalene, polyethylene, polypropylene, etc. can be used either directly as a pure substance or in an organic solvent.
• the compacting of the dry mixture itself can be used as a mechanical compaction e.g. take place by means of a roller compactor or a tablet press, but it can also take place as a roll, built-up or wet granulation or by any other suitable for this purpose to those skilled in the technical method.
• the mixture is as before
• Lithium transition metal phosphate by co-sintering which brings about the disadvantages described above.
• nitrogen is used as the protective gas in the sintering or pyrolysis, but all other known protective gases, such as, for example, argon, etc., and mixtures thereof can also be used. Likewise, also technical nitrogen with low
• Oxygen filing can be used. After heating, the still finely ground product obtained in order to subsequently find use as the starting material for the preparation of an electrode use. Furthermore, the object of the present invention is achieved by an electrode, in particular a cathode for a
• Press density of the composite material according to the invention is also achieved a higher electrode active mass density in the electrode after formulation.
• Typical further constituents of an electrode are, in addition to the active material, conductive carbon blacks as well as a binder.
• binders it is possible to use any binder known to the person skilled in the art, such as, for example, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE),
• PVDF Polyvinylidene difluoride
• PVDF-HFP polyvinylidene difluoride - hexafluoropropylene copolymers
• EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymers
• tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymers polyethylene oxides (PEO), polyacrylonitriles (PAN), polyacrylmethacrylates (PMMA), carboxymethylcelluloses ( CMC) their derivatives and mixtures thereof.
• PEO polyethylene oxides
• PAN polyacrylonitriles
• PMMA polyacrylmethacrylates
• CMC carboxymethylcelluloses
• electrode material is preferably 80 to 95 parts by weight of active composition, i. of the composite material according to the invention, 10 to 2.5 parts by weight of conductive carbon and 10 to 2.5 parts by weight of binder.
• Trap is 90 to 95 parts by weight of active material and 10 to 5 parts by weight, preferably 5 parts by weight of binder.
• the electrode according to the invention typically has one
• the specific capacity of an electrode according to the invention is about 150 mA / g at a volumetric energy density of> 300 mAh / cm 3 ,
• the object of the present invention is further achieved by a secondary lithium ion battery containing an electrode according to the invention as a cathode, so that a battery with higher electrode density (or density of the active mass) is obtained, which has a higher capacity than previously known
• Electrode or the battery as a whole is possible.
• Lithium transition metal phosphate are without limitation to be understood as LiFePC ⁇ // Li 4 Ti 5 0i2 with a single cell voltage of about 1.9 V, which is good as
• Substitute for lead-acid cells is suitable or LiCo z Mn y Fe x P0 4 // Li 4 Ti 5 0i2 with increased cell voltage and improved
• Electrode compared with an electrode of the prior art.
• the BET surface area was determined according to DIN ISO
• the particle size distribution was determined by means of laser granulometry using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 device in accordance with ISO 13320: 2009.
• Impacted glove box are installed to eliminate potentially disturbing effects of oxygen and moisture.
• the hydraulic actuation of the tablet press was carried out via a manual hydraulic press Enerpac PN80-APJ (10,000 psi max / 700 bar).
• Powder resistance [ ⁇ / cm] resistance [ ⁇ ] x thickness [cm] x RCF
• the RCF value is a device-dependent value and has been
• the compaction density is calculated according to the following formula:
• electrodes thickness about 60 ⁇ m having a composition of 90% active material, 5% by weight conductive black, and 5% by weight binder were prepared.
• Electrodes of 13 mm diameter were punched out of the film and mechanically compacted at room temperature on a uniaxial hydraulic laboratory press of Specac at a load of 10 t for 60 sec. to
• the net electrode weight was determined from the gross weight and the known basis weight of the carrier film and the net electrode thickness with a
• Carrier film determined.
• the active mass density in g / cm 3 in the electrode is calculated from this
• Drying product was then mechanically granulated.
• an Alexanderwerk roller compactor WP 50N / 75 was used at a roller pressure of 35 bar and a roller speed of 8 rpm and a speed of the feed screw of 30 rpm.
• the compacted samples were in a
• Example 2 Composite Material According to the Invention Containing LiFePQ 4
• the synthesis of the composite material according to the invention was carried out as in Example 1, except that 10.96 kg of lactose monohydrate were added in order to obtain a product having a total carbon content of 1.27% by weight. Comparative Example 1
• Lithium iron phosphate (187.6 dry weight at 66.2%
• Deionized water was added via an internal spray head and mixing was carried out for 15 minutes at a rotational speed of 140 rpm of the horizontal shaft and 1500 rpm of the cutter head. Subsequently, the slurry was used to avoid
• Drying product was then mechanically granulated.
• an Alexanderwerk roller compactor WP 50N / 75 at a roller pressure of 35 bar and a roller speed of 8 U / min and a speed of the feed screw of 30 U / min used.
• the compacted samples were granulated in a horizontal Siebrotormühle with 2.5 mm sieve insert and on a vibrating screen with 0.6 mm mesh size of
• the resulting light gray granules were then calcined in a gas-tight Linn chamber furnace under inert gas at a temperature of 750 ° C and at a heating and holding time of 3h each under nitrogen.
• Example 1 As a further reference to the inventive composite material of Example 1, the lithium iron phosphate was treated as in Example 1 or Comparative Example 1, but mixed with 105 g of lactose monohydrate per kg of lithium iron phosphate dry matter, so that the resulting after calcination
• Example 1 The composite material of Example 1 and the comparative examples together with electrical properties of an electrode containing the composite materials as the active material are shown in Table 1.
• the volumetric energy density of an electrode is at
• Electrode active material also highest compared to the material of Comparative Examples.
• the specific capacity 25 of the active material is composed of composite materials according to the invention of Examples 1 and 2 compared with the active material of an electrode made of the material of Comparative Examples 1 to 3 and 5 is approximately equal.
• the specific capacity now stands for a further reduction in the carbon content
• Powder compact density active material density in electrode (g / cm 3 ) x spec. Capacity (g / cm 3 ) x spec. capacity

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