CN103038162A - 含有混合锂-金属磷酸盐的复合材料 - Google Patents

含有混合锂-金属磷酸盐的复合材料 Download PDF

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CN103038162A
CN103038162A CN2011800262085A CN201180026208A CN103038162A CN 103038162 A CN103038162 A CN 103038162A CN 2011800262085 A CN2011800262085 A CN 2011800262085A CN 201180026208 A CN201180026208 A CN 201180026208A CN 103038162 A CN103038162 A CN 103038162A
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matrix material
carbon
electrode
transition metal
present
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CN103038162B (zh
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格哈德·纳斯皮勒
尼古拉斯·特兰
克里斯蒂安·沃格勒
克里斯多夫·施廷纳
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Johnson Matthey PLC
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Sued Chemie AG
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Abstract

本发明涉及含有锂过渡金属磷酸盐颗粒和碳的复合材料,其碳含量≤1.4wt%。本发明还涉及含有复合材料的电极和含有包含所述复合材料的电极的二次锂离子电池。

Description

含有混合锂-金属磷酸盐的复合材料
本发明涉及碳含量≤1.4wt%的含有锂过渡金属磷酸盐颗粒和碳的复合材料。本发明还涉及含有根据本发明的复合材料的用于二次锂离子电池的电极。
掺杂和未掺杂的混合锂-金属氧化物近来已经受到关注,特别是作为所谓“锂离子电池”的电极材料。
例如,自从Goodenough等人(US 5,910,382)的文献以来,未掺杂或掺杂的混合锂过渡金属磷酸盐已经用作阴极材料,特别是作为二次锂离子电池的电极中的阴极材料。为了制备锂过渡金属磷酸盐,提出了固态合成以及所谓的从水溶液中进行的所谓水热合成。同时,现有技术中已知几乎所有的金属和过渡金属阳离子作为掺杂阳离子。
因此,WO 02/099913描述了一种制备LiMPO4的方法,其中M,除了鉄以外,是元素周期表的第一过渡金属系的一种或更多种过渡金属阳离子,以制备纯相的任选掺杂的LiMPO4
EP 1 195 838 A2描述了利用固态法制备锂过渡金属磷酸盐,特别是LiFePO4,其中,典型的是混合磷酸锂和磷酸铁(II)并在约600℃的温度下焙烧。
制备特别是磷酸铁锂的其他方法已经例如描述于Journal of PowerSources 119 to 121(2003)第247到251页、JP 2002-151082 A以及DE 10353 266 A1中。
通常将导电碳黑加入到如此获得的掺杂或未掺杂的锂过渡金属磷酸盐中并使其经过处理成为阴极组合物。因此,EP 1 193 784 A1、EP 1 193 785A1以及EP 1 193 786 A1描述了LiFePO4和无定形碳的所谓碳复合材料,当从硫酸铁、磷酸氢钠制备磷酸铁时,无定形碳还作为硫酸铁中残留的Fe3+残余物的还原剂并防止Fe2+到Fe3+的氧化。碳的加入还用于提高阴极中的磷酸铁锂活性材料的导电性。因此具体地,EP 1 193 786 A1表明,为了获得材料的必需的容量和相应的循环特性,在磷酸铁锂碳复合材料中必须含有不小于3wt%的碳。
EP 1 049 182 B1提出通过用无定形碳涂覆磷酸铁锂来解决类似问题。
但是,对于目前的用途,特别是在汽车中的用途,所提供的可充电锂离子电池需要高要求,特别是与它们的放电循环及其容量相关的高要求。
但是,迄今为止所提出的材料或材料混合物还必须获得要求的电极密度,因为它们不呈现出所要求的压实粉末密度。材料的压实密度可以近似地与电极密度或所谓活性材料的密度以及电池容量相关。压实密度越高,电池容量也越高。
所以,本发明的目的是提供一种改进的电极材料,特别是一种改进的阴极材料,用于二次锂离子电池,其与现有技术的材料相比,特别是具有改善的压实密度。
本发明的目的通过一种含有锂过渡金属磷酸盐颗粒和碳的复合材料实现,其中碳含量≤1.4wt%,在优选的实施方案中,碳含量为0.5到1.3wt%,更优选为0.7到1.3wt%,并且在仍然另一个实施方案中,碳含量为大于0.9到1.3wt%。
出乎意料地,与现有技术的常用电极材料相比,根据本发明的复合材料具有呈现出约5%或更多改善的压实密度。不限于特定理论,这种效果必须归功于低碳含量。
通过提高压实密度,使得更高的电极密度成为可能,结果是当根据本发明的复合材料用作二次锂离子电池的阴极的活性材料时,电池容量(通过阴极的体积能量密度测量)也增加约5%或更多。
该发现是非常出乎意料的,因为根据本发明,在复合材料中含有的碳量比以前认为根据现有技术生产工业可用的含有复合材料的电极所必需的碳量小得多。
术语“锂过渡金属磷酸盐”在本发明的框架内是指掺杂或未掺杂的锂过渡金属磷酸盐。
“未掺杂的”是指使用纯的,特别是纯相的,锂过渡金属磷酸盐。过渡金属优选选自Fe、Co、Mn或Ni或其混合物,因此具有例如实验式LiFePO4、LiCoPO4、LiMnPO4或LiNiPO4
掺杂的(换言之,“混合取代的”)锂过渡金属磷酸盐是指式LiM′yM″xPO4的化合物,其中M″=Fe、Co、Ni或是Mn,M′与M″不同且表示选自Co、Ni、Mn、Fe、Nb、Ti、Ru、Zr、B、Mg、Zn、Ca、Cu、Cr、Sr、Ir中的至少一种金属阳离子或其组合,但是优选表示Co、Ni、Mn、Fe、Ti、B、Mg、Zn和Nb中的至少一种金属阳离子或其组合,x是<1且>0.01的数,y是>0.001且<0.99的数。典型的优选化合物是例如LiNbyFexPO4、LiMgyFexPO4、LiByFexPO4、LiMnyFexPO4、LiCoyFexPO4、LiMnzCoyFexPO4,其中0≤x,y,z≤1。
在本发明的其它实施方案中,该术语还包括下式的化合物:
LiFexMn1-x-yMyPO4
其中,M是选自Sn、Pb、Zn、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Co、Ti和Cd的二价金属,其中x<1,y<0.3且x+y<1。在这类化合物中作为二价金属M特别优选的是Zn、Mg或Ca,仍然更优选的是Zn和Mg。
在所有上述混合锂过渡金属磷酸盐中,相对于全部的锂过渡金属磷酸盐,优选掺杂金属离子的量为0.05到3wt%,优选为1到3wt%。掺杂金属阳离子占据金属的晶格位置或锂的晶格位置。其例外是含有上述元素的至少两种的混合的Fe、Co、Mn、Ni混合磷酸盐,其中还可能存在更大量的掺杂金属阳离子,在极端情况下最多达到50wt%。
根据本发明,复合材料中的碳可以作为纯热解碳和/或单质碳存在,其中热解碳是优选的。
术语“单质碳”在这里是指可以使用纯碳的颗粒,其可以是无定形的和晶态的,但是形成分离的颗粒(球形形式,如球形石墨、片状、颗粒等)。无定形碳的实例是例如科琴黑(Ketjenblack)、乙炔黑、炭黑等。但是,在本发明的框架内,在其它实施方案中优选使用晶态的单质碳同素异形体。其实例是石墨、碳纳米管以及富勒烯类化合物及其混合物。同样,所谓VGCF碳(气相生长碳纤维)与晶态同素异形体同样优选。
术语“热解碳”在本发明的框架内是指在锂过渡金属磷酸盐颗粒上存在不含离散碳颗粒的非晶碳的不中断的连续层。
热解碳通过在低于1500℃,优选低于1200℃,更优选低于1000℃,最优选低于800℃的温度下加热即热解前体化合物来获得。在特别是>1000℃的更高温度下,由于所谓的“融合”作用,常常发生锂过渡金属磷酸盐颗粒的团聚,这通常导致根据本发明的复合材料的载流能力差。这里重要的仅在于没有晶态的有序的合成石墨形成,晶态有序的合成石墨的制备在常压下需要至少2800℃的温度。
典型的前体化合物是例如碳水化合物如乳糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖、淀粉;聚合物如聚苯乙烯丁二烯嵌段共聚物、聚乙烯、聚丙烯;芳香族化合物如苯、蒽、甲苯、二萘嵌苯;高级醇如二醇类和聚二醇以及本领域技术人员已知本质上适合于该目的的所有其它化合物。
准确温度还取决于要涂覆的具体混合锂过渡金属磷酸盐,这是因为个别的锂过渡金属磷酸盐常常在约800℃的温度下已经分解成磷化物。
热解碳涂层的层厚有利的是2-15nm,优选为2-10nm,特别优选为2-5nm,其中,所述层厚可以根据前体材料的种类和起始浓度、温度的准确选择和加热时间来选择性地确定。
如上已经表述的,在本发明的具体实施方案中,在根据本发明的复合材料中存在热解碳和单质碳二者是可能的。各种类型的碳的比例为总碳含量的至少10%。
根据本发明的复合材料的体积密度大于600g/l,在其它实施方案中大于650g/l,在仍然其它的实施方案中大于700g/l。这促进含有根据本发明的复合材料作为活性材料的电极的压实密度的增大,并因此增大其容量。已经表明,该参数特别好地适合于电极活性材料的表征。
根据本发明的复合材料的BET表面积为≤12.5m2/g(根据DIN ISO9277:2003-05测定),因此,如果加工成电极,比在具有更大BET表面积的材料的情况需要更少的粘合剂。小的BET表面积还具有增大压实密度并因此增大电极密度及由此也增大电池容量的优点。
根据本发明的复合材料的压实密度>2.2g/cm3,优选所述压实密度在2.2到3.5g/cm3的范围内。由于压实密度的这些数值,在含有根据本发明的复合材料的电极中比含有现有技术材料的情况下产生明显更高的电极密度,结果是如果使用这样的电极,电池容量也增大。
具有单模颗粒尺寸分布,所述复合材料的D10值优选≤0.30μm,D50值优选≤0.70μm,且D90值≤5.00μm。
如上已经表述的,在用作电池中的电极的活性材料时,根据本发明的复合材料的小的颗粒尺寸导致更高的电流密度以及更好的循环稳定性。当然,根据本发明的复合材料还可以研磨得甚至更细,如果这对于特定用途有必要的话。研磨过程使用本领域技术人员本质上已知的方法进行。
根据本发明的复合材料的粉末电阻优选<70Ω·cm,非常特别优选<50Ω·cm,从而含有根据本发明的复合材料的电极的电池的特征还在于特别高的载流能力。
根据本发明的复合材料通过本质上已知的方法制备,包括以下步骤:
a)提供锂过渡金属磷酸盐的颗粒
b)任选地,加入热解碳的前体化合物和任选的单质碳颗粒来形成混合物
c)压实来自步骤b)的混合物
d)加热所压实的混合物。
如上已经表述的,用于根据本发明的方法的锂过渡金属磷酸盐可以是掺杂的和未掺杂的。
根据本发明,在用于根据本发明的方法之前如何进行锂过渡金属磷酸盐的合成是不重要的。换言之,所述锂过渡金属磷酸盐可以在固态合成的框架内获得,也可以在所谓水热合成的框架内获得,或者还可以通过任何其他的方法获得。
但是,已经表明,在根据本发明的方法中和在根据本发明的复合材料中特别优选使用通过水热途径获得的锂过渡金属磷酸盐,因为这常常比通过固态合成所获得的具有更少的杂质。
如上已经表述的,在根据本发明的方法的反应条件下可以转化成碳的几乎所有的有机化合物都适合于作为热解碳的前体化合物。
在根据本发明的方法的框架内优选的是碳水化合物如乳糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖、淀粉或其混合物,特别优选的是乳糖;其它高级醇如二醇类、聚二醇类;聚合物如聚苯乙烯丁二烯嵌段共聚物、聚乙烯、聚丙烯;芳香族化合物如苯、蒽、甲苯、二萘嵌苯及其混合物和所有本领域技术人员本质上已知适合于该目的的所有其它化合物。
在使用碳水化合物时,在优选的实施方案中,这些以水溶液的形式使用,或者在本发明的一种有利的进展中,在将碳与锂过渡金属磷酸盐和/或单质碳混合后加入水,结果是获得浆料,与其它方法变体相比,特别是从生产工程和排放的观点来看,浆料的进一步处理是优选的。
可以使用其它前体材料如苯、甲苯、萘、聚乙烯、聚丙烯等,或者以纯物质直接使用或者在有机溶剂中使用。
通常,在本方法的框架内,形成浆料,然后在进行压实之前在100-400℃的温度下干燥。
干混合物本身的压实可以例如利用辊压机或压片机以机械压实的方式进行,但是也可以以滚压、聚集(build-up)或湿法造粒或者利用本领域技术人员已知的适合于该目的的任何其它技术方法进行。
在压实来自步骤b)的混合物之后,特别是干混合物,所述混合物特别优选的是在≤800℃,甚至更优选在≤750℃下烧结,如上已经详细表述的,其中烧结优选在保护气体气氛下进行。在所选择的条件下,由热解碳的前体化合物没有形成石墨,但是确实形成部分或全部覆盖锂过渡金属磷酸盐颗粒的热解碳的连续层。
虽然在烧结过程中在更高的温度下在宽温度范围内热解碳仍然由前体化合物形成,但是颗粒尺寸特别是锂过渡金属磷酸盐颗粒的颗粒尺寸通过结块而增大,这给其带来上述缺点。
出于生产工程的原因,氮用作烧结或热解过程中的保护气体,但是也可以使用所有其他已知的保护气体如氩等及其混合物。具有低氧含量的工业级氮也可以同样地使用。在加热后,所得的产品细磨,以然后用于制备电极的起始产物。
本发明的目的还通过一种含有根据本发明的复合材料作为活性材料的用于二次锂离子电池的电极实现,特别是阴极。因为根据本发明的复合材料的压实密度增大,所以还获得了在配制后的电极中的更高的电极活性材料密度。
除了活性材料以外,电极的典型的其他组分是导电碳黑以及粘合剂。本领域技术人员本质上已知的任何粘合剂可以用作粘合剂,例如聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)、聚偏二氟乙烯六氟丙烯共聚物(PVDF-HFP)、乙烯-丙烯-二烯三元共聚物(EPDM)、四氟乙烯六氟丙烯共聚物、据环氧乙烷(PEO)、聚丙烯腈(PAN)、聚甲基丙烯酸丙烯酸酯(聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯,PMMA)、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、和其衍生物和混合物。
在本发明的框架内,电极材料的各组分的典型比例优选为80-95重量份的活性材料,即根据本发明的复合材料,10-2.5重量份的导电碳黑和10-2.5重量份的粘合剂。
由于根据本发明的复合材料已经含有碳,特别是在本情况下,与现有技术的锂过渡金属磷酸盐电极相比,电极配方中导电碳黑的量也可以明显减少。
在本发明的仍然其它的实施方案中,尽管所述复合材料的碳含量出乎意料地低,但是完全避免在电极配方中加入所谓的导电碳黑是可能的。在这种情况下的典型电极配方是90-95重量份的活性材料和10-5重量份的粘合剂,优选5重量份的粘合剂。
根据本发明的电极的压实密度通常为>1.9g/cm3,优选>2.2g/cm3,特别优选>2.3g/cm3。根据本发明的电极的比容量在体积能量密度>300mAh/cm3,更优选>350mAh/cm3下为约150mA/g。根据本发明同样获得最高390mAh/cm3的值。
本发明的目的还通过含有根据本发明的电极作为阴极的二次锂离子电池来实现,结果是获得具有更高电极密度(或活性材料密度)的电池,其比以前已知的二次锂离子电池具有更高的容量,从而使用同时具有更小尺度的电极或整体具有更小尺度的电池的这种锂离子电池,也是可能的,特别是在汽车中。
具有包含根据本发明的复合材料作为活性材料(下文中仅给出锂过渡金属磷酸盐的实验式)的阴极的阴极-阳极对是,不理解为限制性的,例如LiFePO4//Li4Ti5O12,单电池电压为约1.9V,其非常适合作为铅酸电池的替代品,或者具有增加的电池电压和改善的能量密度的LiCozMnyFexPO4//Li4Ti5O12
以下借助附图和一些实施例更详细解释本发明,所述附图和一些实施例不理解为限制本发明的范围。
在附图中示出的是:
图1:与现有技术电极比较,根据本发明的电极的比容量与C-速率的关系。
图2:根据本发明的电极的体积容量与现有技术电极的比较。
1.测量方法
BET表面积根据DIN ISO 9277:2003-05测定。
颗粒尺寸分布根据ISO 13320:2009利用具有Malvern Mastersizer 2000的激光粒度仪测定。
压实密度和粉末电阻用具有Loresta-GP MCP-T610电阻仪的MitsubishiMCP-PD51压片机同时进行测定,其安装在填充氮气的手套箱内以排除氧和水分的潜在破坏作用。所述压片机通过手动Enerpac PN80-APJ液压机(最大10,000磅每平方英寸(psi)/700巴(bar))液压操作。
4克样品按照制造商推荐的设置进行测量。
然后根据以下方程计算粉末电阻:
粉末电阻[Ω/cm]=电阻[Ω]×厚度[cm]×RCF
RCF值是设备依赖性的并且是根据制造商的数值设定的,在该情况下给出为2.758。
压实密度根据下式计算:
Figure BDA00002472527700091
r=样品压片的半径
习惯误差公差最大为3%。
电极中活性材料密度的测定
为了测定活性材料的材料密度(即根据本发明的复合材料的材料密度),制备由90%活性材料、5重量%导电碳黑和5重量%的粘合剂构成的电极(厚度约60μm)。
为此,将2.0g 10%的PVDF的NMP(N-甲基吡咯烷酮)溶液、5.4g的NMP、0.20g的Super P Li(Timcal)导电碳黑、3.6g的来自实施例1和2的根据本发明的复合材料或来自对比实施例1-5的对比材料称量到50ml的螺旋盖瓶子中并以600转每分钟(rpm)混合5分钟,用Hielscher UP200S超声探头分散1分钟,然后在加入20个4毫米直径的玻璃珠并密封所述瓶子后,以10rpm的速度在滚动台上旋转至少15小时。为了涂覆电极,将这样获得的均匀悬浮液用实验室刮刀涂覆到铝载体箔上,间隙宽度为200μm,给进速度为20mm/秒。在真空干燥箱中在80℃干燥后,从所述箔上冲压出直径13mm的电极,并且在Specac单轴实验室液压机上以10t的负荷在室温下机械地后压实60秒。为了测定密度,由毛重和载体箔的已知单位重量确定净电极重量,用螺旋千分尺减去载体箔的已知厚度确定净电极厚度。
电极中用g/cm3表示的活性材料密度由下式计算:
(电极配料中的活性材料部分(90%)×电极净重量(g)/(π×(0.65cm)2×净电极厚度(cm))
实施例1:含有LiFePO 4 的根据本发明的复合材料
将283.4kg通过水热合成(根据WO 2005/051840)制备的磷酸铁锂的新鲜滤饼(187.6kg干重,固含量为66.2%)、9.84kg的乳糖一水合物(相当于每千克磷酸铁锂52.5g)放入具有刀头的水平EMT 5501犁刀混合机中。然后通过内部喷头加入80升去离子水并以140RPM的水平波旋转速度和1500RPM的刀头旋转速度进行15分钟的混合。
为了防止团聚,然后使浆料通过Probst & Class微粉磨机/圆锥磨和在具有雾化喷嘴的Stork & Bowen干燥器中喷雾干燥,气体进口温度为350℃,出口温度为125℃,雾化压力为6.0bar。然后将干燥产物机械造粒。为此,使用Alexanderwerk WP 50N/75辊压机,辊子压力为35bar,辊子速度为8rpm,进料装置速度为30rpm。压实的样品在具有2.5mm筛孔(screen insert)的水平筛旋转磨中造粒,并在具有0.6mm的筛孔尺寸的振动筛上与粉尘部分分离。
如此获得的淡灰色颗粒然后在保护气氛下的气密的Linn箱式炉中在氮气下在750℃的温度下煅烧,加热和保温时间各为3h。总计,整个复合材料的最终碳含量为1.14重量%。
颗粒现在为黑色,然后在具有5.0mm研磨喷嘴的Alpine AFG 200研磨机上研磨,研磨压力为2.5bar。
实施例2:含有LiFePO 4 的根据本发明的复合材料
与实施例1中一样合成根据本发明的复合材料,但是加入10.96kg乳糖一水合物,以获得总碳含量为1.27重量%的产物。
对比实施例1
将283.4kg通过水热合成(根据WO 2005/051840)制备的磷酸铁锂的新鲜滤饼(187.6kg干重,固含量为66.2%)、14.67kg的乳糖一水合物(相当于每千克磷酸铁锂78.3g或者所得的热解碳为1.7wt%)放入具有刀头的水平EMT 5501犁刀混合机中。然后通过内部喷头加入80升去离子水并以140RPM的水平波旋转速度和1500RPM的刀头旋转速度进行15分钟的混合。
为了防止团聚,然后使浆料通过Probst & Class微粉磨机/圆锥磨和在具有雾化喷嘴的Stork & Bowen干燥器中喷雾干燥,气体进口温度为350℃,出口温度为125℃,雾化压力为6.0bar。然后将干燥产物机械造粒。为此,使用Alexanderwerk WP 50N/75辊压机,辊子压力为35bar,辊子速度为8rpm,进料装置速度为30rpm。压实的样品在具有2.5mm筛孔(screen insert)的水平筛旋转磨中造粒,并在具有0.6mm的筛目尺寸的振动筛上与粉尘部分分离。
如此获得的淡灰色颗粒然后在保护气氛下的气密的Linn箱式炉中在氮气下在750℃的温度下煅烧,加热和保温时间各为3h。
颗粒现在为黑色,然后在具有5.0mm研磨喷嘴的Alpine AFG 200研磨机上研磨,研磨压力为2.5bar。
对比实施例2
再参见来自实施例1的根据本发明的复合材料,所述磷酸铁锂与实施例1或对比实施例中一样进行处理,但是与每千克磷酸铁锂干物质105g的乳糖一水合物混合,结果是在煅烧后产生的总碳含量为2.25wt%(热解碳形式的)。
对比实施例3-5
与实施例和对比实施例的复合材料的上述合成中一样地进行对比实施例3-5,其中变化所加入的乳糖一水合物的量从而对于各复合材料获得表1中给出的碳含量。
来自实施例1的根据本发明的复合材料以及对比实施例的复合材料的物理参数以及含有所述复合材料作为活性材料的电极的电性能表示在表1中。
表1
Figure BDA00002472527700121
如从表1可以看出的,与对比实施例相比,实施例1和2的根据本发明的复合材料的体积密度明显增大。与更低或更高碳含量相比,所述碳含量的根据本发明的范围的最大值是明显的。压实密度(与电极的活性材料密度相关)的明显增大也是显然的。
与对比实施例的材料相比,当使用根据本发明的复合材料作为电极活性材料时,电极的体积能量密度也在其最高值。
如从图1中可以看出的,与用对比实施例1-3和5的材料制备的电极的活性材料相比,来自实施例1和2的根据本发明的复合材料的活性材料的比容量大致相同。随着碳含量的进一步减少(对比实施例4),比容量保持相同。另一方面,电极的体积容量(能量密度)相互之间明显不同,如从图2和表1的值中可以看出的。
体积能量密度根据以下方程计算:
压实粉末密度=电极中的活性材料密度(g/cm3)×比容量(g/cm3)×比容量
权利要求书(按照条约第19条的修改)
1.含有锂过渡金属磷酸盐颗粒和碳的复合材料,其总碳含量为≤1.4wt%,
其BET表面积为≤12.5m2/g,且其压实密度为>2.2g/cm3
2.根据权利要求1的复合材料,其中所述过渡金属是Fe、Co、Mn或Ni或其混合物。
3.根据权利要求2的复合材料,其中所述锂过渡金属磷酸盐掺杂有外来原子。
4.根据权利要求3的复合材料,其中所述外来原子选自Mg、Zn、Ca、B、Bi、Nb、Ta、Zr、Ti、Hf、V、W、Mo、Ru、Cu、Ag、Au、Ir。
5.根据前述权利要求的任一项的复合材料,其中,所述碳是热解碳和/或单质碳。
6.根据权利要求5的复合材料,其中所述热解碳以在所述锂过渡金属磷酸盐的颗粒上的涂层的形式存在。
7.根据权利要求6的复合材料,其中所述热解碳的涂层的厚度为2-15nm。
8.根据权利要求5的复合材料,其中所述单质碳是碳的晶态同素异形体,选自石墨、碳纳米管、富勒烯及其混合物或者是VGCF碳。
9.根据前述权利要求的任一项的复合材料,其体积密度为>600g/l。
10.根据权利要求1的复合材料,其中,所述压实密度在2.2-3.5g/cm3的范围内。
11.根据权利要求1或10的复合材料,其粉末电阻为<70Ω·cm。
12.具有含有根据权利要求1-11的任一项的复合材料的活性材料的用于二次锂离子电池的电极。
13.包含根据权利要求12的电极的二次锂离子电池。

Claims (15)

1.含有锂过渡金属磷酸盐颗粒和碳的复合材料,其碳含量为≤1.4wt%。
2.根据权利要求1的复合材料,其中所述过渡金属是Fe、Co、Mn或Ni或其混合物。
3.根据权利要求2的复合材料,其中所述锂过渡金属磷酸盐掺杂有外来原子。
4.根据权利要求3的复合材料,其中所述外来原子选自Mg、Zn、Ca、B、Bi、Nb、Ta、Zr、Ti、Hf、V、W、Mo、Ru、Cu、Ag、Au、Ir。
5.根据前述权利要求的任一项的复合材料,其中,所述碳是热解碳和/或单质碳。
6.根据权利要求5的复合材料,其中所述热解碳以在所述锂过渡金属磷酸盐的颗粒上的涂层的形式存在。
7.根据权利要求6的复合材料,其中所述热解碳的涂层的层厚度为2-15nm。
8.根据权利要求5的复合材料,其中所述单质碳是碳的晶态同素异形体,选自石墨、碳纳米管、富勒烯及其混合物或者是VGCF碳。
9.根据前述权利要求的任一项的复合材料,其体积密度为>600g/l。
10.根据权利要求9的复合材料,其BET表面积为≤12.5m2/g。
11.根据权利要求10的复合材料,其压实密度为>2.2g/cm3
12.根据权利要求11的复合材料,其中,所述压实密度在2.2-3.5g/cm3的范围内。
13.根据权利要求11或12的复合材料,其粉末电阻为<70Ω·cm。
14.具有含有根据权利要求1-13的任一项的复合材料的活性材料的用于二次锂离子电池的电极。
15.包含根据权利要求14的电极的二次锂离子电池。
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CN105470516A (zh) * 2014-09-30 2016-04-06 住友大阪水泥股份有限公司 电极材料、电极及锂离子电池
CN110504419A (zh) * 2018-06-13 2019-11-26 住友大阪水泥股份有限公司 电极材料及其制造方法
US11171321B2 (en) 2018-06-13 2021-11-09 Sumitomo Osaka Cement Co., Ltd. Electrode material and method for manufacturing the same
CN112744800A (zh) * 2019-10-30 2021-05-04 泓辰材料股份有限公司 用于锂离子电池的正极的经钨掺杂的磷酸锂锰铁颗粒、粉体材料及其制法

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CA2800654C (en) 2016-10-18
TW201204675A (en) 2012-02-01
EP2576439A1 (de) 2013-04-10
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CA2800654A1 (en) 2011-12-01
US20130140497A1 (en) 2013-06-06
CN103038162B (zh) 2016-01-20
JP2013527576A (ja) 2013-06-27
EP2576439B1 (de) 2016-08-24
WO2011147907A1 (de) 2011-12-01
DE102010021804A1 (de) 2011-12-01
JP5850923B2 (ja) 2016-02-03

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