WO2011013552A1 - 二次電池用正極および二次電池 - Google Patents
二次電池用正極および二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011013552A1 WO2011013552A1 PCT/JP2010/062235 JP2010062235W WO2011013552A1 WO 2011013552 A1 WO2011013552 A1 WO 2011013552A1 JP 2010062235 W JP2010062235 W JP 2010062235W WO 2011013552 A1 WO2011013552 A1 WO 2011013552A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1393—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
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- H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/133—Electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a positive electrode for a secondary battery having a positive electrode active material layer containing a positive electrode active material and a positive electrode conductive agent, and a secondary battery using the same.
- lithium ion secondary batteries that use the insertion and release of lithium ions as charge / discharge reactions and lithium metal secondary batteries that use lithium metal precipitation and dissolution are highly expected. This is because an energy density higher than that of the lead battery and the nickel cadmium battery can be obtained.
- the secondary battery includes an electrolyte along with a positive electrode and a negative electrode.
- This positive electrode has a positive electrode active material layer on a positive electrode current collector, and the positive electrode active material layer contains a positive electrode active material that contributes to a charge / discharge reaction.
- lithium cobalt based composite oxides such as lithium cobaltate (LiCoO 2 ) are widely used, but there are problems in price, supply amount, etc., so lithium manganese based composites that are inexpensive and less likely to be supplied. Oxides are also used.
- lithium manganate (LiMn 2 O 4 ), which has a spinel structure and has an operating voltage of about 4 V on the basis of a lithium metal, is excellent in safety at low cost, and thus is practically used for power tools. Furthermore, it is expected to be applied to automotive applications.
- lithium manganese composite oxide having a spinel structure and an operation voltage of 4.5 V or more on the basis of lithium metal
- the lithium manganese composite oxide include those having other transition metal elements together with manganese, and the general formula thereof is LiM x Mn 2 -x O 4 (M is at least one of transition metal elements other than manganese). 1 and x is 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.)
- This lithium manganese composite oxide can be charged / discharged at a higher voltage than usual, so that the energy density becomes higher.
- oxygen is hardly released even at high temperatures. This achieves both high energy density and high safety.
- the positive electrode active material when an oxide having lower conductivity than metal is used as the positive electrode active material, it is mixed with a positive electrode conductive agent such as a carbon material having high conductivity.
- a positive electrode conductive agent such as a carbon material having high conductivity.
- the positive electrode active material and the positive electrode conductive agent are dispersed in a solvent together with a binder such as a polymer material to form a slurry, which is then applied to the positive electrode current collector and then applied to the positive electrode active material. Forming a layer.
- an amorphous carbon material or a crystalline carbon material is used, and these are mixed as necessary.
- the amorphous carbon material when the specific surface area is increased, the contact area between the particles is increased, so that the conductivity tends to be increased.
- the conductivity tends to increase as the crystallinity increases.
- a carbon material as the positive electrode conductive agent.
- carbon black and graphite are used in combination as a positive electrode conductive agent in order to improve storage characteristics and the like (see, for example, Patent Document 1).
- 5 V class lithium manganese composite oxide is used as the positive electrode active material
- acetylene black and graphite are used as the positive electrode conductive agent (see, for example, Patent Document 2). ).
- the positive electrode active material is a lithium-manganese composite oxide having a potential ratio with respect to lithium metal of no less than 4.4 V, and the positive electrode conductive agent has a (002) plane spacing of 0.344 nm or more.
- Carbonaceous materials having a particle size of 352 nm or less are used (see, for example, Patent Document 3).
- a metal nitride or a metal oxide is also used as the positive electrode conductive agent (see, for example, Patent Document 4).
- the carbon material used as the positive electrode conductive agent is electrochemically inactive during charging.
- the present invention has been made in view of such problems, and an object thereof is to provide a positive electrode for a secondary battery and a secondary battery capable of improving charge / discharge characteristics.
- a positive electrode for a secondary battery has a positive electrode active material layer including a positive electrode active material and a positive electrode conductive agent.
- the operating voltage of the positive electrode active material is 4.5 V or more on a lithium metal basis
- the positive electrode conductive agent includes an amorphous carbon material and a crystalline carbon material.
- the amorphous carbon material has a specific surface area of 50 m 2 / g or more and 100 m 2 / g or less, and the content in the positive electrode active material layer is 0.5 mass% or more and 5 mass% or less.
- a secondary battery includes a positive electrode having a positive electrode active material layer including a positive electrode active material and a positive electrode conductive agent, a negative electrode, and an electrolytic solution including an electrolyte salt and a solvent,
- the positive electrode has the same configuration as the above-described positive electrode for secondary battery.
- the interplanar spacing, specific surface area and content of the amorphous carbon material which is the positive electrode conductive agent, and the specific surface area and content of the crystalline carbon material The amount is optimized so as to be within a predetermined range. For this reason, even if an electrode reaction (charge / discharge) is repeated using a high-voltage operation type positive electrode active material, the positive electrode active material layer is less likely to be detached due to expansion and contraction. In addition, the conductivity of the positive electrode active material layer is increased and the decomposition reaction of the electrolytic solution is suppressed.
- a high-voltage operation type positive electrode active material is used, and the spacing between positive electrode conductive agents (amorphous carbon material and crystalline carbon material) The specific surface area and the content are optimized so as to be within a predetermined range. Therefore, according to the secondary battery using the positive electrode for a secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present invention, charge / discharge characteristics can be improved.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a configuration along line VV of the spirally wound electrode body illustrated in FIG. 4. It is sectional drawing showing the structure of the secondary battery (coin type) produced in the Example.
- First secondary battery lithium ion secondary battery: cylindrical type
- Second secondary battery lithium ion secondary battery: Laminate film type
- Third secondary battery lithium metal secondary battery
- First Secondary Battery Lithium Ion Secondary Battery: Cylindrical Type
- FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional configuration of the secondary battery
- FIG. 2 shows a part of the wound electrode body 20 shown in FIG. 1
- FIG. 3 shows a planar configuration of the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 shown in FIG.
- the positive electrode for secondary batteries of this invention is used as the positive electrode 21 of the secondary battery demonstrated here.
- This secondary battery is a lithium ion secondary battery in which the capacity of the negative electrode 22 is expressed by occlusion / release of lithium ions as an electrode reactant, and as shown in FIG. A wound electrode body 20 and a pair of insulating plates 12 and 13 are housed inside.
- the battery can 11 has, for example, a hollow structure in which one end is closed and the other end is opened, and is made of a metal material such as iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), or an alloy thereof. ing. Nickel (Ni) or the like may be plated on the surface of the battery can 11.
- the pair of insulating plates 12 and 13 are disposed so as to sandwich the wound electrode body 20 from above and below and to extend perpendicularly to the wound peripheral surface.
- the battery lid 14 is made of the same material as the battery can 11, for example.
- a battery lid 14, a safety valve mechanism 15, and a heat sensitive resistance element (Positive Temperature Coefficient: PTC element) 16 are caulked through a gasket 17 at the open end of the battery can 11, and the inside of the battery can 11 is sealed. ing.
- the safety valve mechanism 15 and the thermal resistance element 16 are provided inside the battery lid 14.
- the safety valve mechanism 15 is electrically connected to the battery lid 14 via the heat sensitive resistance element 16.
- the disk plate 15 ⁇ / b> A is inverted to electrically connect the battery lid 14 and the wound electrode body 20. The connection is to be disconnected.
- the heat sensitive resistor 16 the resistance increases (current limit) as the temperature rises, so that abnormal heat generation due to a large current is prevented.
- the gasket 17 is made of, for example, an insulating material, and asphalt may be applied to the surface thereof.
- the wound electrode body 20 is obtained by laminating and winding a positive electrode 21 and a negative electrode 22 via a separator 23, and a center pin 24 is inserted at the center thereof.
- the positive electrode 21 is connected to a positive electrode lead 25 made of a metal material such as aluminum
- the negative electrode 22 is connected to a negative electrode lead 26 made of a metal material such as nickel.
- the positive electrode lead 25 is welded to the safety valve mechanism 15 and electrically connected to the battery lid 14, and the negative electrode lead 26 is welded to the battery can 11 and electrically connected thereto.
- the positive electrode 21 is, for example, one in which a positive electrode active material layer 21B is provided on both surfaces of a positive electrode current collector 21A.
- the positive electrode active material layer 21B may be provided only on one surface of the positive electrode current collector 21A.
- the positive electrode current collector 21A is made of, for example, a metal material such as aluminum.
- the positive electrode active material layer 21B includes a positive electrode active material and a positive electrode conductive agent.
- the positive electrode active material is one or more of positive electrode materials capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions.
- the positive electrode active material layer 21 ⁇ / b> B may include other materials such as a positive electrode binder as necessary.
- the operating voltage of the positive electrode material is 4.5 V or more on the basis of lithium metal. This is because lithium ions are occluded and released at a high voltage, resulting in an increase in energy density.
- a positive electrode material (hereinafter, referred to as “high voltage operation positive electrode material”) is not particularly limited, and among them, a lithium manganese composite oxide having a spinel structure or a lithium cobalt phosphate compound having an olivine structure ( LiCoPO 4 ) and the like are preferable.
- the chemical formula of this lithium manganese composite oxide is represented by the following formula (1). This is because it is easily available and a sufficient energy density can be obtained.
- LiM x Mn 2-x O 4 (1) (M is at least one of nickel, cobalt (Co), iron, chromium (Cr), and copper (Cu). X is 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.)
- lithium manganese-based composite oxide lithium-nickel-manganese composite oxide (LiNi x Mn 2-x O 4) or lithium chromium-manganese composite oxide (LiCr x Mn 2-x O 4) is. More specifically, for example, LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 , LiNi 0.4 Mn 1.6 O 4 , LiNi 0.3 Mn 1.7 O 4, LiCr 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 or the like.
- the positive electrode active material layer 21B contains the high voltage operation positive electrode material as a positive electrode active material, it may contain other positive electrode materials with it.
- positive electrode materials lithium-containing compounds (except those corresponding to high-voltage operating positive electrode materials) are preferable. This is because a high energy density can be obtained.
- This lithium-containing compound is, for example, a composite oxide having lithium (Li) and a transition metal element as constituent elements, or a phosphate compound having lithium and a transition metal element as constituent elements.
- s sort of cobalt, nickel, manganese, and iron as a transition metal element is preferable. This is because a higher voltage can be obtained.
- the chemical formula is represented by, for example, Li x M1O 2 or Li y M2PO 4 .
- M1 and M2 are one or more transition metal elements.
- the values of x and y vary depending on the charge / discharge state, and are generally 0.05 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.10 and 0.05 ⁇ y ⁇ 1.10.
- the composite oxide containing lithium and a transition metal element is, for example, lithium cobaltate (Li x CoO 2 ), lithium nickelate (Li x NiO 2 ), or a lithium nickel composite represented by the following formula (2): Oxides and the like.
- the phosphate compound having lithium and a transition metal element is, for example, a lithium iron phosphate compound (LiFePO 4 ) or a lithium iron manganese phosphate compound (LiFe 1-u Mn u PO 4 (u ⁇ 1)). is there. This is because high battery capacity is obtained and excellent cycle characteristics are also obtained.
- M is cobalt, iron, aluminum, vanadium (V), tin (Sn), magnesium (Mg), titanium (Ti), strontium (Sr), calcium (Ca), zirconium (Zr), molybdenum (Mo), technetium (Tc), ruthenium (Ru), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), ytterbium (Y), copper, zinc (Zn), barium (Ba), boron (B), chromium, silicon ( (At least one of Si), gallium (Ga), phosphorus (P), antimony (Sb), and niobium (Nb), where x is 0.005 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.5.
- the positive electrode material examples include oxides, disulfides, chalcogenides, and conductive polymers.
- oxides examples include titanium oxide, vanadium oxide, and manganese dioxide.
- disulfide examples include titanium disulfide and molybdenum sulfide.
- chalcogenide is niobium selenide.
- conductive polymer examples include sulfur, polyaniline, and polythiophene.
- the other positive electrode materials described above may be mixed in any combination of two or more.
- Other positive electrode materials may be other than those described above.
- the positive electrode conductive agent includes two types of carbon materials (amorphous carbon material and crystalline carbon material) having different crystallinity.
- the reason why the amorphous carbon material is included is that, even when a high-voltage operating positive electrode material is used, unintentional insertion / extraction of anions in the positive electrode conductive agent is suppressed.
- the positive electrode active material layer 21 ⁇ / b> B is less likely to expand and contract, and thus is less likely to be detached from the positive electrode current collector 21 ⁇ / b> A.
- the crystalline carbon material is included because the conductivity is increased and the decomposition reaction of the electrolytic solution is suppressed without excessively increasing the content of the positive electrode conductive agent in the positive electrode active material layer 21B. It is.
- the specific surface area is 50 m 2 / g or more and 100 m 2 / g or less
- the content of the amorphous carbon material in the positive electrode active material layer 21B is 0.5 mass% or more. 5% by mass or less. This is because the function of the amorphous carbon material described above is remarkably exhibited.
- other conditions, such as a particle size regarding an amorphous carbon material may be arbitrary as long as the above-described specific surface area and content conditions are satisfied.
- the amorphous carbon material is not particularly limited and may be one type or two or more types. Among them, acetylene black is preferable. This is because they are easily available and the function of the amorphous carbon material is sufficiently exhibited.
- the plane spacing of the (002) plane obtained by X-ray diffraction is 0.340 nm or more, preferably 0.340 nm or more and 0.343 nm or less.
- the specific surface area of the crystalline carbon material is 1 m 2 / g or more and 5 m 2 / g or less, and the content of the crystalline carbon material in the positive electrode active material layer 21B is 0.5 mass% or more and 5 mass%. It is as follows. This is because the functions of the crystalline carbon material described above are remarkably exhibited.
- other conditions, such as a particle size regarding a crystalline carbon material may be arbitrary as long as the above-mentioned conditions of the face spacing, specific surface area, and content are satisfied.
- the crystalline carbon material is not particularly limited, and may be one type or two or more types. Among them, graphite is preferable. This is because it is easily available and the function of the crystalline carbon material is sufficiently exhibited.
- the distance between the (002) planes is measured for a powder sample using an X-ray diffraction apparatus RINT2000 (X-ray source is CuK ⁇ ) manufactured by Rigaku Corporation.
- the specific surface area is measured using a BET specific surface area measuring device HM-1208 manufactured by Mountec Co., Ltd.
- the plane spacing of the (002) plane measured by using the above-mentioned X-ray diffractometer is about 0.350 nm and is in the c-axis direction.
- the crystallite size LC is about 1 nm or more and 5 nm or less.
- the positive electrode conductive agent may include other conductive materials together with them.
- examples of other conductive materials include metal materials and conductive polymers.
- Examples of the positive electrode binder include polymer materials such as polyvinylidene fluoride or Teflon (registered trademark).
- the mass ratio (positive electrode active material: positive electrode conductive agent: positive electrode binder) when the positive electrode active material layer 21B includes the positive electrode active material and the positive electrode conductive agent together with the positive electrode binder is not particularly limited.
- a negative electrode active material layer 22B is provided on both surfaces of a negative electrode current collector 22A.
- the negative electrode active material layer 22B may be provided only on one surface of the negative electrode current collector 22A.
- the negative electrode current collector 22A is made of, for example, a metal material such as copper, nickel, or stainless steel.
- the surface of the negative electrode current collector 22A is preferably roughened. This is because the so-called anchor effect improves the adhesion of the negative electrode active material layer 22B to the negative electrode current collector 22A. In this case, the surface of the negative electrode current collector 22A only needs to be roughened at least in a region facing the negative electrode active material layer 22B.
- Examples of the roughening method include a method of forming fine particles by electrolytic treatment. This electrolytic treatment is a method of providing irregularities by forming fine particles on the surface of the anode current collector 22A by an electrolytic method in an electrolytic bath.
- the copper foil produced by the electrolytic method is generally called “electrolytic copper foil”.
- the negative electrode active material layer 22B includes one or more negative electrode materials capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions as a negative electrode active material, and a negative electrode binder or a negative electrode conductive material as necessary. Other materials such as agents may be included.
- the chargeable capacity of the negative electrode material is preferably larger than the discharge capacity of the positive electrode 21 in order to prevent unintentional deposition of lithium metal during charging and discharging. .
- Examples of the negative electrode material include a carbon material. This is because the crystal structure changes very little during insertion / extraction of lithium ions, so that high energy density and excellent cycle characteristics can be obtained. In addition, it also functions as a negative electrode conductive agent.
- Examples of the carbon material include graphitizable carbon, non-graphitizable carbon having a (002) plane spacing of 0.37 nm or more, or graphite having a (002) plane spacing of 0.34 nm or less. . More specifically, there are pyrolytic carbons, cokes, glassy carbon fibers, organic polymer compound fired bodies, activated carbon or carbon blacks. Coke includes pitch coke, needle coke or petroleum coke. The organic polymer compound fired body is obtained by firing and carbonizing a phenol resin or a furan resin at an appropriate temperature.
- the shape of the carbon material may be any of fibrous, spherical, granular or scale-like.
- examples of the negative electrode material include a material (metal material) having one or more of metal elements and metalloid elements as constituent elements. This is because a high energy density can be obtained.
- This metallic material may be a single element, alloy or compound of a metal element or metalloid element, or may be two or more of them, or may have at least a part of one or more of those phases.
- the “alloy” in the present invention includes not only an alloy composed of two or more metal elements but also an alloy having one or more metal elements and one or more metalloid elements. Further, the “alloy” may have a nonmetallic element.
- the structure includes a solid solution, a eutectic (eutectic mixture), an intermetallic compound, or a combination of two or more of them.
- the metal element or metalloid element described above is, for example, a metal element or metalloid element capable of forming an alloy with lithium, and specifically, one or more of the following elements: .
- at least one of silicon and tin is preferable. This is because the ability to occlude and release lithium ions is excellent, and a high energy density can be obtained.
- the material having at least one of silicon and tin may be, for example, a simple substance, an alloy, or a compound of silicon or tin, or two or more of them, or at least one of these one or two or more phases. You may have in a part.
- the silicon alloy is, for example, one having one or more of the following elements as a constituent element other than silicon. Tin, nickel, copper, iron, cobalt, manganese, zinc, indium, silver, titanium, germanium, bismuth, antimony or chromium.
- the silicon compound include those having oxygen or carbon as a constituent element other than silicon.
- the silicon compound may have, for example, any one or more of the elements described for the silicon alloy as a constituent element other than silicon.
- silicon alloys or compounds are as follows. SiB 4 , SiB 6 , Mg 2 Si, Ni 2 Si, TiSi 2 , MoSi 2 , CoSi 2 , NiSi 2 , CaSi 2 , CrSi 2 or Cu 5 Si. FeSi 2 , MnSi 2 , NbSi 2 , TaSi 2 , VSi 2 , WSi 2 , ZnSi 2 , SiC, Si 3 N 4 , Si 2 N 2 O, SiO v (0 ⁇ v ⁇ 2), SnO w (0 ⁇ w ⁇ 2) or LiSiO.
- the tin alloy examples include those having one or more of the following elements as constituent elements other than tin. Silicon, nickel, copper, iron, cobalt, manganese, zinc, indium, silver, titanium, germanium, bismuth, antimony or chromium.
- the tin compound is, for example, one having oxygen or carbon.
- the compound of tin may have any 1 type (s) or 2 or more types of the element demonstrated about the alloy of tin as structural elements other than tin, for example.
- the tin alloy or compound is, for example, SnSiO 3 , LiSnO, Mg 2 Sn, or the like.
- silicon As a material containing silicon (silicon-containing material), silicon alone is preferable. This is because a high battery capacity and excellent cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- single substance is a simple substance (which may contain a small amount of impurities) in a general sense, and does not necessarily mean 100% purity.
- the material having tin for example, a material having tin as the first constituent element and, in addition thereto, second and third constituent elements is preferable.
- the second constituent element is, for example, one or more of the following elements. Cobalt, iron, magnesium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium or zirconium. Niobium, molybdenum, silver, indium, cerium (Ce), hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, bismuth or silicon.
- the third constituent element is, for example, one or more of boron, carbon, aluminum, and phosphorus. This is because a high battery capacity and excellent cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- a material (SnCoC-containing material) having tin, cobalt, and carbon as constituent elements is preferable.
- the composition is, for example, a carbon content of 9.9 mass% or more and 29.7 mass% or less, and a content ratio of tin and cobalt (Co / (Sn + Co)) of 20 mass% or more and 70 mass% or less. . This is because a high energy density can be obtained.
- the SnCoC-containing material has a phase containing tin, cobalt, and carbon, and the phase is preferably low crystalline or amorphous.
- This phase is a phase (reaction layer) capable of reacting with lithium, and excellent characteristics can be obtained by the presence of the reaction phase.
- the half width of the diffraction peak obtained by X-ray diffraction of this reaction phase is 1.0 ° or more at a diffraction angle 2 ⁇ when CuK ⁇ ray is used as the specific X-ray and the drawing speed is 1 ° / min. It is preferable. This is because lithium ions are smoothly occluded and released and the reactivity with respect to the electrolytic solution is reduced.
- the SnCoC-containing material may contain a phase containing a simple substance or a part of the constituent elements in addition to the low crystalline or amorphous phase.
- Such a reaction phase contains the above-described series of constituent elements, and is considered to be low crystallization or amorphous mainly due to the presence of carbon.
- the SnCoC-containing material it is preferable that at least a part of carbon that is a constituent element is bonded to a metal element or a metalloid element that is another constituent element. This is because aggregation or crystallization of tin or the like is suppressed.
- the bonding state of the elements is confirmed by, for example, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
- XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- Al—K ⁇ ray or Mg—K ⁇ ray is used as the soft X-ray.
- the energy calibration is performed so that the peak of the 4f orbit (Au4f) of the gold atom is obtained at 84.0 eV.
- the C1s peak of the surface contamination carbon is set to 284.8 eV, which is used as the energy standard.
- the waveform of the C1s peak is measured in a form that includes the surface contamination carbon peak and the carbon peak in the SnCoC-containing material. For example, analysis is performed using commercially available software to separate both peaks. To do. In the waveform analysis, the position of the main peak existing on the lowest bound energy side is used as the energy reference (284.8 eV).
- the SnCoC-containing material may further contain at least one of the following elements as necessary. Silicon, iron, nickel, chromium, indium, niobium, germanium, titanium, molybdenum, aluminum, phosphorus, gallium or bismuth.
- tin-containing material in addition to the SnCoC-containing material, a material having Sn, cobalt, iron and carbon as constituent elements (SnCoFeC-containing material) is also preferable.
- the composition of the SnCoFeC-containing material can be arbitrarily set.
- the composition when the content of iron is set to be small is as follows.
- the carbon content is 9.9 mass% or more and 29.7 mass% or less
- the iron content is 0.3 mass% or more and 5.9 mass% or less
- the content ratio of tin and cobalt (Co / (Sn + Co)) ) Is 30% by mass or more and 70% by mass or less.
- the composition in the case where the content of iron is set to be large is as follows.
- the carbon content is 11.9% by mass or more and 29.7% by mass or less. Further, the content ratio of tin, cobalt and iron ((Co + Fe) / (Sn + Co + Fe)) is 26.4 mass% to 48.5 mass%, and the content ratio of cobalt and iron (Co / (Co + Fe)). Is 9.9 mass% or more and 79.5 mass% or less. This is because a high energy density can be obtained.
- the physical properties and the like (half width, etc.) of the SnCoFeC-containing material are the same as those of the SnCoC-containing material.
- examples of the negative electrode material include metal oxides and polymer compounds.
- examples of the metal oxide include iron oxide, ruthenium oxide, and molybdenum oxide.
- examples of the polymer compound include polyacetylene, polyaniline, and polypyrrole.
- the above series of negative electrode materials may be mixed in any combination of two or more.
- the negative electrode material may be other than the above.
- the negative electrode active material layer 22B is formed by, for example, a coating method, a gas phase method, a liquid phase method, a thermal spraying method, a firing method (sintering method), or two or more kinds thereof.
- the coating method is, for example, a method in which a negative electrode active material is mixed with a binder and then dispersed in a solvent and applied.
- the vapor phase method include a physical deposition method or a chemical deposition method. Specifically, a vacuum deposition method, a sputtering method, an ion plating method, a laser ablation method, a thermal chemical vapor deposition (chemical vapor deposition: CVD) method, a plasma chemical vapor deposition method, or the like.
- Examples of the liquid phase method include an electrolytic plating method and an electroless plating method.
- the thermal spraying method is a method in which the negative electrode material is sprayed in a molten state or a semi-molten state.
- the baking method is, for example, a method in which heat treatment is performed at a temperature higher than the melting point of a binder or the like after being applied in the same procedure as the application method.
- a known method can be used for the firing method.
- an atmosphere firing method, a reaction firing method, a hot press firing method, or the like can be given.
- the positive electrode active material layer 21B is provided in a partial region of the surface of the positive electrode current collector 21A.
- the layer 22B is provided in the entire region of the surface of the negative electrode current collector 22A. Therefore, the negative electrode active material layer 22B is provided in a region facing the positive electrode active material layer 21B (opposing region R1) and a region not facing (non-opposing region R2). However, if the facing region R1 and the non-facing region R2 exist, the negative electrode active material layer 22B may be provided in a partial region of the surface of the negative electrode current collector 22A.
- the portion provided in the facing region R1 is involved in the charge / discharge reaction, but the portion provided in the non-facing region R2 is not involved in the charge / discharge reaction.
- the positive electrode active material layer 21B and the negative electrode active material layer 22B are shaded.
- the positive electrode conductive agent includes an amorphous carbon material and a crystalline carbon material, and the interplanar spacing, specific surface area, and content thereof are set within predetermined ranges.
- the positive electrode conductive agent may be deformed, destroyed, or lost due to a mechanical effect generated during the charge / discharge.
- the state of the positive electrode conductive agent is easily changed from the state immediately after the formation of the positive electrode active material layer 21B.
- the non-facing region R2 since the state of the positive electrode conductive agent is not easily affected by the charge / discharge, it is maintained immediately after the formation of the positive electrode active material layer 21B.
- the separator 23 separates the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 and allows lithium ions to pass through while preventing a short circuit of current caused by contact between the two electrodes.
- the separator 23 is a porous film made of, for example, a synthetic resin or ceramic, and may be a laminate of two or more kinds of porous films.
- the synthetic resin is, for example, polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, or polyethylene.
- the separator 23 is impregnated with an electrolytic solution.
- This electrolytic solution is obtained by dissolving an electrolyte salt in a solvent, and may contain other materials such as various additives as necessary.
- the solvent includes, for example, any one or more of non-aqueous solvents such as organic solvents.
- a series of solvent (nonaqueous solvent) demonstrated below may be individual, or 2 or more types may be mixed.
- non-aqueous solvents include the following. Ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, ⁇ -valerolactone, 1,2-dimethoxyethane or tetrahydrofuran. 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, 1,3-dioxolane, 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, 1,3-dioxane or 1,4-dioxane.
- At least one of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and ethyl methyl carbonate is preferable. This is because excellent battery capacity, cycle characteristics, storage characteristics, and the like can be obtained.
- a high viscosity (high dielectric constant) solvent such as ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate (for example, a relative dielectric constant ⁇ ⁇ 30) and a low viscosity solvent such as dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate or diethyl carbonate (for example, viscosity ⁇ 1 mPas).
- -A combination with s is more preferred. This is because the dissociation property of the electrolyte salt and the ion mobility are improved.
- the solvent may contain one or more of halogenated chain carbonate and halogenated cyclic carbonate. This is because a stable protective film is formed on the surface of the negative electrode 22 at the time of charge and discharge, so that the decomposition reaction of the electrolytic solution is suppressed.
- halogenated means that at least a part of hydrogen is replaced by halogen.
- the halogenated chain carbonate ester include fluoromethyl methyl carbonate, bis (fluoromethyl) carbonate, difluoromethyl methyl carbonate, and the like.
- the halogenated cyclic carbonate include 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one and 4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one.
- the halogenated cyclic carbonate includes geometric isomers.
- the content of the halogenated chain carbonate and the halogenated cyclic carbonate in the solvent is, for example, 0.01 wt% or more and 50 wt% or less.
- the solvent may contain an unsaturated carbon bond cyclic ester carbonate.
- an unsaturated carbon bond cyclic ester carbonate is, for example, vinylene carbonate or vinyl ethylene carbonate, and the content thereof in the solvent is, for example, 0.01 wt% or more and 10 wt% or less.
- the solvent may contain sultone (cyclic sulfonic acid ester) or an acid anhydride.
- sultone is, for example, propane sultone or propene sultone
- the content thereof in the solvent is, for example, 0.5% by weight or more and 5% by weight or less.
- the acid anhydride include carboxylic acid anhydride, disulfonic acid anhydride, carboxylic acid sulfonic acid anhydride, and the like.
- the carboxylic acid anhydride include succinic anhydride, glutaric anhydride, and maleic anhydride.
- Examples of the disulfonic anhydride include ethane disulfonic anhydride and propane disulfonic anhydride.
- Examples of the carboxylic acid sulfonic anhydride include anhydrous sulfobenzoic acid, anhydrous sulfopropionic acid, and anhydrous sulfobutyric acid.
- the content of the acid anhydride in the solvent is, for example, 0.5% by weight or more and 5% by weight or less.
- the electrolyte salt includes, for example, any one or more of light metal salts such as lithium salts.
- the series of electrolyte salts described below may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- lithium salt examples include the following. Lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF 4 ), lithium perchlorate (LiClO 4 ), or lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF 6 ). Lithium tetraphenylborate (LiB (C 6 H 5 ) 4 ), lithium methanesulfonate (LiCH 3 SO 3 ), lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF 3 SO 3 ) or lithium tetrachloroaluminate (LiAlCl 4 ) . It is dilithium hexafluorosilicate (Li 2 SiF 6 ), lithium chloride (LiCl) or lithium bromide (LiBr). This is because excellent battery capacity, cycle characteristics and storage characteristics can be obtained.
- LiPF 6 Lithium hexafluorophosphate
- LiBF 4 lithium perchlorate
- lithium hexafluorophosphate lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium perchlorate, and lithium hexafluoroarsenate are preferable.
- at least one of lithium hexafluorophosphate and lithium tetrafluoroborate is more preferable, and lithium hexafluorophosphate is more preferable. This is because a higher effect can be obtained because the internal resistance is lowered.
- the content of the electrolyte salt is preferably 0.3 mol / kg or more and 3.0 mol / kg or less with respect to the solvent. This is because high ionic conductivity is obtained.
- This secondary battery is manufactured by the following procedure, for example.
- the positive electrode 21 is manufactured. First, a positive electrode active material and a positive electrode conductive agent are mixed with a positive electrode binder or the like as necessary to form a positive electrode mixture, and then dispersed in an organic solvent to obtain a paste-like positive electrode mixture slurry. Subsequently, the positive electrode mixture slurry is applied to the positive electrode current collector 21A to form the positive electrode active material layer 21B. Finally, the positive electrode active material layer 21 ⁇ / b> B is compression-molded while being heated as necessary using a roll press machine or the like. In this case, compression molding may be repeated a plurality of times.
- the negative electrode active material layer 22B is formed on the negative electrode current collector 22A to produce the negative electrode 22.
- the same formation procedure as that of the positive electrode 21 described above may be used. Specifically, a negative electrode mixture obtained by mixing a negative electrode active material with a negative electrode binder and a negative electrode conductive agent as necessary is dispersed in an organic solvent to form a paste-like negative electrode mixture slurry, and then a negative electrode current collector It is applied to both sides of 22A and compression molded as necessary.
- a formation procedure different from that of the positive electrode 21 may be used. Specifically, a negative electrode material is deposited on both surfaces of the negative electrode current collector 22A by using a vapor phase method such as an evaporation method.
- a secondary battery is assembled using the electrolytic solution together with the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22.
- the positive electrode lead 25 is connected to the positive electrode current collector 21A
- the negative electrode lead 26 is connected to the negative electrode current collector 22A.
- the center pin 24 is inserted into the winding center.
- the wound electrode body 20 is accommodated in the battery can 11 while being sandwiched between the pair of insulating plates 12 and 13.
- the tip of the positive electrode lead 25 is connected to the safety valve mechanism 15 and the tip of the negative electrode lead 26 is connected to the battery can 11.
- the interplanar spacing, specific surface area and content of the positive electrode conductive agent are Each of them is optimized to be within a predetermined range.
- the positive electrode conductive material layer 21B is less likely to expand and contract as compared with the case where the surface spacing or the like is not optimized. Therefore, it becomes difficult to detach from the positive electrode current collector 21A.
- the conductivity of the positive electrode active material layer 21B is increased, and the decomposition reaction of the electrolytic solution is suppressed. Therefore, the charge / discharge characteristics can be improved.
- Second Secondary Battery Lithium Ion Secondary Battery: Laminate Film Type
- the secondary battery of the present embodiment may be applied to a type other than the cylindrical type.
- 4 shows an exploded perspective configuration of the second secondary battery
- FIG. 5 shows a cross-sectional configuration along the line VV of the spirally wound electrode body 30 shown in FIG.
- the laminated film type components will be described with reference to the already described cylindrical type components as needed.
- This secondary battery is a lithium ion secondary battery as in the case of the first secondary battery.
- the wound electrode body 30 is housed inside a film-shaped exterior member 40. is there.
- a positive electrode lead 31 and a negative electrode lead 32 are attached to the wound electrode body 30.
- the positive electrode lead 31 and the negative electrode lead 32 are led out in the same direction from the inside of the exterior member 40 to the outside, for example.
- the positive electrode lead 31 is made of, for example, a metal material such as aluminum
- the negative electrode lead 32 is made of, for example, a metal material such as copper, nickel, or stainless steel. These materials have, for example, a thin plate shape or a mesh shape.
- the exterior member 40 is, for example, a laminate film in which a fusion layer, a metal layer, and a surface protective layer are laminated in this order.
- the outer edges of the fusion layers of the two films are bonded together by an adhesive or the like so that the fusion layer faces the wound electrode body 30.
- the fusion layer is, for example, a polymer film such as polyethylene or polypropylene.
- the metal layer is, for example, a metal foil such as an aluminum foil.
- the surface protective layer is, for example, a polymer film such as nylon or polyethylene terephthalate.
- an aluminum laminated film in which a polyethylene film, an aluminum foil, and a nylon film are laminated in this order is preferable.
- a laminate film having another laminated structure a polymer film such as polypropylene, or a metal film may be used.
- the adhesion film 41 is inserted between the exterior member 40 and the positive electrode lead 31 and the negative electrode lead 32 to prevent intrusion of outside air.
- the adhesion film 41 is made of a material having adhesion to the positive electrode lead 31 and the negative electrode lead 32.
- a material is, for example, a polyolefin resin such as polyethylene, polypropylene, modified polyethylene, or modified polypropylene.
- the wound electrode body 30 is obtained by laminating and winding a positive electrode 33 and a negative electrode 34 via a separator 35 and an electrolyte layer 36, and the outermost peripheral portion is protected. It is protected by a tape 37.
- the positive electrode 33 is, for example, one in which a positive electrode active material layer 33B is provided on both surfaces of a positive electrode current collector 33A, and has the same configuration as the positive electrode current collector 21A and the positive electrode active material layer 21B.
- the negative electrode 34 is, for example, one in which a negative electrode active material layer 34B is provided on both surfaces of a negative electrode current collector 34A, which have the same configuration as the negative electrode current collector 22A and the negative electrode active material layer 22B.
- the separator 35 has the same configuration as the separator 23.
- the electrolyte layer 36 is an electrolyte held by a polymer compound, and may contain other materials such as various additives as necessary.
- This electrolyte layer 36 is so-called gel-like, which is preferable because high ion conductivity (for example, 1 mS / cm or more at room temperature) is obtained and leakage of the electrolyte is prevented.
- polymer compound examples include one or more of the following polymer materials.
- polyvinylidene fluoride or a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropyrene is preferable. This is because it is electrochemically stable.
- the electrolytic solution has the same composition as the electrolytic solution in the first secondary battery.
- the solvent in the gel electrolyte layer 36 is a broad concept including not only a liquid solvent but also a substance having ion conductivity capable of dissociating an electrolyte salt. For this reason, when using the high molecular compound which has ion conductivity, the high molecular compound is also contained in a solvent.
- the separator 35 is impregnated with the electrolytic solution.
- lithium ions are released from the positive electrode 33 and inserted into the negative electrode 34 through the electrolyte layer 36.
- lithium ions are released from the negative electrode 34 and inserted into the positive electrode 33 through the electrolyte layer 36.
- the secondary battery provided with the gel electrolyte layer 36 is manufactured by, for example, the following three types of procedures.
- the positive electrode 33 and the negative electrode 34 are manufactured by the same procedure as the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22. Specifically, the positive electrode active material layer 33B is formed on the positive electrode current collector 33A to produce the positive electrode 33, and the negative electrode active material layer 34B is formed on the negative electrode current collector 34A to produce the negative electrode 34. Then, after preparing the precursor solution containing electrolyte solution, a high molecular compound, and a solvent and apply
- the positive electrode 33 and the negative electrode 34 on which the electrolyte layer 36 is formed are stacked and wound via a separator 35, and then a protective tape 37 is adhered to the outermost peripheral portion to produce the wound electrode body 30.
- the outer edge portions of the exterior member 40 are bonded to each other by heat fusion or the like, and the wound electrode body 30 is enclosed.
- the adhesion film 41 is inserted between the positive electrode lead 31 and the negative electrode lead 32 and the exterior member 40. Thereby, the secondary battery shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 is completed.
- the positive electrode lead 31 is connected to the positive electrode 33 and the negative electrode lead 32 is connected to the negative electrode 34.
- the positive electrode 33 and the negative electrode 34 are stacked and wound via the separator 35, and then a protective tape 37 is adhered to the outermost peripheral portion thereof to produce a wound body that is a precursor of the wound electrode body 30.
- the remaining outer peripheral edge except for the outer peripheral edge on one side is adhered by heat fusion or the like, thereby forming a bag-shaped exterior
- the wound body is accommodated in the member 40.
- an electrolyte composition containing an electrolytic solution, a monomer that is a raw material of the polymer compound, a polymerization initiator, and other materials such as a polymerization inhibitor as necessary is prepared to form a bag-shaped exterior member.
- the opening of the exterior member 40 is sealed by heat fusion or the like.
- the gel electrolyte layer 36 is formed by thermally polymerizing the monomer to obtain a polymer compound. Thereby, the secondary battery is completed.
- a wound body is formed inside the bag-shaped exterior member 40 in the same manner as in the second manufacturing method, except that the separator 35 coated with the polymer compound on both sides is used.
- the polymer compound applied to the separator 35 include polymers (homopolymers, copolymers, multi-component copolymers, etc.) containing vinylidene fluoride as a component. Specifically, a binary copolymer having polyvinylidene fluoride, vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene as components, or a ternary copolymer having vinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropylene and chlorotrifluoroethylene as components. Etc.
- the polymer compound may contain one or more other polymer compounds together with the polymer containing vinylidene fluoride as a component.
- the opening of the exterior member 40 is sealed by heat fusion or the like.
- the exterior member 40 is heated while applying a load to bring the separator 35 into close contact with the positive electrode 33 and the negative electrode 34 via the polymer compound.
- the electrolytic solution is impregnated into the polymer compound, and the polymer compound is gelled to form the electrolyte layer 36, thereby completing the secondary battery.
- the positive electrode active material layer 33B has the same configuration as the positive electrode active material layer 21B, the charge / discharge characteristics are improved for the same reason as the first secondary battery. Can do.
- Third secondary battery (lithium metal secondary battery)>
- the secondary battery of this embodiment may be applied to a lithium metal secondary battery in which the capacity of the negative electrode 22 is expressed by precipitation dissolution of lithium metal.
- the third secondary battery has the same configuration as the first secondary battery except that the negative electrode active material layer 22B is made of lithium metal, and is manufactured by the same procedure.
- This secondary battery uses lithium metal as a negative electrode active material, so that high energy density can be obtained.
- the negative electrode active material layer 22B may already exist from the time of assembly, but does not exist at the time of assembly, and may be formed of lithium metal deposited during charging. Further, the negative electrode current collector 22A may be omitted by using the negative electrode active material layer 22B as a current collector.
- lithium ions are released from the positive electrode 21 and are deposited as lithium metal on the surface of the negative electrode current collector 22A through the electrolytic solution impregnated in the separator 23.
- lithium metal is eluted as lithium ions from the negative electrode active material layer 22 ⁇ / b> B and inserted into the positive electrode 21 through the electrolytic solution impregnated in the separator 23.
- the third secondary battery since the positive electrode active material layer 33B has the same configuration as the positive electrode active material layer 21B, the charge / discharge characteristics can be improved for the same reason as the first secondary battery. it can.
- the third secondary battery is not limited to the cylindrical type described for the first secondary battery, but may be applied to the laminate film type described for the second secondary battery.
- the positive electrode 51 was produced. First, lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 ), manganese oxide (MnO 2 ), and nickel oxide (NiO) were weighed so as to have a predetermined molar ratio, and then mixed using a ball mill. Subsequently, the mixture was baked in the air at 800 ° C. for 10 hours and then cooled. Subsequently, the mixture was remixed using a ball mill and then fired in the atmosphere at 700 ° C. for 10 hours to obtain a lithium nickel manganese composite oxide (LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 ) which is a high voltage operating positive electrode material. .
- LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 as the positive electrode active material, acetylene black (amorphous carbon material) and graphite (crystalline carbon material) as the positive electrode conductive agent, and polyvinylidene fluoride as the positive electrode binder were mixed.
- a positive electrode mixture was obtained.
- the face spacing, specific surface area, and content of the amorphous carbon material and the crystalline carbon material were set as shown in Tables 1 to 5.
- Graphite which is a crystalline carbon material, was obtained by firing petroleum pitch as a raw material at a temperature of 1000 ° C. to 2800 ° C., and the surface spacing was controlled by changing the firing temperature.
- the mixing ratio (mass ratio) of the positive electrode active material, the positive electrode conductive agent and the positive electrode binder is constant at 2.5 parts by mass of the positive electrode binder, and the remaining ratio is the positive electrode active material and the positive electrode conductive agent. Distributed in That is, the ratio of the positive electrode active material is the remaining ratio excluding the ratio of the positive electrode conductive agent and the positive electrode binder from the whole. Subsequently, the positive electrode mixture was dispersed in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone to obtain a paste-like positive electrode mixture slurry.
- a positive electrode mixture slurry was applied to a positive electrode current collector 51A made of an aluminum foil (15 ⁇ m thick), and then compression molded using a roll press to form a positive electrode active material layer 51B. Finally, the positive electrode current collector 51A on which the positive electrode active material layer 51B was formed was punched into a pellet having a diameter of 15 mm.
- LiPF 6 lithium hexafluorophosphate
- the positive electrode 51 and the negative electrode 52 (pellet-shaped lithium metal plate) were laminated via a separator 53 made of a microporous polypropylene film (20 ⁇ m thick), and then accommodated in an outer can 54. Then, after impregnating the separator 53 with the electrolytic solution, the outer cup 55 was covered with the gasket 56 and caulked to complete a coin-type secondary battery.
- capacity retention ratio (%) (discharge capacity at the 50th cycle / discharge capacity at the second cycle) ⁇ 100 was calculated.
- the battery is charged with a current of 0.3 mA until the voltage reaches 4.95 V, further charged with the same voltage until the current becomes 0.03 mA (constant current constant voltage charging), and then a current of 0.3 mA is obtained.
- the battery was discharged at a constant current until the voltage reached 3V.
- the specific surface area and content of the amorphous carbon material and the interplanar spacing, specific surface area and content of the crystalline carbon material are optimized.
- the capacity maintenance rate became high.
- the interplanar spacing 0.340 nm to 0.343 nm
- the specific surface area 1 m 2 / g to 5 m 2 / g
- the content 0.5 mass% to 5 mass%.
- Example 2-1 to 2-4 The same procedure as in Experimental Examples 1-1 to 1-20 was performed except that lithium chromium manganese composite oxide (LiCr 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 ) or lithium cobalt phosphate compound (LiCoPO 4 ) was used as the positive electrode active material. .
- the face spacing, specific surface area, and content of the amorphous carbon material and the crystalline carbon material were set as shown in Tables 6 and 7.
- LiCr 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 lithium hydroxide (LiOH), MnO 2 and chromium oxide (Cr 2 O 3 ) were mixed.
- LiCoPO 4 Li 2 CO 3 , cobalt oxide (CoO), and ammonium phosphate ((NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 ) were mixed.
- the other procedures are the same as in the case of obtaining LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 .
- the capacity of the negative electrode may include a capacity due to insertion and extraction of lithium ions and a capacity due to precipitation dissolution of metallic lithium, and may be expressed by the sum of these capacities.
- a negative electrode material capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions is used as the negative electrode active material, and the chargeable capacity of the negative electrode material is set to be smaller than the discharge capacity of the positive electrode.
- the battery structure may be square or button type, and the battery element structure may be a laminated structure.
- the element of the electrode reactant may be, for example, another group 1 element such as sodium (Na) or potassium (K), a group 2 element such as magnesium or calcium, or another light metal such as aluminum. Since the effect of the present invention should be obtained without depending on the element type of the electrode reactant, the same effect can be obtained even if the type is changed.
- the appropriate range derived from the results of the examples is explained, but the explanation completely denies the possibility that the interplanar spacing is outside the above range. is not. That is, the appropriate range described above is a particularly preferable range for obtaining the effects of the present invention. Therefore, as long as the effects of the present invention can be obtained, the surface spacing may be slightly deviated from the above ranges. The same applies to the specific surface areas and contents of the amorphous carbon material and the crystalline carbon material.
Abstract
Description
1.第1二次電池(リチウムイオン二次電池:円筒型)
2.第2二次電池(リチウムイオン二次電池:ラミネートフィルム型)
3.第3二次電池(リチウム金属二次電池)
まず、本発明の一実施形態における第1二次電池について説明する。図1は二次電池の断面構成、図2は図1に示した巻回電極体20の一部、図3は図2に示した正極21および負極22の平面構成をそれぞれ表している。なお、本発明の二次電池用正極は、ここで説明する二次電池の正極21として用いられる。
この二次電池は、負極22の容量が電極反応物質であるリチウムイオンの吸蔵放出により表されるリチウムイオン二次電池であり、図1に示したように、ほぼ中空円柱状の電池缶11の内部に巻回電極体20および一対の絶縁板12,13が収納されたものである。
正極21は、例えば、正極集電体21Aの両面に正極活物質層21Bが設けられたものである。ただし、正極活物質層21Bは、正極集電体21Aの片面だけに設けられていてもよい。
(Mはニッケル、コバルト(Co)、鉄、クロム(Cr)および銅(Cu)のうちの少なくとも1種である。xは0<x≦1である。)
(Mはコバルト、鉄、アルミニウム、バナジウム(V)、スズ(Sn)、マグネシウム(Mg)、チタン(Ti)、ストロンチウム(Sr)、カルシウム(Ca)、ジルコニウム(Zr)、モリブデン(Mo)、テクネチウム(Tc)、ルテニウム(Ru)、タンタル(Ta)、タングステン(W)、レニウム(Re)、イッテルビウム(Y)、銅、亜鉛(Zn)、バリウム(Ba)、ホウ素(B)、クロム、ケイ素(Si)、ガリウム(Ga)、リン(P)、アンチモン(Sb)およびニオブ(Nb)のうちの少なくとも1種である。xは0.005<x<0.5である。)
負極22は、例えば、負極集電体22Aの両面に負極活物質層22Bが設けられたものである。ただし、負極活物質層22Bは、負極集電体22Aの片面だけに設けられていてもよい。
セパレータ23は、正極21と負極22とを隔離すると共に、両極の接触に起因する電流の短絡を防止しながらリチウムイオンを通過させるものである。このセパレータ23は、例えば、合成樹脂あるいはセラミックなどからなる多孔質膜であり、2種類以上の多孔質膜が積層されたものでもよい。合成樹脂は、例えば、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、ポリプロピレンあるいはポリエチレンなどである。
セパレータ23には、電解液が含浸されている。この電解液は、溶媒に電解質塩が溶解されたものであり、必要に応じて、各種添加剤などの他の材料を含んでいてもよい。
この二次電池では、充電時において、例えば、正極21からリチウムイオンが放出され、セパレータ23に含浸された電解液を介して負極22に吸蔵される。一方、放電時において、例えば、負極22からリチウムイオンが放出され、セパレータ23に含浸された電解液を介して正極21に吸蔵される。
この二次電池は、例えば、以下の手順により製造される。
なお、本実施形態の二次電池は、円筒型以外に適用されてもよい。図4は第2二次電池の分解斜視構成、図5は図4に示した巻回電極体30のV-V線に沿った断面構成をそれぞれ表している。以下では、ラミネートフィルム型の構成要素について、既に説明した円筒型の構成要素を随時引用しながら説明する。
なお、本実施形態の二次電池は、負極22の容量がリチウム金属の析出溶解により表されるリチウム金属二次電池に適用されてもよい。第3二次電池は、負極活物質層22Bがリチウム金属により構成されていることを除き、第1二次電池と同様の構成を有していると共に、同様の手順により製造される。
以下の手順により、図6に示したコイン型のリチウム金属二次電池を作製した。この二次電池は、正極51を収容する外装缶54と負極52を収容する外装カップ55とがセパレータ53およびガスケット56を介してかしめられたものである。
正極活物質としてリチウムクロムマンガン複合酸化物(LiCr0.5 Mn1.5 O4 )あるいはリチウムコバルトリン酸化合物(LiCoPO4 )を用いたことを除き、実験例1-1~1-20と同様の手順を経た。この場合には、非晶質炭素材料および結晶性炭素材料の面間隔、比表面積および含有量を表6および表7に示したように設定した。LiCr0.5 Mn1.5 O4 を得る場合には、水酸化リチウム(LiOH)とMnO2 と酸化クロム(Cr2 O3 )とを混合した。一方、LiCoPO4 を得る場合には、Li2 CO3 と酸化コバルト(CoO)とリン酸アンモニウム((NH4 )2 HPO4 )とを混合した。これ以外の手順は、LiNi0.5 Mn1.5 O4 を得た場合と同様である。
Claims (7)
- 正極活物質および正極導電剤を含む正極活物質層を有する正極と、負極と、電解質塩および溶媒を含む電解液とを備え、
前記正極活物質の動作電圧はリチウム金属(Li)基準で4.5V以上であり、
前記正極導電剤は非晶質炭素材料および結晶性炭素材料を含み、
前記非晶質炭素材料の比表面積は50m2 /g以上100m2 /g以下、前記正極活物質層中の含有量は0.5質量%以上5質量%以下であると共に、前記結晶性炭素材料のX線回折により得られる(002)面の面間隔は0.340nm以上、比表面積は1m2 /g以上5m2 /g以下、前記正極活物質層中の含有量は0.5質量%以上5質量%以下である
二次電池。 - 前記結晶性炭素材料の面間隔は0.343nm以下である、請求項1記載の二次電池。
- 前記非晶質炭素材料はアセチレンブラックであり、前記結晶性炭素材料は黒鉛である、請求項1記載の二次電池。
- 前記正極活物質は、下記の式(1)で表されるリチウムマンガン系複合酸化物、あるいはリチウムコバルトリン酸化合物(LiCoPO4 )である、請求項1記載の二次電池。
LiMx Mn2-x O4 ・・・(1)
(Mはニッケル(Ni)、コバルト(Co)、鉄(Fe)、クロム(Cr)および銅(Cu)のうちの少なくとも1種である。xは0<x≦1である。) - 前記正極活物質は、リチウムニッケルマンガン複合酸化物(LiNi0.5 Mn1.5 O4 )、リチウムクロムマンガン複合酸化物(LiCr0.5 Mn1.5 O4 )、あるいはリチウムコバルトリン酸化合物である、請求項4記載の二次電池。
- 前記正極活物質層は正極結着剤を含む、請求項1記載の二次電池。
- 正極活物質および正極導電剤を含む正極活物質層を有し、
前記正極活物質の動作電圧はリチウム金属基準で4.5V以上であり、
前記正極導電剤は非晶質炭素材料および結晶性炭素材料を含み、
前記非晶質炭素材料の比表面積は50m2 /g以上100m2 /g以下、前記正極活物質層中の含有量は0.5質量%以上5質量%以下であると共に、前記結晶性炭素材料のX線回折により得られる(002)面の面間隔は0.340nm以上、比表面積は1m2 /g以上5m2 /g以下、前記正極活物質層中の含有量は0.5質量%以上5質量%以下である
二次電池用正極。
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EP10804298A EP2461400A1 (en) | 2009-07-29 | 2010-07-21 | Positive electrode for secondary battery, and secondary battery |
US13/383,459 US8709661B2 (en) | 2009-07-29 | 2010-07-21 | Positive electrode for secondary battery, and secondary battery |
CN2010800332064A CN102473920A (zh) | 2009-07-29 | 2010-07-21 | 用于二次电池的正极和二次电池 |
BR112012001377A BR112012001377A2 (pt) | 2009-07-29 | 2010-07-21 | bateria secundária, e, eletrodo positivo para uma bateria secundária |
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WO2012161479A2 (ko) | 2011-05-23 | 2012-11-29 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 출력 밀도 특성이 향상된 고출력의 리튬 이차전지 |
KR101336083B1 (ko) | 2011-05-23 | 2013-12-03 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 출력 밀도 특성이 향상된 고출력의 리튬 이차전지 |
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WO2013009078A2 (ko) | 2011-07-13 | 2013-01-17 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 에너지 밀도 특성이 향상된 고 에너지 리튬 이차전지 |
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FR2990064B1 (fr) * | 2012-04-25 | 2014-05-23 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Accumulateur electrochimique au lithium du type lithium-air |
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WO2015129683A1 (ja) | 2014-02-27 | 2015-09-03 | 戸田工業株式会社 | 正極合剤および非水電解質二次電池 |
KR20160037518A (ko) * | 2014-09-29 | 2016-04-06 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 가압부를 포함하는 원통형 전지 및 이의 제조 방법 |
CN104538637A (zh) * | 2014-12-29 | 2015-04-22 | 东莞新能源科技有限公司 | 一种锂离子二次电池及其制备方法 |
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KR102223721B1 (ko) * | 2017-07-28 | 2021-03-05 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 이차전지용 양극 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차전지 |
US11594724B2 (en) * | 2017-12-20 | 2023-02-28 | Vehicle Energy Japan Inc. | Positive electrode for lithium ion secondary cell, and lithium ion secondary cell using same |
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KR20120038977A (ko) | 2012-04-24 |
US20120141875A1 (en) | 2012-06-07 |
EP2461400A1 (en) | 2012-06-06 |
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JP2011034675A (ja) | 2011-02-17 |
IN2012DN00597A (ja) | 2015-06-12 |
US8709661B2 (en) | 2014-04-29 |
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