WO2010071036A1 - プラズマ光源とプラズマ光発生方法 - Google Patents
プラズマ光源とプラズマ光発生方法 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a plasma light source and a method for generating plasma light for EUV radiation.
- Lithography using an extreme ultraviolet light source is expected for fine processing of next-generation semiconductors.
- Lithography is a technique for forming an electronic circuit by irradiating a resist material by reducing and projecting light or a beam onto a silicon substrate through a mask on which a circuit pattern is drawn.
- the minimum processing dimension of a circuit formed by photolithography basically depends on the wavelength of the light source. Therefore, it is essential to shorten the wavelength of the light source for next-generation semiconductor development, and research for this light source development is underway.
- EUV extreme ultraviolet light source
- the most promising next generation lithography light source is an extreme ultraviolet light source (EUV), which means light in the wavelength region of about 1 to 100 nm.
- the light in this region has a high absorptance with respect to all substances, and a transmissive optical system such as a lens cannot be used. Therefore, a reflective optical system is used.
- the optical system in the extreme ultraviolet region is very difficult to develop, and exhibits a reflection characteristic only at a limited wavelength.
- the light source plasma generation can be roughly divided into a laser irradiation method (LPP: Laser Produced Plasma) and a gas discharge method (DPP: Discharge Produced Plasma) driven by a pulse power technique.
- LPP Laser Produced Plasma
- DPP Discharge Produced Plasma
- DPP has the advantage that the input power is directly converted into plasma energy, so that it has an advantage in conversion efficiency compared to LPP, and the apparatus is small in size and low in cost.
- the conversion efficiency (plasma conversion efficiency: PCE) from plasma to radiation in the effective wavelength region (in-band) is expressed by the following equation (1).
- P. C. E (P inband ⁇ ⁇ ) / E (1)
- P inband is the EUV radiation output in the effective wavelength region
- ⁇ is the radiation duration
- E is the energy input to the plasma.
- Xe, Sn, Li and the like are typical elements having a radiation spectrum in the effective wavelength region, and research has been progressed mainly on Xe in the early stages of development because of ease of experimentation and ease of handling.
- Sn has been attracting attention and research is being promoted because of its high output and high efficiency.
- expectation for hydrogen-like Li ions (Li 2+ ) having just a Lyman- ⁇ resonance line in the in-band region is increasing.
- the radiation spectrum from a high-temperature, high-density plasma is basically determined by the temperature and density of the target material. According to the calculation result of the atomic process of the plasma, the electron in the case of Xe, Sn is used to make the plasma in the EUV radiation region. temperature, electron density, respectively 10 ⁇ 30eV, 10 18 cm -3 approximately, 20 eV in the case of Li, 10 18 cm about -3 is optimal.
- Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2 and Patent Document 1 The plasma light source described above is disclosed in Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2 and Patent Document 1.
- EUV lithography light sources are required to have a high average output, a small light source size, and a small amount of scattered particles (debris).
- the EUV emission amount is extremely low with respect to the required output, and increasing the output is one of the major issues.
- the input energy is increased for increasing the output, the damage caused by the thermal load will be caused by The lifetime of the optical system is reduced. Therefore, high energy conversion efficiency is indispensable to satisfy both high EUV output and low heat load.
- Room-temperature solid media such as Sn and Li have high spectral conversion efficiency, but the plasma generation is accompanied by phase changes such as melting and evaporation, so the effect of contamination inside the device due to debris (derived from discharge) such as neutral particles becomes larger. Therefore, the target supply and recovery system must be strengthened as well.
- the conventional capillary discharge has a drawback that the effective solid solid angle is small because the plasma is confined in the capillary.
- the present invention has been developed to solve the above-described problems. That is, the object of the present invention is to generate plasma light for EUV radiation stably for a long time (on the order of ⁇ sec), and the damage caused by the thermal load of the component equipment is small, and effective radiation of the generated plasma light is achieved.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a plasma light source and a plasma light generation method capable of increasing a solid angle and continuously supplying a plasma medium.
- a pair of coaxial electrodes arranged opposite to each other, a discharge environment holding device that supplies a plasma medium in the coaxial electrodes and maintains a temperature and pressure suitable for plasma generation, and each coaxial electrode A voltage application device that applies a discharge voltage with the polarity reversed to the electrode, and
- a plasma light source characterized in that a tubular discharge is formed between a pair of coaxial electrodes to confine the plasma in the axial direction.
- each of the coaxial electrodes includes a rod-shaped center electrode extending on a single axis, a tubular guide electrode surrounding the center electrode at a predetermined interval, a center electrode, It consists of a ring-shaped insulator that is located between the guide electrodes and insulates between them,
- the center electrodes of the pair of coaxial electrodes are positioned on the same axis and are symmetrically spaced from each other at a constant interval.
- the voltage applying device includes a positive voltage source that applies a positive discharge voltage higher than the guide electrode to the center electrode of one coaxial electrode, and a negative discharge voltage that is lower than the guide electrode to the center electrode of the other coaxial electrode. And a trigger switch for simultaneously applying the positive voltage source and the negative voltage source to the respective coaxial electrodes.
- the insulator is a porous ceramic
- a plasma medium supply device for supplying a plasma medium into the coaxial electrode through the porous ceramic
- the plasma medium supply device includes a reservoir that holds the plasma medium therein and a heating device that liquefies the plasma medium.
- an ignition laser device that irradiates laser light onto the insulator surfaces of the pair of coaxial electrodes in synchronization with the application timing of the discharge voltage.
- the ignition laser device irradiates multiple points of laser light on a plurality of locations on the surface of each insulator.
- a pair of coaxial electrodes are arranged opposite to each other, a plasma medium is supplied into the coaxial electrodes and maintained at a temperature and pressure suitable for plasma generation, and the polarity is reversed to each coaxial electrode.
- the discharge voltage is applied to generate a planar discharge on each pair of coaxial electrodes, and the planar discharge forms plasma at the opposite intermediate position of each coaxial electrode.
- a pair of coaxial electrodes arranged opposite to each other are provided, and a planar discharge current (planar discharge) is generated in each of the pair of coaxial electrodes.
- a planar discharge current planar discharge
- Plasma light for EUV radiation can be stably generated for a long time (on the order of ⁇ sec).
- plasma is formed at the opposite intermediate position of a pair of coaxial electrodes, and energy conversion efficiency can be greatly improved.
- the thermal load is reduced, and the damage caused by the thermal load on the component equipment can be greatly reduced.
- plasma which is a light emission source of plasma light
- plasma is formed at an intermediate position where a pair of coaxial electrodes are opposed to each other, an effective radiation solid angle of the generated plasma light can be increased.
- the plasma medium can be continuously supplied by the configuration in which the insulator is a porous ceramic, and the plasma medium supply device supplies the plasma medium into the coaxial electrode through the porous ceramic.
- FIG. 1 Shows typical EUV signal of straight type A typical EUV signal with a tapered shape is shown. It is a schematic diagram of a cusp magnetic field guide discharge experiment. It is a typical block diagram of a counter plasma focus apparatus. The time when the current sheet collides at the center between the electrodes is shown. The time of formation of the plasma confinement magnetic field is shown. The EUV emission is shown. It is a schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus of the plasma light source which has a coaxial electrode. It is an experimental result which shows the breadth of the current sheet in a coaxial electrode. It is another experimental result which shows the breadth of the current sheet in a coaxial electrode.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a first embodiment of a plasma light source according to the present invention.
- the plasma light source of the present invention includes a pair of coaxial electrodes 10, a discharge environment holding device 20, and a voltage application device 30.
- the pair of coaxial electrodes 10 are disposed opposite to each other with the symmetry plane 1 as the center.
- Each coaxial electrode 10 includes a rod-shaped center electrode 12, a tubular guide electrode 14, and a ring-shaped insulator 16.
- the rod-shaped center electrode 12 is a conductive electrode extending on a single axis ZZ.
- a concave hole 12a is provided on the end face of the center electrode 12 facing the symmetry plane 1 so as to stabilize the planar discharge current 2 and the tubular discharge 4 described later.
- This configuration is not essential, and the end face of the center electrode 12 facing the symmetry plane 1 may be arcuate or flat.
- the tubular guide electrode 14 surrounds the center electrode 12 with a predetermined interval, and holds a plasma medium therebetween.
- the plasma medium is preferably a gas such as Xe, Sn, or Li.
- the end face of the guide electrode 14 facing the symmetry plane 1 may be arcuate or flat.
- the ring-shaped insulator 16 is a hollow cylindrical electrical insulator positioned between the center electrode 12 and the guide electrode 14 and electrically insulates between the center electrode 12 and the guide electrode 14.
- the shape of the insulator 16 is not limited to this example, and may be other shapes as long as the center electrode 12 and the guide electrode 14 are electrically insulated.
- the center electrodes 12 are positioned on the same axis ZZ and are symmetrically spaced apart from each other.
- the discharge environment holding device 20 supplies a plasma medium into the coaxial electrode 10 and holds the coaxial electrode 10 at a temperature and pressure suitable for plasma generation.
- the discharge environment holding device 20 can be constituted by, for example, a vacuum chamber, a temperature controller, a vacuum device, and a plasma medium supply device. This configuration is not essential, and other configurations may be used.
- the voltage application device 30 applies a discharge voltage with the polarity reversed to each coaxial electrode 10.
- the voltage application device 30 includes a positive voltage source 32, a negative voltage source 34, and a trigger switch 36.
- the positive voltage source 32 applies a positive discharge voltage higher than that of the guide electrode 14 to the center electrode 12 of the coaxial electrode 10 on one side (left side in this example).
- the negative voltage source 34 applies a negative discharge voltage lower than that of the guide electrode 14 to the center electrode 12 of the other coaxial electrode 10 (right side in this example).
- the trigger switch 36 simultaneously activates the positive voltage source 32 and the negative voltage source 34 to apply positive and negative discharge voltages to the respective coaxial electrodes 12 simultaneously.
- the plasma light source of the present invention forms a tubular discharge (described later) between the pair of coaxial electrodes 10 to contain the plasma in the axial direction.
- FIGS. 2A to 2D are operation explanatory views of the plasma light source of FIG. 2A shows a state in which a sheet discharge is generated
- FIG. 2B shows a state in which the sheet discharge is moving
- FIG. 2C shows a state in which plasma is formed
- FIG. Hereinafter, the plasma light generation method of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 2A to 2D.
- the pair of coaxial electrodes 10 described above are disposed opposite to each other, a plasma medium is supplied into the coaxial electrode 10 by the discharge environment holding device 20, and the temperature and pressure are suitable for plasma generation.
- the voltage is applied, and the voltage application device 30 applies a discharge voltage whose polarity is reversed to each coaxial electrode 10.
- planar discharge 2 is a planar discharge current that flows between the center electrode 12 and the guide electrode 14 and spreads in a two-dimensional manner when viewed from the axial direction of the coaxial electrode 10. Called “current sheet”.
- the center electrode 12 of the left coaxial electrode 10 is applied with a positive voltage (+)
- the guide electrode 14 is applied with a negative voltage ( ⁇ )
- the center electrode 12 of the right coaxial electrode 10 is applied with a negative voltage ( ⁇ ).
- the guide electrode 14 is applied to a positive voltage (+).
- both guide electrodes 14 may be grounded and held at 0 V
- one center electrode 12 may be applied to a positive voltage (+)
- the other center electrode 12 may be applied to a negative voltage ( ⁇ ).
- planar discharge 2 moves in the direction of being discharged from the electrode by the self magnetic field (the direction toward the center in the figure).
- the plasma medium 6 sandwiched between the pair of sheet discharges 2 becomes high density and high temperature.
- a single plasma 3 is formed at the opposite intermediate position of the electrode 10 (the symmetry plane 1 of the center electrode 12). Note that “single” of “single plasma 3” means that the plasma 3 spreads in a limited small region. Such a spread region of the plasma 3 looks like a spot when viewed from the direction of the axis ZZ, for example.
- the spread region of the plasma 3 spreads by about 1 to 2 mm in the direction orthogonal to the direction of the axis ZZ, and spreads by about 3 to 4 mm in the direction of the axis ZZ.
- the dimensions of the region vary depending on the dimensions of the coaxial electrode 10 and other discharge conditions.
- the pair of opposed center electrodes 12 have a positive voltage (+) and a negative voltage ( ⁇ ), and similarly, the pair of guide electrodes 14 opposed to each other also has a positive voltage (+) and a negative voltage.
- ( ⁇ ) as shown in FIG. 2D, the planar discharge 2 is switched to a tubular discharge 4 that discharges between a pair of opposed center electrodes 12 and between a pair of opposed guide electrodes 14.
- the tubular discharge 4 means a hollow cylindrical discharge current surrounding the axis ZZ.
- a plasma confinement magnetic field (magnetic bin) indicated by reference numeral 5 in the figure is formed, and the plasma 3 can be confined in the radial direction and the axial direction.
- the central portion of the magnetic bin 5 is large due to the pressure of the plasma 3 and both sides thereof are small, and a magnetic pressure gradient in the axial direction toward the plasma 3 is formed.
- the plasma 3 is constrained to an intermediate position by this magnetic pressure gradient.
- the plasma 3 is compressed (Z pinch) in the center direction by the self-magnetic field of the plasma current, and the restraint by the self-magnetic field also acts in the radial direction. In this state, if the energy corresponding to the emission energy of the plasma 3 is continuously supplied from the voltage application device 30, the plasma light 8 (EUV) can be stably generated for a long time with high energy conversion efficiency.
- EUV plasma light 8
- a pair of coaxial electrodes 10 arranged opposite to each other are provided, and a planar discharge current (planar discharge 2) is generated in each of the pair of coaxial electrodes 10,
- a single plasma 3 is formed at the opposite intermediate position of each coaxial electrode 10 by the planar discharge 2, and then the planar discharge 2 is connected to a tubular discharge 4 between a pair of coaxial electrodes to contain the plasma 3. Since the plasma confinement magnetic field 5 (magnetic bin 5) is formed, plasma light for EUV radiation can be stably generated for a long time (on the order of ⁇ sec).
- a single plasma 3 is formed at an intermediate position where a pair of coaxial electrodes 10 face each other, and the energy conversion efficiency is greatly improved (10 times or more).
- the thermal load on each electrode during plasma formation is reduced, and the damage caused by the thermal load on the components can be greatly reduced.
- the plasma 3 which is a light source of plasma light is formed at an intermediate position where the pair of coaxial electrodes 10 face each other, the effective radiation solid angle of the generated plasma light can be increased.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a second embodiment of the plasma light source according to the present invention.
- the ring-shaped insulator 16 is a porous ceramic.
- the plasma light source according to the present invention further includes a plasma medium supply device 18.
- the plasma medium supply device 18 is provided in close contact with the outer surface of the porous ceramic 16, and supplies the plasma medium through the porous ceramic 16 into the coaxial electrode 10 (between the center electrode 12 and the guide electrode 14).
- the plasma medium supply device 18 includes a reservoir 18a (for example, a crucible) that holds the plasma medium 6 therein, and a heating device 18b that liquefies the plasma medium.
- the plasma medium may be a solid plasma medium such as Sn or Li at room temperature. Other configurations are the same as those of the first embodiment.
- the porous ceramic 16 is heated to a temperature at which the vapor pressure of the plasma medium 6 (Sn, Li, etc.) becomes a pressure suitable for plasma generation (Torr order). Then, the inside of the coaxial electrode 10 (between the center electrode 12 and the guide electrode 14) is brought to the vapor atmosphere of the plasma medium 6 of the Torr order. Further, the electrode conductors (the center electrode 12 and the guide electrode 14) are maintained at a high temperature at which the vapor of the plasma medium 6 does not aggregate.
- the plasma medium 6 can be continuously supplied into the coaxial electrode 10, and plasma light for EUV radiation can be stably generated for a longer time (on the order of ⁇ sec).
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a third embodiment of the plasma light source according to the present invention.
- the plasma light source according to the present invention further includes an ignition laser device 40.
- the ignition laser device 40 includes two laser oscillators 42 and a timing control device 44, and insulates the pair of coaxial electrodes 10 in synchronization with the timing of application of the discharge voltage by the voltage application device 30.
- the surface of the body 16 is irradiated with laser light 7.
- reference numeral 14 a denotes an opening provided in the guide electrode 14 for allowing the laser beam 7 to pass.
- the opening 14a may be closed with a transparent body (for example, quartz glass) through which the laser light 7 passes.
- the voltage application device 30 is a pulse high voltage power supply 38, and applies a discharge voltage with the polarity reversed to the left and right to the center electrode 12 and the guide electrode 14 of the pair of coaxial electrodes 10. ing.
- the voltage application device 30 may have the configuration shown in FIG. Other configurations are the same as those of the first embodiment.
- the laser light 7 is irradiated on the surface of the insulator 16 in synchronization with the timing of applying the discharge voltage, thereby reducing the discharge jitter and making the discharge start timings of the opposing coaxial electrodes 10 coincide. be able to.
- 5A and 5B are diagrams showing a fourth embodiment of the plasma light source according to the present invention.
- 5A is a pair of coaxial electrodes 10
- FIG. 5B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line BB.
- the ignition laser device 44 is configured to irradiate multiple points of laser light 7 to a plurality of locations on the surface of each insulator 16.
- the positions of multi-point irradiation are positions that are equally spaced in the circumferential direction of each insulator 16, and in this example, there are 8 positions in the circumferential direction.
- a beam splitter is used and the optical path lengths are matched.
- capillary discharge experiment One of the simplest DPP generation methods is capillary discharge.
- capillary discharge electrodes are installed at both ends of a cylindrical insulator tubule, and a high voltage is applied between the electrodes to form discharge plasma in the tubule.
- the inventors of the present invention examined the influence of the initial current distribution on the duration of EUV plasma by changing the capillary shape.
- FIG. 6A, 6B and 6C are schematic views of the capillary discharge device.
- 6A is a schematic diagram of an experimental apparatus
- FIG. 6B is a straight capillary
- FIG. 6C is a schematic diagram of a tapered capillary.
- the length of the straight capillary (FIG. 6B) is 10 mm, and the inner diameter is 3 mm.
- the length of the tapered capillary (FIG. 6C) is 10 mm, and the inner diameters of the anode side and the cathode side are 2 mm and 8 mm, respectively.
- the capillary has a Laval nozzle structure, and the Xe gas supplied into the capillary by an electronically controlled valve is accelerated at supersonic speed in the nozzle.
- the DPP can be driven in a state where the inside of the chamber is kept at a vacuum of about 10 ⁇ 6 torr.
- the EUV signal was measured using a photodiode (IRD Corporation, AXUV20HS1) placed in the capillary axis direction.
- FIG. 7A and 7B are diagrams showing the effect of the initial current distribution on the EUV signal.
- FIG. 7A shows a typical EUV signal of a straight type
- FIG. 7B shows a tapered type of EUV signal.
- A is an input current
- B is an EUV signal.
- 7A and 7B clearly show that the duration of the EUV signal B is increased in the tapered type.
- the plasma is compressed (Z pinch) in the center direction by the self magnetic field of the plasma current along the capillary surface.
- the plasma compressed and heated by the Z pinch is in a high temperature and high density state, but expands rapidly due to the increased pressure after maximum compression. Therefore, plasma in the EUV radiation state can only exist for a short time.
- the strength P B of the self magnetic field is expressed by the following equation (2).
- I is a plasma current
- r is a plasma radius.
- the self-magnetic field becomes stronger on the anode side where the plasma radius r is small. Drift from the side to the cathode side. It is considered that the plasma moving in the capillary was continuously heated and maintained in a high temperature and high density state for a long time.
- FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a cusp magnetic field guide discharge experiment. This figure shows the concept of current distribution control by an applied magnetic field. Permanent magnets were installed around both electrodes as shown in the figure, and the initial current path was controlled by a cusp-type magnetic field. The moment the high voltage is applied to the electrode, electrons that have jumped out of the cathode are controlled by the electric field and cusp-type magnetic flux and move to the anode, causing an electron avalanche. As a result, the formation of a current distribution as shown in the figure is expected.
- the electrode diameter used in the proof-of-principle experiment was 2 mm, the distance between the electrodes was 4 mm, the magnet having a surface magnetic flux density of 1.25T had an inner diameter of 24 mm, an outer diameter of 50 mm, and an intermagnet distance of 8 mm.
- the proof-of-principle experiment stronger light emission was observed near the center between the electrodes by being guided by the magnetic field B.
- the reproducibility was low and a stable result could not be obtained. This is thought to be because the formation of the current path strongly depends on the path of the initial uncertain electronic avalanche. Since the EUV light source presupposes a high repetition rate of 1 to 10 kHz in order to obtain output, instability of plasma formation leads to reduction of output and efficiency.
- FIG. 9 is a schematic configuration diagram of a counter plasma focus device
- FIGS. 10A, 10B, and 10C are diagrams showing plasma behavior expected by a current reconnector.
- a DPP formation method with a plasma focus mechanism facing is proposed.
- coaxial plasma focus electrodes are opposed to each other.
- the outer guide electrode 14 is grounded, and the inner electrode (center electrode 12) applies positive and negative high voltages.
- the coaxial electrodes the guide electrode 14 and the center electrode 12
- discharge starts on the creeping surface of the insulator 16 (see FIGS. 10A, 10B, and 10C).
- the current sheet (planar discharge 2) formed on the insulator surface is pushed in the direction of being discharged from the electrode by the self magnetic field.
- the discharge jitter means a delay time from application of applied voltage to start of discharge. If the discharge jitter is sufficiently smaller than the current sheet progress time in the interelectrode gap, collision near the center of the electrode is possible. When the current sheet collides at the center between the electrodes, if the current path and the magnetic field are temporarily collapsed and reconnection occurs, it is considered that the plasma behavior as shown in FIG. 10A, FIG. 10B and FIG. The shape can be expected.
- reconnecting refers to a pair of opposing inner electrodes (center electrode) from discharge (state of FIG. 10A) between the inner electrode (center electrode 12) and the outer electrode (guide electrode 14). 12) and a current path and a magnetic field change in the discharge (state of FIG. 10B) between a pair of opposed outer electrodes (guide electrodes 14).
- This reconnection can be automatically performed by adjusting the distance between the pair of coaxial electrodes, changing the discharge voltage, or the like.
- the current waveform can be controlled by circuit parameters. After reconnecting successfully, if the plasma pressure gradient and the radial and axial magnetic pressure gradients can be balanced by an optimal current waveform, the plasma can be constrained for ⁇ sec.
- the key points of this experiment are the onset of discharge, the uniformity of the current sheet, and the reconnection of the current sheet when it is achieved.
- an experiment for confirming the discharge of the uniform current sheet was performed for the collision of the uniform current sheet.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of an experimental apparatus for a plasma light source having a coaxial electrode.
- the electrode diameter of the center electrode 12 is 5 mm
- the inner diameter of the outer guide electrode 14 is 10 mm
- the electrode edge is curved to prevent the discharge from starting at the tip.
- the coaxial electrodes (the center electrode 12 and the guide electrode 14) are separated by an insulator (not shown), and a needle-like trigger pin is installed on the insulator surface so that a uniform and stable discharge is started. Yes.
- the depth of the coaxial electrode distance from the insulator surface to the tip of the coaxial electrode) can be changed by changing the length of the insulator.
- the capacitor capacity is 1 ⁇ F
- the applied voltage is 10 to 15 kV
- the circuit inductance is 0.4 ⁇ H.
- FIGS. 12A and 12B show a state in which the center electrode is applied to ⁇ 15 kV and driven by a current having a sine waveform (period 4 ⁇ sec). At this time, the discharge peak current is 4 kA, the initial gas pressure is 110 mtorr (Ar), and the exposure time is 100 nsec.
- FIG. 12A and 12B show a state in which the center electrode is applied to ⁇ 15 kV and driven by a current having a sine waveform (period 4 ⁇ sec). At this time, the discharge peak current is 4 kA, the initial gas pressure is 110 mtorr (Ar), and the exposure time is 100 nsec.
- FIG. 12A shows the state of plasma spread immediately after the start of discharge
- FIG. 12B shows the state of plasma spread after a lapse of time (approximately 400 ns) from the start of discharge. That is, in these figures, the region indicated by the arrow S is the plasma spread.
- the current sheet in the coaxial electrode tends to spread in the ⁇ direction. That is, under the discharge conditions described above, the uniformity of the current sheet can be obtained by starting discharge at two or more locations.
- the plasma can be made to have a structure without a shield outside the radial direction (relative to the axis ZZ). Can be big.
- the electrode depth was changed and plasma discharge was observed, plasma discharge was confirmed at an electrode depth of 20 mm.
- the speed of the current sheet is about 1 cm / ⁇ sec under the above-mentioned conditions. Since the gap between the electrodes is about 5 to 10 mm, the deviation of the discharge start of both electrodes is acceptable if it is about 100 nsec. From the above experiments, the index for current sheet collision was obtained for the simultaneous discharge start and the uniformity of the current sheet.
- the discharge jitter is a feasible value in terms of device performance, and the formation of two or more discharge start points can be solved by devising a trigger pin.
- the inventors of the present invention measured EUV radiation of Xe plasma using a tapered capillary and compared it with a conventional capillary discharge. It was confirmed that the EUV emission time was prolonged by operating the current waveform. In the case of using the taper type capillary, the radiation duration was extended by about 1.5 times compared to the case of the straight type capillary operated under the same discharge conditions. It became clear that the operation of the discharge current is important for extending the radiation time. Moreover, although it was extended 1.5 times, it became clear that the radiation time of 300 nsec is still far from the goal of improving the output and improving the efficiency.
- the stable EUV plasma generation and confinement method we proposed a method of facing a pair of plasma inverted polarities. If the discharge synchronism, current sheet uniformity, and current sheet reconnection are successful, the plasma is axially compressed and maintained by a self-magnetic field, providing a stable configuration suitable for long-term EUV radiation. It is thought that a plasma shape can be formed.
- the energy conversion efficiency of the EUV plasma light source can be improved by forming a spatially and temporally controlled light source plasma.
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、EUV放射のためのプラズマ光源とプラズマ光発生方法に関する。
次世代半導体の微細加工のために極端紫外光源を用いるリソグラフィが期待されている。リソグラフィとは回路パターンの描かれたマスクを通して光やビームをシリコン基板上に縮小投影し、レジスト材料を感光させることで電子回路を形成する技術である。光リソグラフィで形成される回路の最小加工寸法は基本的には光源の波長に依存している。従って、次世代の半導体開発には光源の短波長化が必須であり、この光源開発に向けた研究が進められている。
P.C.E=(Pinband×τ)/E・・・(1)
ここで、Pinbandは有効波長領域のEUV放射光出力、τは放射持続時間、Eはプラズマに投入されたエネルギーである。
1対の同軸状電極間に管状放電を形成してプラズマを軸方向に封じ込める、ことを特徴とするプラズマ光源が提供される。
1対の同軸状電極の各中心電極は、前記同一の軸線上に位置し、かつ互いに一定の間隔を隔てて対称に位置する。
さらに該多孔質セラミックを通して同軸状電極内にプラズマ媒体を供給するプラズマ媒体供給装置を備え、
該プラズマ媒体供給装置は、プラズマ媒体を内部に保有するリザーバーと、プラズマ媒体を液化する加熱装置とからなる。
この図において、本発明のプラズマ光源は、1対の同軸状電極10、放電環境保持装置20、及び電圧印加装置30を備える。
各同軸状電極10は、棒状の中心電極12、管状のガイド電極14及びリング状の絶縁体16からなる。
なお、絶縁体16の形状はこの例に限定されず、中心電極12とガイド電極14の間を電気的に絶縁する限りで、その他の形状であってもよい。
放電環境保持装置20は、例えば、真空チャンバー、温度調節器、真空装置、及びプラズマ媒体供給装置により構成することができる。なおこの構成は必須ではなく、その他の構成であってもよい。
電圧印加装置30は、この例では、正電圧源32、負電圧源34及びトリガスイッチ36からなる。
正電圧源32は、一方(この例では左側)の同軸状電極10の中心電極12にそのガイド電極14より高い正の放電電圧を印加する。
負電圧源34は、他方(この例では右側)の同軸状電極10の中心電極12にそのガイド電極14より低い負の放電電圧を印加する。
トリガスイッチ36は、正電圧源32と負電圧源34を同時に作動させて、それぞれの同軸状電極12に同時に正負の放電電圧を印加する。
この構成により、本発明のプラズマ光源は、1対の同軸状電極10間に管状放電(後述する)を形成してプラズマを軸方向に封じ込めるようになっている。
以下、図2A~図2Dを参照して、本発明のプラズマ光発生方法を説明する。
なおこの際、左側の同軸状電極10の中心電極12は正電圧(+)、ガイド電極14は負電圧(-)に印加され、右側の同軸状電極10の中心電極12は負電圧(-)、そのガイド電極14は正電圧(+)に印加されている。
なお、両方のガイド電極14を接地させて0Vに保持し、一方の中心電極12を正電圧(+)に印加し、他方の中心電極12を負電圧(-)に印加してもよい。
この管状放電4が形成されると、図に符号5で示すプラズマ封込み磁場(磁気ビン)が形成され、プラズマ3を半径方向及び軸方向に封じ込むことができる。
すなわち、磁気ビン5はプラズマ3の圧力により中央部は大きくその両側が小さくなり、プラズマ3に向かう軸方向の磁気圧勾配が形成され、この磁気圧勾配によりプラズマ3は中間位置に拘束される。さらにプラズマ電流の自己磁場によって中心方向にプラズマ3は圧縮(Zピンチ)され、半径方向にも自己磁場による拘束が働く。
この状態において、プラズマ3の発光エネルギーに相当するエネルギーを電圧印加装置30から供給し続ければ、高いエネルギー変換効率で、プラズマ光8(EUV)を長時間安定して発生させることができる。
この例において、リング状の絶縁体16は、多孔質セラミックである。また、本発明によるプラズマ光源は、さらにプラズマ媒体供給装置18を備える。
プラズマ媒体供給装置18は、多孔質セラミック16の外面に密着して設けられ、多孔質セラミック16を通して同軸状電極10内(中心電極12とガイド電極14の間)にプラズマ媒体を供給する。
プラズマ媒体供給装置18は、この例ではプラズマ媒体6を内部に保有するリザーバー18a(例えばルツボ)と、プラズマ媒体を液化する加熱装置18bとからなる。プラズマ媒体は、この例ではSn,Li等の常温で固体のプラズマ媒体であるのがよい。
その他の構成は、第1実施形態と同様である。
また、電極導体(中心電極12とガイド電極14)をプラズマ媒体6の蒸気が凝集しない高温に維持する。
この例において、本発明によるプラズマ光源は、さらにイグニッション用レーザー装置40を備える。
イグニッション用レーザー装置40は、この例では、2台のレーザー発振器42とタイミング制御装置44とからなり、電圧印加装置30による放電電圧印加のタイミングに同期して、1対の同軸状電極10の絶縁体16の表面にレーザー光7を照射するようになっている。
なお、この図で14aは、レーザー光7を通すためにガイド電極14に設けられた開口である。なおこの開口14aをレーザー光7を通す透明体(例えば石英ガラス)で塞いでもよい。
その他の構成は、第1実施形態と同様である。
図5Aは1対の同軸状電極10の一方、図5BはB-B線における断面図である。
この例において、イグニッション用レーザー装置44は、各絶縁体16の表面の複数個所にレーザー光7を多点照射するようになっている。多点照射の位置は、各絶縁体16の周方向に等間隔離れた位置であり、この例では周方向8箇所である。また、複数個所にレーザー光7を分割するには、例えばビームスプリッターを用い、かつ光路長を一致させる。
このように、レーザー光7を分割して、各絶縁体16の周方向に等間隔に多点照射とすることにより、周方向の放電ジッターを低減し、放電開始の周方向のタイミングを一致させることができる。
(キャピラリー放電による実験)
DPP生成方法として最も簡単なものにキャピラリー放電がある。キャピラリー放電は、円筒状の絶縁体細管の両端に電極を設置し、電極間に高電圧を印加することによって細管内で放電プラズマを形成するものである。
本発明の発明者らは、キャピラリー形状を変えて、初期電流分布がEUVプラズマの持続時間に与える影響を調べた。
図6A、図6Bおよび図6Cは、キャピラリー放電装置の概要図である。図6Aは実験装置の概要図、図6Bはストレート型キャピラリー、図6Cはテーパー型キャピラリーの模式図である。
ストレート型キャピラリー(図6B)の長さは10mm、内径は3mmである。テーパー型キャピラリー(図6C)の長さは10mm、陽極側と陰極側の内径はそれぞれ2mm、8mmである。また、キャピラリーはラバールノズル構造を持っており、電子制御されたバルブによってキャピラリー内に供給されたXeガスはノズル内で超音速に加速される。パルス的にガス投入を行うので、チャンバー内は10-6torr程度の真空に保たれた状態でDPPを駆動できる。EUVシグナルはキャピラリー軸方向に置いたフォトダイオード(IRD 社製、AXUV20HS1)を用いて計測した。
図7Aと図7Bは、初期電流分布のEUVシグナルへの効果を示す図である。図7Aはストレート型、図7Bはテーパー型の典型的なEUVシグナルを示している。また、各図において、Aは入力電流、BはEUVシグナルである。
図7Aと図7Bから明らかにテーパー型の方がEUVシグナルBの持続時間が増えている事がわかる。通常DPPに使用されるストレート型のキャピラリー放電では、キャピラリー沿面のプラズマ電流の自己磁場によって中心方向にプラズマを圧縮(Zピンチ)させる。このZピンチによって圧縮加熱されたプラズマは高温・高密度状態になるが、最大圧縮後は増加した圧力により急速に膨張する。そのため、EUV放射状態にあるプラズマは短時間しか存在できない
PB∝(I2/r2)・・・(2)
ここで、Iはプラズマ電流、rはプラズマ半径である。軸方向に勾配を持つテーパー型キャピラリー放電プラズマではプラズマ半径rの小さい陽極側で自己磁場が強くなり、キャピラリー内の軸方向の勾配により、プラズマは半径方向に圧縮されると同時に中心軸上を陽極側から陰極側にドリフトする。キャピラリー内を移動するプラズマは連続的に加熱され、高温高密度状態が長時間維持されたと考えられる。
前述の実験結果から、電流の半径方向に傾斜があれば磁気圧に差が生じ軸方向にもプラズマを制御できることが確認できた。プラズマの膨張する速度(熱速度)は1cm/μsec程度なので、光源プラズマのサイズを考慮するとμsecの閉じ込めには半径方向だけではなく軸方向のプラズマの閉じ込めを実現しなければならない。そこで、両電極側の半径が小さく電極間中心で半径が最大になる電流分布が得られ、さらにそれに最適な電流波形を駆動することができれば半径方向には自己磁場による拘束力が働き、軸方向には磁気圧勾配による拘束力が働くため、プラズマの長時間拘束が可能と考えられる。
この図は、印加磁場による電流分布制御の概念を示している。両電極の周りに図のように永久磁石を設置し、カスプ型の磁場による初期電流路の制御を試みた。電極に高電圧を印加した瞬間、陰極から飛び出した電子は、電界とカスプ型の磁束に支配されて陽極に移動しながら、電子雪崩を起こす。その結果、図のような形の電流分布の形成が期待される。
原理実証実験の結果、磁場Bにガイドされることによって電極間中心付近でより強い発光を観測することができた。さらに、予備電離を行うことで多少安定した放電を行う事に成功したが、再現性が低く安定した結果を得ることはできなかった。これは、電流経路の形成が初期の不確定な電子雪崩の経路に強く依存するためと考えられる。EUV光源は出力を得るため1~10kHzの高繰り返しを前提としているため、プラズマ形成の不安定性は出力、効率の低減につながる。
図9は、対向プラズマフォーカス装置の模式的構成図であり、図10A、図10Bおよび図10Cは、電流のリコネクタにより期待されるプラズマの挙動を示す図である。
安定したEUVプラズマの生成と閉じ込め方法を確立するために、プラズマフォーカス機構を対向させたDPP形成方法を提案する。図9に示すように同軸状のプラズマフォーカス電極を対向させる。両方とも外側のガイド電極14は接地させ、内側電極(中心電極12)は正と負の高電圧を印加する。同軸状電極(ガイド電極14と中心電極12)に高電圧を印加すると、絶縁体16(図10A、図10B、図10C参照)の沿面で放電が開始される。絶縁体面で形成された電流シート(面状放電2)は自己磁場によって電極から排出される方向に押し出される。
放電ジッターが電極間ギャップ中の電流シート進展時間よりも十分小さくなれば、電極中心付近での衝突が可能である。電極間中心で電流シートが衝突した時、電流経路と磁場が一時崩壊し、リコネクトが起これば、図10A、図10Bおよび図10Cに示すようなプラズマ挙動と長時間プラズマ拘束が可能と考えられる形状が期待できる。
ここで、リコネクト(繋ぎ換える)とは、内側電極(中心電極12)と外側電極(ガイド電極14)との間での放電(図10Aの状態)から、対向する1対の内側電極(中心電極12)の間、および、対向する1対の外側電極(ガイド電極14)との間での放電(図10Bの状態)に電流経路と磁場が変化することをいう。このリコネクトは、1対の同軸状電極間の間隔調節、放電電圧の変化、等により自動的に行わせることができる。
この実験の重要なポイントは、放電開始の同時性、電流シートの均一性、そしてそれが達成された時の電流シートのリコネクトである。均一な電流シートの衝突のため、まずは、均一な電流シートの排出を確認する実験を行った。
図11は、同軸状電極を有するプラズマ光源の実験装置の模式図である。
この図において、中心電極12の電極径は5mm、外側のガイド電極14の内径は10mm、共に先端での放電開始を防ぐため電極エッジには曲率をつけてある。同軸の電極(中心電極12とガイド電極14)は絶縁体(図示せず)で隔てられ、絶縁体表面には均一で安定した放電が開始されるように針状のトリガー・ピンを設置している。
同軸状電極の深さ(絶縁体表面から同軸状電極先端までの距離)は絶縁体の長さを変えることによって変化させることができる。コンデンサ容量は1μF、印加電圧は10~15kV、回路インダクタンスは0.4μHである。電流シートの全体的な振舞いを確認するため、高速フレーミングカメラ(DRS HADLAND社製、IMACON468)を軸方向に設置し可視光領域で観測した。
図12Aと図12Bは、同軸状電極での電流シートの広がりを示す実験結果である。図12A、図12Bは、図1の構成において軸線Z-Z方向から見た図に相当する。図12A、図12Bにおいて、「Center Electrode」と「Outer electrode」は、それぞれ、棒状の中心電極12、管状のガイド電極14である。
図12Aと図12Bは、中心電極を-15kVに印加し、正弦波形(周期4μsec)の電流で駆動したときの様子である。この時の放電ピーク電流は4kA、初期ガス圧は110mtorr(Ar)であり、露光時間は100nsecである。図12Aは、放電開始直後のプラズマ広がりの状況を示し、図12Bは、放電開始から時間(およそ400ns)が経過した後のプラズマ広がりの状況を示す。すなわち、これら図において、矢印Sで示す領域がプラズマの広がりである。
また、図12A、図12Bにおいて、方位角θは、中心電極12周りの周方向位置を示す回転角であり、θ=0°の位置とθ=±180°の位置を図示している。一カ所(即ち、θ=0°の位置)から開始した放電がピーク電流に到達する時間までに方位角θ方向に180度以上の拡がりを見せているのがわかる。この結果から、同軸電極内の電流シートはθ方向には広がる傾向にあることがわかる。つまり、上述した放電条件では、2カ所以上で放電を開始させることにより、電流シートの均一性が得られる。
図12Bや図1の構造から分かるように、本発明では、プラズマの、(軸線Z-Zに対する)半径方向外側には、遮蔽物の無い構造にできるため、プラズマ光の有効な放射立体角を大きくできる。
以上の実験から放電開始の同時性、電流シートの均一性については電流シート衝突のための指標を得ることができた。放電ジッターは装置の性能上、実現可能な値であり、2カ所以上の放電開始ポイントの形成についてはトリガー・ピンの工夫により解決することができる。
Claims (7)
- 対向配置された1対の同軸状電極と、該同軸状電極内にプラズマ媒体を供給しかつプラズマ発生に適した温度及び圧力に保持する放電環境保持装置と、各同軸状電極に極性を反転させた放電電圧を印加する電圧印加装置と、を備え、
1対の同軸状電極間に管状放電を形成してプラズマを軸方向に封じ込める、ことを特徴とするプラズマ光源。 - 前記各同軸状電極は、単一の軸線上に延びる棒状の中心電極と、該中心電極を一定の間隔を隔てて囲む管状のガイド電極と、中心電極とガイド電極の間に位置しその間を絶縁するリング状の絶縁体とからなり、
1対の同軸状電極の各中心電極は、前記同一の軸線上に位置し、かつ互いに一定の間隔を隔てて対称に位置する、ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載のプラズマ光源。 - 前記電圧印加装置は、一方の同軸状電極の中心電極にそのガイド電極より高い正の放電電圧を印加する正電圧源と、他方の同軸状電極の中心電極にそのガイド電極より低い負の放電電圧を印加する負電圧源と、前記正電圧源と負電圧源をそれぞれの同軸状電極に同時に印加するトリガスイッチとを有する、ことを特徴とする請求項2に記載のプラズマ光源。
- 前記絶縁体は、多孔質セラミックであり、
さらに該多孔質セラミックを通して同軸状電極内にプラズマ媒体を供給するプラズマ媒体供給装置を備え、
該プラズマ媒体供給装置は、プラズマ媒体を内部に保有するリザーバーと、プラズマ媒体を液化する加熱装置とからなる、ことを特徴とする請求項2に記載のプラズマ光源。 - 放電電圧の印加タイミングに同期して、前記1対の同軸状電極の絶縁体表面にレーザー光を照射するイグニッション用レーザー装置を備える、ことを特徴とする請求項2に記載のプラズマ光源。
- 前記イグニッション用レーザー装置は、前記各絶縁体表面の複数個所にレーザー光を多点照射する、ことを特徴とする請求項5に記載のプラズマ光源。
- 1対の同軸状電極を対向配置し、前記同軸状電極内にプラズマ媒体を供給しかつプラズマ発生に適した温度及び圧力に保持し、各同軸状電極に極性を反転させた放電電圧を印加して、1対の同軸状電極にそれぞれ面状放電を発生させ、該面状放電により各同軸状電極の対向する中間位置にプラズマを形成し、次いで前記面状放電を1対の同軸状電極間の管状放電に繋ぎ換えて前記プラズマを封じ込める磁場を形成する、ことを特徴とするプラズマ光発生方法。
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JP2013254693A (ja) * | 2012-06-08 | 2013-12-19 | Ihi Corp | プラズマ光源 |
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