WO2009128485A1 - 磁気メモリ素子の記録方法 - Google Patents
磁気メモリ素子の記録方法 Download PDFInfo
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- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C11/00—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor
- G11C11/02—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor using magnetic elements
- G11C11/16—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor using magnetic elements using elements in which the storage effect is based on magnetic spin effect
- G11C11/165—Auxiliary circuits
- G11C11/1675—Writing or programming circuits or methods
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C11/00—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor
- G11C11/02—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor using magnetic elements
- G11C11/16—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor using magnetic elements using elements in which the storage effect is based on magnetic spin effect
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- G11C11/16—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor using magnetic elements using elements in which the storage effect is based on magnetic spin effect
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Definitions
- the present invention includes a storage layer that can change the magnetization direction and holds information as the magnetization direction of the magnetic material, and a magnetization reference layer that is provided to the storage layer via an insulating layer and serves as a reference for the magnetization direction.
- the present invention relates to a recording method of a magnetic memory element in which information is recorded by a current flowing between a storage layer and a magnetization reference layer through an insulating layer.
- DRAMs Dynamic RAMs
- RAMs random access memories
- Magnetic magnetic memory element As a non-volatile memory, a flash memory or the like has been put into practical use, but in recent years, a magnetic memory using a magnetoresistive effect has attracted attention as a high-speed, large-capacity, low power consumption non-volatile memory, and development has been promoted. Yes.
- a magnetic random access memory Magnetic magnetic memory element
- TMR tunnel magnetoresistance
- RAM MRAM
- FIG. 9A is an explanatory diagram showing the basic structure of the MTJ element and the reading operation of the stored information.
- the MTJ element 100 has a structure in which a tunnel insulating layer 104, which is a nonmagnetic thin insulating layer, is sandwiched between two ferromagnetic layers of a storage layer 105 and a magnetization reference layer 103.
- MTJ magnetic tunnel junction
- the memory layer 105 is made of a ferromagnetic conductor having uniaxial magnetic anisotropy, can change the magnetization direction by an external action, and can hold the magnetization direction as information. For example, whether the magnetization direction is “parallel” or “antiparallel” with respect to the magnetization direction of the magnetization reference layer 103 is stored as information of “0” and “1”, respectively.
- the TMR effect that changes is used.
- This resistance value takes a minimum value when the magnetization direction of the storage layer 105 and the magnetization direction of the magnetization reference layer 103 are parallel, and takes a maximum value when the magnetization direction is antiparallel.
- FIG. 9B is a partial perspective view showing an example of the structure of an MRAM memory cell including the MTJ element 100.
- word lines as row wirings and bit lines as column wirings are arranged in a matrix
- MTJ elements 100 are arranged at the positions of their intersections, and memory cells corresponding to 1 bit are formed. Yes.
- a write bit line 122 and a read bit line 123 are provided above the memory cell with an interlayer insulating film interposed therebetween, and the MTJ element 100 is disposed below and in contact with the read bit line 123.
- a write word line 121 is disposed under the lead electrode layer 106 of the MTJ element 100 with an insulating layer interposed therebetween.
- a MOS (Metal Oxide Semiconductor) type field effect transistor is provided in the lower portion of the memory cell as a selection transistor 110 for selecting the memory cell in a read operation on a semiconductor substrate 111 such as a silicon substrate.
- the gate electrode 115 of the transistor 110 is formed in a band shape connecting cells, and also serves as a read word line.
- the source region 114 is connected to the extraction electrode layer 106 of the MTJ element 100 via the read connection plug 107, and the drain region 116 is connected to the sense line 124 that is a read row wiring.
- writing (recording) of information to the MTJ element 100 of a desired memory cell is performed by using a write word line 121 in a row including the memory cell, a write bit line 122 in a column, and the like.
- a write current is supplied to each of the two, and a combined magnetic field of these currents is generated at the intersection of the two write wirings.
- the storage layer 105 of the MTJ element 100 of the desired memory cell is “parallel” or “anti-parallel” with respect to a predetermined magnetization direction, that is, the magnetization direction of the magnetization reference layer 103. Magnetized in the direction, information is written (recorded).
- a selection signal is applied to the gate electrode 115 which is a read word line in a row including a desired memory cell, and all the selection transistors 110 in the row are turned on (conducting). ) State.
- a read voltage is applied between the read bit line 123 and the sense line 124 in a column including a desired memory cell.
- only a desired memory cell is selected, and the difference in the magnetization direction of the storage layer 105 of the MTJ element 100 is detected as the difference in the magnitude of the tunnel current flowing through the MTJ element 100 using the TMR effect.
- the tunnel current is taken out from the sense line 124 to a peripheral circuit (not shown) and measured.
- the TMR type MRAM is a nonvolatile memory that reads information by utilizing the magnetoresistive effect based on the spin-dependent conduction phenomenon peculiar to nanomagnets, and is rewritten by reversal of the magnetization direction, so that it is practically infinite. It is reported that the number of times of rewriting is possible and the access time is high (see, for example, R. Scheuerlein et al., ISSCC Digest of Technical Papers, pp.128-129, Feb.2000).
- Magnetic memory element that uses magnetization reversal by spin injection for writing as an element for writing (recording) information to a storage layer of the magnetic memory element based on different principles.
- Spin injection is a current consisting of a group of electrons whose spin direction is biased in one direction by passing a current through a ferromagnetic conductive layer (magnetization reference layer) with a fixed magnetization direction (spin-polarized current). ) And injecting this current into a magnetic conductive layer (memory layer) whose magnetization direction can be changed.
- the magnetization direction of the storage layer is changed by the interaction between the spin-polarized electrons and the electrons of the magnetic material constituting the storage layer.
- a force is applied to match the magnetization direction. Therefore, the magnetization direction of the storage layer can be reversed by passing a spin-polarized current having a current density equal to or higher than a certain threshold (see, for example, Patent Document 1 and Non-Patent Document 1 described later).
- FIG. 10 shows an MRAM (hereinafter, referred to as a spin injection MTJ element) whose magnetization direction is reversed by spin injection, which is shown in Patent Document 2 described later, and uses magnetization reversal by spin injection.
- 1 is a partial perspective view showing an example of a structure of “spin torque MRAM”.
- spin torque MRAM word lines 215 that are row wirings and bit lines 218 that are column wirings are arranged in a matrix, and one spin injection MTJ element 220 is arranged at the position of each intersection thereof.
- a memory cell corresponding to is formed.
- FIG. 10 shows four memory cells.
- a selection transistor 210 described later is formed in each memory cell, and the word line 215 also serves as the gate electrode of the selection transistor 210.
- the drain region 216 is formed in common to the left and right selection transistors in the figure, and a row wiring 219 is connected to the drain region 216.
- FIG. 11 is a partial cross-sectional view showing the structure of the memory cell of the spin torque MRAM.
- each layer of the base layer 201, the antiferromagnetic layer 202, the magnetization fixed layer 203a, the intermediate layer 203b, the magnetization reference layer 203c, the tunnel insulating layer 204, the storage layer 205, and the protective layer 206 in order from the lower layer. are stacked to form the spin injection MTJ element 220.
- the layer structure of the spin injection MTJ element 220 is basically the same as that of the normal MTJ element 100.
- the magnetization fixed layer 203a, the intermediate layer 203b, and the magnetization reference layer 203c are stacked on the antiferromagnetic layer 20202, and constitute a fixed magnetization layer as a whole.
- the magnetization direction of the magnetization fixed layer 203 a made of a ferromagnetic conductor is fixed by the antiferromagnetic layer 20202.
- the magnetization reference layer 203c made of a ferromagnetic conductor forms antiferromagnetic coupling with the magnetization fixed layer 203a via the intermediate layer 203b which is a nonmagnetic layer.
- the magnetization direction of the magnetization reference layer 203c is fixed in a direction opposite to the magnetization direction of the magnetization fixed layer 203a. In the example shown in FIG. 11, the magnetization direction of the magnetization fixed layer 203a is fixed to the left, and the magnetization direction of the magnetization reference layer 203c is fixed to the right.
- the fixed magnetic layer has the above-described laminated ferrimagnetic structure
- the sensitivity of the fixed magnetic layer to the external magnetic field can be reduced. Therefore, the magnetization variation of the fixed magnetic layer due to the external magnetic field is suppressed, and the stability of the MTJ element is improved. be able to. Further, since the magnetic fluxes leaking from the magnetization fixed layer 203a and the magnetization reference layer 203c cancel each other, the magnetic flux leaking from the fixed magnetization layer can be minimized by adjusting these film thicknesses.
- the memory layer 5 is made of a ferromagnetic conductor having uniaxial magnetic anisotropy, can change the magnetization direction by an external action, and can hold the magnetization direction as information. For example, whether the magnetization direction is “parallel” or “antiparallel” with respect to the magnetization direction of the magnetization reference layer 203c is stored as information of “0” and “1”, respectively.
- a tunnel insulating layer 204 which is a nonmagnetic thin insulating layer, is provided between the magnetization reference layer 203c and the storage layer 205.
- the magnetic reference junction 203c, the tunnel insulation layer 204, and the storage layer 205 form a magnetic tunnel junction. (MTJ) is formed.
- a gate insulating film 212, a source electrode 213, a source are formed as a selection transistor 210 for selecting the memory cell in a well region 211a of the semiconductor substrate 211 such as a silicon substrate.
- a MOS field effect transistor including a region 214, a gate electrode 215, a drain region 216, and a drain electrode 217 is provided.
- the gate electrode 215 of the selection transistor 210 is formed in a band shape connecting cells, and also serves as a word line as a first row wiring.
- the drain electrode 217 is connected to the row wiring 219 which is the second row wiring, and the source electrode 213 is connected to the base layer 201 of the spin injection MTJ element 220 via the connection plug 207.
- the protective layer 206 of the spin injection MTJ element 220 is connected to a bit line 218 which is a column wiring provided above the memory cell.
- a selection signal is applied to the word line 215 in the row including the desired memory cell, and all the selection transistors 210 in that row are turned on (conduction). ) State.
- a write voltage is applied between the bit line 218 and the row wiring 219 in a column including a desired memory cell.
- a desired memory cell is selected, a spin-polarized current flows through the storage layer 205 of the spin injection MTJ element 220, the storage layer 205 is magnetized in a predetermined magnetization direction, and information is recorded.
- the magnetization direction of the magnetization reference layer 203c of the spin injection MTJ element 220 is in an “antiparallel” state with respect to the magnetization direction of the storage layer 205, and the magnetization direction of the storage layer 205 is magnetized by writing this.
- a write current having a current density equal to or higher than the threshold value is allowed to flow from the storage layer 205 to the magnetization reference layer 203c.
- a spin-polarized electron flow having an electron density equal to or higher than the threshold value flows from the magnetization reference layer 203c to the storage layer 205, and magnetization reversal occurs.
- the write current having a current density equal to or higher than the threshold is In the opposite direction, that is, flowing from the magnetization reference layer 203c to the storage layer 205, as a matter of fact, an electron flow having an electron density equal to or higher than a threshold value flows from the storage layer 205 to the magnetization reference layer 203c.
- reading of information from the spin injection MTJ element 220 is performed using the TMR effect, as with the MTJ element 100.
- Both the writing and reading of the spin injection MTJ element 220 utilize the interaction between electrons in the storage layer 205 and the spin-polarized current flowing through this layer, and reading is performed by the current density of the spin-polarized current. Is performed in a small region, and writing is performed in a region where the current density of the spin-polarized current exceeds a threshold value.
- the spin-injection MTJ element 220 As the volume of the storage layer decreases, magnetization can be reversed with a smaller current in proportion to the volume. (See Non-Patent Document 1).
- information is written into the memory cell selected by the selection transistor 210, there is no possibility of erroneously writing to another adjacent cell, unlike writing by a current magnetic field.
- most of wiring can be shared for writing and reading, the structure is simplified.
- the influence of the shape of the magnetic material is small compared to the magnetic field writing, it is easy to increase the yield during manufacturing. In these respects, the spin torque MRAM is suitable for miniaturization, high density, and large capacity as compared with the MRAM that performs writing with a current magnetic field.
- the current that can be passed through the spin injection MTJ element 220 during writing is limited by the current that can be passed through the selection transistor 210 (transistor saturation current).
- transistor saturation current In general, as the gate width or gate length of a transistor becomes smaller, the saturation current of the transistor also becomes smaller. Therefore, in order to secure a write current to the spin injection MTJ element 220, downsizing of the selection transistor 210 is limited. Therefore, in order to make the selection transistor 210 as small as possible and to maximize the density and capacity of the spin torque MRAM, it is essential to reduce the write current threshold as much as possible.
- the threshold of current required for magnetization reversal by spin injection is phenomenologically proportional to the spin damping constant ⁇ of the storage layer 205, the square of the saturation magnetization Ms, and the volume V, and inversely proportional to the spin injection efficiency ⁇ . It is shown. Therefore, by appropriately selecting these, the threshold value of the current required for magnetization reversal can be lowered.
- the spin-injection MTJ element 220 in order for the spin-injection MTJ element 220 to be a reliable memory element, the memory retention characteristics (thermal stability of magnetization) of the storage layer 205 are ensured, and the magnetization direction does not change due to thermal motion. is required.
- the thermal stability is proportional to the saturation magnetization amount Ms and the volume V of the storage layer 205.
- the saturation magnetization amount Ms and the volume V of the storage layer 205 are related to both the current threshold required for magnetization reversal and the thermal stability, and these factors are reduced to lower the current threshold required for magnetization reversal. In addition, there is a trade-off relationship that thermal stability is also lowered.
- the average of the inversion thresholds is considered in consideration of the inversion threshold variation of the spin injection MTJ element and the inversion threshold variation caused by the transistor and the wiring. It is set to apply a write pulse that is considerably larger than the value. Therefore, when the above phenomenon appears, it becomes impossible to ensure a write error rate of 10 ⁇ 25 or less in actual writing to the spin torque MRAM memory chip.
- the present invention has been made in view of such circumstances, and its purpose is to change the magnetization direction and to insulate the storage layer from the storage layer that holds information as the magnetization direction of the magnetic material.
- a method for recording a magnetic memory element wherein the recording layer includes a magnetization reference layer that is provided via a layer and serves as a reference for a magnetization direction, and information is recorded by a current flowing between the storage layer and the magnetization reference layer through an insulating layer.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a recording method for a magnetic memory element that can maintain a write error rate obtained when a write pulse slightly larger than the inversion threshold is applied even when a write pulse considerably larger than the inversion threshold is applied. .
- the present invention comprises a storage layer made of a ferromagnetic conductor and capable of changing the magnetization direction and holding information as the magnetization direction of the magnetic material; provided to the storage layer via an insulating layer, and ferromagnetic A magnetic reference layer made of a conductor, having a fixed magnetization direction and serving as a reference for the magnetization direction, and recording information by a current flowing between the storage layer and the magnetization reference layer through the insulating layer.
- the magnetic memory element recording method relates to a magnetic memory element recording method, characterized in that the fall time of the write power injected at the fall of the write pulse is 2 ns or more.
- the write pulse may be voltage control, current control, or power control.
- the reversal threshold is exceeded. Even when a considerably large write pulse is applied, the same write error rate can be maintained if a write pulse slightly larger than the inversion threshold is obtained. Whether the write pulse waveform is a square wave or a triangular wave, the waveform shape at the falling edge is essentially important.
- the present invention satisfies this condition by ensuring a sufficient time for the write pulse to drop to a magnitude equal to or less than the inversion threshold at the fall of the write pulse.
- FIG. 1 It is a graph (b) which shows the write pulse waveform (a) in the recording method of the magnetic memory element based on Embodiment 4 of this invention, and the relationship between a write error rate and step reduction voltage V2. It is a figure which shows the structure of the write pulse generation circuit which produces
- FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram (a) showing a basic structure of an MTJ element, a read operation of stored information, and a partial perspective view (b) showing an example of a structure of a memory cell of an MRAM comprising an MTJ element. It is a fragmentary perspective view which shows the structure of the spin torque MRAM shown by patent document 2.
- FIG. 2 is a partial cross-sectional view showing the structure of a memory cell of a spin torque MRAM composed of a spin injection MTJ element.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing a relationship between a write pulse voltage and a write error rate. It is a fragmentary perspective view which shows the structure of the memory cell of the spin torque MRAM which concerns on embodiment of this invention. It is sectional drawing which shows the structure of the spin injection MTJ element based on embodiment of this invention.
- the write power injected at the time of the fall it is preferable to reduce the write power injected at the time of the fall over a time of 5 ns or more. Further, it is preferable to reduce the write power injected at the time of the fall over a time of 100 ns or less.
- the fall time is the time for the pulse height to decrease from 90% to 10%.
- the increase in the error rate reduction effect due to the increase in the fall time is greatest when the fall time is in the vicinity of 5 ns, and is large until the fall time reaches about 100 ns.
- the fall time exceeds about 100 ns, the effect is saturated, and even if the fall time is further increased, the degree of improvement in the error rate reduction effect is small.
- the fall time is lengthened, the time required for writing becomes long, so the fall time is preferably 100 ns or less.
- the control method for generating the write pulse can be any of voltage control, current control, and power control.
- the rate of decrease of the write pulse voltage at the time of the fall changes, and it should be large later. This is because the write pulse voltage is gradually lowered to a voltage lower than the inversion threshold voltage over as long a time as possible.
- the curve has a convex shape rather than a convex shape.
- the voltage waveform of the write pulse is a series of a plurality of straight lines having different slopes, it has an upwardly convex shape rather than a shape that connects points on a downwardly convex curve. A shape that connects points on the curve is desirable.
- a voltage at which the inversion rate of the magnetic memory element is halved is defined as an inversion threshold voltage, and the rate of decrease in the write pulse voltage is increased until the write pulse voltage at the fall time becomes smaller than the inversion threshold voltage. It is preferable to keep the voltage lower than the rate of voltage decrease when the pulse voltage is decreased linearly within the fall time.
- the write pulse voltage at the fall is lowered in two or more steps. Even if the voltage waveform does not decrease smoothly but gradually decreases stepwise, the effect of improving the write error rate can be obtained. Although the effect is limited, there is an advantage that it is easy to form as a circuit.
- the write pulse voltage at the time of the fall is lowered at least once to a voltage larger than the inversion threshold voltage of the magnetic memory element.
- Embodiment 1 In the first embodiment, an example of a recording method of a spin injection MTJ element according to claims 1 to 4 will be mainly described.
- FIG. 13 and FIG. 14 show the structure of a spin torque MRAM memory cell and the structure of a spin injection MTJ element used in this embodiment.
- FIG. 13 includes an MTJ element whose magnetization direction is reversed by spin injection (hereinafter referred to as a spin injection MTJ element) and a structure of an MRAM (hereinafter referred to as spin torque MRAM) that utilizes magnetization reversal by spin injection.
- a spin injection MTJ element a structure of an MRAM (hereinafter referred to as spin torque MRAM) that utilizes magnetization reversal by spin injection.
- spin torque MRAM word lines 15 as row wirings and bit lines 18 as column wirings are arranged in a matrix, and one spin injection MTJ element 20 is arranged at the position of each intersection thereof.
- a memory cell corresponding to is formed.
- FIG. 13 shows four memory cells.
- a selection transistor 10 described later is formed in each memory cell, and the word line 15 also serves as a gate electrode of the selection transistor 10.
- the drain region 16 is formed in common to the left and right selection transistors in the figure, and a row wiring 19 is connected to the drain region 16.
- FIG. 14 is a partial cross-sectional view showing the structure of the memory cell of the spin torque MRAM.
- each layer of the underlayer 1, the antiferromagnetic layer 2, the magnetization fixed layer 3a, the intermediate layer 3b, the magnetization reference layer 3c, the tunnel insulating layer 4, the storage layer 5, and the protective layer 6 in order from the lower layer. are stacked to form the spin injection MTJ element 20.
- the magnetization fixed layer 3a, the intermediate layer 3b, and the magnetization reference layer 3c are stacked on the antiferromagnetic layer 2, and constitute a fixed magnetization layer as a whole.
- the magnetization direction of the magnetization fixed layer 3 a made of a ferromagnetic conductor is fixed by the antiferromagnetic layer 2.
- the magnetization reference layer 3c made of a ferromagnetic conductor forms antiferromagnetic coupling with the magnetization fixed layer 3a via the intermediate layer 3b which is a nonmagnetic layer.
- the magnetization direction of the magnetization reference layer 3c is fixed in a direction opposite to the magnetization direction of the magnetization fixed layer 3a.
- the magnetization direction of the magnetization fixed layer 3a is fixed to the left, and the magnetization direction of the magnetization reference layer 3c is fixed to the right.
- the fixed magnetic layer has the above-described laminated ferrimagnetic structure
- the sensitivity of the fixed magnetic layer to the external magnetic field can be reduced. Therefore, the magnetization variation of the fixed magnetic layer due to the external magnetic field is suppressed, and the stability of the MTJ element is improved. be able to. Further, since the magnetic flux leaking from the magnetization fixed layer 3a and the magnetization reference layer 3c cancel each other, the magnetic flux leaking from the fixed magnetization layer can be minimized by adjusting these film thicknesses.
- the memory layer 5 is made of a ferromagnetic conductor having uniaxial magnetic anisotropy, can change the magnetization direction by an external action, and can hold the magnetization direction as information. For example, whether the magnetization direction is “parallel” or “anti-parallel” to the magnetization direction of the magnetization reference layer 3c is stored as information of “0” and “1”, respectively.
- a gate insulating film 12 a source electrode 13, a source as a selection transistor 10 for selecting the memory cell in a well region 11 a isolated from a semiconductor substrate 11 such as a silicon substrate.
- a MOS field effect transistor including a region 14, a gate electrode 15, a drain region 16, and a drain electrode 17 is provided.
- the gate electrode 15 of the selection transistor 10 is formed in a band shape connecting cells, and also serves as a word line as a first row wiring. Further, the drain electrode 17 is connected to a row wiring 19 which is a second row wiring, and the source electrode 13 is connected to the base layer 1 of the spin injection MTJ element 20 via the connection plug 7. On the other hand, the protective layer 6 of the spin injection MTJ element 20 is connected to a bit line 18 that is a column wiring provided above the memory cell.
- a selection signal is applied to the word line 15 in the row including the desired memory cell, and all the selection transistors 10 in that row are turned on (conduction). ) State.
- a write voltage is applied between the bit line 18 and the row wiring 19 in the column including the desired memory cell.
- a desired memory cell is selected, a spin-polarized current flows through the storage layer 5 of the spin injection MTJ element 20, the storage layer 5 is magnetized in a predetermined magnetization direction, and information is recorded.
- the magnetization direction of the magnetization reference layer 3c of the spin injection MTJ element 20 is initially in an “antiparallel” state with respect to the magnetization direction of the storage layer 5, and the magnetization direction of the storage layer 5 is magnetized by writing this.
- a write current having a current density equal to or higher than the threshold is passed from the storage layer 5 to the magnetization reference layer 3c.
- a spin-polarized electron flow having an electron density equal to or higher than the threshold value flows from the magnetization reference layer 3c to the storage layer 5, and magnetization reversal occurs.
- the write current having a current density equal to or higher than the threshold is In the opposite direction, that is, flowing from the magnetization reference layer 3c to the storage layer 5, as a matter of fact, an electron flow having an electron density equal to or higher than a threshold value flows from the storage layer 5 to the magnetization reference layer 3c.
- reading of information from the spin injection MTJ element 20 is performed using the TMR effect, as in the MTJ element 100.
- Both the writing and reading of the spin injection MTJ element 20 utilize the interaction between the electrons in the storage layer 5 and the spin-polarized current flowing through this layer, and the reading is the current density of the spin-polarized current. Is performed in a small region, and writing is performed in a region where the current density of the spin-polarized current exceeds a threshold value.
- the magnetization reference layer 3c may have a fixed magnetization direction in combination with an antiferromagnetic material such as PtMn or IrMn so that the magnetization is not reversed or destabilized during the recording operation, or has a coercive force such as CoPt.
- an antiferromagnetic material such as PtMn or IrMn so that the magnetization is not reversed or destabilized during the recording operation, or has a coercive force such as CoPt.
- a large material may be used, it may be processed into a larger area than the storage layer 5, or may be magnetized in a specific direction by an external magnetic field.
- the magnetization reference layer 3c may be a single ferromagnetic layer, or, as shown in FIG. 14, is magnetically coupled antiparallel to the magnetization fixed layer 3a via an intermediate layer 3b made of a nonmagnetic metal such as Ru. You may make it do.
- the magnetization of the magnetization reference layer 3c may be in-plane magnetization or perpendicular magnetization. Further, the magnetization reference layer 3c may be disposed below the storage layer 5, may be disposed above, or may be disposed above and below.
- the tunnel insulating layer 4 is preferably made of a ceramic material such as oxide or nitride.
- a magnesium oxide MgO layer as the tunnel insulating layer 4 and to provide a CoFeB layer at least on the tunnel insulating layer 4 side of the magnetization reference layer 3c and the storage layer 5 because the magnetoresistance change rate can be increased.
- FIG. 1A is a graph showing a write pulse waveform based on the first embodiment of the present invention.
- the write pulse is a voltage control pulse, and the maximum applied voltage is 0.9V.
- the fall time at the fall is t, and the write pulse voltage is decreased linearly during time t.
- FIG. 1B is a graph showing the relationship between the actually measured write error rate and the fall time t. This graph was measured using a spin torque MRAM comprising a spin injection MTJ element 20 composed of the following layers.
- Underlayer 1 Ta film with a film thickness of 5 nm
- Antiferromagnetic layer 2 PtMn film with a film thickness of 30 nm
- Magnetization fixed layer 3a CoFe film having a thickness of 2 nm
- Intermediate layer 3b Ru film having a thickness of 0.7 nm
- Magnetization reference layer 3c CoFeB film having a thickness of 2 nm
- Tunnel insulating layer 4 a magnesium oxide MgO film having a thickness of 0.8 nm
- Memory layer 5 CoFeB film having a thickness of 3 nm
- Protective layer 6 Ta film with a thickness of 5 nm
- the planar shape of the spin injection MTJ element 20 is an ellipse having a major axis length of 150 to 250 nm and a minor axis length of 70 to 85 nm.
- FIG. 1B shows that the effect of reducing the write error rate is obtained when the fall time t is 2 ns or more, and the effect increases as the fall time t increases. This is because, as described above, the excess energy applied by the write pulse is further increased by ensuring a longer time from the start of the fall to the time when the write pulse voltage decreases to a magnitude equal to or lower than the inversion threshold voltage. It is thought that it is dissipated much and removed to such an extent that it does not cause a problem.
- the rate at which the effect of reducing the error rate is improved by increasing the fall time is greatest when the fall time t is around 5 ns.
- the rate at which the error rate reduction effect is improved by increasing the fall time t is large until the fall time t reaches about 100 ns.
- the fall time t exceeds about 100 ns, the effect is saturated, and even if the fall time t is further increased, the rate at which the error rate reduction effect is improved is small.
- the fall time t is preferably 100 ns or less.
- Embodiment 2 In the second embodiment, an example of a recording method of a spin injection MTJ element according to claims 5 and 6 will be mainly described.
- FIG. 2A is a graph showing a write pulse waveform according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- the write pulse is a voltage control pulse, and the maximum applied voltage is 0.9V.
- the falling time at the time of falling is fixed at 20 ns, the time until the writing pulse voltage becomes half of the maximum applied voltage is set as the half time t 1/2 ns, and the half time t 1 from the start of the falling is set.
- the write pulse voltage is linearly reduced to half during / 2 ns, and the write pulse voltage is linearly decreased to 0 during the remaining (20 ⁇ t 1/2 ) ns.
- FIG. 2B shows the relationship between the write error rate and the half-time t 1/2 measured using a spin torque MRAM composed of a spin-injection MTJ element having the same layer configuration as that used in the first embodiment. It is a graph.
- the effect of reducing the write error rate increases as the half time t 1/2 is increased.
- the rate is considered to be on the extension line of the graph shown in FIG.
- Embodiment 3 In the third embodiment, an example of a recording method of a spin injection MTJ element according to claim 7 will be mainly described.
- FIG. 3A is a graph showing a write pulse waveform based on the third embodiment of the present invention.
- the write pulse is a voltage control pulse, and the maximum applied voltage V1 is 0.9V.
- the fall time at the fall is constant at 20 ns
- the write pulse voltage is linearly and gradually decreased to the reduced voltage V2 between the start of the fall and almost 20 ns, and then the normal fall Apply the speed to reduce the write pulse voltage to 0 in a short time.
- FIG. 3B is a graph showing the relationship between the write error rate and V2 / V1, measured using a spin torque MRAM composed of a spin-injection MTJ element having the same layer configuration as that used in the first embodiment. .
- the voltage at which the inversion rate of the spin-injection MTJ element 20 is halved is the inversion threshold voltage
- V2 is smaller than this inversion threshold voltage
- the write pulse voltage at the fall is less than the inversion threshold voltage.
- the effect of reducing the write error rate is great when the rate of decrease of the write pulse voltage is kept small until it becomes small. In this case, the same write error rate reduction effect as that when the fall time t of the first embodiment is large can be obtained.
- the pulse waveform of the present embodiment is an effective pulse waveform that can achieve both accurate writing and a short writing time.
- Embodiment 4 In the fourth embodiment, an example of a recording method of a spin injection MTJ element according to claims 8 and 9 will be mainly described.
- FIG. 4A is a graph showing a write pulse waveform based on the fourth embodiment of the present invention.
- the write pulse is a voltage control pulse, and the maximum applied voltage V1 is 0.9V.
- the fall time is made constant at about 20 ns, and at the start of the fall, once the normal fall speed is applied, the write pulse voltage is lowered to the step reduction voltage V2 in a short time. Thereafter, the write pulse voltage is kept constant for 20 ns, and then the normal fall rate is applied again to reduce the write pulse voltage to 0 in a short time.
- FIG. 4B is a graph showing the relationship between the write error rate and V2 / V1, measured using a spin torque MRAM composed of a spin injection MTJ element having the same layer structure as that used in the first embodiment. .
- V2 / V1 the range of effective V2 / V1 is limited, but if V2 is selected to be slightly larger than the inversion threshold voltage, the effect of improving the write error rate is Get higher.
- the effect of improving the write error rate is higher when the pulse voltage waveform at the time of falling is made to have three or more steps rather than two steps.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a configuration of a write pulse generation circuit 30 that generates a write pulse by voltage control.
- the write pulse generation circuit 30 includes a CR circuit 32 and a negative feedback amplifier circuit 33 using an operational amplifier.
- a rectangular write pulse is input to the input terminal 30 of the write pulse generation circuit.
- the rectangular pulse signal input to the input terminal 31 is converted into a waveform having a fall time of 2 ns or more by the CR circuit 32 and input to the non-inverting input terminal of the negative feedback amplifier circuit 33.
- a signal corresponding to the difference between the signal input to the non-inverting input terminal and the negative feedback signal input to the inverting input terminal is output from the output terminal 34 as a write pulse.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a configuration of a write pulse generation circuit 40 that generates a write pulse by power control.
- the configuration in which the fall time is set to 2 ns or more by the CR circuit 42 and is input to the non-inverting input terminal of the negative feedback amplifier circuit 43 is the same as in FIG.
- This power control write pulse generation circuit 40 has a multiplier 45 that multiplies the output voltage and output current of the negative feedback amplifier circuit 43 and feeds back the output of the multiplier 45 to the inverting input terminal of the negative feedback amplifier circuit 43. To do.
- a signal corresponding to the difference between the signal input to the non-inverting input terminal and the output signal of the multiplier 45 input to the inverting input terminal as a negative feedback signal is output as an output terminal 44. Is output.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a configuration of a write pulse generation circuit 50 that generates a write pulse by current control.
- the configuration in which the fall time is set to 2 ns or more by the CR circuit 52 and is input to the non-inverting input terminal of the negative feedback amplifier circuit 53 is the same as in FIG.
- a signal corresponding to the output current of the negative feedback amplifier circuit 53 is fed back to the inverting input terminal of the negative feedback amplifier circuit 53.
- a signal corresponding to the difference between the signal input to the non-inverting input terminal and the signal corresponding to the output current input to the inverting input terminal as a negative feedback signal is output as an output terminal 54. Is output.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a configuration of a write pulse generation circuit 60 that generates a write pulse by using the waveform memory 61 and the D / A conversion circuit 62.
- the waveform memory 61 stores waveform data of write pulses.
- the waveform data of the write pulse is composed of time-series data of a plurality of words, with N bits that can select an output level from 2N stages as one word.
- the waveform memory 61 is provided with N ports for reading, and these N ports are connected to N input terminals of the D / A conversion circuit 62, respectively.
- the D / A conversion circuit 62 inputs the waveform data of the write pulse from the waveform memory 61 for each N-bit data (one word), converts it into an analog signal, and outputs it as a write pulse.
- the D / A conversion circuit 62 can be configured by, for example, a ladder resistor circuit.
- the present invention has been described based on the embodiment, but the present invention is not limited to these examples, and it is needless to say that the present invention can be appropriately changed without departing from the gist of the invention.
- the spin injection magnetization reversal type MTJ that improves the transient characteristics at the time of writing, reduces the number of write failures, reduces the threshold of the write current density, and enables high integration, high speed, and low power consumption.
- the element can be realized, and it can contribute to the practical use of a small-sized, lightweight, and low-cost nonvolatile memory.
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Abstract
Description
実施の形態1では、主として、請求項1~4に関わるスピン注入MTJ素子の記録方法の例について説明する。
反強磁性層2 :膜厚30nmのPtMn膜、
磁化固定層3a :膜厚2nmのCoFe膜、
中間層3b :膜厚0.7nmのRu膜、
磁化基準層3c :膜厚2nmのCoFeB膜、
トンネル絶縁層4:膜厚0.8nmの酸化マグネシウムMgO膜、
記憶層5 :膜厚3nmのCoFeB膜、
保護層6 :膜厚5nmのTa膜
実施の形態2では、主として、請求項5及び6に関わるスピン注入MTJ素子の記録方法の例について説明する。
実施の形態3では、主として、請求項7に関わるスピン注入MTJ素子の記録方法の例について説明する。
実施の形態4では、主として、請求項8および9に関わるスピン注入MTJ素子の記録方法の例について説明する。
図5は書き込みパルスを電圧制御により生成する書き込みパルス発生回路30の構成を示す図である。
この書き込みパルス発生回路30は、CR回路32と、オペアンプを用いた負帰還増幅回路33で構成される。書き込みパルス発生回路の入力端30には矩形の書き込みパルスが入力される。入力端31に入力された矩形のパルス信号は、CR回路32によって立ち下がりの時間が2ns以上の波形とされて負帰還増幅回路33の非反転入力端子に入力される。負帰還増幅回路33からは、非反転入力端子に入力された信号と反転入力端子に入力された負帰還信号との差分に応じた信号が書き込みパルスとして出力端34より出力される。
Claims (17)
- 強磁性導体からなり、磁化方向の変化が可能で、情報を磁性体の磁化方向として保持する記憶層と;前記記憶層に対して絶縁層を介して設けられ、強磁性導体からなり、磁化方向が固定され、磁化方向の基準となる磁化基準層と;を少なくとも有し、前記絶縁層を通じて前記記憶層と前記磁化基準層との間に流れる電流によって情報の記録が行われる磁気メモリ素子の記録方法において、
書き込みパルスの立ち下がり時に注入される書き込みエネルギーを2ns以上の時間をかけて徐々に減少させる
磁気メモリ素子の記録方法。 - 前記の立ち下がり時に注入される書き込みエネルギーを5ns以上の時間をかけて減少させる、請求項1に記載した磁気メモリ素子の記録方法。
- 前記の立ち下がり時に注入される書き込みエネルギーを100ns以下の時間をかけて減少させる、請求項1に記載した磁気メモリ素子の記録方法。
- 前記書き込みパルスの立ち下がり時の電圧を2ns以上の時間をかけて徐々に低下させる、請求項1に記載した磁気メモリ素子の記録方法。
- 前記立ち下がり時の前記書き込みパルス電圧の低下速度を後ほど大きくする、請求項4に記載した磁気メモリ素子の記録方法。
- 前記立ち下がり時の前記書き込みパルス電圧が前記磁気メモリ素子の反転閾値電圧より小さくなるまで、前記書き込みパルス電圧の低下速度を小さく保つ、請求項4に記載した磁気メモリ素子の記録方法。
- 前記立ち下がり時の前記書き込みパルス電圧を階段状に低下させる、請求項4に記載した磁気メモリ素子の記録方法。
- 前記立ち下がり時の前記書き込みパルス電圧を少なくとも一度、前記磁気メモリ素子の反転閾値電圧よりも大きい電圧に低下させる、請求項7に記載した磁気メモリ素子の記録方法。
- 強磁性導体からなり、磁化方向の変化が可能で、情報を磁性体の磁化方向として保持する記憶層と;前記記憶層に対して絶縁層を介して設けられ、強磁性導体からなり、磁化方向が固定され、磁化方向の基準となる磁化基準層と;を少なくとも有し、前記絶縁層を通じて前記記憶層と前記磁化基準層との間に流れる電流によって情報の記録が行われる磁気メモリ素子の記録方法において、
書き込みパルスの立ち下がり時に注入される書き込み電力の立ち下がり時間が2ns以上である
磁気メモリ素子の記録方法。 - 前記の立ち下がり時に注入される書き込み電力の立ち下がり時間が5ns以上である請求項9に記載した磁気メモリ素子の記録方法。
- 前記の立ち下がり時に注入される書き込み電力の立ち下がり時間が100ns以下である請求項9に記載した磁気メモリ素子の記録方法。
- 前記書き込みパルス電圧の立ち下がり時間が2ns以上である請求項9に記載した磁気メモリ素子の記録方法。
- 前記立ち下がり時の前記書き込みパルス電圧の低下速度が変化し、後ほど大きい、請求項12に記載した磁気メモリ素子の記録方法。
- 前記立ち下がり時の前記書き込みパルス電圧が最大印加電圧の半分になるまでの時間が、パルス立ち下がり時間の半分以上である、請求項13に記載した
磁気メモリ素子の記録方法。 - 前記磁気メモリ素子の反転率が半分になる電圧を反転閾値電圧とし、前記立ち下がり時の前記書き込みパルス電圧が前記反転閾値電圧より小さくなるまでは、前記書き込みパルス電圧の低下速度を、立ち下がり時間内で前記パルス電圧を直線的に減少させるときの電圧の低下速度よりも小さく保つ、請求項13に記載した磁気メモリ素子の記録方法。
- 前記立ち下がり時の前記書き込みパルス電圧を2段階以上の階段状に低下させる、請求項12に記載した磁気メモリ素子の記録方法。
- 前記立ち下がり時の前記書き込みパルス電圧を少なくとも一度、前記磁気メモリ素子の反転閾値電圧より大きい電圧に低下させる、請求項16に記載した磁気メモリ素子の記録方法。
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TW201001415A (en) | 2010-01-01 |
TWI412035B (zh) | 2013-10-11 |
KR20110003485A (ko) | 2011-01-12 |
JP5299423B2 (ja) | 2013-09-25 |
US8411499B2 (en) | 2013-04-02 |
US20110026322A1 (en) | 2011-02-03 |
CN102007542B (zh) | 2013-11-13 |
JPWO2009128485A1 (ja) | 2011-08-04 |
CN102007542A (zh) | 2011-04-06 |
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