WO2009113340A1 - 燃料電池および電子機器 - Google Patents
燃料電池および電子機器 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2009113340A1 WO2009113340A1 PCT/JP2009/051776 JP2009051776W WO2009113340A1 WO 2009113340 A1 WO2009113340 A1 WO 2009113340A1 JP 2009051776 W JP2009051776 W JP 2009051776W WO 2009113340 A1 WO2009113340 A1 WO 2009113340A1
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- negative electrode
- enzyme
- positive electrode
- fuel
- fuel cell
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/16—Biochemical fuel cells, i.e. cells in which microorganisms function as catalysts
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a fuel cell in which an enzyme is immobilized on at least one of a positive electrode and a negative electrode, and an electronic device using the fuel cell.
- the fuel cell has a structure in which a positive electrode (oxidant electrode) and a negative electrode (fuel electrode) face each other with an electrolyte (proton conductor) interposed therebetween.
- the fuel (hydrogen) supplied to the negative electrode is oxidized and separated into electrons and protons (H + ), the electrons are transferred to the negative electrode, and H + moves through the electrolyte to the positive electrode.
- this H + reacts with oxygen supplied from the outside and electrons sent from the negative electrode through the external circuit to generate H 2 O.
- fuel cells are highly efficient power generators that directly convert the chemical energy of fuel into electrical energy, and the chemical energy of fossil energy such as natural gas, oil, and coal can be used regardless of where and when it is used. Moreover, it can be extracted as electric energy with high conversion efficiency. For this reason, research and development of fuel cells for large-scale power generation has been actively conducted. For example, a fuel cell is mounted on the space shuttle, and it has proven that it can supply water for crew members at the same time as electric power, and that it is a clean power generator.
- fuel cells having a relatively low operating temperature range from room temperature to about 90 ° C. have been developed and attracting attention. For this reason, not only large-scale power generation applications but also applications to small systems such as automobile power supplies and portable power supplies such as personal computers and mobile devices are being sought.
- fuel cells are considered to have a wide range of applications from large-scale power generation to small-scale power generation, and are attracting much attention as highly efficient power generation devices.
- natural gas, petroleum, coal, etc. are usually used as fuel by converting them into hydrogen gas using a reformer, which consumes limited resources and needs to be heated to a high temperature.
- a reformer which consumes limited resources and needs to be heated to a high temperature.
- an expensive noble metal catalyst such as (Pt).
- Even when hydrogen gas or methanol is used directly as a fuel care must be taken when handling it.
- the biological metabolism here includes respiration, photosynthesis and the like performed in microbial somatic cells.
- Biological metabolism has the characteristics that the power generation efficiency is extremely high and the reaction proceeds under mild conditions of about room temperature.
- respiration takes nutrients such as sugars, fats, and proteins into microorganisms or cells, and these chemical energies are converted to carbon dioxide (glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycles through a number of enzymatic reaction steps.
- TCA glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid
- NAD + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NADH reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- redox energy that is, electric energy
- oxygen is reduced to generate water.
- the electrical energy obtained here produces ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) via adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase, and this ATP is used for reactions necessary for the growth of microorganisms and cells. Used. Such energy conversion occurs in the cytosol and mitochondria.
- ADP adenosine diphosphate
- ATP adenosine triphosphate
- photosynthesis captures light energy and reduces nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP + ) via an electron transfer system to reduce nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), thereby converting it into electrical energy.
- NADP + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NADPH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- This electric energy takes in CO 2 and is used for carbon fixation reaction, and is used for carbohydrate synthesis.
- fuel cells that perform only a desired reaction using an enzyme have been proposed (for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Nos. 2003-282124, 2004-71559, and 2005-13210).
- a fuel is decomposed by an enzyme and separated into protons and electrons, and those using alcohols such as methanol and ethanol or monosaccharides such as glucose have been developed as fuel.
- a buffer substance (buffer solution) is generally contained in the electrolyte.
- buffer solution sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH 2 PO 4 ), 3- (N-morpholino) propanesulfonic acid (MOPS), N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid ( HEPES) is used.
- MOPS 3- (N-morpholino) propanesulfonic acid
- HEPES N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid
- concentration of this buffer substance was generally 0.1 M or less. This is because the concentration of the buffer substance is usually made as dilute as possible to keep the pH constant, and it is usual to add appropriate inorganic ions and organic ions to approximate physiological conditions.
- a high surface area electrode such as porous carbon is used.
- the enzyme is immobilized on the top or the concentration of the enzyme to be immobilized is increased to increase the output, the buffering capacity is insufficient, and the pH of the electrolyte surrounding the enzyme is optimal. The enzyme was not able to fully demonstrate its original ability.
- the problem to be solved by the present invention is that when the enzyme is immobilized on at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode, a sufficient buffer capacity can be obtained even during high output operation, and the enzyme originally has It is an object of the present invention to provide a fuel cell that can fully exhibit its ability and has excellent performance.
- Another problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide an electronic device using the excellent fuel cell as described above.
- the first invention is:
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode have a structure facing each other through an electrolyte containing a buffer substance,
- An enzyme is immobilized on at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode,
- the buffer substance includes a compound containing an imidazole ring.
- the compound containing an imidazole ring specifically includes imidazole, triazole, pyridine derivatives, bipyridine derivatives, imidazole derivatives (histidine, 1-methylimidazole, 2-methylimidazole, 4-methylimidazole, 2-ethylimidazole, Ethyl imidazole-2-carboxylate, imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, imidazole-4-carboxylic acid, imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid, imidazol-1-yl-acetic acid, 2-acetylbenzimidazole, 1-acetylimidazole, N-acetylimidazole, 2-aminobenzimidazole, N- (3-aminopropyl) imidazole, 5-amino-2- (trifluoromethyl) benzimidazole, 4-azabenzimidazole, 4-aza-2-me And lucaptobenzimidazole, benzimidazole,
- the concentration of the compound containing the imidazole ring can be appropriately selected, but from the viewpoint of obtaining a sufficiently high buffer capacity, it is preferably 0.2 M or more and 3 M or less, more preferably 0.2 M or more and 2.5 M or less. More preferably, it is 1M or more and 2.5M or less.
- concentration of the buffer substance contained in the electrolyte is sufficiently high, such as 0.2 M or more and 3 M or less, the increase or decrease in protons may occur in the electrode or on the enzyme immobilization film due to an enzyme reaction via protons during high output operation.
- PK a of the buffer substance is generally at 5 to 9.
- the pH of the electrolyte containing the buffer substance is preferably around 7, but may be any of 1 to 14 in general.
- the buffer substance may contain a buffer substance other than the compound containing an imidazole ring.
- a buffer substance other than the compound containing an imidazole ring.
- Specific examples include dihydrogen phosphate ion (H 2 PO 4 ⁇ ), 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol (abbreviated as Tris), 2- (N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid (MES), cacodylic acid, carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ), hydrogen citrate ion, N- (2-acetamido) iminodiacetic acid (ADA), piperazine-N, N′-bis (2-ethanesulfonic acid) (PIPES) ), N- (2-acetamido) -2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (ACES), 3- (N-morpholino) propanesulfonic acid (MOPS), N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid
- a neutralizing agent specifically, for example, acetic acid (CH 3 COOH)
- At least one acid selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ) and sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) is added.
- electrolyte various electrolytes can be used as long as they do not have electron conductivity and can conduct protons, and are selected as necessary.
- cellophane perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid, etc. (PFS) resin film, copolymer film of trifluorostyrene derivative, polybenzimidazole film impregnated with phosphoric acid, aromatic polyetherketone sulfonic acid film, PSSA-PVA (polystyrene sulfonate polyvinyl alcohol copolymer)
- PSSA-EVOH polystyrene sulfonate ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer
- an ion exchange resin having a fluorine-containing carbon sulfonate group (for example, Nafion (trade name, DuPont, USA)).
- the enzyme immobilized on at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode may be various, and is selected as necessary.
- an electron mediator is preferably immobilized on at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- a buffer substance containing a compound containing an imidazole ring may also be immobilized on the immobilized membrane of these enzymes or electron mediators.
- the enzyme immobilized on the negative electrode includes, for example, an oxidase that promotes and decomposes monosaccharides when a monosaccharide such as glucose is used as a fuel. It includes a coenzyme oxidase that returns a coenzyme reduced by an oxidase to an oxidant.
- an oxidase that promotes and decomposes monosaccharides when a monosaccharide such as glucose is used as a fuel.
- It includes a coenzyme oxidase that returns a coenzyme reduced by an oxidase to an oxidant.
- NAD + -dependent glucose dehydrogenase GDH
- NAD + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- diaphorase is used as the coenzyme oxidase.
- polysaccharides a broadly defined polysaccharide, which refers to all carbohydrates that produce two or more monosaccharides by hydrolysis, including oligosaccharides such as disaccharides, trisaccharides, and tetrasaccharides
- a degradation enzyme that promotes degradation such as hydrolysis of polysaccharides and produces monosaccharides such as glucose is also immobilized.
- specific examples of the polysaccharide include starch, amylose, amylopectin, glycogen, cellulose, maltose, sucrose, and lactose.
- any polysaccharide contains glucose as a monosaccharide of the binding unit.
- amylose and amylopectin are components contained in starch, and starch is a mixture of amylose and amylopectin.
- glucoamylase is used as a polysaccharide degrading enzyme and glucose dehydrogenase is used as an oxidase degrading monosaccharides
- polysaccharides that can be decomposed to glucose by glucoamylase such as starch, amylose, amylopectin, glycogen As long as it contains any one of maltose, it is possible to generate electricity using this as fuel.
- Glucoamylase is a degrading enzyme that hydrolyzes ⁇ -glucan such as starch to produce glucose
- glucose dehydrogenase is an oxidase that oxidizes ⁇ -D-glucose to D-glucono- ⁇ -lactone.
- the degradation enzyme that decomposes the polysaccharide is also immobilized on the negative electrode, and the polysaccharide that will eventually become the fuel is also immobilized on the negative electrode.
- starch when starch is used as fuel, it is possible to use a gelatinized fuel obtained by gelatinizing starch.
- the starch concentration on the negative electrode surface can be maintained at a higher level than when starch dissolved in the solution is used, the enzymatic degradation reaction becomes faster, and the output is improved.
- the fuel handling is easier than in the case of a solution, the fuel supply system can be simplified, and the fuel cell does not need to be used upside down, which is very advantageous when used for mobile devices, for example. .
- any type of electron mediator may be basically used, but a compound having a quinone skeleton, particularly, a compound having a naphthoquinone skeleton is preferably used.
- a compound having a naphthoquinone skeleton various naphthoquinone derivatives can be used. Specifically, for example, 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone (ANQ), 2-amino-3-methyl-1 , 4-naphthoquinone (AMNQ), 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (VK3), 2-amino-3-carboxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (ACNQ) and the like are used.
- ANQ 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone
- APNQ 2-aphthoquinone
- VK3 2-amino-3-carboxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
- ACNQ 2-a
- anthraquinone or a derivative thereof can be used in addition to a compound having a naphthoquinone skeleton.
- the electron mediator may contain one or two or more other compounds that function as an electron mediator, if necessary.
- acetone is preferably used as a solvent used when a compound having a quinone skeleton, particularly a compound having a naphthoquinone skeleton, is immobilized on the negative electrode.
- the solubility of the compound having a quinone skeleton can be increased, and the compound having a quinone skeleton can be efficiently immobilized on the negative electrode.
- the solvent may contain one or two or more other solvents other than acetone.
- the negative electrode is 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (VK3) as an electron mediator, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) as a coenzyme, glucose dehydrogenase and coenzyme oxidase as oxidases And preferably diaphorase as 1.0 (mol): 0.33-1.0 (mol): (1.8-3.6) ⁇ 10 6 (U): (0. It is fixed at a ratio of 85 to 1.7) ⁇ 10 7 (U). However, U (unit) is an index indicating enzyme activity, and indicates the degree to which 1 ⁇ mol of substrate reacts per minute at a certain temperature and pH.
- VK3 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone
- NADH reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- glucose dehydrogenase and coenzyme oxidase as oxidases
- diaphorase preferably diaphorase as 1.0
- this enzyme when an enzyme is immobilized on the positive electrode, this enzyme typically contains an oxygen reductase.
- this oxygen reductase for example, bilirubin oxidase, laccase, ascorbate oxidase and the like can be used. Details of some oxygen reductases (multicopper oxidase) are shown in Table 1.
- an electron mediator is preferably immobilized on the positive electrode in addition to the enzyme.
- the electron mediator for example, potassium hexacyanoferrate, potassium ferricyanide, potassium octacyanotungstate and the like are used.
- the electron mediator is preferably immobilized at a sufficiently high concentration, for example, 0.64 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 mol / mm 2 or more on average.
- the immobilizing material for immobilizing enzymes, coenzymes, electron mediators and the like on the negative electrode or the positive electrode.
- the immobilization material is preferably a polycation or a salt thereof such as poly-L-lysine (PLL) and a polyanion or a salt thereof such as polyacrylic acid (for example, sodium polyacrylate (PAAcNa)).
- PLL poly-L-lysine
- PAAcNa sodium polyacrylate
- a polyion complex formed by using an enzyme, a coenzyme, an electron mediator, and the like can be contained inside the polyion complex.
- a material composed of poly-L-lysine and glutaraldehyde can also be used.
- the electrolyte includes a polymer having a charge of the same sign as the charge of the oxidized or reduced form of the electron mediator, such as a polyanion or polycation, so that the electrolyte is charged in the oxidized or reduced form of the electron mediator.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and the electrolyte may have the same sign as the charge of the oxidized or reduced form of the electron mediator by other methods.
- a polymer having a negative charge such as a polyanion
- the electron mediator When the oxidant or reductant has a positive charge, a polymer having a positive charge, such as a polycation, is included in the electrolyte.
- polyanion examples include Nafion (trade name, DuPont, USA), which is an ion exchange resin having a fluorine-containing carbon sulfonic acid group, dichromate ion (Cr 2 O 7 2 ⁇ ), paramolybdate ion ([ Mo 7 O 24 ] 6 ⁇ ), polyacrylic acid (for example, sodium polyacrylate (PAAcNa)), or the like can be used.
- PAAcNa sodium polyacrylate
- PLL poly-L-lysine
- the present inventors have proposed a phenomenon that the output of the fuel cell can be greatly improved by immobilizing a phospholipid such as dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) in addition to the enzyme and the electron mediator on the negative electrode.
- a phospholipid such as dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC)
- DMPC dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine
- phospholipid functions as a high output agent.
- various studies have been conducted on the reason why high output can be achieved by immobilizing phospholipids.
- One of the reasons why a sufficiently large output cannot be obtained in a conventional fuel cell is that the enzyme and electron immobilized on the negative electrode are The mediator does not mix uniformly, and both are separated from each other and are in an agglomerated state.
- the high-output agent most generally means that the reaction rate at the electrode on which the enzyme and the electron mediator are immobilized can be improved to increase the output.
- Electron mediator diffusion promoters are most commonly referred to as increasing the diffusion coefficient of the electron mediator inside the electrode on which the enzyme and the electron mediator are immobilized, or the concentration of the electron mediator near the electrode. Is to maintain or raise.
- a conventionally known material such as a carbon-based material can be used, and a skeleton composed of a porous material and a carbon-based material covering at least a part of the surface of the skeleton are mainly used.
- a porous conductive material including the material described above can be used as a material of the positive electrode or the negative electrode, and a skeleton composed of a porous material and a carbon-based material covering at least a part of the surface of the skeleton are mainly used.
- This porous conductive material can be obtained by coating at least a part of the surface of the skeleton made of the porous material with a material mainly composed of a carbon-based material.
- the porous material constituting the skeleton of the porous conductive material may be basically any material as long as the skeleton can be stably maintained even if the porosity is high. It does not matter whether there is sex.
- a material having high porosity and high conductivity is preferably used.
- a metal material metal or alloy
- a carbon-based material with a strong skeleton (improved brittleness), or the like is used.
- a metal material metal or alloy
- various options are conceivable because the metal material has different state stability depending on the usage environment such as pH and potential of the solution.
- nickel, copper, silver, gold Foam metal or foam alloy such as nickel-chromium alloy and stainless steel is one of readily available materials.
- a resin material for example, sponge-like material
- the porosity and pore diameter (minimum pore diameter) of this porous material are in balance with the thickness of the material mainly composed of a carbon-based material that is coated on the surface of the skeleton made of this porous material. Is determined according to the required porosity and pore diameter.
- the pore diameter of the porous material is generally 10 nm to 1 mm, typically 10 nm to 600 ⁇ m.
- a material mainly composed of a carbon-based material is used as such a material.
- Carbon-based materials generally have a wide potential window, and many are chemically stable.
- the carbon-based material is mainly composed of a carbon-based material, and the carbon-based material is the main component, and the secondary material is selected according to the characteristics required for the porous conductive material.
- Some materials contain a small amount of material.
- Specific examples of the latter material include a material whose electrical conductivity has been improved by adding a metal or other highly conductive material to the carbon-based material, or a polytetrafluoroethylene-based material or the like added to the carbon-based material.
- it is a material imparted with a function other than conductivity, such as imparting surface water repellency.
- carbon-based materials there are various types of carbon-based materials, but any carbon-based material may be used. In addition to carbon alone, carbon may be added with other elements.
- the carbon-based material is particularly preferably a fine powder carbon material having high conductivity and a high surface area. Specific examples of the carbon-based material include materials imparted with high conductivity such as KB (Ketjen Black) and functional carbon materials such as carbon nanotubes and fullerenes.
- KB Ketjen Black
- functional carbon materials such as carbon nanotubes and fullerenes.
- As a coating method of the material mainly composed of the carbon-based material any coating method can be used as long as the surface of the skeleton made of the porous material can be coated by using an appropriate binder as necessary. Also good.
- the pore diameter of the porous conductive material is selected so that a solution containing a substrate or the like can easily enter and exit through the pores, and is generally 9 nm to 1 mm, more generally 1 ⁇ m to 1 mm, and more generally Specifically, it is 1 to 600 ⁇ m.
- a state in which at least a part of the surface of the skeleton made of a porous material is coated with a material mainly composed of a carbon-based material, or a surface of at least a part of the skeleton made of a porous material is mainly composed of a carbon-based material In the state coated with the material, it is desirable to prevent all the holes from communicating with each other or clogging with a material mainly composed of a carbon-based material.
- the overall configuration of the fuel cell is selected as necessary.
- a positive electrode current collector and a fuel having a structure capable of transmitting an oxidant are used.
- a structure in which a positive electrode, an electrolyte, and a negative electrode are housed in a space formed between a negative electrode current collector having a permeable structure is provided.
- one edge of the positive electrode current collector and the negative electrode current collector is caulked to the other of the positive electrode current collector and the negative electrode current collector via an insulating sealing member,
- the space for accommodating the electrolyte and the negative electrode is formed, but the present invention is not limited to this, and this space may be formed by other processing methods as necessary.
- the positive electrode current collector and the negative electrode current collector are electrically insulated from each other by an insulating sealing member.
- a gasket made of various elastic bodies such as silicone rubber is typically used, but is not limited thereto.
- the planar shapes of the positive electrode current collector and the negative electrode current collector can be selected as necessary, and are, for example, a circle, an ellipse, a rectangle, a hexagon, and the like.
- the positive electrode current collector has one or more oxidant supply ports
- the negative electrode current collector has one or more fuel supply ports, but the present invention is not necessarily limited thereto.
- the oxidant supply port may not be formed by using a material that can transmit an oxidant as the material of the positive electrode current collector, or a material that can transmit fuel as the material of the negative electrode current collector. Therefore, the fuel supply port may not be formed.
- the negative electrode current collector typically has a fuel holding portion.
- the fuel holding portion may be provided integrally with the negative electrode current collector, or may be provided detachably with respect to the negative electrode current collector.
- the fuel holding part typically has a sealing lid. In this case, the lid can be removed and fuel can be injected into the fuel holding portion. You may make it inject
- a fuel tank or a fuel cartridge filled with fuel in advance may be attached as the fuel holding portion.
- These fuel tanks and fuel cartridges may be disposable, but those that can be filled with fuel are preferable from the viewpoint of effective use of resources.
- a used fuel tank or fuel cartridge may be replaced with a fuel tank or fuel cartridge filled with fuel.
- the fuel holding part is formed in a sealed container shape having a fuel supply port and a discharge port, and fuel is continuously supplied from the outside into the sealed container through the supply port, thereby continuously using the fuel cell. Is possible.
- the fuel cell may be used in a state where the fuel cell is floated with the negative electrode side facing down and the positive electrode side facing up on the fuel placed in the open system fuel tank without providing the fuel holding portion in the fuel cell. .
- a positive electrode current collector having a structure capable of transmitting a negative electrode, an electrolyte, a positive electrode, and an oxidant is sequentially provided around a predetermined central axis, and the negative electrode current collector having a structure capable of transmitting fuel.
- a structure in which the body is provided so as to be electrically connected to the negative electrode may be employed.
- the negative electrode may have a cylindrical shape such as a circle, an ellipse, or a polygon in cross section, or a columnar shape such as a circle, an ellipse, or a polygon.
- the negative electrode current collector may be provided, for example, on the inner peripheral surface side of the negative electrode, may be provided between the negative electrode and the electrolyte, or provided on at least one end surface of the negative electrode. Alternatively, they may be provided at two or more places. Further, the negative electrode may be configured to hold the fuel.
- the negative electrode may be formed of a porous material, and the negative electrode may also serve as the fuel holding unit. Alternatively, a columnar fuel holding portion may be provided on a predetermined central axis.
- the fuel holding unit may be a space itself surrounded by the negative electrode current collector, or the negative electrode current collector and Alternatively, a container such as a fuel tank or a fuel cartridge provided separately may be used, and this container may be detachable or fixed.
- the fuel holding portion has, for example, a cylindrical shape, an elliptical column shape, a polygonal column shape such as a quadrangle, a hexagon, and the like, but is not limited thereto.
- the electrolyte may be formed in a bag-like container so as to wrap the entire negative electrode and negative electrode current collector.
- this fuel when the fuel is filled in the fuel holding portion, this fuel can be brought into contact with the entire negative electrode.
- at least a portion sandwiched between the positive electrode and the negative electrode may be formed of an electrolyte, and the other portion may be formed of a material different from the electrolyte.
- fuel can be continuously used by continuously supplying fuel from the outside into the container through the supply port.
- the negative electrode preferably has a high porosity so that fuel can be sufficiently stored therein. For example, a negative electrode having a porosity of 60% or more is preferable.
- a pellet electrode can also be used as the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- This pellet electrode is a carbon-based material (particularly, a fine powder carbon material having high conductivity and high surface area is preferable), specifically, for example, a material imparted with high conductivity such as KB (Ketjen Black) , Functional carbon materials such as carbon nanotubes and fullerenes, and binders such as polyvinylidene fluoride as required, powders of the above enzymes (or enzyme solutions), coenzyme powders (or coenzyme solutions), electron mediators
- the powder (or the electron mediator solution), the polymer powder for immobilization (or the polymer solution), etc. are mixed in an agate mortar and dried appropriately and pressed into a predetermined shape. be able to.
- the thickness of the pellet electrode is also determined according to need, but an example is about 50 ⁇ m.
- the pellet electrode forming material is formed into a circular shape by a tablet manufacturing machine (an example of the diameter is 15 mm, but the diameter is limited to this). Instead, the pellet electrode can be formed by press working.
- the pellet electrode in order to obtain a required electrode thickness, for example, the amount of carbon occupied in the material for forming the pellet electrode, the pressing pressure, and the like are controlled.
- a mixed solution aqueous or aqueous
- a carbon-based material a binder as necessary
- an enzyme immobilization component enzyme, coenzyme, electron mediator, polymer, etc.
- the organic solvent mixed solution may be applied to a current collector or the like as appropriate, dried, and pressed as a whole, and then cut into a desired electrode size.
- This fuel cell can be used for almost anything that requires electric power, and can be of any size.
- electronic devices mobile objects (automobiles, motorcycles, aircraft, rockets, spacecrafts, etc.), power devices, construction machinery It can be used for machine tools, power generation systems, cogeneration systems, etc.
- the output, size, shape, type of fuel, etc. are determined depending on the application.
- the second invention is Having one or more fuel cells, At least one of the fuel cells is
- At least one of the fuel cells is
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode have a structure facing each other through an electrolyte containing a buffer substance, an enzyme is immobilized on at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and the buffer substance contains a compound containing an imidazole ring. It is an electronic device.
- This electronic device may basically be any type, and includes both portable and stationary types. Specific examples include cell phones, mobile devices, robots, personal computers, and the like. Computers, game devices, in-vehicle devices, home appliances, industrial products, etc.
- the third invention is The positive electrode and the negative electrode have a structure facing each other through an electrolyte containing a buffer substance, An enzyme is immobilized on at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode,
- the buffer substance includes at least one selected from the group consisting of 2-aminoethanol, triethanolamine, TES, and BES.
- TES is N-Tris (hydroxymethyl) methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid
- BES is N, N-Bis (2-hydroxyethyl) -2-aminoethanesulfonic acid.
- the buffer substance may contain a compound containing an imidazole ring or other buffer substance, or at least one selected from the group consisting of acetic acid, phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid. An acid may be added.
- the buffer substance contained in the electrolyte includes a compound having an imidazole ring
- a sufficient buffer capacity can be obtained. Even if the increase or decrease of protons occurs in the proton electrode or in the immobilized membrane of the enzyme due to the enzyme reaction via protons, a sufficient buffering capacity can be obtained, and the pH of the electrolyte surrounding the enzyme can be reduced from the optimum pH. The deviation can be suppressed sufficiently small, and the activity of the enzyme can be kept high by adding at least one acid selected from the group consisting of acetic acid, phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid to the buffer substance. For this reason, the electrode reaction by an enzyme, a coenzyme, an electron mediator, etc. can be performed efficiently and regularly.
- a sufficient buffer capacity can be obtained even during a high output operation, and a fuel cell having excellent performance can be obtained by fully exhibiting the ability of the enzyme. .
- a high-performance electronic device can be realized.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a biofuel cell according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram schematically showing details of the configuration of the negative electrode of the biofuel cell according to the first embodiment of the present invention, an example of an enzyme group immobilized on the negative electrode, and an electron transfer reaction by the enzyme group.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing the results of chronoamperometry performed for evaluating the biofuel cell according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing the relationship between the buffer solution concentration obtained from the result of chronoamperometry performed for the evaluation of the biofuel cell according to the first embodiment of the present invention and the obtained current density. is there.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a biofuel cell according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram schematically showing details of the configuration of the negative electrode of the biofuel cell according to the first embodiment of the present invention, an example of an enzyme group immobilized on the negative electrode,
- FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing a measurement system used for the chronoamperometry measurement shown in FIG.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing the results of cyclic voltammetry performed for evaluating the biofuel cell according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram showing a measurement system used for the cyclic voltammetry measurement shown in FIG.
- FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram showing the results of chronoamperometry performed using a buffer containing imidazole and a NaH 2 PO 4 buffer in the biofuel cell according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram for explaining a mechanism by which a large current can be steadily obtained when a buffer solution containing imidazole is used in the biofuel cell according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram for explaining a mechanism in which current decreases when a NaH 2 PO 4 buffer is used in the biofuel cell according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram showing the relationship between the buffer solution concentration and the current density when various buffer solutions are used in the biofuel cell according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram showing the relationship between the buffer solution concentration and the current density when various buffer solutions are used in the biofuel cell according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram showing the relationship between the molecular weight of the buffer substance of the buffer solution and the current density when various buffer solutions are used in the biofuel cell according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram showing the relationship between the pKa of a buffer solution and the current density when various buffer solutions are used in the biofuel cell according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram illustrating a specific configuration example of the biofuel cell according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram showing a measurement result of the output of the biofuel cell used for evaluation in the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram showing the results of cyclic voltammetry performed for verifying the permeation preventing effect of the electron mediator in the biofuel cell according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram showing a measurement system used for cyclic voltammetry performed to verify the permeation prevention effect of the electron mediator in the biofuel cell according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram showing the results of cyclic voltammetry performed to verify the permeation prevention effect of the electron mediator in the biofuel cell according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 20 is a schematic diagram showing the results of cyclic voltammetry performed to verify the permeation preventing effect of the electron mediator in the biofuel cell according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 21 is a top view, a cross-sectional view, and a back view showing a biofuel cell according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 22 is an exploded perspective view showing a biofuel cell according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 23 is a schematic diagram for illustrating a method for manufacturing a biofuel cell according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 24 is a schematic diagram for explaining a first example of a method for using a biofuel cell according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 25 is a schematic diagram for explaining a second example of the method of using the biofuel cell according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 26 is a schematic diagram for explaining a third example of the method of using the biofuel cell according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 27 is a schematic diagram showing a biofuel cell and a method for using the same according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 28 is a front view and a longitudinal sectional view showing a biofuel cell according to the fifth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 29 is an exploded perspective view showing a biofuel cell according to the fifth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 30 is a schematic diagram and a cross-sectional view for explaining the structure of a porous conductive material used as a negative electrode material in a biofuel cell according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 31 is a schematic diagram for explaining a method for producing a porous conductive material used for a negative electrode material in a biofuel cell according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 32 is a schematic diagram showing the results of cyclic voltammetry performed using one kind and many kinds of electron mediators in the biofuel cell.
- FIG. 33 is a schematic diagram showing the results of cyclic voltammetry performed using one type and many types of electron mediators in a biofuel cell.
- FIG. 34 is a schematic diagram showing the results of cyclic voltammetry performed using one kind and many kinds of electron mediators in the biofuel cell.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows a biofuel cell according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
- glucose is used as the fuel.
- FIG. 2 schematically shows details of the configuration of the negative electrode of the biofuel cell, an example of an enzyme group immobilized on the negative electrode, and an electron transfer reaction by the enzyme group.
- this biofuel cell has a structure in which a negative electrode 1 and a positive electrode 2 face each other with an electrolyte layer 3 conducting only protons.
- the negative electrode 1 decomposes glucose supplied as fuel with an enzyme to extract electrons and generate protons (H + ).
- the positive electrode 2 generates water by protons transported from the negative electrode 1 through the electrolyte layer 3, electrons transmitted from the negative electrode 1 through an external circuit, and oxygen in the air, for example.
- the negative electrode 1 is composed of, for example, an electrode 11 (see FIG. 2) made of porous carbon or the like, an enzyme involved in glucose decomposition, and a coenzyme in which a reductant is generated in an oxidation reaction in the glucose decomposition process (for example, , NAD + , NADP + and the like), a coenzyme oxidase (eg, diaphorase) that oxidizes a reduced form of the coenzyme (eg, NADH, NADPH, etc.), and coenzyme oxidase is produced along with the oxidation of the coenzyme.
- An electron mediator that receives electrons and passes them to the electrode 11 is configured to be fixed by a fixing material made of, for example, a polymer.
- glucose dehydrogenase As an enzyme involved in glucose degradation, for example, glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) can be used.
- GDH glucose dehydrogenase
- ⁇ -D-glucose can be oxidized to D-glucono- ⁇ -lactone.
- this D-glucono- ⁇ -lactone can be decomposed into 2-keto-6-phospho-D-gluconate in the presence of two enzymes, gluconokinase and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PhGDH).
- D-glucono- ⁇ -lactone is hydrolyzed to D-gluconate, which in the presence of gluconokinase, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and phosphate And then phosphorylated to 6-phospho-D-gluconate.
- This 6-phospho-D-gluconate is oxidized to 2-keto-6-phospho-D-gluconate by the action of the oxidase PhGDH.
- glucose can also be decomposed to CO 2 by utilizing sugar metabolism.
- the decomposition process utilizing sugar metabolism is roughly divided into glucose decomposition and pyruvic acid generation by a glycolysis system and a TCA cycle, which are widely known reaction systems.
- the oxidation reaction in the monosaccharide decomposition process is accompanied by a coenzyme reduction reaction.
- This coenzyme is almost determined by the acting enzyme.
- NAD + is used as the coenzyme. That is, when ⁇ -D-glucose is oxidized to D-glucono- ⁇ -lactone by the action of GDH, NAD + is reduced to NADH to generate H + .
- NADH is immediately oxidized to NAD + in the presence of diaphorase (DI), generating two electrons and H + . Therefore, two electrons and two H + are generated by one-step oxidation reaction per glucose molecule. In the two-stage oxidation reaction, a total of four electrons and four H + are generated.
- DI diaphorase
- the electrons generated in the above process are transferred from diaphorase to the electrode 11 through the electron mediator, and H + is transported to the positive electrode 2 through the electrolyte layer 3.
- the electron mediator transfers electrons with the electrode 11, and the output voltage of the fuel cell depends on the redox potential of the electron mediator. That is, in order to obtain a higher output voltage, it is preferable to select an electron mediator having a more negative potential on the negative electrode 1 side.
- an inhibitor light, Structural stability against oxygen
- ACNQ 2-amino-3-carboxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
- vitamin K3 and the like are preferable as the electron mediator acting on the negative electrode 1.
- compounds having a quinone skeleton metal complexes such as osmium (Os), ruthenium (Ru), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), viologen compounds such as benzyl viologen, compounds having a nicotinamide structure, riboflavin structure
- metal complexes such as osmium (Os), ruthenium (Ru), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co)
- viologen compounds such as benzyl viologen
- compounds having a nicotinamide structure riboflavin structure
- a compound having a nucleotide or a compound having a nucleotide-phosphate structure can also be used as an electron mediator.
- the electrolyte layer 3 is a proton conductor that transports H + generated in the negative electrode 1 to the positive electrode 2, and is made of a material that does not have electronic conductivity and can transport H + .
- the electrolyte layer 3 for example, one appropriately selected from those already mentioned can be used.
- the electrolyte layer 3 includes a buffer solution containing a compound having an imidazole ring as a buffer solution.
- the compound having an imidazole ring can be appropriately selected from those already mentioned, such as imidazole.
- the concentration of the compound having an imidazole ring as the buffer substance is selected as necessary, but is preferably included at a concentration of 0.2 M or more and 3 M or less.
- the ionic strength (IS) is too large or too small to adversely affect the enzyme activity, but considering the electrochemical response, it should be an appropriate ionic strength, for example, about 0.3. Is preferred.
- pH and ionic strength have optimum values for each enzyme used, and are not limited to the values described above.
- the above enzyme, coenzyme and electron mediator are preferably immobilized on the electrode 11 using an immobilizing material in order to efficiently capture the enzyme reaction phenomenon occurring in the vicinity of the electrode as an electrical signal. Furthermore, the enzyme reaction system of the negative electrode 1 can be stabilized by immobilizing the enzyme and the coenzyme for decomposing the fuel on the electrode 11.
- an immobilizing material include a combination of glutaraldehyde (GA) and poly-L-lysine (PLL), or a combination of sodium polyacrylate (PAAcNa) and poly-L-lysine (PLL). These may be used, these may be used alone, or other polymers may be used.
- the optimum composition ratio between glutaraldehyde and poly-L-lysine differs depending on the enzyme to be immobilized and the substrate of the enzyme, but generally any composition ratio may be used.
- a glutaraldehyde aqueous solution (0.125%) and a poly-L-lysine aqueous solution (1%) are used, and the ratio thereof is 1: 1, 1: 2, 2: 1, or the like.
- glucose dehydrogenase is an enzyme involved in the degradation of glucose
- NAD + is a coenzyme that produces a reductant in the oxidation reaction in the glucose degradation process, and a reductant of coenzyme.
- DI diaphorase
- ACNQ the electron mediator that receives electrons from the coenzyme oxidase accompanying the oxidation of the coenzyme and passes it to the electrode 11 is ACNQ is shown.
- the positive electrode 2 is obtained by immobilizing an oxygen reductase and an electron mediator that transfers electrons between the electrodes on an electrode made of, for example, porous carbon.
- an oxygen reductase for example, bilirubin oxidase (BOD), laccase, ascorbate oxidase and the like can be used.
- the electron mediator for example, hexacyanoferrate ions generated by ionization of potassium hexacyanoferrate can be used. This electron mediator is preferably immobilized at a sufficiently high concentration, for example, 0.64 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 mol / mm 2 or more on average.
- the glucose when glucose is supplied to the negative electrode 1, the glucose is decomposed by a decomposing enzyme including an oxidase. Since oxidase is involved in the monosaccharide decomposition process, electrons and H + can be generated on the negative electrode 1 side, and a current can be generated between the negative electrode 1 and the positive electrode 2.
- FIG. 4 shows the dependency of the current value (current density value after 3600 seconds in Table 2 and FIG. 3) on the buffer solution concentration (buffer substance concentration in the buffer solution).
- Table 2 and FIG. 4 also show the results when 1.0 M NaH 2 PO 4 / NaOH buffer (pH 7) is used as the buffer. As shown in FIG.
- this measurement was performed with a film-shaped cellophane 21 placed on the positive electrode 2 and a buffer solution 22 in contact with the cellophane 21.
- an enzyme / electron mediator fixed electrode prepared as follows was used. First, commercially available carbon felt (BORAY made by TORAY) was used as porous carbon, and this carbon felt was cut into 1 cm square. Next, 80 ⁇ l of hexacyanoferrate ion (100 mM), 80 ⁇ l of poly-L-lysine (1 wt%), and 80 ⁇ l of BOD solution (50 mg / ml) are sequentially infiltrated into the above carbon felt and dried. An electron mediator fixed electrode was obtained. Two sheets of the enzyme / electron mediator-immobilized electrode produced in this way were stacked to make a positive electrode 2.
- a positive electrode 2 composed of an enzyme / electron mediator-immobilized electrode similar to the above is used as a working electrode, and this is placed on a gas-permeable PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) membrane 23. This was carried out with the buffer solution 22 in contact with the positive electrode 2.
- the counter electrode 24 and the reference electrode 25 were immersed in the buffer solution 22, and an electrochemical measurement device (not shown) was connected to the positive electrode 2, the counter electrode 24, and the reference electrode 25 as working electrodes.
- Pt line was used as the counter electrode 24 and Ag
- the measurement was performed at atmospheric pressure, and the measurement temperature was 25 ° C.
- the buffer solution 22 two types of imidazole / hydrochloric acid buffer solution (pH 7, 1.0 M) and NaH 2 PO 4 / NaOH buffer solution (pH 7, 1.0 M) were used.
- FIG. 6 shows that when an imidazole / hydrochloric acid buffer solution (pH 7, 1.0 M) is used as the buffer solution 22, extremely good CV characteristics are obtained.
- the imidazole buffer solution has an advantage even if the measurement system is changed.
- FIG. 8 shows a chronoampero obtained by immobilizing BOD on the positive electrode 2 and using the 2.0 M imidazole / hydrochloric acid buffer solution and 1.0 M NaH 2 PO 4 / NaOH buffer solution in the same manner as described above. The result of a measurement is shown with the measurement result of pH on the electrode surface in the meantime.
- an imidazole / hydrochloric acid buffer solution of pK a is 6.95, the conductivity 52.4MS / cm, the oxygen solubility is 0.25 mM, pH 7, also, pK a of the NaH 2 PO 4 / NaOH buffer solution 6 .82 (H 2 PO 4 ⁇ ), conductivity 51.2 mS / cm, oxygen solubility 0.25 mM, pH 7.
- FIG. 9 and 10 show a state where the BOD 32 is immobilized on the electrode 31 together with the electron mediator 34 by an immobilizing material 33 such as a polyion complex.
- an immobilizing material 33 such as a polyion complex.
- FIG. 9 when a 2.0 M imidazole / hydrochloric acid buffer solution is used, a high buffer capacity can be obtained and a pH can be stabilized by supplying a sufficiently large amount of protons (H + ). It is considered that a high current density can be constantly obtained.
- FIG. 10 when a 1.0 M NaH 2 PO 4 / NaOH buffer solution is used, the buffer capacity is insufficient due to the small supply amount of H + , so the pH is low. It is considered that the current density decreases due to a large increase.
- 11 and 12 show changes in current density with respect to buffer concentration after 3600 seconds (1 hour) when various buffer solutions are used.
- the current is generally higher than when another buffer solution such as a buffer solution containing NaH 2 PO 4 is used.
- the density is obtained, and the tendency becomes more remarkable as the concentration of the buffer solution increases.
- 11 and 12 when a buffer solution containing 2-aminoethanol, triethanolamine, TES or BES is used as a buffer substance, a high current density is obtained, and the buffer solution concentration is particularly high. It can be seen that this tendency becomes more prominent.
- a 2.0 M imidazole / hydrochloric acid aqueous solution (a solution obtained by neutralizing 2.0 M imidazole to pH 7.0 with hydrochloric acid) (2.0 M imidazole / hydrochloric acid buffer), 2.0 M imidazole / acetic acid aqueous solution ( 2.0M imidazole neutralized to pH 7.0 with acetic acid) (2.0M imidazole / acetic acid buffer), 2.0M imidazole / phosphoric acid aqueous solution (2.0M imidazole neutralized with phosphoric acid to pH 7.0) Solution) (2.0 M imidazole / phosphate buffer solution) and 2.0 M imidazole / sulfuric acid aqueous solution (solution obtained by neutralizing 2.0 M imidazole with sulfuric acid to pH 7.0) (2.0 M imidazole / sulfate buffer solution).
- An example of the results of an experiment comparing the activity of BOD when used will be described.
- BOD activity was measured using ABTS (2,2'-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt) as a substrate, and the change in absorbance of light with a wavelength of 730 nm as the reaction progressed (ABTS reaction) This was done by following the The measurement conditions are as shown in Table 3.
- the BOD concentration was adjusted so that the change in absorbance of light having a wavelength of 730 nm was about 0.01 to 0.2 per minute during activity measurement.
- the reaction was started by adding an enzyme solution (5 to 20 ⁇ L) to various buffers (2980 to 2995 ⁇ L) in Table 3 containing ABTS.
- FIGS. 15A and 15B A specific configuration example of this biofuel cell is shown in FIGS. 15A and 15B.
- this biofuel cell has a negative electrode 1 composed of an enzyme / electron mediator-immobilized carbon electrode in which the enzyme or electron mediator already immobilized on a 1 cm 2 carbon felt is immobilized.
- a positive electrode 2 composed of an enzyme / electron mediator-immobilized carbon electrode in which the enzyme or electron mediator described above is immobilized on a 1 cm 2 carbon felt with an immobilizing material is a compound containing an imidazole ring or 2-aminoethanol hydrochloride It has the structure which opposes via the electrolyte layer 3 containing a salt as a buffer substance.
- Ti current collectors 41 and 42 are placed under the positive electrode 2 and the negative electrode 1, respectively, so that current can be easily collected.
- Reference numerals 43 and 44 denote fixed plates. These fixing plates 43 and 44 are fastened to each other by screws 45, and the positive electrode 2, the negative electrode 1, the electrolyte layer 3, and the Ti current collectors 41 and 42 are sandwiched between them.
- One surface (outer surface) of the fixing plate 43 is provided with a circular recess 43a for taking in air, and a plurality of holes 43b penetrating to the other surface are provided in the bottom surface of the recess 43a. These holes 43 b serve as air supply paths to the positive electrode 2.
- a circular recess 44a for fuel loading is provided on one surface (outer surface) of the fixing plate 44, and a number of holes 44b penetrating to the other surface are provided on the bottom surface of the recess 44a. These holes 44 b serve as fuel supply paths to the negative electrode 1.
- a spacer 46 is provided on the periphery of the other surface of the fixing plate 44, and when the fixing plates 43 and 44 are fastened to each other with screws 45, the interval between them becomes a predetermined interval. .
- a load 47 was connected between the Ti current collectors 41 and 42, and a glucose / buffer solution was added as a fuel to the recess 44 a of the fixing plate 44 to generate power.
- Two types of buffers were used: 2.0 M imidazole / hydrochloric acid buffer (pH 7) and 1.0 M NaH 2 PO 4 / NaOH buffer (pH 7).
- the glucose concentration was 0.4M.
- the operating temperature was 25 ° C.
- FIG. 16 shows the output characteristics. As shown in FIG. 16, the output (power density) is greater when the 2.0 M imidazole / hydrochloric acid buffer is used as the buffer than when the NaH 2 PO 4 / NaOH buffer is used. About 2.4 times larger.
- the electrolyte layer 3 can obtain a sufficient buffer capacity by including a compound containing an imidazole ring as a buffer substance. For this reason, at the time of high output operation of the biofuel cell, even if the increase or decrease of protons occurs in the proton electrode or in the enzyme immobilization membrane due to the proton-mediated enzyme reaction, sufficient buffer capacity can be obtained, Deviation from the optimum pH of the electrolyte surrounding the enzyme can be suppressed sufficiently small. Furthermore, the enzyme activity can be maintained higher by adding at least one acid selected from the group consisting of acetic acid, phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid in addition to the compound containing an imidazole ring.
- the electrolyte layer 3 has a charge having the same sign as the charge of the oxidant or reductant of the electron mediator used for the positive electrode 2 and the negative electrode 1.
- the surface of the electrolyte layer 3 on the positive electrode 2 side is negatively charged and has a negative charge.
- at least a part of the electrolyte layer 3 on the positive electrode 2 side includes a polyanion having a negative charge.
- Nafion trade name, DuPont, USA
- the electrolyte layer 3 has a charge having the same sign as the charge of the oxidized or reduced form of the electron mediator, the oxidized or reduced form of the electron mediator can be prevented from passing through the electrolyte layer 3.
- FIG. 17B shows an enlarged CV curve in the case where the glassy carbon electrode to which Nafion is added in FIG. 17A is used.
- the redox peak current attributed to the hexacyanoferrate ion as an electron mediator was 1/20 of that of the glassy carbon electrode to which Nafion was not added. It became the following. This indicates that the hexacyanoferrate ion, which is a polyvalent anion having a negative charge, is not diffusing and permeating to Nafion, which is a polyanion having a negative charge.
- the separator 16 and the working electrode 17 are prepared by dissolving hexacyanoferrate ions as an electron mediator in a buffer solution 18 of 0.4 M NaH 2 PO 4 / NaOH (pH 7). (Omitted) was contacted.
- a buffer solution 18 of 0.4 M NaH 2 PO 4 / NaOH pH 7
- cellophane having no charge and Nafion (pH 7) which is a polyanion having a negative charge were used.
- Electrons that have passed through the separator 16 from the test electrode 15 by performing cyclic voltammetry 5 minutes, 1 hour, and 2 hours after contacting the separator 16 with the buffer solution 18 (electrolytic solution) in which hexacyanoferrate ions are dissolved.
- the redox peak values of mediators that is, hexacyanoferrate ions were compared.
- the counter electrode 19 and the reference electrode 20 were immersed in the buffer solution 18, and an electrochemical measurement device (not shown) was connected to the working electrode 17, the counter electrode 19, and the reference electrode 20. Pt line was used as the counter electrode 19 and Ag
- the measurement was performed at atmospheric pressure, and the measurement temperature was 25 ° C.
- the measurement results when Nafion is used as the separator 16 are shown in FIG. Moreover, the measurement result at the time of using a cellophane as the separator 16 is shown in FIG. As can be seen from FIGS.
- the electrolyte layer 3 has the same sign as the charge of the oxidized or reduced form of the electron mediator used for the positive electrode 2 and the negative electrode 1, one of the electron mediators of the positive electrode 2 and the negative electrode 1 passes through the electrolyte layer 3.
- the electrolyte layer 3 has the same sign as the charge of the oxidized or reduced form of the electron mediator used for the positive electrode 2 and the negative electrode 1
- one of the electron mediators of the positive electrode 2 and the negative electrode 1 passes through the electrolyte layer 3.
- FIG. 21A, B, and C and FIG. 22 show the biofuel cell.
- FIGS. 21A, B, and C show a top view, a cross-sectional view, and a back view of the biofuel cell.
- FIG. 22 shows the biofuel cell. It is a disassembled perspective view which decomposes
- the positive electrode 2 As shown in FIGS. 21A, 21B and 21 and FIG. 22, in this biofuel cell, in the space formed between the positive electrode current collector 51 and the negative electrode current collector 52, the positive electrode 2, the electrolyte The layer 3 and the negative electrode 1 are housed by sandwiching the upper and lower sides between the positive electrode current collector 51 and the negative electrode current collector 52.
- the positive electrode current collector 51, the negative electrode current collector 52, the positive electrode 2, the electrolyte layer 3, and the adjacent one of the negative electrode 1 are in close contact with each other.
- the positive electrode current collector 51, the negative electrode current collector 52, the positive electrode 2, the electrolyte layer 3, and the negative electrode 1 have a circular planar shape, and the entire biofuel cell also has a circular planar shape.
- the positive electrode current collector 51 is for collecting current generated in the positive electrode 2, and current is taken out from the positive electrode current collector 51.
- the negative electrode current collector 52 is for collecting current generated in the negative electrode 1.
- the positive electrode current collector 51 and the negative electrode current collector 52 are generally formed of a metal, an alloy, or the like, but are not limited thereto.
- the positive electrode current collector 51 is flat and has a substantially cylindrical shape.
- the negative electrode current collector 52 is also flat and has a substantially cylindrical shape.
- the edge of the outer peripheral portion 51a of the positive electrode current collector 51 includes a ring-shaped gasket 56a made of an insulating material such as silicone rubber and a ring-shaped hydrophobic resin 56b such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- the space for accommodating the positive electrode 2, the electrolyte layer 3, and the negative electrode 1 is formed by caulking the outer peripheral portion 52 a of the negative electrode current collector 52.
- the hydrophobic resin 56b is provided in a space surrounded by the positive electrode 2, the positive electrode current collector 51, and the gasket 56a, in close contact with the positive electrode 2, the positive electrode current collector 51, and the gasket 56a.
- the hydrophobic resin 56b can effectively suppress excessive penetration of fuel into the positive electrode 2 side.
- the end of the electrolyte layer 3 extends to the outside of the positive electrode 2 and the negative electrode 1 and is sandwiched between the gasket 56a and the hydrophobic resin 56b.
- the positive electrode current collector 51 has a plurality of oxidant supply ports 51b on the entire bottom surface, and the positive electrode 2 is exposed inside these oxidant supply ports 51b.
- FIG. 21C and FIG. 22 show 13 circular oxidant supply ports 51b, but this is only an example, and the number, shape, size, and arrangement of the oxidant supply ports 51b are appropriately selected. be able to.
- the negative electrode current collector 52 also has a plurality of fuel supply ports 52b on the entire upper surface thereof, and the negative electrode 1 is exposed inside these fuel supply ports 52b.
- FIG. 22 shows nine circular fuel supply ports 52b, but this is only an example, and the number, shape, size, and arrangement of the fuel supply ports 52b can be selected as appropriate.
- the negative electrode current collector 52 has a cylindrical fuel tank 57 on the surface opposite to the negative electrode 1.
- the fuel tank 57 is formed integrally with the negative electrode current collector 52.
- a fuel (not shown) to be used, for example, a glucose solution or a solution obtained by adding an electrolyte to the glucose solution is placed.
- a cylindrical lid 58 is detachably attached to the fuel tank 57.
- the lid 58 is fitted into the fuel tank 57 or screwed.
- a circular fuel supply port 58 a is formed at the center of the lid 58.
- the fuel supply port 58a is sealed, for example, by attaching a seal seal (not shown).
- the configuration of the biofuel cell other than the above is the same as that of the first embodiment as long as it does not contradict its properties.
- a cylindrical positive electrode current collector 51 having one end opened is prepared.
- a plurality of oxidant supply ports 51 b are formed on the entire bottom surface of the positive electrode current collector 51.
- a ring-shaped hydrophobic resin 56b is placed on the outer peripheral portion of the bottom surface inside the positive electrode current collector 51, and the positive electrode 2, the electrolyte layer 3, and the negative electrode 1 are sequentially stacked on the central portion of the bottom surface.
- a cylindrical fuel tank 57 is integrally formed on a cylindrical negative electrode current collector 52 whose one end is open.
- a plurality of fuel supply ports 52 b are formed on the entire surface of the negative electrode current collector 52.
- a gasket 56 a having a U-shaped cross section is attached to the edge of the outer peripheral surface of the negative electrode current collector 52. Then, the negative electrode current collector 52 is placed on the negative electrode 1 with its open side down, and the positive electrode 2, the electrolyte layer 3, and the negative electrode 1 are interposed between the positive electrode current collector 51 and the negative electrode current collector 52. Between.
- the positive electrode 2, the electrolyte layer 3, and the negative electrode 1 are sandwiched between the positive electrode current collector 51 and the negative electrode current collector 52 in this manner,
- the negative electrode current collector 52 is pressed by the pressing member 62 so that the positive electrode current collector 51, the positive electrode 2, the electrolyte layer 3, the negative electrode 1 and the negative electrode current collector 52 are in close contact with each other.
- 63 is lowered to caulk the edge of the outer peripheral portion 51a of the positive electrode current collector 51 to the outer peripheral portion 52a of the negative electrode current collector 52 through the gasket 56a and the hydrophobic resin 56b.
- the gasket 56a is gradually crushed so that there is no gap between the positive electrode current collector 51 and the gasket 56a and between the negative electrode current collector 52 and the gasket 56a.
- the hydrophobic resin 56b is also gradually compressed so as to be in close contact with the positive electrode 2, the positive electrode current collector 51, and the gasket 56a.
- a space for accommodating the positive electrode 2, the electrolyte layer 3, and the negative electrode 1 is formed inside the positive electrode current collector 51 and the negative electrode current collector 52 while being electrically insulated from each other by the gasket 56 a. Is done.
- the caulking tool 63 is raised.
- FIG. 23D a biofuel cell in which the positive electrode 2, the electrolyte layer 3, and the negative electrode 1 are housed in the space formed between the positive electrode current collector 51 and the negative electrode current collector 52 is obtained. Manufactured.
- a lid 58 is attached to the fuel tank 57, fuel and electrolyte are injected from the fuel supply port 58a of the lid 58, and then the fuel supply port 58a is closed by attaching a hermetic seal.
- the fuel and electrolyte may be injected into the fuel tank 57 in the step shown in FIG.
- the negative electrode 1 decomposes the supplied glucose with an enzyme to extract electrons and generate H + .
- the positive electrode 2 generates water from H + transported from the negative electrode 1 through the electrolyte layer 3, electrons sent from the negative electrode 1 through an external circuit, and oxygen in the air, for example.
- An output voltage is obtained between the positive electrode current collector 51 and the negative electrode current collector 52.
- mesh electrodes 71 and 72 may be formed on the positive electrode current collector 51 and the negative electrode current collector 52 of this biofuel cell, respectively.
- external air enters the oxidant supply port 51 b of the positive electrode current collector 51 through the hole of the mesh electrode 71, and fuel enters the fuel tank 57 from the fuel supply port 58 a of the lid 58 through the hole of the mesh electrode 72. .
- FIG. 25 shows a case where two biofuel cells are connected in series.
- the mesh electrode 73 is disposed between the positive electrode current collector 51 of one biofuel cell (the upper biofuel cell in the figure) and the lid 58 of the other biofuel cell (the lower biofuel cell in the figure). Between. In this case, external air enters the oxidant supply port 51 b of the positive electrode current collector 51 through the hole of the mesh electrode 73.
- the fuel can be supplied using a fuel supply system.
- FIG. 26 shows a case where two biofuel cells are connected in parallel.
- the fuel tank 57 of one biofuel cell (the upper biofuel cell in the figure) and the fuel tank 57 of the other biofuel cell (the lower biofuel cell in the figure) are connected to the fuel of the lid 58.
- the supply ports 58 a are brought into contact with each other so as to coincide with each other, and the electrodes 74 are drawn out from the side surfaces of these fuel tanks 57.
- mesh electrodes 75 and 76 are formed on the positive electrode current collector 51 of the one biofuel cell and the positive electrode current collector 51 of the other biofuel cell, respectively. These mesh electrodes 75 and 76 are connected to each other. External air enters the oxidizing agent supply port 51 b of the positive electrode current collector 51 through the holes of the mesh electrodes 75 and 76.
- the same advantages as those of the first embodiment can be obtained in the coin-type or button-type biofuel cell.
- the positive electrode 2, the electrolyte layer 3 and the negative electrode 1 are sandwiched between the positive electrode current collector 51 and the negative electrode current collector 52, and the edge of the outer peripheral portion 51 a of the positive electrode current collector 51 is attached to the gasket 56.
- each constituent element can be brought into close contact with each other, so that variations in output can be prevented.
- the battery solution such as fuel and electrolyte can be prevented from leaking from the interface between the constituent elements.
- this biofuel cell has a simple manufacturing process.
- the biofuel cell can be easily downsized.
- this biofuel cell uses a glucose solution or starch as the fuel, and by selecting the pH of the electrolyte used to be around 7 (neutral), it is safe even if the fuel or electrolyte leaks to the outside.
- the fuel tank 57 provided integrally with the negative electrode current collector 52 is removed from the biofuel cell according to the third embodiment, and the positive electrode current collector 51 is further removed.
- a negative electrode current collector 52 formed with mesh electrodes 71 and 72, respectively, and the biofuel cell is placed on the fuel 57a placed in an open fuel tank 57 with the negative electrode 1 side down and the positive electrode 2 side up. Use it in a floating state.
- the biofuel cell according to the third embodiment is a coin type or a button type, whereas this biofuel cell is a cylindrical type.
- FIG. 28A and 28 and FIG. 29 show this biofuel cell
- FIG. 28A is a front view of this biofuel cell
- FIG. 28B is a longitudinal sectional view of this biofuel cell
- FIG. 29 is this biofuel cell It is a disassembled perspective view which decomposes
- a cylindrical negative electrode current collector 52, a negative electrode 1, an electrolyte layer 3, and a positive electrode are formed on the outer periphery of a cylindrical fuel holding portion 77, respectively. 2 and the positive electrode current collector 51 are sequentially provided.
- the fuel holding portion 77 is a space surrounded by the cylindrical negative electrode current collector 52.
- One end of the fuel holding portion 77 protrudes to the outside, and a lid 78 is attached to this one end.
- the negative electrode current collector 52 on the outer periphery of the fuel holding portion 77 has a plurality of fuel supply ports 52b formed on the entire surface.
- the electrolyte layer 3 has a bag shape surrounding the negative electrode 1 and the negative electrode current collector 52. A portion between the electrolyte layer 3 and the negative electrode current collector 52 at one end of the fuel holding portion 77 is sealed by, for example, a seal member (not shown), and the fuel does not leak to the outside from this portion. Yes.
- the porosity of the negative electrode 1 is desirably 60% or more, but is not limited thereto.
- a gas-liquid separation layer may be provided on the outer peripheral surface of the positive electrode current collector 51 in order to improve durability.
- a material of this gas-liquid separation layer for example, a waterproof moisture-permeable material (a material obtained by combining a film obtained by stretching polytetrafluoroethylene and a polyurethane polymer) (for example, Gore-Tex manufactured by WL Gore & Associates) Product name)).
- the elastic rubber even in the form of a band
- a sheet form is also possible, and the whole components of the biofuel cell are tightened.
- the biofuel cell according to the sixth embodiment is the biofuel according to the first embodiment, except that a porous conductive material as shown in FIGS. 30A and 30B is used as the material of the electrode 11 of the negative electrode 1. It has the same configuration as the battery.
- FIG. 30A schematically shows the structure of the porous conductive material
- FIG. 30B is a cross-sectional view of the skeleton of the porous conductive material.
- this porous conductive material includes a skeleton 81 made of a porous material having a three-dimensional network structure and a carbon-based material 82 that covers the surface of the skeleton 81.
- This porous conductive material has a three-dimensional network structure in which a large number of holes 83 surrounded by a carbon-based material 82 correspond to a network. In this case, these holes 83 communicate with each other.
- the form of the carbon-based material 82 is not limited and may be any of a fibrous shape (needle shape) and a granular shape.
- the skeleton 81 made of a porous material a foam metal or a foam alloy such as nickel foam is used.
- the porosity of the skeleton 81 is generally 85% or more, more typically 90% or more, and the pore diameter is typically, for example, 10 nm to 1 mm, more typically 10 nm to 600 ⁇ m, and more generally Specifically, it is 1 to 600 ⁇ m, typically 50 to 300 ⁇ m, and more typically 100 to 250 ⁇ m.
- the carbon-based material 82 for example, a highly conductive material such as ketjen black is preferable, but a functional carbon material such as carbon nanotube or fullerene may be used.
- the porosity of the porous conductive material is generally 80% or more, more typically 90% or more, and the diameter of the hole 83 is generally, for example, 9 nm to 1 mm, more generally 9 nm to It is 600 ⁇ m, more generally 1 to 600 ⁇ m, typically 30 to 400 ⁇ m, more typically 80 to 230 ⁇ m.
- a skeleton 81 made of a foam metal or a foam alloy (for example, foam nickel) is prepared.
- a carbon-based material 82 is coated on the surface of the skeleton 81 made of the foam metal or foam alloy.
- this coating method a conventionally known method can be used.
- the carbon-based material 82 is coated by spraying an emulsion containing carbon powder, a suitable binder, or the like onto the surface of the skeleton 81 by spraying.
- the coating thickness of the carbon-based material 82 is determined in accordance with the porosity and the pore diameter required for the porous conductive material in consideration of the porosity and the pore diameter of the skeleton 81 made of the foam metal or foam alloy. In this coating, a large number of holes 83 surrounded by the carbon-based material 82 are communicated with each other.
- the intended porous conductive material is manufactured.
- the porous conductive material obtained by coating the surface of the skeleton 81 made of foam metal or foam alloy with the carbon-based material 82 has a sufficiently large diameter of the hole 83 and has a rough three-dimensional network shape. While having a structure, it has high strength and high conductivity, and a necessary and sufficient surface area can be obtained. For this reason, the negative electrode 1 formed by forming an electrode 81 using this porous conductive material and immobilizing an enzyme, a coenzyme, an electron mediator, etc. on the electrode 81 has a high efficiency in enzyme metabolism reaction on the negative electrode 1. Or the enzyme reaction phenomenon occurring in the vicinity of the electrode 11 can be efficiently captured as an electric signal, and is stable regardless of the use environment, and is a high-performance biofuel cell Can be realized.
- starch which is a polysaccharide
- glucoamylase which is a degrading enzyme that decomposes starch into glucose
- the same advantages as in the first embodiment can be obtained, and the amount of power generation can be increased by using starch as the fuel, compared with the case where glucose is used as the fuel.
- the redox potentials of these two or more types of electron mediators are preferably different from each other at pH 7.0 by 50 mV or more, more preferably 100 mV or more, and even more preferably 200 mV or more.
- the redox potentials of these two or more types of electron mediators are preferably different from each other at pH 7.0 by 50 mV or more, more preferably 100 mV or more, and even more preferably 200 mV or more.
- FIG. 32 shows the result of cyclic voltammetry by adding 100 ⁇ M of VK3 (vitamin K3) alone, 100 ⁇ M of ANQ alone, and 100 ⁇ M of both VK3 and ANQ to 0.1 M NaH 2 PO 4 / NaOH buffer (pH 7).
- the oxidation-reduction potentials of VK3 and ANQ at pH 7 are ⁇ 0.22 V and ⁇ 0.33 V (vs. Ag
- FIG. 33 shows the results of cyclic voltammetry by adding 100 ⁇ M VK3 alone, 100 ⁇ M AQS alone, and 100 ⁇ M both VK3 and AQS to 0.1 M NaH 2 PO 4 / NaOH buffer (pH 7).
- the oxidation-reduction potentials of VK3 and AQS at pH 7 are ⁇ 0.22 V and ⁇ 0.42 V (vs. Ag
- the concentration in each solution was adjusted to 5 mM NADH and 0.16 ⁇ M enzyme diaphorase, and cyclic voltammetry was performed. The result is also shown in FIG.
- FIG. 34 shows the results of cyclic voltammetry performed by adding 100 ⁇ M ANQ only, 100 ⁇ M AQS only, and 100 ⁇ M both ANQ and AQS to 0.1 M NaH 2 PO 4 / NaOH buffer (pH 7).
- the oxidation-reduction potentials of ANQ and AQS at pH 7 are -0.33 V and -0.42 V (vs. Ag
- the concentration in each solution was adjusted to 5 mM NADH and 0.16 ⁇ M enzyme diaphorase, and cyclic voltammetry was performed. The result is also shown in FIG.
- the use of two or more types of electron mediators having different oxidation-reduction potentials as described above is not only for biofuel cells using enzymes but also when using electron mediators in biofuel cells using microorganisms or cells. It is also effective when applied, and more generally, it is effective when applied to all electrode reaction utilization devices (biofuel cells, biosensors, bioreactors, etc.) using electron mediators.
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Abstract
Description
正極と負極とが緩衝物質を含む電解質を介して対向した構造を有し、
上記正極および上記負極の少なくとも一方に酵素が固定化され、
上記緩衝物質にイミダゾール環を含む化合物が含まれる燃料電池である。
一つまたは複数の燃料電池を有し、
少なくとも一つの上記燃料電池が、
正極と負極とが緩衝物質を含む電解質を介して対向した構造を有し、上記正極および上記負極の少なくとも一方に酵素が固定化され、上記緩衝物質にイミダゾール環を含む化合物が含まれるものである電子機器である。
正極と負極とが緩衝物質を含む電解質を介して対向した構造を有し、
上記正極および上記負極の少なくとも一方に酵素が固定化され、
上記緩衝物質に2-アミノエタノール、トリエタノールアミン、TESおよびBESからなる群より選ばれた少なくとも一種が含まれる燃料電池である。
Claims (12)
- 正極と負極とが緩衝物質を含む電解質を介して対向した構造を有し、
上記正極および上記負極の少なくとも一方に酵素が固定化され、
上記緩衝物質にイミダゾール環を含む化合物が含まれ、かつ酢酸、リン酸および硫酸からなる群より選ばれた少なくとも一種の酸が添加されている燃料電池。 - 上記緩衝物質の濃度が0.2M以上2.5M以下である請求項1記載の燃料電池。
- 上記酵素が、上記正極に固定化された酸素還元酵素を含む請求項1記載の燃料電池。
- 上記酸素還元酵素がビリルビンオキシダーゼである請求項3記載の燃料電池。
- 上記正極および上記負極の少なくとも一方に上記酵素に加えて電子メディエーターが固定化されている請求項1記載の燃料電池。
- 上記酵素が、上記負極に固定化された、単糖類の酸化を促進し分解する酸化酵素を含む請求項1記載の燃料電池。
- 上記酵素が、上記単糖類の酸化に伴って還元された補酵素を酸化体に戻すとともに電子メディエーターを介して電子を上記負極に渡す補酵素酸化酵素を含む請求項6記載の燃料電池。
- 上記補酵素の酸化体がNAD+ であり、上記補酵素酸化酵素がジアホラーゼである請求項7記載の燃料電池。
- 上記酸化酵素がNAD+ 依存型グルコースデヒドロゲナーゼである請求項6記載の燃料電池。
- 上記酵素が、上記負極に固定化された、多糖類の分解を促進し単糖類を生成する分解酵素および生成した単糖類の酸化を促進し分解する酸化酵素を含む請求項1記載の燃料電池。
- 上記分解酵素がグルコアミラーゼ、上記酸化酵素がNAD+ 依存型グルコースデヒドロゲナーゼである請求項10記載の燃料電池。
- 一つまたは複数の燃料電池を有し、
少なくとも一つの上記燃料電池が、
正極と負極とが緩衝物質を含む電解質を介して対向した構造を有し、上記正極および上記負極の少なくとも一方に酵素が固定化され、上記緩衝物質にイミダゾール環を含む化合物が含まれ、かつ酢酸、リン酸および硫酸からなる群より選ばれた少なくとも一種の酸が添加されているものである電子機器。
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CN2009801160518A CN102017266A (zh) | 2008-03-11 | 2009-02-03 | 燃料电池和电子设备 |
EP09719303A EP2259374A1 (en) | 2008-03-11 | 2009-02-03 | Fuel cell and electronic device |
US12/921,868 US20110059374A1 (en) | 2008-03-11 | 2009-03-02 | Fuel cell and electronic apparatus |
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US (2) | US20110059374A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP2259374A1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP2009245920A (ja) |
KR (1) | KR20100115366A (ja) |
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JP2009245920A (ja) | 2009-10-22 |
US20110200889A1 (en) | 2011-08-18 |
EP2259374A1 (en) | 2010-12-08 |
KR20100115366A (ko) | 2010-10-27 |
US20110059374A1 (en) | 2011-03-10 |
CN102017266A (zh) | 2011-04-13 |
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