WO2009109512A1 - Ionische flüssigkeit enthaltende katalysatortinte und deren verwendung in elektroden-, ccm-, gde- und mea-herstellung - Google Patents
Ionische flüssigkeit enthaltende katalysatortinte und deren verwendung in elektroden-, ccm-, gde- und mea-herstellung Download PDFInfo
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- WO2009109512A1 WO2009109512A1 PCT/EP2009/052287 EP2009052287W WO2009109512A1 WO 2009109512 A1 WO2009109512 A1 WO 2009109512A1 EP 2009052287 W EP2009052287 W EP 2009052287W WO 2009109512 A1 WO2009109512 A1 WO 2009109512A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- catalyst ink
- methyl
- butyl
- ethyl
- ionic liquid
- Prior art date
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 103
- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- -1 glycol ether glycols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 487
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 45
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 25
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylene glycol Natural products OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002334 glycols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- OSCREXKVIJBLHA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazol-3-ium;ethyl sulfate Chemical compound CCOS([O-])(=O)=O.CCN1C=C[N+](C)=C1C OSCREXKVIJBLHA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002798 polar solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000976 ink Substances 0.000 description 71
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 61
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 60
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 57
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 42
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 42
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 39
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 34
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 33
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical group 0.000 description 33
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 30
- 229920000554 ionomer Polymers 0.000 description 28
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 27
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 25
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 25
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 21
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 21
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 21
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 19
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 19
- 125000004104 aryloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 18
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 17
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 14
- 125000001841 imino group Chemical group [H]N=* 0.000 description 13
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 13
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 13
- 125000004108 n-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 12
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 12
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 12
- FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylacetamide Chemical compound CN(C)C(C)=O FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 11
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229910004283 SiO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorous acid Chemical class OP(O)=O ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 8
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen Substances N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229920002480 polybenzimidazole Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 125000001731 2-cyanoethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C#N 0.000 description 7
- 125000000954 2-hydroxyethyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])O[H] 0.000 description 7
- 229920000557 Nafion® Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 125000000959 isobutyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 7
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 125000001280 n-hexyl group Chemical group C(CCCCC)* 0.000 description 7
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 6
- 125000000740 n-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 6
- 125000004123 n-propyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 6
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- KLSJWNVTNUYHDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Amitrole Chemical group NC1=NC=NN1 KLSJWNVTNUYHDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bisulfite Chemical compound OS([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 5
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000004696 Poly ether ether ketone Substances 0.000 description 5
- 125000002777 acetyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)=O 0.000 description 5
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 5
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 239000002322 conducting polymer Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 description 5
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 5
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229920002530 polyetherether ketone Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000005956 quaternization reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 125000002914 sec-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 5
- 125000000542 sulfonic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 125000004434 sulfur atom Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- GBXQPDCOMJJCMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M trimethyl-[6-(trimethylazaniumyl)hexyl]azanium;bromide Chemical class [Br-].C[N+](C)(C)CCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C GBXQPDCOMJJCMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 5
- IRGDPGYNHSIIJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazol-3-ium Chemical compound CCN1C=C[N+](C)=C1C IRGDPGYNHSIIJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- AMKUSFIBHAUBIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-hexylpyridin-1-ium Chemical compound CCCCCC[N+]1=CC=CC=C1 AMKUSFIBHAUBIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XDEQOBPALZZTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-octylpyridin-1-ium Chemical compound CCCCCCCC[N+]1=CC=CC=C1 XDEQOBPALZZTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000010411 electrocatalyst Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 125000001147 pentyl group Chemical group C(CCCC)* 0.000 description 4
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 description 4
- KEQTWHPMSVAFDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dihydro-1h-pyrazole Chemical compound C1NNC=C1 KEQTWHPMSVAFDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000004200 2-methoxyethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])OC([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
- 125000004398 2-methyl-2-butyl group Chemical group CC(C)(CC)* 0.000 description 3
- 125000004918 2-methyl-2-pentyl group Chemical group CC(C)(CCC)* 0.000 description 3
- 125000004922 2-methyl-3-pentyl group Chemical group CC(C)C(CC)* 0.000 description 3
- 125000004493 2-methylbut-1-yl group Chemical group CC(C*)CC 0.000 description 3
- 125000004917 3-methyl-2-butyl group Chemical group CC(C(C)*)C 0.000 description 3
- 125000004919 3-methyl-2-pentyl group Chemical group CC(C(C)*)CC 0.000 description 3
- 125000006201 3-phenylpropyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
- 125000004920 4-methyl-2-pentyl group Chemical group CC(CC(C)*)C 0.000 description 3
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- JGFZNNIVVJXRND-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) Chemical compound CCN(C(C)C)C(C)C JGFZNNIVVJXRND-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910002849 PtRu Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 125000002015 acyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000003785 benzimidazolyl group Chemical group N1=C(NC2=C1C=CC=C2)* 0.000 description 3
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 3
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000004356 hydroxy functional group Chemical group O* 0.000 description 3
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazole Natural products C1=CNC=N1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000003949 imides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000001972 isopentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
- LEHULSCLOPRJSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dibutylpentan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCCN(CCCC)CCCC LEHULSCLOPRJSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000003538 pentan-3-yl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 3
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006277 sulfonation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- 125000002023 trifluoromethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)* 0.000 description 3
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 125000004454 (C1-C6) alkoxycarbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- FKTXDTWDCPTPHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane Chemical group FC(F)(F)[C](F)C(F)(F)F FKTXDTWDCPTPHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KCUGPPHNMASOTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3-trimethylimidazol-1-ium Chemical compound CC=1N(C)C=C[N+]=1C KCUGPPHNMASOTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KLNYRFBLEYSXHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-diethylpyridin-1-ium Chemical compound CCC1=CC=CC=[N+]1CC KLNYRFBLEYSXHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JXKFTCYRLIOPQE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dimethyl-3-octylimidazol-1-ium Chemical compound CCCCCCCC[N+]=1C=CN(C)C=1C JXKFTCYRLIOPQE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UMZDENILBZKMFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dimethylpyridin-1-ium Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=[N+]1C UMZDENILBZKMFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NOBVKAMFUBMCCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,4,5-tetramethylimidazol-1-ium Chemical compound CC1=C(C)[N+](C)=CN1C NOBVKAMFUBMCCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CDIWYWUGTVLWJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,4-trimethylimidazol-1-ium Chemical compound CC1=C[N+](C)=CN1C CDIWYWUGTVLWJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HVVRUQBMAZRKPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dimethylimidazolium Chemical compound CN1C=C[N+](C)=C1 HVVRUQBMAZRKPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YAUDCIYPLNVQLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4,5-trimethyl-3-octylimidazol-1-ium Chemical compound CCCCCCCCN1C=[N+](C)C(C)=C1C YAUDCIYPLNVQLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CASWLBSPGZUOFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-dimethyl-3-octylimidazol-1-ium Chemical compound CCCCCCCCN1C=[N+](C)C=C1C CASWLBSPGZUOFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZYWSJXQRTWKCSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,5-diethyl-2-methylpyridin-1-ium Chemical compound CCC1=CC=C(C)[N+](CC)=C1 ZYWSJXQRTWKCSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XUAXVBUVQVRIIQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazol-3-ium Chemical compound CCCCN1C=C[N+](C)=C1C XUAXVBUVQVRIIQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GYZXRPOUUZKBAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butyl-2-ethylpyridin-1-ium Chemical compound CCCC[N+]1=CC=CC=C1CC GYZXRPOUUZKBAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BHIGPVGNEXDQBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butyl-2-methylpyridin-1-ium Chemical compound CCCC[N+]1=CC=CC=C1C BHIGPVGNEXDQBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RIDWYWYHKGNNOF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butyl-3,4,5-trimethylimidazol-3-ium Chemical compound CCCCN1C=[N+](C)C(C)=C1C RIDWYWYHKGNNOF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VZGDWXRMRQTAPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butyl-3-ethyl-2-methylpyridin-1-ium Chemical compound CCCC[N+]1=CC=CC(CC)=C1C VZGDWXRMRQTAPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IQQRAVYLUAZUGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium Chemical compound CCCCN1C=C[N+](C)=C1 IQQRAVYLUAZUGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MCMFEZDRQOJKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butylimidazole Chemical compound CCCCN1C=CN=C1 MCMFEZDRQOJKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- REACWASHYHDPSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butylpyridin-1-ium Chemical compound CCCC[N+]1=CC=CC=C1 REACWASHYHDPSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UAGDLNCPPXLUJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-dodecyl-2-ethylpyridin-1-ium Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC[N+]1=CC=CC=C1CC UAGDLNCPPXLUJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OMPLFUALYIEKNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-dodecyl-2-methylpyridin-1-ium Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC[N+]1=CC=CC=C1C OMPLFUALYIEKNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MKMZBNMOMCOCOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-dodecyl-3-ethyl-2-methylpyridin-1-ium Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC[N+]1=CC=CC(CC)=C1C MKMZBNMOMCOCOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ILQHIGIKULUQFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCN1C=C[N+](C)=C1 ILQHIGIKULUQFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FFYRIXSGFSWFAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-dodecylpyridin-1-ium Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC[N+]1=CC=CC=C1 FFYRIXSGFSWFAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FUZQTBHDJAOMJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethyl-2-methylpyridin-1-ium Chemical compound CC[N+]1=CC=CC=C1C FUZQTBHDJAOMJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NJMWOUFKYKNWDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chemical compound CCN1C=C[N+](C)=C1 NJMWOUFKYKNWDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OIDIRWZVUWCCCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethylpyridin-1-ium Chemical compound CC[N+]1=CC=CC=C1 OIDIRWZVUWCCCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OPVAFCQZNIZLRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-hexadecyl-2-methylpyridin-1-ium Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+]1=CC=CC=C1C OPVAFCQZNIZLRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DCLKMMFVIGOXQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazol-3-ium Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCN1C=C[N+](C)=C1 DCLKMMFVIGOXQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SWWLEHMBKPSRSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-hexyl-2,3-dimethylimidazol-3-ium Chemical compound CCCCCCN1C=C[N+](C)=C1C SWWLEHMBKPSRSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OLRSYSUCJIKFOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-hexyl-2-methylpyridin-1-ium Chemical compound CCCCCC[N+]1=CC=CC=C1C OLRSYSUCJIKFOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229920000412 polyarylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002577 polybenzoxazole Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000867 polyelectrolyte Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006393 polyether sulfone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005649 polyetherethersulfone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006254 polymer film Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000069 polyphenylene sulfide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- WGYKZJWCGVVSQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylamine Chemical group CCCN WGYKZJWCGVVSQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001725 pyrenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003222 pyridines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003230 pyrimidines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003242 quaternary ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003334 secondary amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000467 secondary amino group Chemical group [H]N([*:1])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 1
- RPACBEVZENYWOL-XFULWGLBSA-M sodium;(2r)-2-[6-(4-chlorophenoxy)hexyl]oxirane-2-carboxylate Chemical group [Na+].C=1C=C(Cl)C=CC=1OCCCCCC[C@]1(C(=O)[O-])CO1 RPACBEVZENYWOL-XFULWGLBSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000011949 solid catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004079 stearyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006159 sulfonated polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003460 sulfonic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- OBTWBSRJZRCYQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfuryl difluoride Chemical class FS(F)(=O)=O OBTWBSRJZRCYQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001973 tert-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001302 tertiary amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001544 thienyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VPYJNCGUESNPMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N triallylamine Chemical compound C=CCN(CC=C)CC=C VPYJNCGUESNPMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003852 triazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HJHUXWBTVVFLQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributyl(methyl)azanium Chemical compound CCCC[N+](C)(CCCC)CCCC HJHUXWBTVVFLQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002221 trityl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C1C([*])(C1=C(C(=C(C(=C1[H])[H])[H])[H])[H])C1=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLVXSWCKKBEXTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N vinylsulfonic acid Chemical class OS(=O)(=O)C=C NLVXSWCKKBEXTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000080 wetting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8803—Supports for the deposition of the catalytic active composition
- H01M4/881—Electrolytic membranes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/0277—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature
- B01J31/0278—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature containing nitrogen as cationic centre
- B01J31/0281—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature containing nitrogen as cationic centre the nitrogen being a ring member
- B01J31/0284—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature containing nitrogen as cationic centre the nitrogen being a ring member of an aromatic ring, e.g. pyridinium
-
- B01J35/27—
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8803—Supports for the deposition of the catalytic active composition
- H01M4/8807—Gas diffusion layers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8825—Methods for deposition of the catalytic active composition
- H01M4/8828—Coating with slurry or ink
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
- B01J2531/82—Metals of the platinum group
- B01J2531/821—Ruthenium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
- B01J2531/82—Metals of the platinum group
- B01J2531/822—Rhodium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
- B01J2531/82—Metals of the platinum group
- B01J2531/824—Palladium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
- B01J2531/82—Metals of the platinum group
- B01J2531/827—Iridium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
- B01J2531/82—Metals of the platinum group
- B01J2531/828—Platinum
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2531/90—Catalytic systems characterized by the solvent or solvent system used
- B01J2531/96—Water
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
- B01J37/0215—Coating
- B01J37/0219—Coating the coating containing organic compounds
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- Ionic liquid-containing catalyst ink and its use in electrode, CCM, GDE and MEA production
- the present invention relates to a catalyst ink containing at least one catalytically active material and at least one ionic liquid, a process for producing such a catalyst ink, a process for producing an MEA by applying such a catalyst ink to a membrane or to a GDL, the use a catalyst ink in the manufacture of an MEA; and the use of an ionic liquid to prepare a catalyst ink.
- a fuel with an oxidant at separate locations on two electrodes is converted into electricity, heat and water.
- Suitable fuels are hydrogen or a hydrogen-rich gas and liquid fuels such as methanol, ethanol, formic acid, ethylene glycol, etc., are used as the oxidant oxygen or air.
- the process of energy conversion in the fuel cell is characterized by high efficiency. Therefore, fuel cells are gaining in importance, especially in combination with electric motors as an alternative to conventional internal combustion engines. Due to their compact design and power density, polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEM fuel cells) are particularly suitable for use in motor vehicles.
- PEM fuel cells polymer electrolyte fuel cells
- a PEM fuel cell is constructed from a stacked array of membrane electrode assemblies (MEA), with bipolar gas supply and current conduction plates typically placed between each two MEAs.
- MEA membrane electrode assemblies
- An MEA is generally composed of a polymer electrolyte membrane, which is provided on both sides with a respective catalyst layer (Catalyst Coated Membrane, CCM), on each of which in turn a gas diffusion layer (GDL) is applied.
- CCM Catalyst Coated Membrane
- GDL gas diffusion layer
- an MEA can also be obtained by applying each of a gas diffusion electrode (GDE) each comprising a cathode or an anode catalyst layer on a gas diffusion layer on both sides of a membrane.
- GDE gas diffusion electrode
- the gas distribution layers are generally composed of carbon fiber paper, carbon woven or carbon nonwoven fabric and have a high porosity, which allow good access of the reaction gases to the catalyst layers and a good dissipation of the reaction products and the cell stream.
- the catalyst layers are generally applied to the membrane in the form of a so-called catalyst ink . It is also possible that such a catalyst ink is applied to a GDL for producing a GDE, and this GDE is hot-pressed with a corresponding membrane.
- a catalyst ink generally contains an electrocatalyst, an electron conductor, optionally a polymer electrolyte, and a solvent.
- No. 5,330,860 discloses a process for producing a membrane-electrode assembly by applying an ink, the catalytically active particles, a hydrocarbon having at least one ether, epoxy or ketone group and an alcohol group and optionally a binder, preferably perfluorinated sulfonyl fluoride polymers or perfluorinated sulfonic acid polymers.
- a preferred hydrocarbon solvent in the catalyst ink according to US Pat. No. 5,330,860 is 1-methoxy-2-propanol.
- EP 1 176 655 A1 discloses a process for producing a membrane-electrode assembly by applying a liquid composition comprising a fluorocopolymer, at least one electrocatalyst and a mixture of a solvent having a low boiling point, for example 1, 1, 2-trifluoro- 1, 2-dichloroethane, a solvent having an average boiling point, for example, ethanol or hexane, and a solvent having a high boiling point, for example, isobutanol, n-butanol or toluene.
- a solvent having a low boiling point for example 1, 1, 2-trifluoro- 1, 2-dichloroethane
- a solvent having an average boiling point for example, ethanol or hexane
- a solvent having a high boiling point for example, isobutanol, n-butanol or toluene.
- EP 0 731 520 A1 discloses a catalyst ink for the production of membrane-electrode assemblies by printing comprising at least one catalytically active material, at least one proton-conducting polymer and essentially water as Solvent.
- the catalyst ink according to EP 0 731 520 A1 contains at most 10% by weight of organic solvents.
- WO 2004/054021 A2 discloses a catalyst ink comprising water, at least one solid catalyst, at least one polymer electrolyte in protonated form and at least one polar, aprotic organic solvent, for example dimethylsulfoxide, N, N-dimethylacetamide, N, N-dimethylformamide, N- Methylpyrrolidone, and others.
- catalyst inks known in the art include at least one ionomer, at least one catalytically active material, soluble or at least dispersible therein, and at least one solvent selected from organic solvents, water, and mixtures thereof.
- a disadvantage of these catalyst inks is that the ionomers present in the catalyst inks can be distributed inhomogeneously in the electrode produced from the catalyst ink and thus the power of the fuel cell is reduced.
- electrodes made from the known catalyst inks often have insufficient porosity, for example, no advantageous combination of microporous and macroporous pores is obtained.
- the object of the present invention is to provide improved catalyst inks which make electrode layers accessible, which are distinguished by a particularly advantageous porosity.
- the electrodes prepared from the catalyst ink of the present invention are said to have both microporous and macroporous properties because the smaller pores increase the surface area thereby increasing catalyst activity and utilization, while the larger pores facilitate mass transport of both the substrates and the products of the electrochemical reaction , guarantee.
- a catalyst ink containing at least one catalytically active material and at least one ionic liquid.
- At least one catalytically active material is present in the catalyst ink according to the invention. It is possible according to the invention that a catalytically active material is present, but it is also possible for a mixture of different catalytically active materials to be present.
- Suitable catalytically active materials are preferably catalytically active metals. These are known to the person skilled in the art. Suitable catalytically active metals are generally selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium and mixtures thereof, more preferably platinum and / or ruthenium. In a most preferred embodiment, platinum alone or a mixture of platinum and ruthenium is used. It is also possible to use the polyoxymetalates known to the person skilled in the art.
- the preferably used catalytically active metals or mixtures of different metals may optionally contain other alloying additives selected from the group consisting of cobalt, chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, iron, copper, nickel, silver, gold, iridium, tin, etc., and mixtures thereof.
- the at least one catalytically active material is applied to a suitable carrier material.
- suitable support materials are known to the person skilled in the art, for example electron conductors selected from the group consisting of carbon black, graphite, carbon fibers, carbon nanoparticles, carbon foams, carbon nanotubes and mixtures thereof.
- catalytically active metals which of the above-mentioned catalytically active metals is used depends on the intended field of application of the finished fuel cell. If a fuel cell is produced which is to be operated with hydrogen as fuel, it is sufficient if only platinum is used as the catalytically active material.
- a catalyst layer composed of this catalyst ink according to the invention can be used in a fuel cell both for the anode and for the cathode.
- the anode catalyst has the highest possible resistance to poisoning by carbon monoxide.
- preference is given to using platinum / ruthenium-based electrocatalysts.
- electrocatalysts based on platinum / ruthenium are preferably used.
- the catalyst ink of the invention comprises both metals. In order to produce the cathode layer of such a fuel cell, it is generally sufficient if platinum is used alone as the catalytically active metal.
- the same catalyst ink according to the invention it is possible for the same catalyst ink according to the invention to be used for double-sided coating of an ion-conducting polyelectrolyte membrane for producing a CCM, but it is likewise possible for various catalyst inks comprising different catalytically active metals to coat the catalyst be used on both sides of a polymer electrolyte membrane.
- the catalyst ink according to the invention can also be used to produce a GDE by coating a GDL.
- the at least one catalytically active material is generally present in the catalyst ink according to the invention in an amount of from 0.1 to 3 parts by weight, preferably from 0.2 to 2 parts by weight, more preferably from 0.8 to 2 parts by weight, based in each case on the total catalyst ink.
- the catalyst ink according to the invention contains at least one ionic liquid.
- [A] + represents a quaternary ammonium cation, an oxonium cation, a sulfonium cation or a phosphonium cation
- [Y] " represents a one-, two-membered -, trivalent or tetravalent anion is, or
- the at least one ionic liquid has a melting point of less than 180 0 C. Further, preferably, the melting point of the at least one ionic liquid at -50 0 C to 150 0 C, more preferably at -20 0 C to 120 0 C, and further more preferably at -20 to 100 ° C. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the at least one ionic liquid is liquid at room temperature, ie 25 ° C.
- the ionic liquids according to the invention are organic compounds, ie at least one cation or an anion of the ionic liquid contains an organic radical.
- Compounds suitable for forming the cation [A] + of ionic liquids are e.g. B. from DE 102 02 838 A1.
- such compounds may contain oxygen, phosphorus, or in particular nitrogen atoms, for example at least one nitrogen atom, preferably 1-10 nitrogen atoms, particularly preferably 1-5, very particularly preferably 1-3 and in particular 1-2 nitrogen atoms.
- other heteroatoms such as oxygen or phosphorus atoms may be included.
- the nitrogen atom is a suitable carrier of the positive charge in the cation of the ionic liquid from which, in equilibrium, a proton or an alkyl radical can then be transferred to the anion to produce an electrically neutral molecule.
- a cation can first be generated by quaternization on the nitrogen atom of, for example, an amine or nitrogen heterocycle.
- the quaternization can be carried out by alkylation of the nitrogen atom.
- salts with different anions are obtained.
- this can be done in a further synthesis step.
- the halide can be reacted with a Lewis acid to form a complex anion from halide and Lewis acid.
- halide ion replacement of a halide ion with the desired anion is possible. This can be done by adding a metal salt to precipitate the metal halide formed, via an ion exchanger, or by displacing the halide ion with a strong acid (to release the hydrohalic acid). Suitable methods are, for example, in Angew. Chem. 2000, 1 12, pp. 3926 to 3945 and the literature cited therein.
- Suitable alkyl radicals by which the nitrogen atom in the amines or nitrogen heterocycles can be quaternized are Ci-C 18 alkyl, preferably C r C-io-alkyl, more preferably C 6 alkyl and most preferably methyl.
- the alkyl group may be unsubstituted or have one or more identical or different substituents.
- those compounds which contain at least one five- to six-membered heterocycle, in particular a five-membered heterocycle, which has at least one nitrogen atom and optionally one oxygen atom preference is given to those compounds which have at least one five- to six-membered heterocycle Heterocycle containing one, two or three nitrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, most preferably those having two nitrogen atoms.
- aromatic heterocycles are particularly preferred.
- Particularly preferred compounds used as ionic liquids are those which have a molecular weight of less than 1000 g / mol, very particularly preferably less than 500 g / mol.
- the radical R is hydrogen, a carbon-containing organic, saturated or unsaturated, acyclic or cyclic, aliphatic, aromatic or araliphatic, unsubstituted or interrupted by 1 to 5 heteroatoms or functional groups radical having 1 to 20 carbon atoms
- the radicals R 1 to R 9 independently of one another are hydrogen, a sulfo group or a carbon-containing organic, saturated or unsaturated, acyclic or cyclic, aliphatic, aromatic or araliphatic, unsubstituted or interrupted by 1 to 5 heteroatoms or functional groups radical having 1 to 20 Carbon atoms
- the radicals R 1 to R 9 which in the abovementioned formulas (IV) are bonded to a carbon atom (and not to a heteroatom) may additionally be halogen or a functional group, or two adjacent radicals from the series R 1 to R 9 together also represent a bivalent, carbon-containing organic, saturated or unsaturated, acyclic or cyclic, aliphatic
- the carbon-containing group contains heteroatoms, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and silicon are preferable.
- the radicals R 1 to R 9 are, in the cases in which those in the above formulas (IV) to a carbon atom (and not to a heteroatom) bound also be bound directly via the heteroatom.
- Fractional groups and heteroatoms can also be directly adjacent, so that combinations of several adjacent atoms, such as -O- (ether) .
- - COO- (ester), -CONH- (secondary amide) or -CONR'- (tertiary) res amide) are included, for example, di (Ci-C4-alkyl) amino, C1-C4alkyloxycarbonyl or CrC 4 alkyloxy.
- the radicals R ' are the remaining part of the carbon-containing radical.
- a halogen is, for example, fluorine.
- the radical R preferably stands for
- R 1 is - (CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 O) n -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 O- with R A and R B is preferably hydrogen, methyl or ethyl and n is preferably 0 to 3, in particular 3-oxabutyl, 3-oxapentyl, 3,6-dioxaheptyl, 3,6-dioxaoctyl, 3,6,9-trioxadecyl, 3,6,9-trioxa-undecyl, 3,6,9, 12-tetraoxatridecyl and 3,6,9, 12-tetraoxatetradecyl,
- N-di-C 1 -C 6 -alkyl-amino such as N, N-dimethylamino and N, N-diethylamino.
- the radical R particularly preferably represents unbranched and unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 -alkyl, such as, for example, methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 1-butyl, 1-pentyl, 1-hexyl, 1-heptyl, 1-octyl, 1-decyl, 1 Dodecyl, 1-tetradecyl, 1-hexadecyl, 1-octadecyl, especially for methyl, ethyl, 1-butyl and 1-octyl, and for CH 3 O- (CH 2 CH 2 O) n -CH 2 CH 2 - and CH 3 CH 2 O- (CH 2 CH 2 O) n -CH 2 CH 2 - where n is 0 to 3.
- C 1 -C 8 -alkyl such as, for example, methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 1-butyl, 1-pentyl, 1-hexyl, 1-heptyl, 1-
- radicals R 1 to R 9 are preferably each independently
- heteroatoms and / or heterocycles is by functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, halo-, 5-Ci2 cycloalkyl,
- - denote a optionally substituted by functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, halogen, heteroatoms and / or heterocycles substituted five to six-membered, oxygen and / or nitrogen atoms heterocycle, or
- an unsaturated, saturated or aromatic ring optionally substituted by functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, halogen, heteroatoms and / or heterocycles and optionally interrupted by one or more oxygen atoms and / or one or more substituted or unsubstituted imino groups.
- Ci-C- 8 -alkyl is preferably methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 2-propyl, 1-butyl, 2-butyl, 2-methyl-1 -propyl (isobutyl), 2-methyl-2-propyl (tert Butyl), 1-pentyl, 2-pentyl, 3-pentyl, 2-methyl-1-butyl, 3-methyl-1-butyl, 2-methyl-2-butyl, 3-methyl-2-butyl, 2.2 Dimethyl-1-propyl, 1-hexyl, 2-hexyl, 3-hexyl, 2-methyl-1-pentyl, 3-methyl-1-pentyl, 4-methyl-1-pentyl, 2-methyl-2-pentyl , 3-methyl-2-pentyl, 4-methyl-2-pentyl, 2-methyl-3-pentyl, 3-
- aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, halogen, heteroatoms and / or heterocycles is preferably phenyl, ToIyI, XyIyI, ⁇ -naphthyl, ß-naphthyl, 4- Diphenylyl, chlorophenyl, dichlorophenyl, trichlorophenyl, difluorophenyl, methylphenyl, dimethylphenyl, trimethylphenyl, ethylphenyl, diethylphenyl, / so-propylphenyl, tert-butylphenyl, dodecylphenyl, Methoxyphenyl, dimethoxyphenyl, ethoxyphenyl, hexyloxyphenyl, methylnaphthyl, isopropylnaphthyl, chlorona
- C 5 -C 2 -cycloalkyl is preferably cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclooctyl, cyclododecyl, methylcyclopentyl, dimethylcyclopentyl, methylcyclohexyl, dimethylcyclohexyl, Diethylcyclohexyl, butylcyclohexyl, methoxycyclohexyl, dimethoxycyclohexyl, diethoxycyclohexyl, butylthio cyclohexyl, chlorocyclohexyl, dichlorocyclohexyl, dichlorocyclopentyl, C n F 2 ( n ) - (ib) H 2a-b with n ⁇ 30, 0 ⁇ a ⁇ n and
- An optionally substituted by functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, halogen, heteroatoms and / or heterocycles substituted five- to six-membered, oxygen and / or nitrogen atoms heterocycle is preferably furyl, pyrryl, pyridyl, indolyl, benzoxazolyl , Dioxolyl, dioxy, benzimidazolyl, dimethylpyridyl, methylquinolyl, dimethylpyrryl, methoxyfuryl, dimethoxypyridyl or difluoropyridyl.
- C 4 alkyl 1 -aza-1, 3-propenylene, 1, 4-buta-1, 3-dienylene, 1 -zaza-1, 4-buta-1,3-dienylene or 2-aza-1 , 4-buta-1,3-dienylene.
- radicals contain oxygen atoms and / or substituted or unsubstituted imino groups
- the number of oxygen atoms and / or imino groups pen not limited. As a rule, it is not more than 5 in the radical, preferably not more than 4, and very particularly preferably not more than 3.
- radicals contain heteroatoms, then between two heteroatoms there are generally at least one carbon atom, preferably at least two carbon atoms.
- the radicals R 1 to R 9 independently of one another are hydrogen, straight-chain or branched, unsubstituted or C 1 -C 6 -alkyl which is monosubstituted to hydroxyl, halogen, phenyl, cyano, C 1 -C 6 -alkoxycarbonyl and / or SO 3 H having in total from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, such as, for example, methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 2-propyl, 1-butyl, 2-butyl, 2-methyl-1-propyl (isobutyl), 2-
- Methyl 2-propyl (tert -butyl), 1-pentyl, 2-pentyl, 3-pentyl, 2-methyl-1-butyl, 3-methyl-1-butyl, 2-methyl-2-butyl, 3 Methyl 2-butyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1-propyl, 1-hexyl, 2-H exyl, 3-hexyl, 2-methyl-1-pentyl, 3-methyl-1-pentyl, 4-methyl-1 pentyl, 2-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-2-pentyl, 4-methyl-2-pentyl, 2-methyl-3-pentyl, 3-methyl-3-pentyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1 butyl, 2,3-dimethyl-1-butyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyl,
- Glycols, butylene glycols and their oligomers having 1 to 100 units and a hydrogen or a C 1 to C 8 alkyl as an end group, such as
- R 1 is - (CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 O) n -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 O- with R A and R B is preferably hydrogen, methyl or ethyl and n is preferably 0 to 3, in particular 3-oxabutyl, 3-oxapentyl, 3,6-dioxaheptyl, 3,6-dioxaoctyl, 3,6,9-trioxadecyl, 3,6,9-trioxa-undecyl, 3,6,9, 12-tetraoxatridecyl and 3,6,9, 12-tetraoxatetradecyl,
- N, N-di-C 1 -C 6 -alkylamino such as, for example, N, N-dimethylamino and N, N-
- the radicals R 1 to R 9 independently of one another are hydrogen or C 1 -C 8 -alkyl, such as, for example, methyl, ethyl, 1-butyl, 1-pentyl, 1-hexyl, 1-heptyl, 1-octyl, for phenyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-cyanoethyl, 2- (methoxycarbonyl) ethyl, 2- (ethoxycarbonyl) ethyl, 2- (n-butoxycarbonyl) ethyl, N, N-dimethylamino, N, N-diethylamino, for chlorine and for CH 3 O- (CH 2 CH 2 O) n - CH 2 CH 2 - and CH 3 CH 2 O- (CH 2 CH 2 O) n -CH 2 CH 2 - with n being equal to 0 to 3.
- C 1 -C 8 -alkyl such as, for example, methyl, ethyl, 1-butyl, 1-
- R 3 is dimethylamino and the remaining radicals R 1 , R 2 , R 4 and R 5 are hydrogen, all radicals R 1 to R 5 are hydrogen,
- R 2 is carboxy or carboxamide and the remaining radicals R 1 , R 2 , R 4 and R 5 are hydrogen, or
- R 1 and R 2 or R 2 and R 3 is 1,4-buta-1,3-dienylene and the remaining radicals
- R 1 , R 2 , R 4 and R 5 are hydrogen, and in particular those in which - R 1 to R 5 are hydrogen, or one of the radicals R 1 to R 5 is methyl or ethyl and the remaining radicals R 1 to R 5 are hydrogen.
- Very particularly preferred pyridinium ions (IVa) are selected from the group consisting of 1-methylpyridinium, 1-ethylpyridinium, 1- (1-butyl) pyridinium, 1- (1-hexyl) pyridinium, 1- (1-octyl) pyridinium, 1 - (1-Hexyl) pyridinium, 1- (1-octyl) pyridinium, 1- (1-dodecyl) pyridinium, 1- (1-tetradecyl) pyridinium, 1- (1-hexadecyl) pyridinium, 1 , 2-Dimethylpyridinium, 1-ethyl-2-methylpyridinium, 1- (1-butyl) -2-methylpyridinium, 1- (1-hexyl) -2-methylpyridinium, 1- (1-octyl) -2-methylpyridinium, 1 - (1-dodecyl) -2-methylpyr
- Very particularly preferred pyridazinium ions are those in which - R 1 to R 4 are hydrogen, or one of the radicals R 1 to R 4 is methyl or ethyl and the remaining radicals R 1 to R 4 are hydrogen.
- Very particularly preferred pyrimidinium ions are those in which
- R 1 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl and R 2 to R 4 are independently hydrogen or methyl, or
- R 1 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl
- R 2 and R 4 are methyl and R 3 is hydrogen.
- R 1 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl and R 2 to R 4 are independent of one another
- R 1 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl
- R 2 and R 4 are methyl and R 3 is hydrogen
- R 1 to R 4 are methyl, or
- R 1 to R 4 are hydrogen.
- R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 1-butyl, 1-pentyl, 1-hexyl, 1-octyl, 2-hydroxyethyl or 2-cyanoethyl and R 2 to R 4 are each independently hydrogen, methyl or ethyl are.
- Very particularly preferred imidazolium ions are selected from the group consisting of 1-methylimidazolium, 1-ethylimidazolium, 1- (1-butyl) -imidazolium, 1- (i-octyl) -imidazolium, 1- (1-dodecyl) -imidazolium, 1- (1-tetradecyl) -imidazolium, 1- (1-hexadecyl) -imidazolium, 1,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1- (1-butyl) -3-methylimidazolium, 1 - (1-Butyl) -3-ethylimidazolium, 1- (1-hexyl) -3-methylimidazolium, 1- (1-hexyl) -3-ethylimidazolium, 1- (1-hexyl) -3-butyl -imidazolium,
- R 1 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl and R 2 to R 4 are independent of one another
- R 1 to R 4 are independently hydrogen or methyl.
- R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or phenyl and R 2 to R 6 are independently hydrogen or methyl.
- R 1 and R 2 are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or phenyl and R 3 to R 6 are independently hydrogen or methyl.
- Imidazoliniumionen (IVI) are those in which R 1 and R 2 are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, 1-butyl or phenyl, R 3 and R 4 are independently hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, and R 5 and R 6 are independently hydrogen or methyl.
- imidazolinium ions (IVm) or (IVm ') those in which
- R 1 and R 2 are independently hydrogen, methyl or ethyl and R 3 to R 6 are independently hydrogen or methyl.
- Imidazoliniumionen (IVn) or
- R 1 to R 3 are independently hydrogen, methyl or ethyl and R 4 to R 6 are independently hydrogen or methyl.
- R 1 and R 2 are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or phenyl and R 3 is hydrogen, methyl or phenyl.
- R 1 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl and R 2 and R 3 are independent of each other
- R 2 and R 3 together are 1, 4-buta-1, 3-dienylene.
- R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or phenyl and R 2 to R 9 are independently hydrogen or methyl.
- R 1 and R 4 are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or phenyl and R 2 and R 3 and R 5 to R 8 are independently hydrogen or methyl.
- R 1 and R 2 together are 1, 5-pentylene or 3-oxa-1, 5-pentylene and R 3 is Ci-Ci 8 - alkyl, 2-hydroxyethyl or 2-cyanoethyl.
- Very particularly preferred ammonium ions are methyltri (1-butyl) ammonium, N, N-dimethylpiperidinium and N, N-dimethylmorpholinium.
- Examples of the tertiary amines of which the quaternary ammonium ions of the general formula (IVu) are derived by quaternization with the abovementioned radicals R, are diethyl-n-butylamine, diethyl-tert-butylamine, diethyl-n-pentylamine, diethyl hexylamine, diethyloctylamine, diethyl (2-ethylhexyl) amine, di-n-propylbutylamine, di-n-propyl-n-pentylamine, di-n-propylhexylamine, di-n-propyloctylamine, di-n-propyl (2 -ethyl-hexyl) -amine, di-isopropylethylamine, di-iso-propyl-n-propylamine, di-isopropyl-butylamine, di-isopropylpent
- Preferred quaternary ammonium salts of the general formula (IVu) are those which can be derived from the following tertiary amines by means of quaternization with the abovementioned radicals R, such as diisopropylethylamine, diethyl-tert-butylamine, diisopropylbutylamine, di-n -butyl-n-pentylamine, N, N-di-n-butylcyclohexylamine and tertiary amines of pentyl isomers.
- R such as diisopropylethylamine, diethyl-tert-butylamine, diisopropylbutylamine, di-n -butyl-n-pentylamine, N, N-di-n-butylcyclohexylamine and tertiary amines of pentyl isomers.
- tertiary amines are di-n-butyl-n-pentylamine and tertiary amines of pentyl isomers.
- Another preferred tertiary amine having three identical residues is triallylamine.
- guanidinium ion may be mentioned N, N, N ', N', N ", N" - hexamethylguanidinium.
- cholinium ions those in which R 1 and R 2 independently of one another are methyl, ethyl, 1-butyl or 1-octyl and R 3 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, acetyl, -SO 2 OH or -PO (OH) 2 is,
- R 1 is methyl, ethyl, 1-butyl or 1-octyl
- R 2 is -CH 2 -CH 2 -OR 4 -;
- R 3 and R 4 are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, acetyl, -SO 2 OH or -PO (OH) 2 , or - R 1 is a -CH 2 -CH 2 -OR 4 group, R 2 is a - CH 2 -CH 2 -OR 5 group and R 3 to R 5 are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, acetyl, -SO 2 OH or - PO (OH) 2 .
- Particularly preferred cholinium ions are those in which R 3 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, acetyl, 5-methoxy-3-oxa-pentyl, 8-methoxy-3,6-dioxo-octyl, 1 1-methoxy 3,6,9-trioxa undecyl, 7-methoxy-4-oxa-heptyl, 1 1-methoxy-4,8-dioxa undecyl, 15-methoxy-4,8,12-trioxa-pentadecyl, 9- Methoxy-5-oxa-nonyl, 14-methoxy
- Very particularly preferred phosphonium ions are those in which - R 1 to R 3, independently of one another, are C 1 -C 8 -alkyl, in particular butyl, isobutyl, 1-hexyl or 1-octyl.
- the pyridinium ions, pyrazolinium, pyrazolium ions and imidazolinium and imidazolium ions are preferable. Furthermore, ammonium ions are preferred.
- the ion [Y] “ " of the ionic liquid is for example selected from the group consisting of F “ , BF 4 " , PF 6 “ , CF 3 SO 3 “ , (CF 3 SO 3 ) 2 N “ , CF 3 CO 2 " , CCI 3 CO 2 " and mixtures thereof, the group of sulfates, sulfites and sulfonates of the general formula: SO4 2 “ , HSO 4 " , SO 3 2 “ , HSO 3 “ , ROSO 3 “ , R 3 SO 3 " and Mixtures thereof,
- R a, R b, R c and R d are each independently hydrogen, Ci-C 30 - alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more nonadjacent oxygen and / or sulfur atoms and / or one or more substituted or unsubstituted imino n groups interrupted C 2 -C 8 -alkyl, C 6 -C 4 -aryl, C 5 -C 2 -cycloalkyl or a five- to six-membered, oxygen, nitrogen and / or sulfur atoms containing heterocycle, wherein two of them together unsubstituted, saturated or aromatic, optionally interrupted by one or more oxygen and / or sulfur atoms and / or one or more unsubstituted or substituted imino groups ring, said radicals each additionally by functional groups, aryl
- aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, halogen, heteroatoms and / or heterocycles CrCi 8 alkyl are, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, Hexyl, heptyl, octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, 2,4,4-trimethylpentyl, decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, octadecyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, 1,1-dimethylbutyl, 1,1,3,3- Tetramethylbutyl, benzyl, 1-phenylethyl, ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylbenzyl, benzhydryl, p-tolylmethyl, 1- (p-butylpheny
- Optionally interrupted by one or more non-adjacent oxygen and / or sulfur atoms and / or one or more substituted or unsubstituted imino interrupted C ⁇ -C-is-alkyl for example, 5-hydroxy-3-oxapentyl, 8-hydroxy-3,6 dioxaoctyl, 1-hydroxy-3,6,9-trioxaundecyl, 7-hydroxy-4-oxaheptyl, 1-hydroxy-4,8-dioxaundecyl, 15-hydroxy-4,8,12-trioxapentadecyl, 9-hydroxy 5-oxa-nonyl, 14-hydroxy-5,10-oxatetradecyl, 5-methoxy-3-oxapentyl, 8-methoxy-3,6-dioxo-octyl, 11-methoxy-3,6,9-trioxaundecyl, 7 -Methoxy-4-oxaheptyl, 1-meth
- radicals can be taken together, for example, as fused building block 1, 3-propylene, 1,4-butylene, 2-oxa-1,3-propylene, 1-oxa-1,3-propylene, 2-oxa 1, 3-propenylene, 1-aza-1, 3-propenylene, 1-C 1 -C 4 -alkyl-1-aza-1, 3-propenylene, 1, 4-buta-1, 3-dienylene, 1-aza-1, 4-buta-1, 3-dienylene or 2-aza-1, 4-buta-1, 3-dienylene mean.
- the number of non-adjacent oxygen and / or sulfur atoms and / or imino groups is basically not limited, or is automatically limited by the size of the remainder or the ring building block. As a rule, it is not more than 5 in the respective radical, preferably not more than 4 or very particularly preferably not more than 3. Furthermore, at least one, preferably at least two, carbon atoms (e) are generally present between two heteroatoms.
- Substituted and unsubstituted imino groups may be, for example, imino, methylimino, iso-propylimino, n-butylimino or tert-butylimino.
- the term "functional groups” is to be understood as meaning, for example, the following: carboxy, carboxamide, hydroxy, di- (C 1 -C 4 -alkyl) -amino, C 1 -C 4 -alkyloxycarbonyl, cyano or C 1 -C 4 -alkoxy to C 4 alkyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl or tert-butyl.
- aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, halogen, heteroatoms and / or heterocycles C ⁇ -Cu-aryl are, for example, phenyl, ToIyI, XyIyI, ⁇ -naphthyl, ß-naphthyl, 4-diphenylyl, chlorophenyl, dichlorophenyl, Trichlorophenyl, difluorophenyl, methylphenyl, dimethylphenyl, trimethylphenyl, ethylphenyl, diethylphenyl, iso-propylphenyl, tert-butylphenyl, dodecylphenyl, methoxyphenyl, dimethoxyphenyl, ethoxyphenyl, hexyloxyphenyl, methylnaphthyl, isophenylphenyl, chlorothiphtyl, e
- C 5 -C 12 -cycloalkyl which is substituted by functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, halogen, heteroatoms and / or heterocycles are, for example, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclooctyl, cyclododecyl, methylcyclopentyl, dimethylcyclopentyl, methylcyclohexyl, dimethylcyclohexyl, diethylcyclohexyl, butylcyclohexyl, methoxycyc - lohexyl, dimethoxycyclohexyl, diethoxycyclohexyl, butylthiocyclohexyl, chlorocyclohexyl, dichlorocyclohexyl, dichlorocyclopentyl and a saturated or unsaturated bicyclic system such as norbornyl or norbornenyl.
- a five- to six-membered, oxygen, nitrogen and / or sulfur-containing heterocycle is, for example, furyl, thiophenyl, pyryl, pyridyl, indolyl, benzoxazolyl, dioxolyl, dioxy, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, dimethylpyridyl, methylquinolyl, dimethylpyryl, methoxyfuryl , Dimethoxypyridyl, difluoropyridyl, methylthiophenyl, isopropylthiophenyl or tert-butylthiophenyl.
- Particularly preferred anions are selected from the group consisting of selected from the group consisting of F “ , BF 4 “ , PF 6 “ , CF 3 SO 3 “ , (CF 3 SOs) 2 N “ , CF 3 CO 2 " , from the Group of sulfates, sulfites and sulfonates of the general formula: SO 4 2 “ , HSO 4 “ , SO 3 2 “ , HSO 3 “ , ROSO 3 “ , R 3 SO 3 “ , from the group of phosphates of the general formula PO 4 3 “ , HPO 4 2” , H 2 PO 4 “ , R 3 PO 4 2” , from the group of the borates of the formula BO 3 3 “ , H BO 3 2” , H 2 BO 3 " , from the group of Silicates and silicic acid esters of the formula SiO 4 4 “ , HSiO 4 3” , H 2 SiO 4 2 “ , H 3 SiO 4 " , the carboxylic acid im
- ionic liquids of the formula I with [A] + equal to 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium and [Y] + are ethylsulfate, ie 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium ethylsulfate used.
- At least one organic solvent and / or water is present in the catalyst ink according to the invention in addition to the at least one ionic liquid.
- Suitable solvents are those which are already known to those skilled in the art from the prior art as suitable for use in catalyst inks.
- suitable organic solvents are selected from the group consisting of monohydric and polyhydric alcohols, nitrogen-containing polar solvents, glycols, glycol ether alcohols, glycol ethers and mixtures thereof. Particularly suitable are, for example, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, glycerol, ethylene glycol, hexylene glycol, dimethylacetamide (DMAc), dimethylformamide (DMF), N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), n-propanol and mixtures thereof.
- DMAc dimethylacetamide
- DMF dimethylformamide
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
- water may also be present in the catalyst ink according to the invention.
- this mixture is present in an amount of generally from 0.1 to 5 parts by weight, preferably from 0.8 to 4 parts by weight, more preferably from 1 to 3 Parts by weight, based in each case on the total catalyst ink.
- the at least one organic solvent is generally present in an amount of from 0.1 to 5 parts by weight, preferably from 0.5 to 2.5 parts by weight, more preferably from 1 to 2 parts by weight, based in each case on the total catalyst ink.
- Water is generally present in an amount of from 1 to 4 parts by weight, preferably from 1 to 3.5 parts by weight, more preferably from 1 to 3 parts by weight, based in each case on the total catalyst ink.
- At least one ionomer preferably having acidic properties, is generally present in the catalyst ink according to the invention.
- the ionomers dispersed in the catalyst ink according to the invention are known to the person skilled in the art and are disclosed, for example, in WO-A 03/054991.
- At least one ionomer is used which has sulfonic acid, carboxylic acid and / or phosphonic acid groups and their salts.
- Suitable ionomers containing sulfonic acid, carboxylic acid and / or phosphonic acid groups are likewise known to the person skilled in the art.
- sulfonic acid-containing polymers selected from the group consisting of perfluorinated sulfonated hydrocarbons such as Nafion® from EI Dupont, sulfonated aromatic polymers such as sulfonated polyaryl ether ketones such as polyether ether ketones (sPEEK), sulfonated polyether ketones (sPEK), sulfonated polyether ketone ketones (sPEKK), sulfonated Polyether ether ketone ketones (sPEEKK), sulfonated polyether ketone ether ketone ketone (sPEKEKK), sulfonated polyarylene ether sulfones, sulfonated polybenzobisbenzazoles, sulfonated polybenzothiazoles, sulfonated polybenzimidazoles, sulfonated polyamides, sulfonated polyetherimides, sulfon
- the sulfonated aromatic polymers may be partially or completely fluorinated.
- sulfonated polymers include polyvinylsulfonic acids, copolymers composed of acrylonitrile and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acids, acrylonitrile and vinylsulfonic acids, acrylonitrile and styrenesulfonic acids, acrylonitrile and methacryloxyethylenoxypropanesulfonic acids, acrylonitrile and methacryloxyethyleneoxytetrafluoroethylenesulfonic acids, etc.
- the polymers can again be partially or completely fluorinated.
- sulfonated polymers include sulfonated polyphosphazenes such as poly (sulfophenoxy) phosphazenes or poly (sulfoethoxy) phosphenes.
- the polyphosphazene polymers may be partially or fully fluorinated.
- Sulfonated polyphenylsiloxanes and copolymers thereof, poly (sulfoalkoxy) phosphazenes, poly (sulfotetrafluoroethoxypropoxy) siloxanes are also suitable.
- carboxylic acid group-containing polymers examples include polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid and any copolymers thereof.
- Suitable polymers are, for. B. copolymers with vinylimidazole or acrylonitrile. The polymers may in turn be partially or fully fluorinated.
- Suitable polymers containing phosphonic acid groups are, for. Polyvinylphosphonic acid, polybenzimidazole phosphonic acid, phosphonated polyphenylene oxides, e.g. For example, poly-2,6-dimethyl-phenylene oxides, etc.
- the polymers may be partially or completely fluorinated.
- d. H. acidic polymers are also anionic, d. H. basic, polymers conceivable, but the proportion of acidic ionomers must predominate. These carry, for example, tertiary amine groups or quaternary ammonium groups. Examples of such polymers are disclosed in US-A 6,183,914; JP-A 11273695 and Slade et al., J. Mater. Chem. 13 (2003), 712-721.
- acid-base blends are suitable as ionomers, as described, for. In WO 99/54389 and WO 00/09588. These are generally polymer blends comprising a sulfonic acid group-containing polymer and a polymer having primary, secondary or tertiary amino groups as disclosed in WO 99/54389 or polymer blends prepared by blending polymers containing basic groups in the side chain contained with sulfonate, phosphonate or carboxylate groups, in the acid or salt form, containing polymers. Suitable sulfonate, phosphonate or carboxylate-containing polymers are mentioned above, see sulfonic acid, carboxylic acid or phosphonic acid-containing polymers.
- Polymers containing basic groups in the side chain are those polymers obtained by side-chain modification of organometallic-deprotonatable engineering-aryl backbone polymers having arylene-containing N-basic groups, wherein tertiary basic nitrogen groups, e.g. B. tertiary amine or basic nitrogen-containing heterocyclic aromatic compounds such as pyridine, pyrimidine, triazine, imidazole, pyrazole, Triazole, thiazole, oxazole, etc. containing aromatic ketones and aldehydes and the metalated polymer.
- the metal alkoxide formed as an intermediate compound can either be protonated with water in a further step or be etherified with haloalkanes (W00 / 09588).
- the above-mentioned ionomers may be further crosslinked.
- Crosslinking reagents are z. B. Epoxidvernetzer such as the commercially available Decanole®. Suitable solvents in which the crosslinking can be carried out can be chosen inter alia as a function of the crosslinking reagent and the ionomers used. Suitable among others are aprotic solvents such as DMAc (N, N-dimethylacetamide), DMF (dimethylformamide), NMP (N-methylpyrrolidone) or mixtures thereof. Suitable crosslinking processes are known to the person skilled in the art. Preferred ionomers are the aforementioned sulfonic acid group-containing polymers.
- perfluorinated sulfonated hydrocarbons such as Nafion®, sulfonated aromatic polyether ether ketones (sPEEK), sulfonated polyether ether sulfones (sPES), sulfonated polyetherimides, sulfonated polybenzimidazoles, sulfonated polyether sulfones and mixtures of the polymers mentioned.
- perfluorinated sulfonated hydrocarbons such as Nafion® and sulfonated polyetheretherketones (sPEEK). These can be used alone or in mixtures with other ionomers. It is also possible to use copolymers which contain blocks of the abovementioned polymers, preferably polymers containing sulfonic acid groups. An example of such a block copolymer is sPEEK-PAMD.
- Containing phosphonic acid groups is generally 0 to 100%, preferably 0.1 to 100%, more preferably 30 to 70%, particularly preferably 40 to 60%.
- Sulfonated polyetheretherketones used with particular preference have degrees of sulfonation of from 0 to 100%, more preferably from 0.1 to 100%, even more preferably from 30 to 70%, particularly preferably from 40 to 60%. This is understood to mean a sulfonation of 100% or a functionalization of 100%, ie. H.
- Each repeating unit of the polymer contains a functional group, in particular a sulfonic acid group.
- the polyazoles described with respect to the membrane materials may also be present as ionomers.
- the abovementioned ionomers can be used alone or in mixtures in the catalyst inks according to the invention. Mixtures may be used which contain further polymers in addition to the at least one ionomer or other additives, e.g. As inorganic materials, catalysts or stabilizers.
- Preparation processes for the ion-conducting polymers described as ionomers are known to the person skilled in the art. Suitable preparation processes for sulfonated polyaryletherketones are, for. In EP-A 0 574 791 and WO 2004/076530.
- ion-conducting polymers are commercially available, for. Nafion® from E.I. Dupont.
- suitable commercially available materials that can be used as ionomers are perfluorinated and / or partially fluorinated polymers such as "Dow Experimental Membrane” (Dow Chemicals USA), Aciplex® (Asahi Chemicals, Japan), Raipure R-1010 (PaII Rai Manufacturing Co., USA), Flemion (Asahi Glas, Japan) and Raymion® (Chlorin Engineering Cop., Japan).
- the at least one ionomer is generally present in the catalyst ink of the invention in an amount of 0.5 to 4 parts by weight, preferably 1 to 3
- the catalyst ink according to the invention may contain further additives, for example wetting agents, flow control agents, defoamers, pore formers, stabilizers, pH adjuvants and the like. Modifiers and other substances.
- the catalyst ink according to the invention preferably contains at least one electron conductor component with at least one electron conductor.
- Suitable electron conductors are known to the person skilled in the art.
- the electron conductor is electrically conductive carbon particles.
- electrically conductive carbon particles it is possible to use all carbon materials with high electrical conductivity and high surface area which are known in the field of fuel or electrolysis cells.
- carbon blacks, graphite, carbon nanotubes or activated carbons are used.
- the present invention also relates to a process for the preparation of the catalyst ink according to the invention by mixing at least one catalytically active material and at least one ionic liquid.
- a catalyst ink containing at least one ionomer, at least one organic solvent and / or water and at least one ionic liquid is mixed with at least one catalytically active material.
- This mixing can be carried out by any of the methods known to the person skilled in the art, for example in apparatuses known to the person skilled in the art, for example stirred reactors, Kugel rempliel mixers or continuous mixing devices, optionally with the use of ultrasound.
- the mixing is carried out according to the invention at a temperature at which the processability of the individual component is given, and the ionic liquid is present in liquid form or in dissolved form in a solvent. Suitable solvents are mentioned above.
- Suitable temperatures are, for example, 0 to 150 ° C., preferably 20 to 120 ° C.
- the process according to the invention for preparing the catalyst ink according to the invention can be carried out at any pressure at which the present components can be processed; above all, the process according to the invention is carried out at one pressure in which the ionic liquid is liquid, for example 1 bar to 10 bar, preferably 1 to 5 bar.
- the weight ratio of catalytically active material to at least one ionomer to at least one organic solvent and / or water is 0.5 to 1.5: 1.5 to 2.5: 0.5 to 4, preferably 0.8 to 1.2 : 1, 8 to 2.2: 0.8 to 3.2, more preferably 1: 2: 1 to 3.
- ionomer and organic solvent and / or water are then 0.01 to 1 Parts by weight of ionic liquid, preferably 0.05 to 0.8 parts by weight of ionic liquid, in each case based on the mixture containing catalytically active material, ionomer and organic solvent and / or water added.
- the catalyst ink of the invention may contain at least one binder.
- This binder is selected, for example, from fluorine-containing polymers, for example polytetrafluoroethylene, poly (fluoroethylene propylene), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) or mixtures thereof.
- the weight ratio of catalytically active substance to binder is 10: 1 to 1:10, preferably 8: 1 to 1: 8, more preferably 7: 2 to 2: 7, for example 6: 2 to 6: 4.
- the present invention also relates to a method for producing a membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) comprising at least one membrane, at least one electrode and optionally at least one gas diffusion layer, by applying the catalyst ink of the invention to a membrane or by applying the catalyst ink according to the invention on the optionally existing gas diffusion layer.
- MEA membrane-electrode assembly
- the membrane is generally constructed of any materials known to those skilled in the art, for example the ionomers already mentioned above. These membranes are suitable for fuel cells with an operating temperature of up to 100 0 C.
- Suitable membranes for use in fuel cells at temperatures above 100 0 C to 200 0 C for example, known to the person skilled in membranes based on polyazoles and H 3 PO 4, for example described in EP 1379573, EP 1427517, EP 1 379 573 and EP 1 425 336.
- the polymers based on polyazole contain recurring azole units of the general formula (I) and / or (II)
- Ar are the same or different and are a four-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic, mono- or polynuclear group
- Ar 1 are identical or different and is a divalent aromatic or heteroaromatic, mononuclear or polynuclear group
- Ar 2 are the same or different and is a two or trivalent aromatic or heteroaromatic, mono- or polynuclear group and
- X is the same or different and is oxygen, sulfur or an amino group carrying a hydrogen atom, a 1-20 carbon atom group, preferably a branched or unbranched alkyl or alkoxy group, or an aryl group as another moiety.
- Preferred aromatic or heteroaromatic groups are derived from benzene, naphthalene, biphenyl, diphenyl ether, diphenylmethane, diphenyldimethylmethane, bisphenone, diphenylsulfone, quinoline, pyridine, bipyridine, anthracene and phenanthrene, which may optionally also be substituted.
- substitution pattern of Ar 1 is arbitrary, in the case of phenylene, for example, Ar 1 may be ortho, meta and para-phenylene. Particularly preferred groups are derived from benzene and biphenylene, which may optionally also be substituted.
- Preferred alkyl groups are short chain alkyl groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, e.g. For example, methyl, ethyl, n- or i-propyl and t-butyl groups.
- Preferred aromatic groups are phenyl or naphthyl groups.
- the alkyl groups and the aromatic groups may be substituted.
- Preferred substituents are halogen atoms such as. As fluorine, amino groups or short-chain alkyl groups such as. For example, methyl or ethyl groups.
- the polyazoles can also have different recurring units which differ, for example, in their radical X. Preferably, however, it has only the same X radicals in a repeating unit.
- the polymer containing recurring azole units is a copolymer containing at least two units of formula (I) and / or (II) which differ from each other.
- the polymer containing recurring azole units is a polyazole which contains only units of the formula (I) and / or (II).
- the number of recurring azole units in the polymer is preferably an integer greater than or equal to 10.
- Particularly preferred polymers contain at least 100 recurring azole units.
- polymers containing recurring benzimidazole units are preferred.
- the preferred polyazoles, but especially the polybenzimidazoles are characterized by a high molecular weight. Measured as intrinsic viscosity, this is at least 0.2 dl / g, preferably 0.2 to 3 dl / g.
- polyazole polymers are polyimidazoles, polybenzothiazoles, polybenzoxazoles, polyoxadiazoles, polyquinoxalines, polythiadiazoles poly (pyridines), poly (pyrimidines), and poly (tetrazapyrene).
- PBI polybenzimidazoles
- EP 1 379 573 The preparation of such polybenzimidazoles (PBI) is carried out according to EP 1 379 573 usually by reacting, for example, 3,3 ', 4,4'-tetraaminobiphenyl with isophthalic acid or diphenyl-isophthalic acid or their esters in the melt.
- the resulting prepolymer solidifies in the reactor and is then mechanically comminuted.
- the powdery prepolymer is polymerized in a solid phase polymerization at temperatures of up to 400 ° C and the desired Polybenzimidazole obtained.
- the PBI is dissolved in a further step in polar, aprotic solvents, such as, for example, dimethylacetamide (DMAc), and a film is produced by means of processes known to the person skilled in the art.
- polar, aprotic solvents such as, for example, dimethylacetamide (DMAc)
- DMAc dimethylacetamide
- the ability to lonen- line of this membrane by soaking in H3PO 4 must be established. If the catalyst ink according to the invention is first applied to a suitable polymer electrolyte membrane, a so-called CCM (catalyst-coated membrane) is obtained, which after application of at least one gas diffusion layer GDL yields an MEA.
- CCM catalyst-coated membrane
- the catalyst ink is applied to at least one gas diffusion layer GDL, whereby a gas diffusion electrode (GDE) is obtained, which results in an MEA after application of a membrane.
- GDE gas diffusion electrode
- the catalyst ink according to the invention in homogeneously dispersed
- auxiliaries can be used, for example high-speed stirrers, ultrasound and / or ball mills.
- the homogenized ink can then be applied by various techniques to an ion-conducting polymer electrolyte membrane, for example, printing, spraying, doctoring, rolling, brushing and brushing, screen printing, inkjet printing, etc.
- the method according to the invention for producing an MEA comprises immersing the coated polymer electrolyte membrane in an aqueous bath, preferably in water or in dilute acid, for example dilute H 2 SO 4 or diluted HNO 3, with a concentration of, for example, 0.2 to 1, 2 molT 1 , preferably 0.5 or 1, 0 moH "1 , at a temperature of RT to 100 0 C, preferably 60 to 100 0 C, particularly preferably 80 0 C.
- the ionic liquid is largely For example, to more than 90% by weight, the undepleted ionic liquid then contributes to the ionic conductivity of the finished MEA.
- the thus-coated polymer electrolyte membrane is annealed examples game, at room temperature, that is 25 0 C to 100 0 C.
- the temperature may be even room temperature to 200 0 C.
- the present invention therefore also relates to the use of the catalyst ink of the invention in the manufacture of a membrane-electrode assembly (MEA), a catalyst-coated membrane (CCM) or a gas diffusion electrode (GDE).
- MEA membrane-electrode assembly
- CCM catalyst-coated membrane
- GDE gas diffusion electrode
- the present invention also relates to the use of an ionic liquid for the preparation of a catalyst ink.
- an ionic liquid for the preparation of a catalyst ink.
- Example 1 Catalyst with ionic liquid (IL) (EMIMEtOSO3)
- Example 5 Preparation and Cell Measurement of CCM Catalyst-coated membranes (CCM) are prepared by screen printing from the anode side with the anode ink and by spraying from the cathode side with the cathode ink.
- the active area is 25 cm 2 .
- the CCM are then activated in 0.5 molar HNO 3 at 55 0 C for two hours. The samples are then dried at room temperature.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN2009801152009A CN102017264A (zh) | 2008-02-29 | 2009-02-26 | 包含离子性液体的催化剂油墨及其在生产电极、ccm、gde和mea中的用途 |
JP2010548107A JP2011515795A (ja) | 2008-02-29 | 2009-02-26 | イオン性液体を含有する触媒インクならびに電極、ccm、gdeおよびmeaの製造における該触媒インクの使用 |
US12/920,229 US20110003071A1 (en) | 2008-02-29 | 2009-02-26 | Catalyst ink comprising an ionic liquid and its use in the production of electrodes, ccms, gdes and meas |
EP09717503A EP2260533A1 (de) | 2008-02-29 | 2009-02-26 | Ionische flüssigkeit enthaltende katalysatortinte und deren verwendung in elektroden-, ccm-, gde- und mea-herstellung |
CA2716777A CA2716777A1 (en) | 2008-02-29 | 2009-02-26 | Catalyst ink comprising an ionic liquid and its use in the production of electrodes, ccms, gdes and meas |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP08152112 | 2008-02-29 | ||
EP08152112.2 | 2008-02-29 |
Publications (1)
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WO2009109512A1 true WO2009109512A1 (de) | 2009-09-11 |
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ID=40524501
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PCT/EP2009/052287 WO2009109512A1 (de) | 2008-02-29 | 2009-02-26 | Ionische flüssigkeit enthaltende katalysatortinte und deren verwendung in elektroden-, ccm-, gde- und mea-herstellung |
Country Status (7)
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US (1) | US20110003071A1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP2260533A1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2011515795A (de) |
KR (1) | KR20100129750A (de) |
CN (1) | CN102017264A (de) |
CA (1) | CA2716777A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2009109512A1 (de) |
Cited By (5)
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JP2012000602A (ja) * | 2010-06-21 | 2012-01-05 | Sumitomo Chemical Co Ltd | レドックス触媒、燃料電池用電極触媒及び燃料電池 |
US20120171593A1 (en) * | 2010-12-29 | 2012-07-05 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Metal catalyst composition modified by nitrogen-containing compound |
CN102569829A (zh) * | 2010-12-29 | 2012-07-11 | 财团法人工业技术研究院 | 含氮化合物修饰的金属催化剂组合物及其膜电极组 |
US20130096215A1 (en) * | 2011-10-18 | 2013-04-18 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Hydrophobic Onium Salt Addition to Fuel Cell Electrode Inks for Improved Manufacturability |
US8729331B2 (en) | 2009-04-06 | 2014-05-20 | Basf Se | Method for electrochemically removing hydrogen from a reaction mixture |
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US8609914B2 (en) | 2009-04-06 | 2013-12-17 | Basf Se | Process for converting natural gas to aromatics with electrochemical removal of hydrogen |
US9340697B2 (en) | 2009-08-14 | 2016-05-17 | Nano-C, Inc. | Solvent-based and water-based carbon nanotube inks with removable additives |
CA2770997C (en) * | 2009-08-14 | 2018-07-03 | Ramesh Sivarajan | Solvent-based and water-based carbon nanotube inks with removable additives |
JP2013513923A (ja) * | 2009-12-15 | 2013-04-22 | ビーエーエスエフ ソシエタス・ヨーロピア | 電気化学的セルおよび電気化学的電池における電解質溶液中の添加剤としてのチアゾール化合物 |
CN104285323A (zh) * | 2012-05-07 | 2015-01-14 | 塞尔拉公司 | 用于碱性膜燃料电池的阳极电催化剂 |
GB201309806D0 (en) * | 2013-05-31 | 2013-07-17 | Itm Power Research Ltd | Catalysts and methods of depositing same |
US11121379B2 (en) * | 2015-01-15 | 2021-09-14 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Caged nanoparticle electrocatalyst with high stability and gas transport property |
KR101786220B1 (ko) | 2015-11-20 | 2017-10-17 | 현대자동차주식회사 | 리튬-공기 전지용 액상 촉매 |
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US10381652B2 (en) | 2017-03-07 | 2019-08-13 | Nissan North America, Inc. | Fuel cell electrode having increased oxygen concentration and methods of preparing electrode |
US20190267636A1 (en) * | 2018-02-27 | 2019-08-29 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Enhancing catalyst activity of a pem fuel cell electrode with an ionic liquid additive |
CA3097681A1 (en) | 2018-04-25 | 2019-10-31 | Stella Chemifa Corporation | Fuel cell catalyst, membrane electrode assembly for fuel cell, and fuel cell provided therewith |
CN112072120B (zh) * | 2020-09-07 | 2021-07-20 | 贵州梅岭电源有限公司 | 一种涉及离子液体的亲水/疏水膜电极 |
WO2024018944A1 (ja) * | 2022-07-22 | 2024-01-25 | Toppanホールディングス株式会社 | 電極触媒層、膜電極接合体、および、固体高分子形燃料電池 |
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- 2009-02-26 CN CN2009801152009A patent/CN102017264A/zh active Pending
- 2009-02-26 WO PCT/EP2009/052287 patent/WO2009109512A1/de active Application Filing
- 2009-02-26 JP JP2010548107A patent/JP2011515795A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 2009-02-26 KR KR1020107021443A patent/KR20100129750A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2009-02-26 EP EP09717503A patent/EP2260533A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2009-02-26 US US12/920,229 patent/US20110003071A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2009-02-26 CA CA2716777A patent/CA2716777A1/en not_active Abandoned
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Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US8729331B2 (en) | 2009-04-06 | 2014-05-20 | Basf Se | Method for electrochemically removing hydrogen from a reaction mixture |
JP2012000602A (ja) * | 2010-06-21 | 2012-01-05 | Sumitomo Chemical Co Ltd | レドックス触媒、燃料電池用電極触媒及び燃料電池 |
US20120171593A1 (en) * | 2010-12-29 | 2012-07-05 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Metal catalyst composition modified by nitrogen-containing compound |
CN102569829A (zh) * | 2010-12-29 | 2012-07-11 | 财团法人工业技术研究院 | 含氮化合物修饰的金属催化剂组合物及其膜电极组 |
US8912112B2 (en) * | 2010-12-29 | 2014-12-16 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Metal catalyst composition modified by nitrogen-containing compound |
US20130096215A1 (en) * | 2011-10-18 | 2013-04-18 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Hydrophobic Onium Salt Addition to Fuel Cell Electrode Inks for Improved Manufacturability |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US20110003071A1 (en) | 2011-01-06 |
CN102017264A (zh) | 2011-04-13 |
EP2260533A1 (de) | 2010-12-15 |
JP2011515795A (ja) | 2011-05-19 |
CA2716777A1 (en) | 2009-09-11 |
KR20100129750A (ko) | 2010-12-09 |
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