WO2008129106A2 - Nanopartículas que comprenden una ciclodextrina y una molécula biológicamente activa y sus aplicaciones - Google Patents
Nanopartículas que comprenden una ciclodextrina y una molécula biológicamente activa y sus aplicaciones Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2008129106A2 WO2008129106A2 PCT/ES2008/000269 ES2008000269W WO2008129106A2 WO 2008129106 A2 WO2008129106 A2 WO 2008129106A2 ES 2008000269 W ES2008000269 W ES 2008000269W WO 2008129106 A2 WO2008129106 A2 WO 2008129106A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- nanoparticles
- cyclodextrin
- biologically active
- paclitaxel
- pvm
- Prior art date
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- PYWVYCXTNDRMGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodamine B Chemical compound [Cl-].C=12C=CC(=[N+](CC)CC)C=C2OC2=CC(N(CC)CC)=CC=C2C=1C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O PYWVYCXTNDRMGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- A61K47/6949—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit inclusion complexes, e.g. clathrates, cavitates or fullerenes
- A61K47/6951—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit inclusion complexes, e.g. clathrates, cavitates or fullerenes using cyclodextrin
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- A61K9/5138—Organic macromolecular compounds; Dendrimers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyvinyl pyrrolidone, poly(meth)acrylates
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- A61K9/145—Intimate drug-carrier mixtures characterised by the carrier, e.g. ordered mixtures, adsorbates, solid solutions, eutectica, co-dried, co-solubilised, co-kneaded, co-milled, co-ground products, co-precipitates, co-evaporates, co-extrudates, co-melts; Drug nanoparticles with adsorbed surface modifiers with organic compounds
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- A61K9/146—Intimate drug-carrier mixtures characterised by the carrier, e.g. ordered mixtures, adsorbates, solid solutions, eutectica, co-dried, co-solubilised, co-kneaded, co-milled, co-ground products, co-precipitates, co-evaporates, co-extrudates, co-melts; Drug nanoparticles with adsorbed surface modifiers with organic macromolecular compounds
Definitions
- the invention relates to nanoparticles, with bioadhesive characteristics, comprising a biodegradable polymer, a cyclodextrin or a derivative thereof, and a biologically active molecule.
- the invention also relates to a process for its production, with compositions containing said nanoparticles and with their applications.
- nanospheres have a polymeric matrix type structure, in which the active ingredient is dispersed, while the nanocapsules have a core that contains the active ingredient, surrounded by a shell, such as a polymeric shell. Due to the high specific surface area of these systems, the active ingredient can also be adsorbed on the surface of the nanoparticular system.
- the oral route is the most popular and attractive route for the administration of medications.
- the use of this route is associated with a significant increase in the acceptance of medication by the patient and with lower healthcare costs.
- a significant number of drugs have a very low efficacy when administered through this route.
- This phenomenon may be due to one or more of the following factors that determine the oral bioavailability of a drug: (i) low permeability of the active molecule to pass through the mucosa (usually associated with hydrophilic drugs), (ii) low stability in the gastrointestinal environment (presence of extreme pH values, enzymes, etc.), (iii) incomplete release of the drug from the dosage form, (iv) low solubility of the active substance in the gastrointestinal environment (associated with hydrophobic drugs ), and V) Presystemic metabolism
- Nanoparticulate systems allow, on numerous occasions, to significantly increase the bioavailability of the biologically active molecule and, thus, offer new administration strategies.
- the improvement in bioavailability obtained after using these vehicles can be explained by the ability of polymeric nanoparticles to develop bioadhesive interactions with the gastrointestinal mucosa tract.
- these transporters can interact and develop adhesive interactions with various components of the mucosa.
- the bioadhesive characteristics of the nanoparticles may vary and allow, in certain cases, to reach the surface of the entericito, and, eventually, develop bioadhesive interactions in very specific regions of the gastrointestinal tract. All these phenomena lead to (i) an increase in the residence time of the pharmaceutical form in intimate contact with the mucosal surface, or to (ii) a specific location of the vehicle (with the drug) in a certain area.
- Illustrative examples of drugs whose oral bioavailability increases by encapsulation or association with nanoparticles include salmon calcitonin, furosemide, avarol, dicumarol, nifedipine, fiuoropyrimidines, plasmids, etc.
- PLGA lactic and glycolic acids
- organic solvents such as chloroform, dichloromethane, acetone and ethyl acetate and insoluble in aqueous media; However, they are able to capture water and swell to a greater or lesser extent, depending on their molecular weight and composition.
- PLGA can be quite hydrophobic compared to many of the antigens it carries.
- both hydration and degradation of PLGA are essential requirements for the release of antigen during the erosion phase.
- This erosion produces a fairly acidic microenvironment due to the accumulation of degradation products of the polymer, lactic and glycolic acids; the pH may drop to be of the order of 2-3.
- the released proteins undergo hydrolysis and aggregation in the acidified medium and many antigens lose their antigenic capacity.
- its high price could limit its use and favor the search for other less expensive materials.
- chitosan is a cellulose-like polymer that comes from the deacetylation of chitin, a major component of the exoskeleton of crustaceans. Chitosan can be formulated in nanoparticles of different sizes where the drug is incorporated. Chitosan particles are capable of increasing the absorption of proteins in the mucosal surface, inducing a transient opening of the narrow junctions. In addition, chitosan can have an immunomodulatory effect, stimulating the production of cytokines in vitro and improving the natural Th2 / Th3 balance at the level of mucous membranes in the absence of antigen.
- Cyclodextrins are a group of cyclic oligosaccharides, obtained by enzymatic degradation of starch. They are composed of units of ⁇ -1,4-glucopyranoside linked together, forming a truncated cone-like structure with a hydrophobic internal cavity.
- CDs can contain more than 15 units of ⁇ -1,4- glucopiranose, although the most abundant contain 6 ( ⁇ -CD), 7 ( ⁇ -CD) or 8 ( ⁇ -CD) units of ⁇ -l, 4-glucopiranose.
- ⁇ -CD and its derivatives are the most commonly used, in particular, 2-hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin (OH- ⁇ -CD).
- This CD has a high aqueous solubility, a lower toxicity as well as a more hydrophobic cavity compared to the compound of origin ( ⁇ -CD).
- cyclodextrins can provide, to the host molecule, stability and increase in aqueous solubility, which can lead to increases in the bioavailability of that molecule (eg, drug) and / or the reduction of adverse effects.
- that molecule eg, drug
- the ability to increase the loading capacity of liposomes and microparticles has been described in the literature.
- CDs are capable of modifying the release profile of the encapsulated drug.
- antitumor agents are administered parenterally, which raises various problems.
- main advantages that would be the administration of antitumor agents by oral route, it is worth noting the increase in the quality of life of patients as well as the reduction of healthcare costs.
- This route of administration would allow a continuous exposure of the cancer cells to the antitumor drug at an appropriate and sustained concentration level which can improve the therapeutic index and reduce side effects.
- the vast majority of these drugs e.g., paclitaxel
- Paclitaxel (Taxol®, Bristol Myers Squibb Company), a product extracted from the Taxus brevifolia tree, was first described in 1971 and since 1993 is the most widely used cancer chemotherapeutic agent worldwide. Paclitaxel acts at the cellular level promoting the polymerization of tubulin. Thus, the microtubules formed in the presence of paclitaxel are extraordinarily stable and non-functional, thus causing cell death due to the dynamic and functional inability of the microtubules for cell division. In Europe, this drug is indicated both as an individual agent and in combination with other cancer treatments for the treatment of ovarian, breast and non-small cell lung cancer, both advanced and metastatic.
- paclitaxel is a substrate of glycoprotein- P, as well as other members of the ABC superfamily (ATP-binding cassette), such as BCRP and MRP2.
- ABC protein transport superfamily plays a central role in the body's defense against toxic compounds and against some anticancer agents.
- proteins glycoprotein-P, MRP2 and BCRP are located in the apical zone of the intestinal, hepatic and renal membranes, mediating the pumping of xenobiotics and toxins to the intestinal, biliary and urine lumen.
- paclitaxel is formulated for clinical use and intravenously in a vehicle composed of Cremophor EL: ethanol (1: 1).
- Cremophor EL ethanol (1: 1).
- Abraxane ® Green et al. Annals of Oncology 17: 1263-1268, 2006.
- said administration systems should have bioadhesive properties, should have the ability to incorporate varying amounts of lipophilic drugs, and, ideally, should be able to avoid the effect of P-glycoprotein on the transported drug.
- nanoparticles of a biodegradable polymer such as the copolymer of methyl vinyl ether and maleic anhydride (PVM / MA)
- PVM / MA methyl vinyl ether and maleic anhydride
- cyclodextrins bound to biologically active molecules allows to obtain nanoparticles with physicochemical characteristics and of bioadhesion to the gastrointestinal mucosa that make them systems of great interest as transporters of all types of biologically active molecules, especially, biologically active molecules of a hydrophobic (lipophilic) nature, such as paclitaxel.
- These nanoparticles can prolong the residence time in the mucosa after oral administration.
- said nanoparticles can improve the bioavailability of biologically active molecules that could be a substrate of the P-glycoprotein.
- said nanoparticles can be used as systems for the administration of drugs with high toxicity (eg, cytostatics) by offering sustained and constant plasma levels of the biologically active molecule for periods of up to 24 hours, which allows alternative treatments to infusion hospital, allowing a reduction in the health cost of treatments with this type of drugs.
- drugs with high toxicity eg, cytostatics
- the invention provides nanoparticles with the ability to associate high amounts of biologically active molecules, especially hydrophobic in nature, for effective administration through mucous membranes, especially orally, because they have adequate bioadhesive characteristics that favor The interaction of the nanoparticles (containing the biologically active molecule) with the surface of the mucosa, are capable of transporting a wide range of biologically active molecules, especially, of lipophilic nature and, above all, of releasing the biologically active molecule by providing plasma levels sustained and constant thereof when administered orally or through any other mucosa of the body. If the transported biologically active molecule is a substrate of the P-glycoprotein, the nanoparticles of the invention are capable of preventing the action of this protein on the biologically active molecule in question.
- the nanoparticles provided by this invention comprise a biodegradable polymer, a cyclodextrin or a derivative thereof, and a biologically active molecule.
- a biodegradable polymer e.g., polyvinyl methyl ether and maleic anhydride and ⁇ -cyclodextrin ( ⁇ -CD), 2-hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin (OH- ⁇ -CD) or 6-monodeoxy-6- Monoamine- ⁇ -cyclodextrin (NH- ⁇ -CD) are easy to produce, and give excellent bioadhesion, size and zeta potential characteristics that make them suitable for the administration of biologically active molecules of hydrophobic nature (eg, paclitaxel).
- the invention relates to nanoparticles comprising a biodegradable polymer, a cyclodextrin or a derivative thereof, and a biologically active molecule, useful for transporting biologically active molecules.
- the biodegradable polymer is a copolymer of methyl vinyl ether and maleic anhydride (PVM / MA).
- the cyclodextrin is ⁇ -CD, OH- ⁇ -CD or NH- ⁇ -CD.
- the biologically active molecule present in the nanoparticles of the invention is paclitaxel.
- the nanoparticles allow spectacular increases in the oral bioavailability of paclitaxel, whose oral absorption is practically zero due to its physicochemical characteristics (high lipophilicity) and to be a substrate of the P-glycoprotein located in the gastrointestinal tract.
- the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising said nanoparticles.
- the invention relates to a process for the production of said nanoparticles.
- Figure 2 is a photograph of the result obtained by subjecting a lyophilized sample of nanoparticles based on PVM / MA with ⁇ -cyclodextrin ( ⁇ -CD-NP) to scanning electron microscopy.
- Figure 3 is a graph showing the release of RBITC from nanoparticles containing cyclodextrins ( ⁇ -CD-NP: nanoparticles based on
- Figure 4 shows a bar chart depicting the distribution of (A) nanoparticles based on PVM / MA with hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -CD (OH- ⁇ -CD-NP); (B) PVM / MA based nanoparticles with ⁇ -CD; and (C) control nanoparticles (NP), in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration of 10 mg of fluorescently labeled nanoparticles with RBITC.
- the x axis represents the different segments of the mucosa; the y axis represents the fraction of nanoparticles attached to the mucosa; and the z axis represents the time after administration.
- Figure 5 is a graph showing the bioadhesion curves obtained by representing the fraction of nanoparticles adhered in the entire gastrointestinal tract with respect to time.
- the formulations represented are (•) OH- ⁇ -CD-NP; (A) ⁇ -CD-NP; and (B) NP Control.
- Figure 6 is a set of photographs showing the fluorescence microscopy visualization of the control (A) and OH- ⁇ -CD-NP (B, C) nanoparticles adhered to the rat ileum after 2 hours of oral administration of a single dose of 10 mg.
- PTX-NP conventional PVM / MA nanoparticles with paclitaxel
- PTX- ⁇ -CD-NP PVM / MA and ⁇ -CD nanoparticles with paclitaxel
- PTX-OH- ⁇ -CD-NP PVM / MA and OH- ⁇ -CD nanoparticles with paclitaxel
- PTX-NH- ⁇ -CD-NP PVM / MA and NH- ⁇ -CD nanoparticles with paclitaxel.
- Figure 8 is a set of graphs representing plasma concentrations of paclitaxel (PTX) as a function of time after administration in laboratory animals of the different PTX formulations. The results show the mean ⁇ standard deviation.
- PTX paclitaxel
- Taxol® commercial formulation of paclitaxel.
- PTX-NP conventional PVM / MA nanoparticles with paclitaxel
- PTX- ⁇ -CD-NP PVM / MA and ⁇ -CD nanoparticles with paclitaxel
- PTX-OH- ⁇ -CD-NP PVM / MA and OH- ⁇ -CD nanoparticles with paclitaxel
- PTX-NH- ⁇ -CD-NP PVM / MA and NH- ⁇ -CD nanoparticles with paclitaxel
- Taxol® commercial formulation with paclitaxel. The values obtained for the formulation of commercial taxol and PTX-NP overlap and appear on the X axis (Table 9).
- the invention relates to nanoparticles, hereinafter nanoparticles of the invention, comprising a biodegradable polymer, a cyclodextrin or a derivative thereof, and a biologically active molecule.
- nanoparticles of the invention possess adequate physicochemical, specificity and bioadhesion characteristics to the gastrointestinal mucosa, which makes them potentially useful systems for the transport of biologically active molecules, in particular, biologically active molecules of lipophilic nature (eg , paclitaxel, etc.) and / or biologically active molecules that are substrate of the P-glycoprotein.
- the nanoparticles of the invention can improve the bioavailability of biologically active molecules, in general, and, in particular, of biologically active molecules of lipophilic nature and / or of biologically active molecules that can be a substrate for P-glycoprotein.
- the nanoparticles of the invention can prolong the residence time in the mucosa after oral administration.
- the nanoparticles of the invention can be used as a transport system for biologically active molecules with high toxicity, for example, cytostatics, because they offer sustained and constant plasma levels of such drugs for periods of up to 24 hours, which It allows the design of alternative treatments to hospital infusion, resulting in a reduction in the health cost of treatments with this type of drugs.
- nanoparticle refers to spheres or shapes. similar with an average size of less than 1.0 micrometer ( ⁇ m).
- the nanoparticles of the invention have an average particle size between 1 and 999 nanometers (nm), preferably between 10 and 900 nm. In a particular embodiment, the nanoparticles of the invention have an average particle size between 100 and 400 nm.
- average size is meant the average diameter of the nanoparticle population that moves together in an aqueous medium.
- the average size of these systems can be measured by standard procedures known to those skilled in the art and described, by way of illustration, in the experimental part that accompanies the examples described below.
- the average particle size can be influenced mainly by the quantity and molecular weight of the biodegradable polymer, by the nature and quantity of the cyclodextrin, or derivative thereof, and by the nature and quantity of the biologically active molecule, present in the nanoparticles of the invention (in general, the greater the amount or molecular weight of said components, the average size of the nanoparticle will be increased), and by some parameters of the production process of said nanoparticles, such as the speed of agitation, etc.
- Biodegradable Polymer The nanoparticles of the invention comprise a biodegradable polymer.
- biodegradable refers to polymers that dissolve or degrade in a period of time that is acceptable for the desired application, in this case in vivo therapy, once they are exposed to a physiological solution. pH between 1 and 9, typically between 4 and 9, at a temperature between 25 ° C and 40 0 C.
- biodegradable polymer known in the state of the art that results in the formation of nanoparticles can be used for the practice of the present invention.
- biodegradable polymers include polyhydroxy acids, such as polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, etc., and copolymers thereof, eg, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) [PLGA], etc .; polyanhydrides; polyesters; polysaccharides, eg, chitosan, etc.
- the molecular weight of said biodegradable polymer can vary within a wide range. as long as it satisfies the established conditions of forming nanoparticles and being biodegradable.
- the biodegradable polymer used is the copolymer of methyl vinyl ether and maleic anhydride in anhydride form (PVM / MA).
- PVM / MA copolymer of methyl vinyl ether and maleic anhydride in anhydride form
- the PVM / MA copolymer sold under the trade name Gantrez® AN can be used.
- said PVM / MA copolymer has a molecular weight between 100 and 2,400 kDa, preferably between 200 and 2,000 kDa, more preferably between 180 and 250 kDa.
- This biodegradable polymer (PVM / MA) can react with different hydrophilic substances, due to the presence of its anhydrous groups, without having to resort to the usual organic reagents (glutaraldehyde, carbodiimide derivatives, etc.) that possess an important toxicity.
- the PVM / MA copolymer In an aqueous medium, the PVM / MA copolymer is insoluble, but its anhydride groups are hydrolyzed giving rise to carboxylic groups. The dissolution is slow and depends on the conditions in which it occurs. Due to the availability of functional groups in PVM / MA, covalent binding of molecules with nucleophilic groups, such as hydroxide or amino, takes place by simple incubation in an aqueous medium.
- PVM / MA copolymer nanoparticles can be easily obtained by desolvating the copolymer, by adding, to an organic solution thereof, a first polar solvent (miscible with a solution of the copolymer) and subsequent addition of a second liquid non-solvent, such as a hydroalcoholic solution.
- a crosslinking agent can be added.
- the nanoparticles of the invention comprise, in addition to the biodegradable polymer, a cyclodextrin or a derivative thereof.
- cyclodextrin includes any cyclic oligosaccharide composed of glucose units linked by ⁇ -1,4 ( ⁇ -1, 4-glucopyranosyl) glycosidic bonds. These units are produced as a result of an intramolecular transglycosylation reaction of starch degradation by the enzyme cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase).
- CGTase cyclodextrin glucanotransferase
- Cyclodextrin may contain more than 15 units of ⁇ -l, 4-glucopyranoside, although the most abundant contain 6, 7 or 8 units of ⁇ -l, 4-glucopyranoside, which constitute the so-called alpha-cyclodextrins ( ⁇ -CD ), beta-cyclodextrins ( ⁇ -CD) or gamma-cyclodextrins ( ⁇ -CD), respectively. All of them have a truncated cone type structure, with a hydrophobic internal cavity and a hydrophilic external face.
- said cyclodextrin is an alpha-cyclodextrin, a beta-cyclodextrin or a gamma-cyclodextrin.
- cyclodextrin derivative includes any cyclodextrin having at least one modified terminal hydroxyl group.
- the chemical modification of cyclodextrins can alter their chemical-physical properties, improving the solubility, stability and controlling the chemical activity of the molecules with which they are bound (host molecules).
- the incorporation, by reaction of the cyclodextrin OH groups, of alkyl, aryl, carboxyalkyl, cyanoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, sulfoalkyl, amino, azido, heterocyclyl, acetyl, benzoyl, succinyl, and other phosphorus-containing groups, sulfur has been described , etc.
- At least one of said terminal hydroxyl groups is modified, replacing hydrogen with a linear or branched CpC 8 alkyl group, eg, methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc .; UIaIqUiI (C 1 -C 8 ) SiIiO, eg, t-butyldimethylsilyl, etc .; Ci-C 8 hydroxyalkyl, eg, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, etc .; (C J- C 8 ) alkyl CaTbOmIo, optionally substituted by a carboxyl group, eg, acetyl, succinyl, etc .; arylcarbonyl, eg, benzoyl, etc .; cyanoalkyl (Ci-C 2 ), eg,
- the mother cyclodextrins i.e., without derivatizing
- the ⁇ -CD have a limited aqueous solubility compared to the acyclic saccharides due, in part, to the strong bonds between the crystalline cyclodextrin molecules.
- the ⁇ -CD is capable of forming intramolecular hydrogen bonds between the secondary hydroxyl groups thereby producing unfavorable solution enthalpies, and therefore a low aqueous solubility.
- the substitution of some of the hydrogen bonds with hydrophobic groups, such as methoxy- or ethoxy- results in an increase in aqueous solubility.
- the aqueous solubility of ⁇ -CD is 1.85% (w / v) at room temperature but it can increase up to 150 times by increasing the degree of methylation (methyl- ⁇ -CD).
- Another particularly important cyclodextrin derivative is 2-hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin (OH- ⁇ -CD), obtained after treatment of ⁇ -CD with propylene oxide, which has an aqueous solubility of 60% (w / v) .
- these derivatives can improve the toxicological profile, the ability to encapsulate biologically active molecules and modulate their release profile.
- the main problem of the mother cyclodextrins is nephrotoxicity after being administered parenterally, mainly for ⁇ -CD, due to its low aqueous solubility. Therefore, more hydrophilic derivatives, such as OH- ⁇ -CD, reduce these nephrotoxicity problems by being able to be eliminated more easily. The same is not true for methylated derivatives of ⁇ -CD, which, despite being more soluble than ⁇ -CD, would not be exempt from causing systemic toxicity, due to its greater ability to interact with endogenous lipids, which limits its use parenterally. On the contrary, toxicity studies carried out after oral administration show that cyclodextrins and their derivatives are not toxic by this route.
- Cyclodextrins are water soluble macromolecules that have been approved for oral, parenteral and topical administration of drugs.
- the applications of cyclodextrins in the oral administration of drugs are mainly due to the improvement in the oral bioavailability of the drug, due to the increase in solubility, increased stability of the drug in the gastrointestinal tract and / or in the formulation.
- itraconazole which is marketed in the US and Europe associated with OH- ⁇ -CD for oral administration, significantly reducing the irritation that administered in isolation produces in the gastrointestinal tract.
- cyclodextrins are also used for their power to increase the permeability of the drug through skin and mucous membranes, which results in a better and more uniform absorption of the drug.
- drug activity after administration such as, for example, the complex formed between fiutamide and OH- ⁇ -CD, which substantially improves the absorption of the drug after oral administration.
- said cyclodextrin derivative is a derivative of an alpha-cyclodextrin, or of a beta-cyclodextrin, or of a gamma-cyclodextrin.
- Illustrative, non-limiting examples of cyclodextrin derivatives that can be used for the implementation of the present invention include ethyl- ⁇ -CD, heptakis (2,3,6-tri-O-ethyl) - ⁇ -CD, 2 -hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -CD, 2-O-2-hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -CD, 2- hydroxyethyl- ⁇ -CD, succinylated derivatives of ⁇ -CD, succinylated derivatives of 2-hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -CD, butyl- ⁇ -CD, he ⁇ takis (2,6-di-On-butyl) - ⁇ -CD, he ⁇ takis (2,6-di-On-pentyl) - ⁇ -CD,
- the weight ratio between cyclodextrin, or derivative thereof, and the biodegradable polymer may vary within a wide range, in a particular embodiment, said cyclodextrin weight ratio (or derivative thereof): biodegradable polymer is 1: 1-10, preferably 1: 1-5, more preferably about 1: 4. In a particular embodiment, said biodegradable polymer is PVM / MA.
- ⁇ -CD and its derivatives are the most commonly used, in particular, 2-hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin (OH- ⁇ -CD) since it has a high aqueous solubility, a low toxicity and a more hydrophobic cavity than that of ⁇ -CD.
- OH- ⁇ -CD 2-hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin
- the cyclodextrin present in the nanoparticles of the invention has no substituted hydroxyl group.
- said cyclodextrin is beta-cyclodextrin ( ⁇ -CD), which contains 7 units of ⁇ -1,4-glucopyranoside.
- ⁇ -CD beta-cyclodextrin
- biodegradable polymer is 1: 1-10, preferably 1: 1-5, 1: 4 ratios give good results.
- approximately 0.25 mg of ⁇ -CD / mg biodegradable polymer gives an efficient association.
- the amount of ⁇ -CD associated with the nanoparticles is approximately 90 micrograms / mg nanoparticle.
- the cyclodextrin present in the nanoparticles of the invention is a more hydrophilic derivative of ⁇ -CD, such as a hydroxylated derivative of ⁇ -CD comprising one or more hydroxyalkyl groups (e.g., hydroxypropyl).
- 2-hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin OH- ⁇ -CD
- the ratio, by weight, OH- ⁇ -CD: biodegradable polymer is 1: 1-10, preferably 1: 1-5, although a 1: 4 ratio yields good results.
- approximately 0.25 mg of OH- ⁇ -CD / mg biodegradable polymer gives an efficient association.
- the amount of ⁇ -CD associated with the nanoparticles is approximately 65 micrograms / mg nanoparticle.
- the cyclodextrin present in the nanoparticles of the invention is a derivative of a CD having one or more terminal functional groups other than hydroxyl, eg, one or more amino groups, optionally substituted.
- the amino groups may be substituted and have other functional groups, eg, CpC 4 alkyl; Illustrative examples of said substituted amino groups include methylamine, ethylamine, diethylamine, etc.).
- said amino group is a free, unsubstituted amino group (-NH 2 ).
- the cyclodextrin derivative present in the nanoparticles of the invention is 6-monodeoxy-6-monoamine- ⁇ -cyclodextrin (NH- ⁇ -CD).
- the ratio, by weight, NH- ⁇ -CD: biodegradable polymer is 1: 1-10, preferably 1: 1-5, although a 1: 4 ratio yields good results.
- These nanoparticles are characterized by having, in general, spherical shape and a size close to 150 nm.
- the cyclodextrin, or derivative thereof, present in the nanoparticles of the invention is selected from the group consisting of ⁇ -cyclodextrin ( ⁇ -CD), 2-hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin (OH- ⁇ -CD) , 6-monodeoxy-6- monoamine- ⁇ -cyclodextrin (NH- ⁇ -CD) and mixtures thereof.
- ⁇ -CD ⁇ -cyclodextrin
- OH- ⁇ -CD 2-hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin
- NH- ⁇ -CD 6-monodeoxy-6- monoamine- ⁇ -cyclodextrin
- nanoparticles based on a biodegradable polymer containing cyclodextrin allow the formation of direct bioadhesive interactions between these vehicles (nanoparticles) and surface components of the gastrointestinal tract. This close contact is of interest to increase the bioavailability of biologically active molecules when administered through some route that gives access to a mucosa (e.g., oral, rectal, vaginal, ocular or nasal).
- a mucosa e.g., oral, rectal, vaginal, ocular or nasal.
- nanoparticles based on a biodegradable polymer eg, PVM / MA
- cyclodextrin empty nanoparticles, that is, without a biologically active molecule
- said empty nanoparticles comprising a biodegradable polymer (eg, PVM / MA) and a cyclodextrin, or a derivative thereof can be obtained by two alternative methods, namely, by simultaneous incubation of the two components, biodegradable polymer (eg, PVM / MA) and cyclodextrin or derivative thereof (eg, ⁇ -CD, OH- ⁇ -CD or NH- ⁇ -CD) in the organic phase [alternative 1], or by incubation of the polymer nanoparticles biodegradable (eg, PVM / MA) with an aqueous cyclodextrin solution, or a derivative thereof (eg, ⁇ -CD, OH- ⁇ -CD or NH- ⁇ -CD) [alternative 2].
- biodegradable polymer eg, PVM / MA
- cyclodextrin or derivative thereof eg, ⁇ -CD, OH- ⁇ -CD or NH- ⁇ -CD
- the nanoparticles of the invention comprise, in addition to the biodegradable polymer and a cyclodextrin or a derivative thereof, a biologically active molecule.
- biologically active molecule refers to any substance that is administered to a subject, preferably a human being, for prophylactic or therapeutic purposes; that is, any substance that can be used in the treatment, cure, prevention or diagnosis of a disease or to improve the physical and mental well-being of humans and animals.
- biologically active molecule includes both drugs and antigens and allergens.
- the nanoparticles of the invention can incorporate one or more biologically active molecules regardless of the solubility characteristics thereof, although, said nanoparticles have proven to be a particularly useful system for the administration of biologically active molecules of hydrophobic nature.
- the nanoparticles of the invention make it possible to modify the distribution of the biologically active molecule they contain when administered by a route that gives access to some mucosa of the organism (e.g., oral, rectal, nasal, vaginal, ocular, etc.).
- a route that gives access to some mucosa of the organism e.g., oral, rectal, nasal, vaginal, ocular, etc.
- the chemical nature of the biologically active molecule can vary over a wide range, from small molecules to macromolecular compounds (peptides, polynucleotides, etc.).
- said biologically active molecule is a peptide or a protein.
- peptide refers to a compound formed by amino acids linked by peptide bonds and includes oligopeptides (formed by 10 or less amino acids) and polypeptides (formed by more than 10 amino acids).
- protein refers to high molecular mass macromolecules formed by linear chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds; The proteins can be formed by one or several peptide chains.
- said biologically active molecule is a nucleoside, a nucleotide, an oligonucleotide, a polynucleotide or a nucleic acid.
- an "oligonucleotide” is a polymer of nucleotides linked by 5'-3 'phosphodiester bonds of length equal to or less than 50 nucleotides, while a “polynucleotide” is a polymer of nucleotides linked by 5'-bonds. 3 'phosphodiester of length greater than 50 units.
- nucleic acid also refers to a nucleotide polymer linked by 5'-3 'phosphodiester bonds; Depending on whether it is ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides, the nucleic acid will be RNA or DNA, respectively.
- Nucleic acids perform different functions in the cells of living organisms such as the storage of genetic information and its transfer to the next generation (DNA) or the expression of that information during protein synthesis (mRNA and tRNA), it is a component Structural structure of cellular organelles, such as ribosomes (rRNA), catalyzes certain chemical reactions (ribozymes) and participates in mechanisms of regulation of gene expression (by complementary mRNA or mRNA RNA in ribointerference).
- said biologically active molecule is a small (organic or inorganic) molecule; Generally, these molecules are obtained by chemical or semi-synthetic methods or, alternatively, are isolated from their sources.
- said small (organic or inorganic) molecule has a relatively low molecular weight, generally, equal to or less than 5,000, typically, equal to or less than 2,500, advantageously, equal to or less than 1,500.
- Numerous therapeutic active ingredients contain these characteristics and, therefore, can be used in the practice of the present invention.
- the biologically active molecule present in the nanoparticles of the invention can be both a hydrophilic substance and a hydrophobic substance
- the nanoparticles of the invention are particularly useful for administering biologically active molecules of hydrophobic nature. Therefore, in a particular embodiment, the biologically active molecule present in the nanoparticles of the invention is a hydrophobic substance.
- a "hydrophobic substance” is a substance that, due to its properties or composition, is poorly soluble in aqueous media, typically having a solubility of less than 1% (1 gram of active ingredient in 100 ml of aqueous solvent) at 20 0 C, at a pH between 1-7.5 and atmospheric pressure.
- any biologically active molecule of hydrophobic nature It can be used in the practice of the present invention.
- biologically active molecules of a hydrophobic nature that may be present in the nanoparticles of the invention include antiparasitic agents (eg, albendazole, mebendazole, praziquantel, etc.); antifungals (eg, clotrimazole, itraconazole, etc.), antibiotics (eg, sulfamethiazol, gentamicin, griseofulvin, etc.), cardiotonics (eg, digoxin, etc.), antitumor agents (eg, camptothecin, methotrexate, docetaxel, fluorouracil, paclitaxel , etc.), immunosuppressants (eg, tacrolimus, cyclosporine), (gluco) corticosteroids (eg, cortisone, dexamethasone, prednisolone, pre
- the biologically active molecule present in the nanoparticles of the invention is a substance that is a substrate of the P-glycoprotein.
- an important application of the nanoparticles of the invention lies in their ability to minimize the negative effect of P-glycoprotein on the mucosal absorption of a certain drug.
- P-glycoprotein (PGY1; enzyme EC 3.6.3.44) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ABCBl gene, also called the MDR1 gene (multidrug resistance 1).
- P-glycoprotein functions as a transmembrane pump or transporter that transfers its substrates (usually drugs and other xenobiotics) from its intracellular domain to its extracellular domain.
- P-glycoprotein Depending on its anatomical location, P-glycoprotein performs its function in 3 main ways: (1) P-glycoprotein limits the entry of the drug into the body after oral administration as a result of its expression in the luminous membrane of enterocytes ; (2) Once the drug has reached the bloodstream, the P-glycoprotein promotes its elimination in the bile and urine, as a consequence of its expression in the hepatocyte canalicular membrane and in the luminal membrane of the cells of the proximal tubules of the kidneys; and (3) already in the systemic blood circulation, limits the penetration of the drug into sensitive tissues.
- a substrate substance of the P-glycoprotein refers to a substance, eg, a xenobiotic, with affinity to bind to the intracellular domain of the P-glycoprotein so that by consumption of ATP it can be transported outside the cell according to The following reaction:
- P-glycoprotein substrates that may be present in the nanoparticles of the invention as biologically active molecules include, among others (Fromm MF; Trends 2004; 25: 423-429), anti-tumor agents (eg, docetaxel, ethoposide, imatinib, paclitaxel, teniposide, vinblastine, vincristine, anthracyclines (eg, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, epirubicin, etc.), etc.); ⁇ -adrenoceptor antagonists (eg, bunitrolol, carvedilol, celiprolol, talinolol, etc.); Ca 2+ channel blockers (eg, diltiazem, mibefradil, verapamil, etc.); cardiotonic
- said biologically active molecule is a hydrophobic substance or a substrate substance of the P-glycoprotein enzyme selected from the group consisting of actinomycin D, albendazole, amitriptyline, amprenavir, atorvastatin, bunitrolol, camptothecin, carvedilol, celiprolol, cyclosporine, clotrimazole , colchicine, cortisone, daunorubicin, debrisoquine, dexamethasone, digitoxin, digoxin, diltiazem, docetaxel, domperidone, doxorubicin, epirubicin, erythromycin, estradiol, etoposide, phenytoin, fexofenadine, FKozinavimol, Indigoxin, Griminol, Indigoxamine, Indigoxamine , losartan, lovastatin, mebendazole, methylpred
- the biologically active molecule present in the nanoparticles of the invention is paclitaxel.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the invention comprises nanoparticles of the invention containing one or more different drugs.
- drugs include agents. belonging to different therapeutic groups, for example, anti-tumor agents, ⁇ -adrenoceptor antagonists, analgesic agents, Ca 2+ channel blockers, cardiotonic drugs, antiviral agents, steroids, immunosuppressants, anthemhetic drugs, antibiotics (eg, antibacterials, antifungals, antivirals, antiparasitic agents, etc.) antilipidemic agents, histamine H 1 receptor antagonists, anti-inflammatory agents, neuroprotectors, antiallergics, anti-asthmatics, antibiotics, pulmonary surfactants, etc.
- agents. belonging to different therapeutic groups for example, anti-tumor agents, ⁇ -adrenoceptor antagonists, analgesic agents, Ca 2+ channel blockers, cardiotonic drugs, antiviral agents, steroids, immunosuppressants, anthemhetic drugs, antibiotics (eg, antibacterials, antifungals,
- biologically active molecules that are substrates of the P-glycoprotein have a hydrophobic nature.
- the biologically active molecule delivery system provided by the present invention contemplates the possibility of administering drugs from numerous therapeutic groups.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the invention comprises nanoparticles of the invention that contain one or more different antigens for vaccination purposes or one or more different allergens for immunotherapeutic purposes as a biologically active molecule.
- the term "antigen" refers to any substance capable of being recognized by the immune system of a subject and / or capable of inducing in a subject a humoral immune response or a cellular immune response that leads to the activation of B and / or T lymphocytes when introduced into a subject; by way of illustration, said term includes any immunogenic, native or recombinant product, obtained from a higher organism or from a microorganism, for example, a bacterium, a virus, a parasite, a protozoan, a fungus, etc., which contains one or more antigenic determinants, for example, structural components of said organisms; toxins, for example, exotoxins, etc.
- antigen includes: "microbial” antigens, that is, microorganism antigens, including, but not limited to, viruses, bacteria, fungi and infectious parasites; said antigens include the intact microorganism as well as parts, fragments and derivatives thereof, either of natural or artificial origin, as well as synthetic or recombinant products that are identical or similar to the natural antigens of a microorganism and induce a specific immune response for that microorganism; in this sense, a compound is similar to a natural antigen of a microorganism if it induces an immune response (humoral and / or cellular) like that of the natural antigen of that microorganism; said antigens are used routinely by those skilled in the art; and "tumor" antigens, that is, substances, for example, peptides, associated with a tumor or a cancer ("t
- EGF-R malignant glioblastoma
- CEA medullary thyroid cancer
- CD52 leukemia
- human melanoma gplOO protein melanoma-A / MART-1 human melanoma protein
- tyrosinase protein
- NAl 7- A nt MAGE-3 protein; p53 protein; HPV16E7 protein; antigenic fragments of said antigens; etc.
- allergen refers to a substance to which a subject is sensitive and causes an immune reaction, for example, allergenic extracts of pollens, allergenic extracts of insects, allergenic extracts of food or products.
- food components present in saliva, tweezers or stingers of insects that induce a sensitivity reaction in a subject, components present in plants that induce a sensitivity reaction in a subject, etc., for example, protein extracts of pollens, such as grass pollen, allergic extracts of perennial Lolium, allergic extracts of olea (olive), etc .; Protein extracts of insects, such as dust mites, etc .; allergenic extracts of food components, etc.
- any allergen can be used in the preparation of the nanoparticles loaded with allergen of the composition of the invention; however, in a particular embodiment, said allergen is ovalbumin (OVA), a protein widely used as an experimental allergenic model.
- OVA ovalbumin
- Illustrative, non-limiting examples of said biologically active molecules that may contain the nanoparticles of the invention include bacterial: cytoplasmic, periplasmic, cell envelope antigens (eg, inner membrane proteins, outer membrane proteins, lipopolysaccharides and mixed complexes, proteins associated to the cell wall, etc.), etc .; structure antigens superficial (eg, fimbriae, glycocalyx, flagellar, etc.), including those of intracellular pathogens, such as Brucella sp., Salmonella sp., etc .; eukaryotic microorganism antigens, both soluble and superficial; viral antigens, for example, matrix, capsid, envelope, internal (including enzymatic), allergens of animal species (mites, etc.), of plants (grasses, etc.), etc.
- cell envelope antigens eg, inner membrane proteins, outer membrane proteins, lipopolysaccharides and mixed complexes, proteins associated to the cell wall, etc.
- the nanoparticles of the invention can be obtained by a method, based on the solvent displacement method described, for example, in international patent application WO 02/069938, which comprises (i) the formation of a complex (cyclodextrin or derivative of the same) - (biologically active molecule), hereinafter complex [CD: MBA], and (ii) the incorporation of said complex [CD: MBA] to a solution of the biodegradable polymer in an organic solvent before the formation of nanoparticles.
- a complex cyclodextrin or derivative of the same
- biologically active molecule hereinafter complex [CD: MBA]
- CD biologically active molecule
- the formation of said complex [CD: MBA] comprises the addition of a solution of the biologically active molecule (MBA) in an organic solvent, such as an alcohol, for example, ethanol, on an aqueous solution of the cyclodextrin or derivative of it (CD).
- an organic solvent such as an alcohol, for example, ethanol
- the whole is subjected to agitation until equilibrium is reached.
- water and organic solvent e.g., ethanol
- any appropriate conventional method for example, under reduced evaporation or any other solvent removal system.
- the CD: MBA molar ratio present in said complex [CD: MBA] can vary over a wide range depending on, among other factors of the cyclodextrin or derivative thereof (CD) and the biologically active molecule (MBA) present in said complex; however, in a particular embodiment, the CD: MBA molar ratio present in said complex [CD: MBA] is 1: 1-4, typically 1: 1-2. In a specific embodiment, when the biologically active molecule is paclitaxel, the CD: MBA molar ratio in said complex [CD: MBA] is 1: 1.
- the incorporation of said complex [CD: MBA] to a solution of the biodegradable polymer in an organic solvent before the formation of nanoparticles can be carried out by adding said complex to the solution of biodegradable polymer and subsequent simultaneous incubation of both components, polymer biodegradable (eg, PVM / MA) and complex [CD: MBA], in the organic phase (eg, acetone) comprising the biodegradable polymer (eg, PVM / MA), for an appropriate period of time, typically between 10 and 60 minutes, at one temperature between 20 0 C and 30 0 C approximately (in a particular embodiment, when the biologically active molecule is paclitaxel, the incubation can be performed for a period of 30 minutes at room temperature (25 0 C)), stirring , for example, by using a mechanical, magnetic or ultrasonic stirrer); operating in this way, a high degree of association of the complex [CD: MBA] with the biodegradable polymer is obtained in general.
- polymer biodegradable eg
- this step comprises the simultaneous dissolution and / or dispersion of the biodegradable polymer and the complex [CD: MBA] in an organic solvent (eg, acetone).
- an organic solvent eg, acetone.
- the concentration of the biodegradable polymer is between 0.001% and 10% w / v and that of the complex [CDrMBA] between 0.001% and 5% w / v.
- a certain volume of a miscible polar solvent is added with the dissolution of the polymers (eg, ethanol).
- a crosslinking agent can be used to improve the stability of the nanoparticles, as described in WO 02/069938.
- crosslinking agents include diamine molecules (eg, 1,3-diaminopropane, etc.), simple polysaccharides or saccharides, proteins, and, in general, any molecule that has functional groups capable of reacting with the present groups. in the biodegradable polymer, for example, with the anhydride groups present in PVM / MA.
- a small amount of any of the indicated products should be added.
- a similar volume of a second non-solvent liquid preferably a hydroalcoholic solution
- a second non-solvent liquid preferably a hydroalcoholic solution
- pharmaceutical grade water purified water or injectable water (pi) is used, depending on the application.
- the organic phase: hydroalcoholic solution ratio is included in the range between 1: 1 and 1: 10 by volume.
- the nanoparticles form instantly in the middle, under the appearance of a milky suspension.
- the organic solvents can be removed by any suitable procedure such as evaporation under reduced pressure, leaving the nanoparticles in a stable aqueous suspension.
- the nanoparticles can be purified by conventional means such as centrifugation, ultracentrifugation, tangential filtration, or evaporation, including the use of vacuum.
- the nanoparticles can be lyophilized for long-term storage and preservation.
- conventional cryoprotective agents such as sucrose, lactose or mannitol can be used, preferably in a concentration of between 0.1 and 10% by weight.
- the nanoparticles of the invention based on a biodegradable polymer can be obtained by a method comprising incubating the biodegradable polymer nanoparticles (eg, PVM / MA) with an aqueous solution comprising the complex [CD: MBA] .
- This alternative briefly comprises dissolving the biodegradable polymer in an organic solvent, such as acetone. Subsequently, on that solution, a certain volume of hydroalcoholic solution, such as ethanol, and, finally, a similar volume of water is added.
- the nanoparticles form instantly in the medium under the appearance of a milky suspension.
- the organic solvents are removed in a similar way as described in the previous procedure, for example, by evaporation under reduced pressure, the nanoparticles remaining in a stable aqueous suspension.
- the biodegradable polymer nanoparticles are incubated in an aqueous solution comprising the previously obtained [CD: MBA] complex.
- the incubation of the biodegradable polymer nanoparticles with the [CDrMBA] complex can be done under stirring (eg, by using a mechanical, magnetic or ultrasonic stirrer) for a certain period of time at an appropriate temperature under conditions similar to those mentioned in the previous procedure (eg, during a period of time generally comprised between 10 and 60 minutes at a temperature between 20 0 C and 30 0 C).
- the nanoparticles are purified by conventional methods, for example, centrifugation, and, finally, lyophilized, if desired, following the same procedures described above.
- the weight ratio MBA: biodegradable polymer present in the nanoparticles of the invention can vary within a wide range depending, among other factors of the biodegradable polymer (eg, PVM / MA) and the biologically active molecule (MBA) present in said nanoparticles; however, in a particular embodiment, the ratio MBA: biodegradable polymer, by weight, present in said nanoparticles of the invention is 1: 4-20, preferably 1:10.
- the complex relationship [CD-MBA]: biodegradable polymer present in the nanoparticles of the invention can vary within a wide range depending, among other factors of the biodegradable polymer (eg, PVM / MA), of the cyclodextrin or derivative thereof and of the biologically active molecule (MBA) present in said nanoparticles; however, in a particular embodiment, the complex ratio [CD-MBA]: biodegradable polymer, by weight, present in said nanoparticles of the invention is 1: 1-20, advantageously 1: 2-20, preferably 3:10 ( approximately 1: 3.3), by weight. In a particular embodiment, the biodegradable polymer is PVM / MA.
- the biologically active molecule is paclitaxel.
- the cyclodextrin derivative is ⁇ -cyclodextrin ( ⁇ -CD), 2-hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin (OH- ⁇ -CD) or 6-monodeoxy-6-monoamine- ⁇ -cyclodextrin (NH- ⁇ - CD).
- the biologically active molecule is paclitaxel and the molar ratio (cyclodextrin or derivative thereof): paclitaxel is 1: 1.
- the [CD: MBA] complex is a ⁇ -CD: paclitaxel complex, in a 1: 1 molar ratio
- the paclitaxel: biodegradable polymer (eg, PVM / MA) weight ratio is 1: 4 -20, although relations close to 1:10 give good results.
- PVM / MA biodegradable polymer
- approximately 0.25 mg of paclitaxel in the ⁇ -CD: paclitaxel complex, in a 1: 1 molar ratio, per mg of polymer gives an efficient association.
- the amount of drug associated with the nanoparticles is approximately 40 micrograms of paclitaxel / mg nanoparticle.
- These nanoparticles are characterized by having a spherical shape and a size close to 300 nm.
- the [CD: MBA] complex is an OH- ⁇ -CD complex, in a 1: 1 molar ratio and the paclitaxel: biodegradable polymer ratio (eg, PVM / MA) is 1: 4- 20, although ratios close to 1: 10 give good results.
- the amount of drug associated with the nanoparticles is approximately 170 micrograms of paclitaxel / mg nanoparticle.
- the [CD: MBA] complex is an NH- ⁇ -CD complex, in a 1: 1 molar ratio and the paclitaxel: biodegradable polymer ratio (eg, PVM / MA) is 1: 4- 20, although relations close to 1:10 give good results.
- the amount of drug associated with the nanoparticles is approximately 100 micrograms of paclitaxel / mg nanoparticle.
- constant and sustained plasma levels are obtained for at least 24 hours, after reaching the plasma concentration maximum (Cmax) in a time of approximately 5 hours.
- the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) is similar to that obtained after administration of the commercial formulation intravenously.
- the area under the plasma curve (AUC) of paclitaxel obtained by this formulation is approximately 5 times greater than that obtained by intravenous administration of the commercial drug administered at the same dose.
- This formulation is characterized by offering an average residence time of the drug in the organism (MRT) of approximately 4 times greater than that obtained after the administration of the commercial formulation intravenously.
- constant and sustained plasma levels are obtained for at least 24 hours after reaching the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) in a time of approximately 6 hours.
- the maximum plasma concentration is 2 times higher than that obtained after administration of the commercial formulation intravenously.
- the area under the plasma curve (AUC) of paclitaxel obtained by this formulation is approximately 5 times greater than that obtained by intravenous administration of the commercial drug administered at the same dose.
- This formulation is characterized by offering an average residence time of the drug in the organism (MRT) of approximately 3.5 times greater than that obtained after the administration of the commercial formulation intravenously.
- a dose of 10 mg / kg of paclitaxel formulated in nanoparticles of the invention with NH- ⁇ -CD constant and sustained plasma levels are obtained for at least 24 hours after reaching the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) in a time of approximately 4.7 hours.
- the maximum plasma concentration is approximately half of that obtained after administration of the commercial formulation intravenously.
- the area under the plasma curve (AUC) of paclitaxel obtained by this formulation is approximately similar to that obtained by intravenous administration of the commercial drug administered at the same dose.
- This formulation is characterized by offering an average residence time of the drug in the organism (MRT) of approximately 3 times greater than that obtained after the administration of the commercial formulation intravenously.
- the invention in another aspect, relates to a pharmaceutical composition
- a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one nanoparticle of the invention, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, vehicle or adjuvant.
- said biologically active molecule will be forming a complex with the cyclodextrin or derivative thereof and said complex, mostly, will be inside the nanoparticle of the invention; however, it could happen that a relatively proportion of said complex containing the biologically active molecule was also attached to the surface of the nanoparticle although most of it will be inside (e.g., encapsulated) of the nanoparticles of the invention.
- the nanoparticles of the invention can be used to modify the distribution of the associated biologically active molecule when administered by a route that gives access to any mucosa of the organism (including the oral, rectal, nasal, vaginal or ocular route). Additionally, they can also be administered parenterally.
- pharmaceutical compositions include any liquid composition (suspension or dispersion of the nanoparticles) for oral, oral, sublingual, topical, ocular, nasal, vaginal or parenteral administration; any composition in form gel, ointment, cream or balm for topical, ocular, nasal or vaginal administration; or any solid composition (tablets, capsules) for oral administration.
- the pharmaceutical composition is administered orally.
- said pharmaceutical composition is administered parenterally.
- the pharmaceutical compositions described will comprise the excipients suitable for each formulation.
- binders, disintegrants, lubricants, fillers, enteric coating, etc. will be included if necessary.
- Oral solid formulations are prepared in conventional manner by mixing, dry or wet granulation and incorporating the nanoparticles of the invention.
- the pharmaceutical compositions can also be adapted for parenteral administration, in the form of, for example, sterile lyophilized solutions, suspensions or products, in the appropriate dosage form; in this case, said pharmaceutical compositions will include suitable excipients, such as buffers, surfactants, etc. In any case, the excipients will be chosen based on the pharmaceutical form of administration selected.
- a review of the different pharmaceutical forms of drug administration and their preparation can be found in the book "Treaty of Pharmacy Galenica", by C. Faul ⁇ i Trillo, 10 Edition, 1993, Luzán 5, S.A. of Editions.
- the proportion of the biologically active molecule incorporated into the nanoparticle of the invention can vary within a wide range, for example, it can be up to 25% by weight with respect to the total weight of the nanoparticles. However, the appropriate proportion will depend in each case on the biologically active molecules incorporated.
- the dose to be administered of nanoparticles of the invention can vary within a wide range, for example, between about 0.01 and about 10 mg per kg of body weight, preferably, between 0.1 and 2 mg per kg of body weight.
- Said examples show the ability of said nanoparticles to develop bioadhesive interactions with the mucosa and to promote oral absorption of a biologically active molecule, such as paclitaxel.
- a biologically active molecule such as paclitaxel.
- paclitaxel when used as a biologically active molecule, its incorporation into said nanoparticles based on PVM / MA incorporating a cyclodextrin, in particular 2-hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin, allows to obtain constant and sustained plasma levels of said drug for at least 24 hours.
- the process for the production of nanoparticles based on a biodegradable polymer (PVM / MA) incorporating a cyclodextrin, and, optionally, a biologically active molecule is a modification of a general procedure described above and based on the controlled desolvation of the polymer [ Arbos et al., J. Control. Relay, 83 (2002) 321-330].
- a copolymer of methyl vinyl ether and maleic anhydride (PVM / MA) and a certain amount of cyclodextrin, or, alternatively, of a cyclodextrin complex: biologically active molecule, obtained by conventional methods (eg, Hamada et al., J Biosci Bioeng 102 (4): 369-
- the formed nanoparticles can be coated with a water-soluble biologically active molecule or with a ligand capable of conferring properties of
- the nanoparticle suspension After homogenization of the nanoparticle suspension, it is evaporated under reduced pressure, for example, by using a rotary evaporator, such as a Büchi R-144 rotary evaporator (Switzerland) until both organic solvents are removed. Subsequently, the suspension is subjected to purification by ultracentrifugation (Sigma 3K30, rotor NM2150, Germany) or by tangential filtration, and eventually, the nanoparticles can be frozen at -80 0 C for subsequent lyophilization and long - term preservation (Virtis Genesis, New York, USA).
- a rotary evaporator such as a Büchi R-144 rotary evaporator (Switzerland) until both organic solvents are removed.
- the suspension is subjected to purification by ultracentrifugation (Sigma 3K30, rotor NM2150, Germany) or by tangential filtration, and eventually, the nanoparticles can be frozen at -80 0
- nanoparticles The characterization of nanoparticles has led to several studies, which are described below. Among the physicochemical studies, the particle size and surface charge of the nanoparticles were determined, the latter by measuring the zeta potential. Both parameters were obtained by photonic correlation spectroscopy, using a Zetasizer nano Z-S (Malvern Instruments / Optilas, Spain).
- the process performance was calculated by two methods. In the first one, the yield was calculated gravimetrically, using the weight of the lyophilized samples without cryoprotective agent, according to Equation 1:
- Qimciai is the initial amount of PVM / MA added
- Q PVM / MA is the amount of PVM / MA determined in the supernatants.
- the morphology of the nanoparticles was observed by scanning electron microscopy (Zeiss, DSM 940A Germany). For this, the lyophilized nanoparticles were covered with a layer of molecular gold of about 9 nm (Emitech K550, Sputter-Coater, United Kingdom) and the photographs were taken with a Zeiss DMS 940 microscope
- ⁇ -cyclodextrin ⁇ -cyclodextrin ( ⁇ -CD) and 2-hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin (OH- ⁇ -CD)
- ⁇ -CD ⁇ -cyclodextrin
- OH- ⁇ -CD 2-hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin
- the supernatants obtained after the nanoparticle purification process were diluted to 10 ml with purified water. After the addition of the internal standard (PEG 6000), 1 ml aliquots of supernatant were taken as a sample. The samples were analyzed using a Zorbax Eclipse XDB-Phenyl column (Agilent 150 mm x 2.1 mm) and a gradient water / acetonitrile mixture (see table 1) as a mobile phase at flow 0.25 ml / min.
- the limit of quantification was 0.2 mg / ml for cyclodextrins and 0.05 mg / ml for polymer (PVM / MA). The accuracy did not exceed the 7% limit.
- the amount of cyclodextrin (CD) associated with the nanoparticles was calculated as the difference between the amount of initially added CD and the amount of quantized CD in the supernatants.
- the amount of paclitaxel encapsulated in the nanoparticles was determined by HPLC. The analysis was carried out on a model 1100 series LC chromatograph (Agilent, Waldbornn, Germany) coupled to a diode-array UV detection system. The data was analyzed on a Hewlett-Packard computer using the Chem-Station G2171 program. For the separation of paclitaxel, a Phenomenex Gemini C18 reverse phase column (150 mm x 3 mm; 5 ⁇ m) heated to 30 0 C was used.
- 100 ⁇ l of aqueous nanoparticle suspension were taken and broken with 100 ⁇ l of acetonitrile. The solvents were evaporated (centrifuge-evaporator) and the sample was reconstituted in the mobile phase used. 100 ⁇ l aliquots were injected injected into the HPLC column for analysis.
- Wistar male rats of average weight 225 g (Har ⁇ an, Spain), were kept under normal conditions free of food and water.
- the animals were given orally 1 ml of aqueous suspension containing 10 mg of nanoparticles marked with RBITC.
- the animals were sacrificed at different times (0.5, 1, 3 and 8 hours) by cervical dislocation.
- the abdominal cavity was opened and the gastrointestinal tract was removed, which was divided into six anatomical regions: stomach (Sto), small intestine (II, 12, 13 and 14) and blind (Ce).
- Each segment of the mucosa was opened longitudinally and rinsed with PBS (pH 7.4). In turn, each of these parts was cut into five similar portions and the tissue was digested with 1 ml of 3M NaOH for 24 hours.
- Q 013x is the maximum initial capacity of nanoparticles attached to the gastrointestinal mucosa and is related to their ability to develop bioadhesive interactions
- AUC a dh is the area under the curve of the fraction of adhered nanoparticles, and represents the intensity of bioadhesion.
- MRT ad h (h) is the estimated average time that the formulations remain attached to the mucosa.
- K adh is defined as removal rate of the adhered fraction in the mucosa All these parameters were estimated between 0 and 8 hours The calculations were made using the WinNonlin 1.5 program (Pharsight Corporation, USA).
- nanoparticles containing cyclodextrins and, optionally, a biologically active molecule, in the gastrointestinal mucosa were observed by fluorescence microscopy.
- mice were divided into 8 treatment groups (6 animals per group) and treated with single doses of 10 mg / kg (2.25 mg) of paclitaxel incorporated into any of the following formulations:
- Taxol ® solution iv (Bristol-Myers Squibb, Madrid, Spain); (ii) Taxol ® oral solution;
- paclitaxel -2-hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin (OH- ⁇ -CD) [PTX-OH- ⁇ -CD] complex;
- paclitaxel PTX
- ⁇ -CD ⁇ -cyclodextrin
- paclitaxel complex (v) paclitaxel complex (PTX) -6-monodeoxy-6-monoamine- ⁇ -cyclodextrin
- paclitaxel -2-hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin (OH- ⁇ -CD) - PVM / MA
- NP nanoparticle [PTX-OH- ⁇ -CD-NP] complex
- Animals were administered 1 ml of the different formulations, dissolved or dispersed in water, except in the case of solution iv (commercial formulation), which was administered in the tail vein (0.3 ml).
- a blood volume of approximately 300 ⁇ l was extracted at different times, using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as an anticoagulant and recovering the animal's volume (rat) with an equivalent volume of physiological serum via intraperitoneal (ip) -
- EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- the blood was centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 10 minutes and the supernatant (plasma) froze at a temperature of -80 0 C.
- the study was carried out in accordance with the principles contained in the international animal experimentation guidelines (WHO Chronicle, 39 (2): 51-56, 1985; A CIOMS Ethical Code for Animal Experimentation) through a protocol approved by the Ethical Committee for Animal Experimentation of the University of Navarra.
- Extraction of paclitaxel from plasma was performed by a liquid-liquid extraction procedure, using t-butyl methyl ether as the extraction solvent. For this, plasma aliquots (0.1 ml) were taken, adjusted to a volume of 1 ml with water and 0.2 ⁇ g of docetaxel was added as internal standard. Then, 4 ml of tert-butyl methyl ether was added and stirred for 1 minute. The samples were then centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes and the supernatant (organic phase) was collected and evaporated in an evaporator centrifuge (Savant, Barcelona, Spain).
- the resulting solution was transferred to an injection vial.
- the analytical method used has been validated, checking the linear relationship between the detector response and plasma paclitaxel concentrations over the concentration range between 40 and 3,200 ng / ml.
- the calculated pharmacokinetic parameters were the following: the maximum concentration (C max ); the time in which the C m3x (t max ) is reached; the area under the plasma levels curve (AUCO-inf); the average residence time (MRT) and the biological half-life in the phase of terminal elimination (ti / 2z ), clearance (Cl) and the volume of distribution in steady state
- the mean residence time (MRT) was calculated by the ratio between the value of the AUMC (area under the curve at the first moment of plasma concentration) and that of the AUC.
- the clearance (Cl) as Dose x Bioavailability / AUC, and the volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) as the ratio between the clearance and the terminal elimination constant (k), calculated as 1 / MRT.
- Figure 1 shows the amount of cyclodextrin associated with the nanoparticles as a function of the incubation time with the biodegradable polymer (PVM / MA) during the preparation of the nanoparticles.
- PVM / MA biodegradable polymer
- nanoparticles containing cyclodextrins were prepared by controlled desolvation after modification of a procedure described above [Arbos et al., J. Control. Relay, 83 (2002) 321-330]. For this, 25 mg of ⁇ -CD, OH- ⁇ -CD or NH- ⁇ -CD were dispersed in 2 ml of acetone with the help of ultrasound (Microson TM or in an ultrasonic bath for 1 minute under cooling).
- the suspension was subjected to purification by ultracentrifugation (20 minutes at 27,000 xg) (Sigma 3k3O, NM 2150 rotor, Germany). The supernatants were removed and the residue was resuspended in water or in a 5% aqueous sucrose solution. Eventually, a part of the nanoparticles obtained were frozen at -8O 0 C for subsequent lyophilization and long-term preservation (Virtis Genesis, New York, USA).
- Experimental conditions PVM / MA: 100 mg; cyclodextrin: 25 mg; incubation time: 30 min.
- NP PVM / MA based nanoparticles without cyclodextrin.
- the amount of cyclodextrin associated with the nanoparticles varies depending on the type of oligosaccharide used, being around 90 ⁇ g / mg for ⁇ -CD and 70 ⁇ g / mg for OH- ⁇ -CD and NH- ⁇ -CD .
- Confirmation of the presence of CD associated with the nanoparticles based on PVM / MA was performed after the elementary analysis of the different formulations. The results obtained (Table 3) confirmed the presence of CD due to a significant increase in the proportion of oxygen in the formulations that carried the associated CD, as well as a decrease in the percentage of carbon, compared to the control nanoparticles (NP).
- NP PVM / MA control nanoparticles without CD (empty);
- ⁇ -CD-NP Nanoparticles based on PVM / MA with ⁇ -CD;
- OH- ⁇ -CD-NP Nanoparticles based on PVM / MA with OH- ⁇ -CD;
- NH- ⁇ -CD-NP Nanoparticles based on PVM / MA with NH- ⁇ -CD.
- the morphology of the nanoparticles was observed by scanning electron microscopy (Zeiss, Germany), after which the typical spherical shape of the homogeneous nanoparticles with a size between 80 and 200 nm was observed.
- the nanoparticles were prepared by controlled desolvation after modification of a procedure described above [Arbos et al., J. Control. Relay, 83 (2002)
- the nanoparticle suspension was evaporated under reduced pressure. (Büchi R-144, Switzerland) until both organic solvents were removed and the final volume was adjusted with water to 10 ml.
- an aqueous solution of rhodamine B isothiocyanate (RBITC) was added to the nanoparticles and allowed to incubate for 5 minutes, at room temperature and with magnetic stirring. Subsequently, the suspension was subjected to purification by ultracentrifugation (20 minutes at 27,000 xg) (Sigma 3k30, NM2150 rotor, Germany). The supernatants were removed and the residue was resuspended in water or in a 5% aqueous sucrose solution.
- Experimental conditions PVM / MA: 100 mg; cyclodextrin: 25 mg; incubation time: 30 min.
- NP PVM / MA based nanoparticles without CD control (empty) .
- ⁇ -CD-NP PVM / MA based nanoparticles with ⁇ -CD.
- OH- ⁇ -CD-NP PVM / MA based nanoparticles with OH- ⁇ -CD.
- NH- ⁇ -CD-NP Nanoparticles based on PVM / MA with NH- ⁇ -CD.
- Figure 3 shows the kinetics of RBITC release from the nanoparticles in simulated gastric medium (0-1 h) and in simulated intestinal medium (1 to 24 h) at 37 ⁇ 1 ° C.
- the percentage of RBITC released after 24 hours of incubation was always less than 10% of the amount associated with the nanoparticles. Therefore, it can be assumed that the results obtained in subsequent bioadhesion studies as well as in fluorescence microscopy, the fluorescence intensity corresponds to the RBITC associated with the nanoparticles.
- FIG. 4 shows the bioadhesion profile of the tested formulations, representing the fraction of adhered nanoparticles in the different segments of the gastrointestinal tract (stomach; small intestine: 11 -14; blind) 30 minutes, 1 h, 3 h and 8 h after oral administration, according to the methodology previously described.
- the cyclodextrin associated nanoparticles showed a bioadhesion profile different from that of the control nanoparticles.
- the OH- ⁇ -CD associated nanoparticles are characterized by an AUC at dh (parameter that measures the intensity of bioadhesive interactions) 1.5 times higher than that observed for control nanoparticles (NP).
- the adhered fraction of the cyclodextrin-associated formulations showed a significantly lower removal rate (K 8Jh ) than that of the control NP (p ⁇ 0.01) and an average residence time (MRT adh ) of approximately 3.5 hours.
- the nanoparticles associated with hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin have a greater capacity to establish bioadhesive interactions with the mucosa than the control nanoparticles.
- Conventional nanoparticles were not able to reach the enterocytes despite their ability to penetrate the mucus layer that covers the mucosa.
- the cyclodextrin-associated nanoparticles adhered significantly in the intestine enterocytes.
- aqueous solution of cyclodextrin ( ⁇ -CD, OH- ⁇ -CD or NH- ⁇ -CD) was prepared which was added over an ethanolic solution of the drug paclitaxel (PTX) in an 80:20 ratio (v: v ), and with a molar ratio drug: cyclodextrin (1: 1).
- the mixture was kept under magnetic stirring (300 rpm), in darkness and at room temperature until equilibrium was reached (at least 72 hours). Then, the ethanol was removed under evaporation under reduced pressure and the suspension (0.45 ⁇ m) was filtered to remove undissolved drug crystals.
- the nanoparticles were obtained by controlled desolvation after modification of a procedure described above (Arbos et al, 2002, cited sup.). For this, a certain amount of the previously formed complex between paclitaxel and cyclodextrin ( ⁇ -CD, OH- ⁇ -CD or NH- ⁇ -CD) was dispersed in 2 ml of acetone. This suspension was added to a solution of 100 mg of the copolymer of methyl vinyl ether and maleic anhydride (PVM / MA) [Gantrez® AN 119] in 3 ml of acetone and the mixture was allowed to incubate for 30 minutes.
- PVM / MA copolymer of methyl vinyl ether and maleic anhydride
- Figure 7 shows the evolution of PTX content in nanoparticles containing cyclodextrins and PTX, as a function of the amount and type of cyclodextrin used.
- Table 7 shows the amount of encapsulated PTX when initially added in 10 mg depending on the different cyclodextrins used to form the complex.
- Table 7 Amount of PTX associated with different nanoparticle formulations depending on the type of cyclodextrin used (initial amount of paclitaxel added: 10 mg)
- PTX-NP conventional PVM / MA nanoparticles with paclitaxel
- PTX- ⁇ -CD-NP PVM / MA and ⁇ -CD nanoparticles with paclitaxel
- PTX-OH- ⁇ -CD-NP PVM / MA and OH- ⁇ -CD nanoparticles with paclitaxel
- PTX-NH- ⁇ -CD-NP PVM / MA and NH- ⁇ -CD nanoparticles with paclitaxel.
- Paclitaxel is a drug that is characterized by presenting a dose-dependent pharmacokinetic profile. Therefore, it was previously necessary to determine the pharmacokinetic profile after intravenously or orally administering the commercial formulation of paclitaxel at the dose selected for its nanoparticle formulation (10 mg / kg).
- PTX-NP conventional PVM / MA nanoparticles with paclitaxel
- PTX- ⁇ -CD-NP PVM / MA and ⁇ -CD nanoparticles with paclitaxel
- PTX-OH- ⁇ -CD-NP PVM / MA and OH- ⁇ -CD nanoparticles with paclitaxel
- PTX-NH- ⁇ -CD-NP PVM / MA and NH- ⁇ -CD nanoparticles with paclitaxel.
- Table 8 summarizes the main physicochemical characteristics of the nanoparticles tested in the pharmacokinetic study.
- Control nanoparticles show a size close to 200 nm with a negative surface charge of -38 mV.
- nanoparticles containing the PTX-CD complex are encapsulated significantly higher (close to 300 nm) and show similar zeta potential in all cases.
- the presence of the PTX-CD complex does not exert any effect on the manufacturing performance of nanoparticles that varies between 50-60%.
- the pharmacokinetic study was divided into three phases.
- the dose of paclitaxel selected was 10 mg / kg. After administration, a blood volume of approximately 300 ⁇ l was extracted at different times (0.10, 30, 60, 90, 180, 360, 480 minutes, 24 and 30 hours), using EDTA as an anticoagulant and recovering the blood volume of the animal (rat) with an equivalent volume of physiological serum intraperitoneally (ip) -
- the pharmacokinetic analysis of the results obtained after the administration of paclitaxel was performed using the noncompartmental adjustment procedure of the WiNNonlin 1.5 pharmacokinetic adjustment program (Pharsight Corporation, Mountain View, United States).
- Table 9 shows the values of the pharmacokinetic parameters obtained after performing a non-compartmental analysis of the experimental data obtained after administering the different formulations of paclitaxel in nanoparticles.
- the value of AUC and MRT experiences significant variations depending on the type of cyclodextrin used in the formulation.
- oral formulations of PTX-OH- ⁇ -CD-NP and PTX- ⁇ -CD-NP were obtained similar AUC values.
- the maximum concentration reached was significantly higher than that achieved in the rest of formulations in a period of 6 and 5 hours, respectively.
- the average residence time of the drug in the organism (MRT) was similar for the three formulations with cyclodextrins. These values were between 3 and 5 times higher than those achieved after administering the commercial formulation (Taxol) intravenously.
- T 1 Z 22 the elimination half - life of the drug in the terminal phase was similar for the formulations of nanoparticles containing cyclodextrin and paclitaxel, and, in any case, less than that obtained for the commercial formulation administered intravenous (Taxol ® ).
- PTX-OH- ⁇ -CD-NP PVM / MA and OH- ⁇ -CD nanoparticles with paclitaxel
- PTX- ⁇ -CD-NP PVM / MA and ⁇ -CD nanoparticles with paclitaxel
- PTX-NH- ⁇ -CD-NP PVM / MA and NH- ⁇ -CD nanoparticles with paclitaxel
- PTX-NP conventional PVM / MA nanoparticles with paclitaxel.
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Priority Applications (9)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2008240545A AU2008240545B2 (en) | 2007-04-20 | 2008-04-18 | Nanoparticles comprising a cyclodextrin and a biologically active molecule and uses thereof |
EP08761515.9A EP2153826B1 (en) | 2007-04-20 | 2008-04-18 | Nanoparticles comprising a cyclodextrin and paclitaxel and uses thereof |
JP2010503534A JP5847397B2 (ja) | 2007-04-20 | 2008-04-18 | シクロデキストリンおよび生物活性分子を含んでなるナノ粒子ならびにその使用 |
ES08761515.9T ES2684554T3 (es) | 2007-04-20 | 2008-04-18 | Nanopartículas que comprenden una ciclodextrina y paclitaxel y usos de las mismas |
CA2684560A CA2684560C (en) | 2007-04-20 | 2008-04-18 | Nanoparticles comprising a cyclodextrin and a biologically active molecule and uses thereof |
CN200880017440A CN101686949A (zh) | 2007-04-20 | 2008-04-18 | 包含环糊精和生物活性分子的纳米颗粒及其用途 |
BRPI0810396-8A2A BRPI0810396A2 (pt) | 2007-04-20 | 2008-04-18 | Nanopartícula que compreende um polímero biodegradável, uma ciclodextrina ou um derivado desta, composição farmacêutica e processo para produzir nanopartículas |
US12/596,664 US9522197B2 (en) | 2007-04-20 | 2008-04-18 | Nanoparticles comprising a cyclodextrin and a biologically active molecule and uses thereof |
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EA016410B1 (ru) * | 2010-11-13 | 2012-04-30 | Ооо "Нпк Наносистема" | Фармацевтическая композиция на основе наночастиц циклодекстрина, содержащих рифабутин, способ ее получения, способ лечения микобактериоза и геликобактерной инфекции (варианты) |
US9351940B2 (en) | 2011-04-15 | 2016-05-31 | Bionanoplus, S.L. | Nanoparticles comprising esters of poly (methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride) and uses thereof |
WO2016087340A1 (en) | 2014-12-01 | 2016-06-09 | Innoup Farma, S.L. | Nanoparticles for encapsulating compounds, the preparation and uses thereof |
US10933025B2 (en) | 2014-12-01 | 2021-03-02 | Innoup Farma, S.L. | Nanoparticles for encapsulating compounds, the preparation and uses thereof |
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AU2008240545B2 (en) | 2013-06-06 |
CA2684560C (en) | 2016-06-14 |
US20100136129A1 (en) | 2010-06-03 |
CN101686949A (zh) | 2010-03-31 |
WO2008129106A3 (es) | 2009-03-05 |
MX2009011247A (es) | 2010-01-29 |
EP2153826A2 (en) | 2010-02-17 |
ES2310122B1 (es) | 2009-10-30 |
RU2460518C2 (ru) | 2012-09-10 |
JP2010524902A (ja) | 2010-07-22 |
BRPI0810396A2 (pt) | 2014-11-04 |
ES2310122A1 (es) | 2008-12-16 |
ES2684554T3 (es) | 2018-10-03 |
RU2009142806A (ru) | 2011-05-27 |
AU2008240545A1 (en) | 2008-10-30 |
JP5847397B2 (ja) | 2016-01-20 |
US9522197B2 (en) | 2016-12-20 |
CA2684560A1 (en) | 2008-10-30 |
EP2153826B1 (en) | 2018-06-27 |
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