Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23K—FODDER
  • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
  • A23K50/40—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for carnivorous animals, e.g. cats or dogs
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23K—FODDER
  • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
  • A23K20/10—Organic substances
  • A23K20/105—Aliphatic or alicyclic compounds
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23K—FODDER
  • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
  • A23K20/10—Organic substances
  • A23K20/142—Amino acids; Derivatives thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23K—FODDER
  • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
  • A23K20/10—Organic substances
  • A23K20/158—Fatty acids; Fats; Products containing oils or fats
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23K—FODDER
  • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
  • A23K20/10—Organic substances
  • A23K20/174—Vitamins
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23K—FODDER
  • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
  • A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
  • A23K20/30—Oligoelements
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
  • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
  • A61P31/20—Antivirals for DNA viruses
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P33/00—Antiparasitic agents
  • A61P33/02—Antiprotozoals, e.g. for leishmaniasis, trichomoniasis, toxoplasmosis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
  • A61P37/04—Immunostimulants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
  • A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs

Definitions

• the present invention relates to compositions and methods for enhancing the development of growing animals.
• compositions specially formulated to address many different nutritional needs include, for example, formulations designed for different breed types, sizes and body conditions. They also include formulations designed to address the nutritional needs of animals in the different stages of their life cycle. Typically, these stages include the growth, adult and senior stages of life.
• US Patent 5,851,573 discloses a pet food composition for large breed puppies
• US 6,426,100 discloses compositions to provide improved bone modeling and chondrocyte functioning in growing animals
• US 6,582,752 discloses gender specific puppy food.
• the need remains for the development of additional formulations comprising innovative ingredients and nutrients designed to enhance the development of growing animals.
• Bones are metabolically active, undergoing constant resorption and redeposition of calcium. This requires the sequential and coordinated actions of osteoclasts, to remove bone (resorption), and the osteblasts to replace it (deposition). This is commonly called “bone turnover.”
• bone turnover In normal bone, following skeletal growth of an animal, the mineral deposition is in equilibrium with mineral resorption; however, in certain conditions, bone resorption exceeds bone deposition, resulting in loss of bone mineral content. High bone turnover with increased bone resorption can compromise bone strength, leading to a thinning of the bone structure. This may result in abnormal bone microarchitecture and reduced bone mineralization.
• BAP bone alkaline phosphatase
• Nootropic agents are known in the art, and generally include drugs and compounds which improve cognative and neurologic development. Although nootropic agents have been used for many years, some of the agents are toxic or expensive to use in food products. Thus, it is desirable to develop compositions and methods which may aid in neurologic development of animals without increasing costs for manufacturing. Preferably, ingredients which are readily available in the art may be utilized to improve nedurologic development, however, specific formulations need to be developed before their advantages may be realized and appreciated.
• the present invention relates to compositions that are useful to enhance the development of a growing animal.
• the compositions of the present invention comprise one or more nutrients or bioactive substances that can enhance neurologic development, bone development, and promote healthy body composition in a growing animal.
• the nutrients and bioactive substances include, but are not limited to, fatty acids, antioxidants, essential nutrients, amino acids, minerals and trace elements, vitamins and vitamin-like substances.
• Other aspects of the invention relate to methods to enhance the development of a growing animal comprising administration of effective amounts of the compositions of the present invention directly to a growing animal and/oror to the dam of said animal while the animal is in utero and/ or is a nursling.
• the invention relates to a Composition 1, a pet food composition useful to enhance the development of a growing animal comprising: about 0.8 to about 1.6% methionine, about 50 to about 200 ppm manganese, about 0.1 to about 0.5% DHA, about 0.1 to about 0.7% EPA, about 2500 to about 7500 ppm choline.
• a Composition 1 a pet food composition useful to enhance the development of a growing animal comprising: about 0.8 to about 1.6% methionine, about 50 to about 200 ppm manganese, about 0.1 to about 0.5% DHA, about 0.1 to about 0.7% EPA, about 2500 to about 7500 ppm choline.
• the present invention also includes the following compositions:
• Composition 1.0 comprising about 1000 to about 2000 ppm taurine.
• Composition 1.0 or 1.1 comprising about 2.5 to about 6 % linoleic acid.
• any of the preceding compositions comprising about 1 to about 3% total n-3 fatty acids.
• Any of the preceding compositions comprising about 50 to about 1200 IU/ kg vitamin E.
• compositions comprising about 50 to about 500 ppm vitamin C.
• compositions comprising about 2.2 to about 7 g lysine/ 1000 kcal.
• Composition 1 comprising 0 to about 90% by weight of carbohydrates
• Composition 1.1 or 1.2 comprising about 5% to about 70% by weight protein, e.g., about 20% to about 50%, or about 22% to about 50%;
• compositions comprising about 2% to about 50% by weight of fat
• compositions comprising about 0.1 % to about 20% by weight of total dietary fiber, e.g., about 1% to about 11%;
• compositions comprising 0 to about 15% by weight of vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients, in varying percentages which support the nutritional needs of the animal, e.g., about 2% to about 8%;
• compositions comprising about 5% to about 55%, by weight of carbohydrates
• compositions comprising about 20% to about 60% by weight of protein
• compositions comprising about 5% to about 40%, by weight of fat, e.g., at least about 8% or about 9% to about 40% fat; 1.15 Any of the preceding compositions comprising about 200 to about 1000 IU/kg vitamin E.
• compositions comprising about 2.5 to about 7 g lysine/ 1000 kcal.
• compositions comprising about 100 ppm to about 500 ppm carnitine.
• compositions which is a dog food, e.g., a puppy food.
• Another embodiment of the present invention is a pet food composition useful to promote bone development a growing animal comprising about 0.1 % to about 0.7 % EPA (e.g., about 0.1% to about 0.6%), about 50 ppm to about 200 ppm manganese (e.g., about 50 to about 150 ppm) and about 0.5% to about 1.6% methionine (e.g., about 0.8% to about 1.6%).
• Another embodiment of the present invention is a pet food composition useful to promote a healthy body composition in an animal comprising about 0.1% to about 0.5 % DHA, about 100 ppm to about 500 ppm carnitine and about 2.5 g/1000 kcal to about 7 g/1000 kcal lysine.
• the present invention also includes Method 2.0, a method to promote bone development, enhance neurologic development, enhance cognitive and motor skills, promote a healthy body composition, and/ or reduce fat in a canine comprising administering to the canine any one of compositions the compositions of the present invention, e.g., compositions 1.0 - 1.18.
• the present invention also includes the following methods:
• compositions consisting essentially of any one of compositions 1.0 - 1.18 prior to and during pregnancy.
• compositions are administered to the animal for an effective amount of time.
• compositions disclosed herein directly to a growing animal, e.g., to a puppy, the compositions may be administered to the dam of the animal while the animal is still in utero, and/ or while the animal is a nursling.
• the present invention relates to any animal, preferably a mammal, more preferably a companion animal.
• the term "companion animal” refers to any animal that lives in close association with humans and includes, but is not limited to, canines and felines of any breed. It is contemplated herein, however, that any animal whose diet may be controlled by humans may benefit from feeding the formulations disclosed herein. These animals may include, for example, domesticated farm animals (e.g., cattle, horses, swine, etc.) as well as undomesticated animals held in captivity, e.g., in zoological parks and the like.
• the animal is a canine, e.g., dog.
• the canine is a growing canine, e.g., a puppy.
• an amount effective to or “an effective amount” to achieve a particular result, and like terms, refer to that amount of a compound, material or composition as described herein that may be effective to achieve a particularly desired biological result.
• results include, for example, enhancement of neurologic development, bone and joint health, immune function and/ or promotion of a healthy body composition of an animal, either in utero and/ or during its growth stage after birth, e.g., up to one year of age and beyond depending upon the species and breed of the animal, e.g., a canine.
• Such effective activity may be achieved, for example, by administration of compositions of the present invention to the dam of said animal while the animal is in utero or nursing, as well as by direct administration to the animal during its growth stage.
• the "enhancement" of a particular biological process or body condition in a growing animal refers to an improvement in the biological process or body condition of a growing animal compared to a control animal. Improvement in such a process or condition may be determined by one of skill in the art. For example, an enhancement in neurologic development may be indicated by better brain development, as measured by MRI spectroscopy, and/ or by better cognitive and motor skill scores, compared to control animals. An enhancement in bone development may be indicated, for example, by lower bone alkaline phosphatase levels compared to control animals and/ or by higher dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA or DEXA) bone density scores compared to controls.
• DXA or DEXA dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
• the body composition of growing animals may also be assessed by DXA; bone mineral density, bone mineral content, lean mass, total fat mass, percent fat mass, lean and bone content may be assayed in an animal administered the compositions according to the methods of the present invention and compared to control animals, where animals with less percent body fat compared to controls are considered to have a healthy body composition.
• “enhancement of the development of a growing animal” or “enhanced growth” and like terms refer to an overall improvement in one or more biological processes and/ or the body condition of a growing animal, including but not limited to, biological processes central to the growth and development of an organism, including, but not limited to, the biological processes described herein, e.g., bone and joint health, neurologic and immune system development and body weight gain (e.g., increase in lean muscle mass instead of adipose tissue).
• the "growth" life stage of an animal refers to the period from birth or weaning (approximately 8 weeks of age) to about 1 year of age or beyond, depending on the species and breed of the animal.
• the term "puppy” refers to an immature canine, typically between the ages of birth and 12 months.
• a "healthy body composition” refers to a body composition in a growing animal that comprises a normal percent body fat, e.g., a body fat of approximately 25%, with a tendency to put on weight by adding lean muscle mass rather than adipose tissue.
• Essential amino acids refers to those amino acids that cannot be synthesized de no ⁇ o by an organism and thus must be supplied in the diet. It is understood by one of skill in the art that the essential amino acids vary from species to species, depending upon the organism's metabolism. For example, it is generally understood that the essential amino acids for dogs and cats (and humans), are phenylalanine, leucine, methionine, lysine, isoleucine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, histidine and arginine.
• a "limiting amino acid” refers to an amino acid which if present in insufficient quantities in a diet, results in the limitation in usefulness of other essential amino acids, even if the other essential amino acids are present in otherwise large enough quantities.
• Lysine is the limiting essential amino acid in the compositions disclosed herein.
• the remaining essential amino acids are quantitatively formulated or "balanced” in relationship to the amount of lysine determined critical to affect the desired biological result.
• balanced amino acids refers to the relationship of the essential amino acid lysine to energy to assure optimal animal growth and development.
• Essential nutrients refers to nutrients required for normal body functioning that cannot be synthesized by the body. Categories of essential nutrient include vitamin dietary minerals, fatty acid, and amino acid. It is understood by one of skill in the art that the nutrients deemed essential varies from species to species, depending upon the organism's metabolism.
• essential nutrients for dogs and cats include Vitamins A, D, E, K, Bl, B6, B12, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, folic acid, calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chlorine, iron, copper, zinc, manganese, selenium and iodine.
• Choline generally regarded as a B complex vitamin, may be included among the semi-essential nutrients.
• taurine while technically not an amino acid but a derivative of cysteine, is an essential nutrient for cats.
• Carnitine also known as L-carnitine, (levocarnitine) is a quaternary ammonium compound synthesized from the amino acids lysine and methionine and is responsible for the transport of fatty acids from the cytosol into the mitochondria.
• the present invention is based on the surprising discovery that the addition of certain ingredients to pet food compositions and administration of these compositions to animals can enhance the development of a growing animal.
• data indicate that animals fed the compositions of the present invention (or those whose dams were fed the compositions during gestation and prior to weaning but continued throughout growth of their litters), demonstrate enhanced neurologic development, bone and joint health, and have overall healthier body composition.
• compositions of the present invention comprise nutritionally complete and balanced animal feed compositions.
• Such compositions include, among other nutrients and ingredients, recommended healthful amounts of protein, carbohydrate and fat.
• "Nutritionally complete and balanced animal feed compositions" as well as nutrients and ingredients suitable for animal feed compositions, and recommended amounts thereof, are familiar to one of skill in the art (see, for example, National Research Council, 2006 Nutritional Requirements for Dogs and Cats, National Academy Press, Washington D. C. or the Official Publication of the Association of American Feed Control Officials, Inc. Nutrient Requirements for Dogs and Cats 2006).
• compositions disclosed herein may also comprise antioxidants, additives, stabilizers, thickeners, flavorants, palatability enhancers and colorants in amounts and combinations familiar to one of skill in the art.
• Antioxidants refers to a substance that is capable of reacting with or decreasing the production of free radicals and neutralizing them.
• compositions of the present invention may be, for example, a wet, semi-dry or dry animal food composition.
• "Wet" food refers to food which is sold in cans or foil bags and has a moisture content of about 70 to about a 90%.
• “Dry” food refers to compositions with about 5 to about 15% moisture content and is often manufactured in the form of small bits or kibbles.
• Semi-dry compositions refer to compositions having about 15% to about 70% moisture.
• compositions of intermediate moisture consistency and those that may comprise components of various consistency as well as components that may include more than one consistency, for example, soft, chewy meat-like particles as well as kibble having an outer cereal component and an inner cream component.
• Another aspect of the invention relates to methods to enhance the development of a growing animal by administering to the animal an effective amount of a composition of the present invention.
• “enhancement of the development of a growing animal” refers to an overall improvement in one or more biological processes and/ or the body condition of a growing animal, including but not limited to, biological processes central to the growth and development of an organism, including, but not limited to, the biological processes described herein, e.g., bone and joint growth, neurologic and immune system development and healthy body weight gain.
• biological processes central to the growth and development of an organism, including, but not limited to, the biological processes described herein, e.g., bone and joint growth, neurologic and immune system development and healthy body weight gain.
• the invention relates to a method to enhance the neurologic development of a growing animal comprising administering to said animal a composition of the present invention.
• an enhancement in neurologic development may be indicated by better cognitive and motor skill scores, compared to control animals.
• the state of neurologic development may be assayed by measuring the level of trainability in a growing animal to which is administered a composition of the present invention and comparing levels to a suitable control animal.
• the invention relates to a method to enhance bone and joint health in a growing animal comprising administering to said animal a composition of the present invention.
• An enhancement in bone and joint health may be indicated by, for example, lower bone alkaline phosphatase levels compared to control animals as it is believed that lower bone alkaline phosphatase levels are indicative of decreased bone turnover and thus a propensity of more dense bone growth.
• lower levels of arthritic markers e.g., carboxy-terminal c- telopeptide of type 1 cartilage and deoxy- pyrodiniline, may indicate a decreased amounts of cartilage damage or bone damage and turnover, respectively.
• Bone and joint health may also be assayed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), with enhanced bone and joint health indicated by higher bone density scores compared to controls.
• DXA dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
• the invention relates to a method to enhance immune function in a growing animal comprising administering to said animal a composition of the present invention.
• animals with enhanced immune function may be characterized as those which demonstrate greater antibody response upon antigen challenge than controls.
• the invention relates to a method to promote a healthy body composition in a growing animal.
• body weight gain due to an increase in lean muscle mass is preferred to weight gain attributable to an accumulation of adipose tissue.
• compositions of the present invention may be administered to an animal alone as a complete nutritionally balanced diet, or in conjunction with dietary supplements, vitamins and/ or other nutritionally beneficial agents familiar to one of skill in the art, as part of an overall wellness program for the animal.
• Compositions of the invention may also be useful as a veterinary therapeutic product.
• the compositions may optionally contain a carrier, diluent, or an excipient, the suitability of which for the intended use being familiar to one of skill in the art.
• compositions disclosed herein in addition to administering the compositions disclosed herein directly to a growing animal, e.g., to a growing puppy or kitten, the compositions may be administered to the dam of the animal while the animal is still in utero or while the animal is a nursling.
• the following examples further illustrate the present invention and are not intended to limit the invention. It is understood that when formulations are described, they may be described in terms of their ingredients, as is common in the art, notwithstanding that these ingredients may react with one another in the actual formulation as it is made, stored and used, and such products are intended to be covered by the formulations described.
• dry matter basis means the component concentration in the composition after any moisture in the composition is removed.
• Formulations to enhance the development of growing animal are disclosed herein. These compositions are developed taking into account the "ideal protein concept" (Baker and Czarnecki-Maulden, 1991 Annu. Rev. Nutr. 11:239-63).
• Foods are developed for the "growth" life stage. These foods include formulations for canine growth and feline growth. The minimum nutrient recommendations for these foods, as well as the targeted values for a prototype food, are listed below in Table 1. Table 1. Key Nutrients for Puppy Formula
• Composition H is the composition that is the subject of this application.
• the other four compositions are available commercially.
• Compositions Pl and P2 are the same brand of food, but produced in different lots.
• Compositions El and E2 originate from the same manufacturer, but composition El is marketed to small breed dogs, and composition E2 is marketed for medium breed dogs.
• dams are divided into three groups to receive either composition H, Pl or El for at least 10 days prior to conception. Dams are maintained in group lodging until confirmed pregnant via palpation, and are then moved to maternity lodging. Puppies from dams are kept on same foods the dams are originally assigned until the puppies are weaned. Following weaning, forty- eight puppies produced by dams fed composition Pl, 16 puppies produced from dams fed composition El, and 16 puppies produced from dams fed composition H are randomly selected for further testing. [0051] Following weaning, of the 48 puppies from dams fed composition Pl, 16 puppies are each switched to either one of compositions H, P2, or E2. Following weaning, the 16 puppies from dams fed composition El are switched to composition E2. The 16 puppies from dams fed composition H are provided composition H post weaning.
• Electroretinograms are performed on the puppies of Example 2 at various time points with handheld, portable equipment, including a miniature Ganzfeld type of stimulator. Animals are dark adapted for at least one hour, then anesthetized using medetomidine (0.1 mg/kg IM ) and ketamine (5 mg/kg IM ) under red light. Pupils are maximally dilated using tropicamide 1 % (Tropicamide Ophthalmic Solution USP, Alcon Lab. Inc., Fort Worth, Texas) and eyes anesthetized with proparacaine hydrochloride 0.5% (Alcaine, Alcon Lab. Inc., Fort Worth, Texas).
• a Jet contact lens electrode is positioned on the eye, and cushioned with methylcellulose (Methocel, Ciba Vision, Grosswallstadt, Germany).
• Subdermal platinum needle electrodes are placed at the occiput and approximately 0.5 cm from the lateral canthus of the eye and serve as ground and reference electrodes, respectively.
• the standard flash (SF) for this instrument (0 log) is 1.7 cd s/m2, produced by white LEDs.
• the flash intensity can be changed in 0.3 log steps, from -3.0 log to +1.2 log units.
• For scotopic stimulation in this study -3.0 log, 0 log and + 1.2 log with SF is used.
• After 10 minutes of light adaptation using ordinary fluorescent lights in the room) photopic recordings are performed at 0 and +1.2 log, and finally, responses to 30 Hz flicker stimulation are studied. All recordings are saved on the ERG unit and later transported to a computer for further evaluation.
• Cognitive data for positional discrimination and reversal is investigated by analysis of variance (ANOVA), with food group serving as a between-subject variable.
• a significance level of 0.05 is required for statistical significance; however, the results are characterized as marginally significant if they achieve a significance level of 0.10.
• ANOVAs analyses of variance
• ERG results also support the conclusion that feeding of foods which comprise added DHA prior to or after weaning helps increase retinal function in growing puppies. Specifically, preliminary investigation shows that the effect of added DHA to maternal foods is important in improvement of amplitude of b-wave in the scotopic range of vision. This effect continues well into the post weaning period for the maternal effects and also appears in the puppies transitioned to foods comprising DHA following a maternal food that did not contain DHA. This would indicate that addition of DHA improved activity of the rods which could result in better visual acuity in instances of low-light.
• Example 4 Bone Development
• Composition H which may lead to healthier bone development.
• Serum samples are taken at four months and are frozen. Samples are thawed and subjected to assay as previously described (Yamka, et al. Intern J
• BAP bone alkaline phosphatase
• Composition P1-P2 This reasonably suggests the possibility of decreased bone turnover and a propensity for more dense bone.
• Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry is performed on the puppies of Example 2 under anesthesia at 2, 4, 6, 9 and 12 months of age with the use of a LUNAR instrument (General Electric). Whole body composition is determined at each of these time points. Outcomes measured are bone mineral density, bone mineral content, lean mass, total fat mass, % fat mass, lean + bone content. ANOVA is performed at each time point to determine significant differences between groups. Body weight is obtained using an electronic scale each week for each puppy. Results:
• Composition H-H group is significantly lower than any of the other four. None of the other four groups differs from each other. [0072] 6 months of age- At 6 months of age a significant difference still exists between groups via one-way ANOVA with the Composition H-H group being significantly less than all the other groups:
• Average weight gain during this period is as follows:

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• 2008
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