WO2008014690A1 - Nano-fil de dioxyde de titane, procédé d'élaboration correspondant, son utilisation, et procédé de dégradation de contaminants organiques - Google Patents

Nano-fil de dioxyde de titane, procédé d'élaboration correspondant, son utilisation, et procédé de dégradation de contaminants organiques Download PDF

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WO2008014690A1
WO2008014690A1 PCT/CN2007/002276 CN2007002276W WO2008014690A1 WO 2008014690 A1 WO2008014690 A1 WO 2008014690A1 CN 2007002276 W CN2007002276 W CN 2007002276W WO 2008014690 A1 WO2008014690 A1 WO 2008014690A1
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titanium dioxide
nanowire
nanowires
hydrothermal reaction
organic contaminants
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PCT/CN2007/002276
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English (en)
French (fr)
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Dongsheng Xu
Yuxiang Yu
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Beijing Xianxundongtai Technology Co., Ltd.
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Publication of WO2008014690A1 publication Critical patent/WO2008014690A1/zh

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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01GCOMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
    • C01G23/00Compounds of titanium
    • C01G23/04Oxides; Hydroxides
    • C01G23/047Titanium dioxide
    • C01G23/053Producing by wet processes, e.g. hydrolysing titanium salts
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J21/00Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
    • B01J21/06Silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
    • B01J21/063Titanium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/30Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
    • B01J35/39Photocatalytic properties
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82YSPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y30/00Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01PINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2002/00Crystal-structural characteristics
    • C01P2002/70Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data
    • C01P2002/72Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data by d-values or two theta-values, e.g. as X-ray diagram
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01PINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2004/00Particle morphology
    • C01P2004/10Particle morphology extending in one dimension, e.g. needle-like
    • C01P2004/16Nanowires or nanorods, i.e. solid nanofibres with two nearly equal dimensions between 1-100 nanometer
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/30Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/72Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
    • C02F1/725Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation by catalytic oxidation
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/30Organic compounds
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02WCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W10/00Technologies for wastewater treatment
    • Y02W10/30Wastewater or sewage treatment systems using renewable energies
    • Y02W10/37Wastewater or sewage treatment systems using renewable energies using solar energy

Definitions

  • Titanium dioxide nanowire preparation method and use thereof, and method for degrading organic pollutant
  • the invention relates generally to a method for preparing titanium dioxide nanowires and the use of titanium dioxide nanowires for the degradation of organic pollutants.
  • Titanium dioxide has become a hotspot in the field of materials due to its broad application prospects in solar cells, photocatalysis, photolysis water and sensor cells.
  • titanium dioxide nanoparticles by one-dimensional titanium dioxide nanostructures (nanowires, rods and tubes) has become the focus of research because photo-generated carriers can migrate long distances in the axial direction of one-dimensional nanostructures, reducing the empty space.
  • the probability of hole and electron recombination is expected to increase its efficiency when applied to photocatalysis, photolysis of water and solar cells.
  • CN 1699636A discloses a preparation method of a one-dimensional single crystal titanium oxide nano material, which comprises adding titanium tetrachloride or titanium dioxide powder to an organic solvent to obtain a uniformly dispersed mixture; adding an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution to the mixture Stir and transfer to an autoclave, thermostat at 50-300 ° C; after cooling, wash with dilute solution of deionized water and acid to obtain one-dimensional single crystal titanium dioxide nanomaterials with a diameter of 10 - 100 nm and a length of micron (nanowires, nanorods, nanotubes).
  • CN 1613585A discloses a method for preparing a titanium dioxide wire tube, wherein it is also pointed out that the titanium-oxygen powder can be directly obtained by using a hydrothermal method under alkaline conditions, and after cooling, the titanium dioxide nanowire tube can be obtained by washing with acid and water.
  • Shaped nanowires (tubes), previously reported in the literature by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterization of the product has a layered structure, and various crystal phases of titanium oxide have no layered structure, titanic acid or titanate;
  • SAED selected area electron diffraction
  • FIG. 1 and 4 of CN 1699636A are self-contradictory.
  • Figures 1 and 4 are XRD patterns and high resolution transmission electron micrographs of the product obtained in Example 3, which should be consistent.
  • Figure 1 (XRD pattern) illustrates that the product is anatase titanium dioxide, and from Figure 4, a distinct layered structure can be seen, which is typical of high resolution transmission photographs of layered compounds (cf. Figure 3B of this patent) .
  • CN 1613585A the inventors conducted a comparative test with reference to its preferred embodiment (Example 2), and as a result of the foregoing theory, it was found that the obtained product was not a mixed phase of rutile and anatase as described in the patent application. Titanium dioxide, but it has been obtained from titanium, and it is now widely recognized by researchers in the field that the conventional method represented by CN 1699636A and CN 1613585A cannot produce titanium dioxide nanowires. That is to say, so far, there is no practical method for mass production of titanium dioxide nanowires in an industrial scale. Summary of the invention
  • the invention adopts a hydrothermal method, selects a suitable temperature and acidity, and completely converts the titanate nanowire into a titanium dioxide nanowire, mainly an anatase titanium dioxide nanowire, especially an anatase titanium dioxide single crystal nanowire.
  • the obtained anatase titanium dioxide nanowire dispersion Well with a large aspect ratio, it takes only one to two hours of sedimentation to separate the nanowires from the solution after photocatalytic reaction, which solves the problem that the titanium dioxide nanomaterials are difficult to separate in photocatalytic applications. .
  • the titanium dioxide nanowire of the invention has low production cost and can be recycled, and has wide application prospects in environmental organic pollutant degradation. Summary of the invention
  • the present invention provides a method of preparing a titania nanowire and the use of the titania nanowires thus obtained.
  • the method firstly obtains titanate nanowires under the strong alkaline condition by hydrothermal method. After ion exchange, the hydrothermal conditions are controlled by controlling the acid concentration and reaction temperature of the hydrothermal reaction.
  • the titanium dioxide nanowires which are mainly anatase titanium dioxide nanowires. A large number of anatase titanium dioxide single crystal nanowires have also been obtained under suitable conditions.
  • the titanium dioxide one-dimensional nanostructure of the present invention has a sufficient aspect ratio, the one-dimensional nanostructure has a great advantage in catalyst recovery compared to nanoparticles when performing photocatalytic applications, thereby solving the problem of titanium dioxide in light. Catalytic application challenges.
  • the preparation process of the present invention is shown in Figure 1.
  • 1 is titanium oxide powder
  • 2 is sodium hydroxide aqueous solution
  • 3 is sodium titanate nanowire
  • 4 is inorganic acid
  • 5 is titanate nanowire
  • 6 is inorganic acid
  • 7 is anatase titanium dioxide nanowire.
  • hydrothermal reaction gives 3; after filtration, washing and ion exchange in 4 aqueous solution to obtain 5; after washing and washing, hydrothermal reaction is carried out in 6 aqueous solution, filtered and dried. Anatase titanium dioxide nanowires are obtained.
  • the various process conditions in the preparation process of the present invention are as follows:
  • Titanium oxide powder It can be Ti0 2 powder, metatitanic acid, orthotitanic acid or sodium metatitanate.
  • the inorganic acid can be selected from concentrated hydrochloric acid or concentrated nitric acid as the acid source. After dilution with water, an acid solution of different pH is arranged. The pH of 4 is 1-2, and the P H of 6 is 1-7.
  • hydrothermal temperature and time The temperature of hydrothermal reaction a is 180-250 ° C, the time is 10-48 hours, which is related to the choice of titanium oxide powder; the temperature of hydrothermal reaction b is 120-250 ° C The time is 1-48 hours.
  • Drying The purpose of drying is to remove the moisture adsorbed by the precipitate. It can be dried at 60-100 ° C or vacuum dried at 30-60 ° C.
  • the powder obtained by the present invention has good crystallinity, can be pulverized without grinding or slightly grinding, and can be well dispersed in an aqueous solution.
  • the amount is 0.02% to 5%. Due to the large aspect ratio, nanowires have a significant advantage over nanoparticles in the recovery of catalysts. After repeated cycles, the photocatalytic efficiency of the nanowires did not decrease significantly.
  • the nanowires prepared by the method have the characteristics of low cost, single crystal, easy separation and recyclability, and have wide application prospects in the degradation of environmental organic pollutants.
  • the preparation process is simple, the process parameters are easy to control, and it is easy to be mass-produced industrially;
  • the raw materials are easy to obtain and the production cost is low;
  • anatase Ti0 2 single crystal nanowires can be obtained under specific conditions, and the purity of the product is high (greater than 99%).
  • anatase Ti0 2 nanowires for wastewater treatment comprising: 1. The photocatalytic activity is high, and the photocatalytic activity of the anatase Ti0 2 single crystal nanowire is equivalent to that of P25;
  • the Ti0 2 nanowire can be separated from the solution after only one to two hours of sedimentation, and can be recycled;
  • Figure 1 is a flow chart of the preparation process of the present invention.
  • FIG 2 is a X-ray diffraction titanate nanowires Example 2 and Ti0 and 2 nanowires embodiment.
  • 3 is a transmission (A) and a high resolution transmission electron micrograph (B) of a titanate nanowire prepared in Example 2.
  • Example 4 is a transmission electron micrograph of different pH conditions prepared by the method provided by the present invention (A: anatase Ti0 2 nanowire obtained in Example 1; B: anatase Ti0 2 single crystal nanowire obtained in Example 2) ).
  • FIG 5 Preparation of anatase method of the present invention provides nanowires 102 high-resolution radiograph (A: anatase Ti0 and 2 Example 1 was nanowire embodiment; B, C: anatase obtained in Example 2 Mine 110 2 single crystal nanowire).
  • Figure 6 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of the product prepared in Example 3.
  • Example 7 is a graph showing the photocatalytic rate of anatase Ti 2 nanowires prepared in Example 2 as a function of the number of cycles. detailed description
  • Example 1 The technical solutions of the present invention are further illustrated by the following examples and comparative examples, but the scope of the present application is not limited by the specific conditions of the examples.
  • Example 1 The technical solutions of the present invention are further illustrated by the following examples and comparative examples, but the scope of the present application is not limited by the specific conditions of the examples.
  • Lg titanium oxide (Deguass P25) is dispersed in 40mL 5M sodium hydroxide solution, transferred to a hydrothermal kettle, heated to 250 ° C, constant temperature for 48 hours, when the reactor temperature drops to room temperature, the hydrothermal kettle Remove, remove the supernatant, transfer the bottom white solid to a beaker, disperse it by ultrasound, wash it several times with deionized water, and centrifuge until the pH of the wash reaches 9-11. Add 0.1M nitric acid solution until the solution becomes acidic, sonicate and let stand for more than 6 hours, so that H+ ions can fully exchange Na+ ions in the nanowires.
  • Example 3 Comparative experiment: Example 2 of repeating CN 1613585A 25 kg of metatitanic acid powder was placed in the reaction vessel, 10 M aqueous NaOH solution was added, mixed and stirred, heated to 160 ° C and maintained at this temperature for 24 h; The kettle was lowered to room temperature, and the reaction vessel was opened to take out the product, which was subjected to filtration treatment, washed with 0.1 M diluted nitric acid, washed with water, and dried. The X-ray diffraction spectrum (XRD) of the obtained product is shown in Fig. 6. From the spectrum, it can be directly found that the product of this example is titanic acid.
  • XRD X-ray diffraction spectrum
  • Titanium dioxide nanowires are used to degrade dye wastewater.
  • 0.5 g of anatase Ti ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4 nanowires obtained in Example 1 are placed in 100 mL of 8 mg L rhodamine B aqueous solution for dye degradation. Under oxygen-free conditions, 8 watt UV lamps are used.
  • the degradation was carried out by irradiation at (254 nm), and the photocatalytic activity of the anatase Ti0 2 nanowire reached 65% of Deguass P25 under the same conditions. After natural degradation for 2 hours after degradation, the supernatant and nanowires can be completely separated by pouring.
  • Titanium dioxide nanowires are used to degrade wastewater containing organic small molecule aniline
  • Example 2 0.75 g of the anatase ⁇ 0 2 nanowire obtained in Example 2 was placed in a 500 mL aniline solution (170 mg/L) of simulated wastewater. Degraded by irradiation with a 9 watt UV lamp (254 nm). Compared with the case of adding no hydrogen peroxide and adding 1 mL/L of hydrogen peroxide, the COD removal rate of the wastewater was 30% and 40% after 4 hours.

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Description

二氧化钛纳米线、 其制备方法和用途、 以及降解有机污染物的方法
技术领域
本发明主要涉及一种制备二氧化钛纳米线的方法及二氧化钛纳 米线在有机污染物降解方面的应用。
背景技术
自从 1972年 Fujishima和 Honda发现二氧化钛电极可用来光解 水后, 二氧化钛由于在太阳能电池、光催化、光解水和传感器电池等 方面的广阔应用前景, 成为材料领域研究的热点。
近年来, 一维二氧化钛纳米结构(纳米线、棒和管)取代二氧化 钛纳米颗粒成为研究的焦点,这是因为光生载流子能在一维纳米结构 的轴向进行长距离的迁移,减少了空穴和电子复合的几率,预期可以 提高了其应用于光催化、 光解水和太阳能电池时的效率。
到目前为止, 已经报道了多种制备一维二氧化钛纳米结构的方 法, 包括化学气相沉积法、 模板法、 表面活性剂辅助溶胶-凝胶法、 钛板阳极氧化法、电纺丝方法和钛酸盐转化方法。在这些制备方法中, 钛酸盐转化的方法因其低成本且能大量制备而最有希望实现工业应 用。
CN 1699636A公开了一种一维单晶氧化钛纳米材料的制备方法, 其包括将四氯化钛或二氧化钛粉体加入到有机溶剂中,得到分散均匀 的混合物; 向该混合物中加入氢氧化钠水溶液;搅拌并转移到高压釜 中, 在 50— 300°C下恒温; 冷却后用去离子水和酸的稀溶液洗涤, 得 到直径为 10— lOOnm且长度在微米数量级的一维单晶二氧化钛纳米 材料 (纳米线、 纳米棒、 纳米管) 。 CN 1613585A公开了一种制备二氧化钛线管材的方法,其中也指 出采用水热方法在碱性条件下钛一氧粉材可直接获得纳米线管材,冷 却后用酸和水洗得到二氧化钛纳米线管材。
然而,上述专利申请中所公开的技术方案的可行性和真实性值得 怀疑。 中科院物理所的彭练矛教授早在 2001年就对上述技术方案提 出了质疑( Appl. Phys. Lett, 2001, 79, 3702-3704) , 彭练矛教授指出 能谱分析 (EDX)表明所得产物是 TiOx而不是 Ti02。 在随后一篇文 章 (Adv. Mater.,2002, 14, 1208-1211 ) 中, 彭练矛教授明确指出二氧 化钛粉体在 NaOH水溶液中进行水热反应,冷却后经过酸洗得到的是 H2Ti307纳米管而不是以前认为的氧化钛纳米管。
此后,清华大学的李亚栋教授在 2003年的一篇文章 (Chem. Euro. J., 2003, 9, 2229-2238)中特别指出由于二氧化钛没有层状结构,在没 有模板的条件下很难形成层状纳米线(管), 以前报道的文献中透射 电镜(TEM)表征都观察到产物具有层状结构,而氧化钛的各种晶相 都没有层状结构,钛酸或钛酸盐才有;文献中选区电子衍射 (SAED) 说产物是锐钛矿相, 但是这不可能被重复; 能谱分析产物的 Ti/O是 变化的, 而不是固定的 1/2; XRD作为一种常用的表征晶体结构的手 段, 文献中常常没有报道; 一些报道的结果很难让人理解, 比如产物 的质量是初始氧化钛粉体的 20倍之多。
Bruce教授在 2004年的一篇文章( Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 2286-2288) 中也对上述技术方案进行了评述, 认为钛氧粉体在强碱 性条件下经过水热反应得到的是 NayH2_yTin02n+rxH20纳米线(管), 酸洗之后得到的是 Η2Τίη02η+1·χΗ20纳米线 (管) , 而不是以前的文 章和专利所说的锐钛矿或金红石相二氧化钛纳米线(管), 并用实验 证实了这一观点。 目前,本领域已经基本达成公识:使钛氧粉体在碱溶液中发生水 热反应然后酸洗得到的是钛酸纳米材料,而不是一维二氧化钛纳米结 构。
虽然 CN 1699636A和 CN 1613585A均声称从钛氧粉体出发, 通 过水热反应制得了二氧化钛纳米材料(纳米线、 纳米棒、 纳米管) , 然而, 它们的真实性值得怀疑。 举例而言, CN 1699636A 中的图 1 和图 4就有自相矛盾之嫌。 图 1和图 4为实施例 3所得产物的 XRD 图和高分辨透射电镜照片, 两者应该相符相成。 图 1 (XRD图)说明 产物为锐钛矿二氧化钛, 而从图 4来看, 可以看到明显的层状结构, 这是层状化合物的高分辨透射照片的典型特征(对比本专利图 3B)。 因为锐钛矿二氧化钛是四方晶系 (a=b≠c, α = β = γ =90° ) , 按图 4所标 [001]方向, 与其垂直的应该是 (100)或 (010)面, 即 所标 0.73nm应该是锐钛矿二氧化钛 (100) 或 (010) 面的面间距 (0.378nm) 的整数倍, 最接近的是 2倍, 但还是在误差范围之外。
至于 CN 1613585A, 本发明人参照其优选实施方式 (实施例 2)作 了对比试验, 结果正如前述理论预期的那样, 发现所得产物并不像该 专利申请所描述是金红石和锐钛矿混合相二氧化钛, 而是得到了钛 综上所述, 目前本领域的研究人员已经普遍意识到事实上采用以 CN 1699636A和 CN 1613585A为代表的现有方法并不能制得二氧化 钛纳米线。也就是说, 到目前为止, 还没有切实可行的能够以工业规 模批量生产二氧化钛纳米线的方法。 发明内容
本发明采用水热的方法,选取合适的温度和酸度,将钛酸纳米线 完全转化为二氧化钛纳米线,主要是锐钛矿二氧化钛纳米线,尤其是 锐钛矿二氧化钛单晶纳米线。所得到的锐钛矿二氧化钛纳米线分散性 好, 具有大的长径比, 在进行光催化反应后只需要 1一 2小时的沉降 就可将纳米线从溶液中分离出来,解决了二氧 钛纳米材料在光催化 应用时难分离的难题。本发明的二氧化钛纳米线生产成本低,可循环 使用, 在环境有机污染物降解方面有广泛的应用前景。 发明内容
本发明提供了一种制备二氧化钛纳米线的方法及由此制得的二 氧化钛纳米线的用途。该方法从钛氧粉体出发,首先采用水热方法在 强碱性条件下获得钛酸纳米线,通过离子交换后,在水热条件通过控 制水热反应的酸浓度和反应温度, 获得了大量的二氧化钛纳米线,其 中主要是锐钛矿二氧化钛纳米线。在合适的条件下还得到了大量的锐 钛矿二氧化钛单晶纳米线。
由于本发明的二氧化钛一维纳米结构具有足够的长径比,在进行 光催化应用时,相比纳米颗粒,所述一维纳米结构在催化剂回收方面 具有很大的优势, 从而解决了二氧化钛在光催化应用上的难题。
本发明的制备方法流程如图 1所示。 其中 1为钛氧粉体, 2为氢 氧化钠水溶液, 3为钛酸钠纳米线, 4为无机酸, 5为钛酸纳米线, 6 为无机酸, 7为锐钛矿二氧化钛纳米线。 1和 2混合后经水热反应后 得到 3; 经过过滤, 洗涤后在 4的水溶液中进行离子交换得到 5; 再 经过滤洗涤后在 6的水溶液中进行水热反应,过滤洗涤后干燥而制得 锐钛矿二氧化钛纳米线。 本发明制备过程中的各种工艺条件如下:
1. 钛氧粉体: 可以是 Ti02粉体, 偏钛酸, 正钛酸或偏钛酸钠。
2. 无机酸的选择: 无机酸可以选择浓盐酸或浓硝酸为酸源,用水 稀释后配置不同 pH的酸溶液, 4的 pH在 1-2, 6的 PH在 1-7。
3. 氢氧化钠的浓度: 5-15M 4. 水热温度和时间:水热反应 a的温度为 180-250°C,时间为 10-48 小时, 具体和钛氧粉体的选择有关; 水热反应 b 的温度为 120-250°C , 时间为 1-48小时。
5. 洗涤: 水热反应 a后必须经过多次过滤和洗涤。水热反应 b之 后, 水洗除去残余的无机酸, 无机酸离子的存在会影响锐钛矿二 氧化钛纳米线的性能。
6. 干燥: 干燥的目的是为了除去沉淀吸附的水分, 可以在 60-100°C干燥或者采用 30-60°C真空干燥。
7. 粉碎:本发明得到的粉体结晶度好,不需要研磨或稍微研磨即 可粉碎, 而且能很好的在水溶液中分散。 本发明制备的二氧化钛纳米线用作污水处理时, 放入量为 0.02%-5%。 由于具有大的长径比, 在回收催化剂方面纳米线相比纳 米颗粒具有很大的优势。经过多次循环使用, 纳米线的光催化效率并 没有明显的下降。该方法制备的纳米线具有低成本、单晶性、 易分离 和可循环使用等特点, 在环境有机污染物降解方面有广泛的应用前 景。
本发明提供的一种锐钛矿二氧化钛纳米线的制备方法的优点在 于:
1、 制备工艺简单, 工艺参数易控制, 易于大规模工业化生产;
2、 原料易得, 生产成本较低;
3、 不需要经过热处理, 得到纯相的锐钛矿 Ti02纳米线, 分散性 好;
4、 通过控制工艺参数, 在特定的条件下可以得到锐钛矿 Ti02单 晶纳米线, 产品的纯度高 (大于 99% )。 本发明的锐钛矿 Ti02纳米线用于污水处理的优点在于: 1、 光催化活性高, 锐钛矿 Ti02单晶纳米线的光催化活性和 P25 相当;
2、 无二次污染, 光催化降解有机物的产物是二氧化碳和水;
3、 Ti02纳米线在光催化反应完成后, 只需经过 1一 2小时的沉降 就能将纳米线从溶液中分离出来, 可循环使用;
4、 多次 (15次)循环使用后, 锐钛矿 Ti02纳米线的光催化活性 没有明显的降低。 附图说明
图 1是本发明的制备方法流程。
图 2是实施例 2制备的钛酸纳米线和 Ti02纳米线的 X射线衍射图。 图 3是实施例 2制备的钛酸纳米线的透射(A)和高分辨透射电镜照 片 (B)。
图 4是本发明提供的方法制备的不同 pH条件下的透射电镜照片(A: 实施例 1得到的锐钛矿 Ti02纳米线; B:实施例 2得到的锐钛矿 Ti02 单晶纳米线)。
图 5为本发明提供的方法制备的锐钛矿 1 02纳米线的高分辨透射照 片 (A: 实施例 1得到的锐钛矿 Ti02纳米线; B, C: 实施例 2得到 的锐钛矿 1102单晶纳米线)。
图 6是实施例 3制备的产物的 X射线衍射图。
图 7为实施例 2制备的锐钛矿 Ti02纳米线的光催化速率随循环次数 的变化。 具体实施方式
通过下面的实施例和对比实施例进一说明本发明的技术方案,但 是本申请的保护范围不受这些实施例的具体条件的限制。 实施例 1
lg氧化钛 (Deguass P25) 分散在 40mL 5M的氢氧化钠溶液中, 将溶液转移到水热釜中, 加热至 250°C, 恒温 48小时, 当反应釜温 度降至室温后, 将水热釜取出, 到掉上层清液, 底部白色固体转移到 烧杯中, 超声分散, 用去离子水多次洗涤, 离心分离, 直到洗涤液 pH值达到 9一 11。加 0.1M硝酸溶液至溶液变酸性, 超声并静置 6小 时以上, 使得 H+离子能将纳米线中的 Na+离子充分交换出来。 用去 离子水多次洗涤, 离心分离, 直到洗涤液 pH接近中性, 80°C干燥。 将 l-1.5g钛酸纳米线分散到 80mL上述 pH=7的硝酸溶液中, 将溶 液转移水热釜中, 升温至 120°C, 恒温 48小时, 当反应釜降至室温, 用去离子水多次洗涤, 离心分离, 直到洗涤液 pH值达到中性, 80°C 干燥, 得锐钛矿 Ti02纳米线。 实施例 2
2g偏钛酸分散在 80mL 10M的氢氧化钠溶液中, 将溶液转移到 水热釜中, 加热至 180°C, 恒温 10小时, 当反应釜温度降至室温后, 将水热釜取出, 到掉上层清液, 底部白色固体转移到烧杯中, 超声分 散, 用去离子水多次洗涤, 离心分离, 直到洗涤液 pH值达到 9-11。 加 0.1M盐酸溶液至溶液变酸性, 超声并静置 6小时以上, 使得 H+ 离子能将纳米线中的 Na+离子充分交换出来。 用去离子水多次洗涤, 离心分离, 直到洗涤液 pH接近中性, 60°C真空干燥。 将 l-1.5g钛酸 纳米线分散到 80mL上述 pH=2的硝酸溶液中,将溶液转移水热釜中, 升温至 250°C, 恒温 1小时, 当反应釜降至室温, 用去离子水多次洗 涤, 离心分离, 直到洗涤液 pH值达到中性, 60Ό真空干燥, 得锐钛 矿 Ti02单晶纳米线。 实施例 3 对比实验: 重复 CN 1613585A的实施例 2 将 25kg的偏钛酸粉放置到反应釜中,加入 10M的 NaOH水溶液, 混合搅拌均勾后, 加热至 160°C并保持该温度条件下 24h; 待反应釜 降低至室温, 打开反应釜取出产物, 进行过滤处理并用 0.1M的稀硝 酸洗涤, 在水洗, 干燥。 得到产物的 X-射线衍射谱图 (XRD)如图 6 所示, 从谱图可直接得出该实施例的产物是钛酸。 实施例 4
二氧化钛纳米线用于处理含油污水
50mg二氧化钛纳米线加入到 lOOmL清度污染的油水 (COD值为 250 mg/L)中,在通氧条件下,用 8瓦紫外灯(254nm)照射进行降解, 5小时后含油污水的 COD值可降低到 140 mg/L,扣除含油污水中 C1' 的影响, 含油污水的 COD值实际降低到小于 100 mg L, 达到国家一 级排放标准。 实施例 5
二氧化钛纳米线用于降解染料污水 取 0.5g实施例 1得到的锐钛矿 Ti<¾纳米线放入 lOOmL 8mg L的 罗丹明 B水溶液中进行染料降解, 在不通氧条件下, 用 8瓦紫外灯 (254nm)照射进行降解,此锐钛矿 Ti02纳米线的光催化活性达到同 等条件下 Deguass P25的 65 %。降解完之后自然沉降 2小时, 就可用 倾倒的办法将上层清液和纳米线完全分离。 实施例 6
二氧化钛纳米线用于降解包含有机小分子苯胺的污水
取 0.75g实施例 2得到的锐钛矿 Ή02纳米线放入 500mL苯胺溶 液(170mg/L)模拟废水。采用 9瓦紫外灯(254nm)照射进行降解, 对比未加双氧水和添加 lmL/L双氧水两种情况, 4小时后, 废水的 COD去除率分别为 30%和 40%。
实施例 Ί
二氧化钛纳米线用于降解染料污水的循环实验 0.5g锐钛矿 Ti02纳米线用实施例 4进行光催化实验, 等染料完 全降解完之后自然沉降 2小时,用倾倒的办法将上层清液和纳米线完 全分离, 然后将纳米线重新分散在 lOOmL 8mg/L的罗丹明 B水溶液 重复实施例 4的光催化实验, 如此循环 15次。 如图 7所示, 经过 15 次循环之后, 纳米线的光催化活性并没有明显的降低。

Claims

权利要求
1、 二氧化钛纳米线的制备方法, 所述方法包括以下步骤: 将钛氧粉体加入氢氧化钠水溶液中, 通过水热反应 a获得钛酸纳 米线;
用水洗涤所得钛酸钠纳米线;
将洗涤后的钛酸钠纳米线加入酸溶液中进行离子交换;
在酸溶液中通过水热反应 b将经离子交换制得的钛酸纳米线转化 为二氧化钛纳米线, 其中进行所述水热反应 b的温度为 120-250°C, 并且反应持续 1-48小时;
用水洗涤, 分离并干燥所得二氧化钛纳米线。
2、权利要求 1的二氧化钛纳米线的制备方法,其中所述钛氧粉体 是二氧化钛粉体、偏钛酸粉体、正钛酸粉体、偏钛酸钠粉体或者它们 的组合。
3、权利要求 1的二氧化钛纳米线的制备方法,其中所述氢氧化钠 水溶液的浓度为 5-15 mol八。
4、权利要求 1的二氧化钛纳米线的制备方法,其中进行所述水热 反应 a的温度为 180-250°C。
5、权利要求 1或 4的二氧化钛纳米线的制备方法,其中所述水热 反应 a持续 10-48小时。
6、权利要求 1的二氧化钛纳米线的制备方法,其中在所述离子交 换步骤和所述水热反应 b之间用水洗涤并干燥所得的钛酸纳米线。
7、权利要求 1的二氧化钛纳米线的制备方法,其中用于进行所述 水热反应 b的酸溶液的 pH值在 1-7之间。
8、 由权利要求 1-7任一所述的方法制得的二氧化钛纳米线。
9、 权利要求 8的二氧化钛纳米线, 其为锐钛矿二氧化钛纳米线。
10、 权利要求 8或 9的二氧化钛纳米线, 其直径为 30-400nm。
11、权利要求 8-10任一所述的二氧化钛纳米线用于降解有机污染 物的用途。
12、权利要求 11所述的用途,其中所述有机污染物包括生活用水、 生活废水和工业废水中的有机污染物。
13、权利要求 1.1所述的用途, 其中所述有机污染物选自染料、表 面活性剂、 有机小分子和含油污水。
14、 降解有机污染物的方法, 其包括在紫外线照射下使权利要求 1-10任一所述的二氧化钛纳米线与有机污染物充分接触。
15、权利要求 14的降解有机污染物的方法,其中还包括向反应体 系中加入电子捕获剂以提高二氧化钛纳米线的光催化效率。 、\权利要求 15的降解有机污染物的方法, 其中所述电子捕获 剂选自 o2、 03和¾02
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