WO2007114491A1 - 高強度ばね用熱処理鋼 - Google Patents
高強度ばね用熱処理鋼 Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
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- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
- C21D1/25—Hardening, combined with annealing between 300 degrees Celsius and 600 degrees Celsius, i.e. heat refining ("Vergüten")
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- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/52—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for wires; for strips ; for rods of unlimited length
- C21D9/525—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for wires; for strips ; for rods of unlimited length for wire, for rods
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- C22C38/002—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
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- C22C38/12—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, vanadium, or niobium
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- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/42—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with copper
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- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
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- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
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- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/48—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with niobium or tantalum
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- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/50—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with titanium or zirconium
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- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/52—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with cobalt
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- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/54—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with boron
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- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/60—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing lead, selenium, tellurium, or antimony, or more than 0.04% by weight of sulfur
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
- C21D2211/008—Martensite
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/20—Recycling
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a steel for high-temperature heat treatment springs, which is hot-coiled or cold-coiled, has high strength and high toughness, and is particularly cold-coiled and nitrided.
- springs With the reduction in weight and performance of automobiles, springs have also been strengthened, and high-strength steel with a tensile strength exceeding 1500 MPa after heat treatment is used for the springs. In recent years, steel wires with a tensile strength exceeding 2 100 MPa are also required. This is to ensure a material hardness that does not hinder the spring even if it is softened slightly by heating, such as nitriding during stress removal annealing.
- nitriding and shot peening are known to increase the surface hardness and dramatically improve durability against spring fatigue, but the sag characteristics of springs are not determined by the surface hardness. The strength or hardness inside the spring material is greatly affected. Therefore, it is important to finish the component with a very high internal hardness.
- elements such as V, Nb, and Mo are added to form fine carbides that are solid-dissolved by quenching and precipitate by tempering, thereby restricting the movement of dislocations and providing sag resistance characteristics.
- elements such as V, Nb, and Mo are added to form fine carbides that are solid-dissolved by quenching and precipitate by tempering, thereby restricting the movement of dislocations and providing sag resistance characteristics.
- hot coiling is performed by heating to the austenite region of the steel, followed by quenching and tempering, and high strength steel wire that has been previously quenched and tempered.
- T There is a cold coiling to fill.
- Cold coiling can use oil temper treatment or high frequency treatment, which can be rapidly heated and cooled quickly when producing steel wire, so it is possible to reduce the old austenite grain size of the spring material, resulting in failure.
- a spring with excellent characteristics can be manufactured.
- the equipment such as the heating furnace in the spring production line can be simplified, it has the advantage of reducing the equipment cost for the spring manufacturer.
- the suspension spring also uses a thicker steel wire than the valve spring, but cold coiling has been introduced for the above advantages.
- the present invention provides a heat-treated steel for springs that is cold-coiled and has a tensile strength of 2000 MPa or more that can achieve both sufficient room temperature strength and coiling workability, and can improve the performance as a spring by heat treatment after spring forming. Is an issue.
- the gist of the present invention is as follows.
- V More than 0.1 to 1.0%
- the balance consists of iron and unavoidable impurities.
- Figure 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating the filtrate that has passed through a 0.2 / im filter in V analysis by electrolysis (speed method).
- Fig. 2 is a graph showing the relationship between annealing temperature and tensile properties (tensile strength, yield point) to show the effect of [V content (% by mass) in the filtrate filtered through a 0.2 m filter].
- the present inventors While prescribing chemical components to obtain high strength, the present inventors controlled the shape of carbides in steel by heat treatment to ensure sufficient coiling characteristics to produce a spring, and after spring processing. By heat treatment such as annealing Thus, the inventors have invented a heat-treated steel for springs that can improve spring performance. Details are shown below. First, the chemical composition of steel will be explained.
- C is an element that has a great influence on the basic strength of steel, and is set to 0.4 to 0.9% so that sufficient strength can be obtained. If it is less than 0.4%, sufficient strength cannot be obtained. In particular, even if nitriding is omitted to improve spring performance, 0.4% or more of C is required to ensure sufficient spring strength. If it exceeds 0.9%, substantial hypereutectoid precipitation occurs, and a large amount of coarse cementite is precipitated, resulting in a significant reduction in toughness. This simultaneously reduces the coiling characteristics. Therefore, the upper limit of C content was set to 0.9%.
- the relationship with the microstructure is also close, and since the number of carbides is less at less than 0.4%, the area of the area where the carbide distribution is locally smaller than the other parts (hereinafter referred to as the carbide lean area)
- the rate tends to increase, and it is difficult to obtain sufficient strength and toughness or coiling (ductility). Therefore, it is preferably 0.55% or more, and more preferably 0.6% or more from the viewpoint of balance between strength and coiling.
- undissolved carbide also affects the carbide dilution region, and if C in steel forms undissolved carbide, the distribution of carbide is less than in other places because the real C in the matrix decreases.
- the so-called carbide dilute area ratio may increase.
- This carbide dilute region deteriorates mechanical properties, so it is necessary to avoid it as much as possible. For this reason, it is preferable to avoid inhomogeneous distribution of C in steel such as undissolved carbide.
- the martensite form during tempering is a typical lath martensite in medium carbon steel, whereas when the amount of C is large, the form is changed to lens martensite. It has been known.
- the carbide distribution in the tempered martensite cocoon structure produced by tempering lens martensite was lower than that in the case of las tempered martensite. Therefore, by increasing the C content, the carbide dilution region may increase due to the increase in lens martensite and undissolved carbides.
- it is preferably 0.7% or less, and more preferably 0.65% or less, so that undissolved carbides and carbide lean regions can be reduced relatively easily.
- Si is an element necessary to ensure the strength, hardness and sag resistance of the spring. If it is small, the required strength and sag resistance are insufficient, so 1.0% was set as the lower limit.
- Si has the effect of spheroidizing and refining the iron carbide-based precipitates at the grain boundaries, and has the effect of reducing the grain boundary occupation area ratio of the grain boundary precipitates as well as making the iron-based carbides finer. However, adding too much will not only cure the material, but will also make it II. Therefore, to prevent embrittlement after quenching and tempering, the upper limit was 3.0%.
- Fe 2 called ⁇ one carbide - including 3 C and the like.
- Si is an element that contributes to temper softening resistance, and is preferably added in a certain amount in order to produce a high-strength wire. Specifically, it is preferable to add 2% or more. On the other hand, in order to obtain stable coiling properties, it is preferably 2.6% or less.
- Mn deoxidizes and fixes S in steel as MnS and has high hardenability. Often used to obtain sufficient hardness after heat treatment. To ensure this stability, the lower limit is 0.1%. In order to prevent embrittlement due to Mn, the upper limit was set to 2.0%. Further, in order to achieve both strength and coiling properties, it is preferably 0.3 to 1%. When giving priority to coiling, it is effective to make it 1.0% or less.
- V More than 0.1 to 1.0%
- control of V is a major point.
- V can be used to harden the surface layer during nitriding if the steel wire is hardened at the tempering temperature because of secondary precipitation hardening that precipitates and hardens carbides during tempering. Furthermore, it is effective in suppressing the coarsening of the austenite particle size due to the formation of nitrides, carbides and carbonitrides, and it is preferable to add them. However, since nitrides, carbides, and carbonitrides of V are generated even at austenization temperature of steel of 3 points or higher, they remain as undissolved carbides (nitrides) when their solid solution is insufficient. It was easy to do.
- V isted
- the amount of N by controlling the amount of N, the formation of V-based nitrides, carbides, and carbonitrides at the austenization temperature A of 3 points or more can be suppressed, so that a large amount of V is added accordingly.
- the amount of V added exceeds 0.1% and is below 1.0%. If the added amount is 0.1% or less, the effect of adding V, such as increasing the hardness of the nitrided layer if the nitrided layer is hardened, is less effective, so it exceeds 0.1%, and further 0.15 It is desirable to add more than%. If the added amount exceeds 1.0%, coarse undissolved inclusions are formed, and the toughness is lowered. W It is easy to bend and easily cause breakage at the time of cracking or wire drawing. For this reason, the upper limit was set at 1.0%, which is industrially stable and easy to handle.
- V nitrides, carbides, and carbonitrides are formed even at austenization temperature A of the steel of 3 points or higher, so if the solid solution is insufficient, they tend to remain as undissolved carbides (nitrides). Therefore, considering the current industrial nitrogen content control capability, it is industrially preferably 0.5% or less, and more preferably 0.4% or less.
- N a strict limit value is defined as N ⁇ 0.007%.
- the effects of N in steel are as follows: (1) Solid solution N exists in the ferrite, and the ferrite is hardened by suppressing the movement of dislocations in the ferrite. (2) Ti, Nb, V, Al , B and other alloying elements and nitrides are produced, affecting steel performance. The mechanism will be described later. (3) It affects the precipitation behavior of ferrous carbides such as cementite and affects steel performance.
- V forms precipitates in steel at high temperatures. Its chemical composition is mainly nitride at high temperatures, cooling and Both W change its form to carbonitride and carbide. Therefore, nitrides formed at high temperatures tend to become V carbide precipitation nuclei. This is easy to produce undissolved carbides during heating in the patenting quenching process, and since it becomes a nucleus, it is easy to grow its size.
- a high-strength spring like the present invention is tempered at a tempering temperature of 300 to 500 from the required strength.
- the iron-based carbides produced during tempering due to their characteristic compositional system change ⁇ monocarbides and ⁇ -carbides (so-called cementite Fe 3 C) and their forms in a complex manner. Therefore, it affects the mechanical properties such as the ductility of steel.
- N also affects the formation of carbides and improves ductility and toughness at 350-500 ° C, where N content is low.
- N exceeds 0.007%
- V-based nitrides are likely to be formed, a large amount of undissolved carbides are formed, and the steel becomes brittle depending on the form of ferri iron and carbides.
- the amount of N is limited to N ⁇ 0.007% in order to reduce the harmfulness of such N. Furthermore, it is preferable to suppress the N content to 0.004% or less. Furthermore, as described later, it is also effective to add a trace amount of any one or more of Ti, Ta, and Nb. ,
- N content can be suppressed to 0.004% or less, good performance may be obtained without adding one or more of T i, Ta and Nb, but it is industrially stable. Therefore, it may be difficult to make it below 0.004% or it may be disadvantageous in terms of manufacturing cost. Therefore, it is a realistic technique to add a trace amount of any one or more of Ti, Ta, and Nb.
- the upper limit of the amount of N added may be increased.
- the amount of N exceeds 0.007%, the amount of nitrides of V, Nb, or Ti increases too much, resulting in an increase in undissolved carbides and an increase in hard inclusions such as soot. Since the fatigue endurance characteristics and the coiling characteristics decreased, the upper limit of N content was limited to 0.007%.
- the amount of N is too large, or the amount of addition of one or more of Ti, Ta, and Nb is too large.
- coarse nitrides of Ti, Ta, and Nb are also formed and become harmful. Therefore, the amount of addition of one or more of Ti, Ta, and Nb must be made very small.
- the upper limit of the N amount is preferably 0.005% or less, and more preferably 0.004% or less.
- Such precise N control suppresses the embrittlement of the ferrite and suppresses the formation and growth of undissolved carbides by suppressing the formation of V-based nitrides.
- toughness can be improved by controlling the form of iron-based carbides.
- the N content is preferably 0.005% or less in consideration of the ease of heat treatment and the like.
- the amount of N is preferably small, and although it may be substantially 0%, 0.0015% or more is preferable in consideration of the ease of the production cost in the denitrification process because it is likely to be mixed from the atmosphere such as the steelmaking process. .
- a smaller austenite grain size provides better fatigue durability, so it is effective to lower the heating temperature during quenching.
- it since it simultaneously increases undissolved carbides, it is necessary to form effective fine precipitates or solid solution V after annealing as in the present invention. For this reason, care must be taken for the heat treatment conditions of the previous processes up to quenching such as rolling and patenting so that they can be sufficiently dissolved even at relatively low heating temperatures that can reduce the austenite grain size.
- the inventor filtered the liquid electrolyzed at a constant potential through a filter, and the V-based carbide remaining on the filter is undissolved carbide or similar coarse carbide.
- V which improves the properties of steel after quenching and tempering, has a high probability of passing through the filter.
- the amount of V (mass%) in the filtrate filtered through a 0.2 / m filter is greater than the amount of V in steel (mass%) X 0.4. If so, strength and workability can be achieved before annealing without sacrificing spring workability, and there is a large amount of solid solution V or fine V-based precipitates that precipitate during heat annealing such as nitriding. It was found that the mechanical properties (yield point) are large and the spring performance is excellent.
- Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating the filtrate that has passed through a 0.2 m filter in V analysis by electrolysis (speed method).
- the heat-treated steel wire after quenching and tempering is electrolyzed to dissolve the ferrite and the speed method is applied.
- Extraction residue 4 is obtained on filtration filter 3 by using electrolyte solution 1 with W 200 and filtering 2 the solution.
- V is also present in filtrate 5 filtered with a 0.2 m filter.
- the so-called speed method is used for electrolysis, and this method is also used for the preparation of a transmission electron microscope reproducible sample for observing steel materials.
- the ferrite content can be reduced. It is said that it can be electrolyzed preferentially.
- a constant potential electrolyzer using an electrolyzer FY-138 manufactured by Fujiwara Seisakusho is used.
- the solution is a commercially available electrolytic solution for speed method (trade name: Electrite Light A).
- the [electrolytic amount (mass)] can be measured.
- the amount of V in the residue on the filter and dividing it by the amount of electrolysis the amount of relatively coarse V-based carbide (mass%) remaining on the filter out of the amount of added V can be determined. Can do.
- the amount of V in the residue on the filter can be measured by issuance spectroscopic analysis (ICP) according to JISG 1258-1999 Annex 1.
- ICP issuance spectroscopic analysis
- X 1 00 [Amount of V-based carbide (mass%) remaining on the fill layer] The value subtracted from the amount added (mass%) was taken as [0.2 V amount (mass%) in the filtrate filtered through 0.2% filter].
- V that has passed through such a 0.2 m filtration filter does not deteriorate the workability during spring forming, despite increasing the strength of the heat-treated steel wire.
- solute V forms very fine precipitates, so even if it is heated to the extent of nitriding, the yield point of the material is raised, and the effect is large.
- the tensile strength and hardness are increased.
- the spring performance can be improved by keeping the amount of V inside the spring as specified. This is very important not only for suppressing deterioration factors such as preventing processability deterioration as in the previous inventions but also for positively improving spring performance.
- Cr is an effective element for improving hardenability and temper softening resistance. Furthermore, it is an element effective not only for ensuring tempering hardness but also for increasing the surface hardness after nitriding and the depth of the hardened layer in the nitriding treatment as seen in recent high-strength valve springs.
- adding a large amount not only causes an increase in cost, but also makes the cementite seen after quenching and tempering coarse. It also has the effect of stabilizing and coarsening the alloy carbide. As a result, the wire rod becomes brittle, so when coiling There is also an adverse effect of making breakage easier. Therefore, when Cr is added, the effect is not clear unless it is 0, 5% or more.
- the upper limit was set at 2.5%, at which embrittlement becomes prominent.
- addition of Cr can deepen the hardened layer by nitriding. Therefore, addition of 1.1% or more is preferable, and addition of 1.2% or more is preferable in order to make it suitable for nitriding for unprecedented high strength springs.
- the amount added is 2.0% or less. More preferably, it is about 1.7% or less.
- Nb 0.001 to less than 0.05%
- Nb forms nitrides, carbides, and carbonitrides, and nitrides are produced at higher temperatures than V. For this reason, Nb nitride is generated during cooling, which is combined with N in the steel to lower the V-type nitride formation temperature. As a result, coarsening of V-based carbonitrides can be suppressed even in many heat treatments applied to the material before spring formation, and solid solution can be promoted in the heating process above the transformation point. As a result, the formation of V-based undissolved carbide can be suppressed, so that the spring workability of high-strength steel wire and the resistance to temper softening due to the V-based precipitates after being processed as a spring can be effectively secured.
- Nb-based carbonitrides In addition to suppressing the coarsening of the austenite grain size by Nb-based carbonitrides, it can be used for hardening the steel wire at the tempering temperature and for hardening the surface layer during nitriding.
- the amount added is too large, undissolved with Nb-based nitride as the core Addition of large amounts should be avoided to make it easier for carbides to remain.
- the amount of Nb added is less than 0.001%, the added effect is hardly recognized. If it is 0.05% or more, the addition of a large amount generates coarse undissolved inclusions and lowers the toughness. Like Mo, it tends to cause a supercooled structure and easily causes breakage during cracking and wire drawing. For this reason, it was made less than 0.05%, which is easy to handle industrially.
- Nb itself also decreases the hot ductility and is liable to cause defects in the rolling process, so the minimum necessary addition is preferable.
- the addition amount is preferably 0.03% or less, and more preferably 0.015% or less.
- the addition amount is 0.001% or more and less than 0.05%.
- Ti is a deoxidizing element as well as a nitride and sulfide-generating element, which affects the formation of oxides, nitrides, and sulfides. Therefore, if a large amount is added, hard oxides and nitrides are likely to be formed. If added inadvertently, hard carbides are formed and fatigue durability is reduced. As with A1, especially for high-strength springs, the stability of variation in fatigue strength is reduced compared to the fatigue limit of the spring itself, and if the Ti content is large, the fracture occurrence rate due to inclusions increases. It is necessary to control, and it was made less than 0.05%.
- Ti produces TiN at a high temperature in the molten steel, so it works to reduce sol. N in the molten steel.
- N it is a technical point to suppress the formation of V-based nitrides and further suppress the growth of V-based undissolved carbides. Therefore, if N is consumed at a temperature equal to or higher than the V-based nitride formation temperature, the growth of V-based nitrides and V-based carbonitrides that grow during cooling can be suppressed.
- the addition of Ti substantially reduces the amount of N that binds to V. Reduces the formation temperature and further suppresses V-based undissolved carbides.
- Undissolved carbides can be reduced.
- the added amount is 0.001% or more, and if it is less than 0.001%, there is no effect of N consumption, no effect of suppressing V-based undissolved carbides, and no effect of improving workability.
- the amount of Ti added is preferably 0.02% or less, more preferably 0.01% or less.
- W is effective in imparting resistance to temper softening because it enhances hardenability and also produces carbides in steel and increases strength. Therefore, it is preferable to add as much as possible.
- W forms carbides at low temperatures, including Ti and Nb, it is difficult to form undissolved carbides, but it can provide resistance to temper softening by precipitation hardening. In other words, it remains difficult to remain as an undissolved carbide that causes harmful effects even in the heat treatment up to spring formation.
- nitridation processed at a relatively low temperature does not significantly reduce internal hardness even in strain relief annealing.
- the added amount of W is set to 0.05 to 0.5%. Furthermore, if considering the ease of heat treatment, etc., 0.1 to 0.4% is preferable. In order to obtain the maximum temper softening resistance while avoiding adverse effects such as a supercooled structure immediately after rolling, the addition of 0.15% or more is more preferable.
- Mo enhances hardenability and precipitates as carbides at a relatively low heat treatment temperature, such as the tempering nitriding temperature, making it easy to soften tempering. Can give resistance. Therefore, even after tempering at a high temperature and heat treatment such as nitriding, which is processed as necessary before spring production, it does not soften and can exhibit high strength. This can suppress the decrease in the internal hardness of the spring after nitriding, thus enhancing the effects of hot setting and strain relief annealing and improving the final fatigue characteristics of the spring.
- the tempering temperature when controlling the strength can be increased. This high tempering temperature has the effect of reducing the grain boundary area by tempering the grain boundary carbides precipitated in a film at a high temperature, thereby ensuring the grain boundary strength and delaying. It is advantageous for improving fracture and brittle fracture characteristics.
- Mo forms Mo-based carbides separately from cementite in steel.
- its precipitation temperature is lower than that of V and so on, which has the effect of suppressing the coarsening of carbides. If the amount added is less than 0.05%, no effect is observed. However, if the amount added is large, it is preferable to wire the steel material in advance after drawing it into a ferri-toperite structure at the time of wire drawing, but the supercooled structure can be formed by rolling or softening heat treatment before wire drawing. It is likely to occur and cause breakage during cracking and wire drawing.
- Mo is an element that greatly imparts hardenability, so if the amount of addition increases, the time until the end of the perlite transformation becomes longer, and the temperature can be maintained until the end of the transformation during cooling after rolling or in the patenting process. If it is not possible, an overcooled structure is likely to occur, causing wire breakage at the time of wire drawing, or if it does not break and exists as an internal crack, the properties of the final product are greatly degraded. For this reason, if Mo exceeds 0.5%, the hardenability increases, making it difficult to industrially make a ferrite toprite structure, so this is the upper limit.
- the content should be 0.4% or less. Preferably further Preferably, it is about 0.2%.
- V, Nb, and T i which have the same effect of strengthening temper softening resistance as W and Mo
- V, Nb, and T i generate nitrides as described above, and also use them as nuclei for carbides. While it is easy to grow, W and Mo hardly generate nitrides, so they can be added to strengthen the softening resistance without being affected by the amount of N. In other words, the softening resistance can be strengthened even with V, Nb, and Ti, but the amount added is naturally limited to strengthen the softening resistance while avoiding undissolved carbides.
- Ta forms nitrides, carbides and their composite precipitates, and is effective for imparting temper softening resistance and ensuring toughness by reducing the grain size. If the amount added is less than 0.001%, the effect is not clear, and if it exceeds 0.5%, coarse nitrides, carbides and composite precipitates thereof are formed, which adversely affects workability. This was the upper limit.
- Ni, Cu, Co, and B are used to achieve both strength and flexibility, the optimum balance between softening resistance and workability due to carbide control cannot be obtained. It is added to ensure strength by strengthening the matrix.
- Ni does not produce precipitates such as carbides, but it can improve hardenability, increase the strength stably by heat treatment, improve the ductility of the matrix, and improve the coating properties.
- quenching and tempering increase residual austenite, so that the sag and material are uniform after spring forming. Inferior in terms of sex. If the added amount is less than 0.05%, no effect is observed in increasing strength and improving ductility. On the other hand, the addition of a large amount of Ni is not preferable, and if it exceeds 3.0%, the residual austenite increases, and the effects of improving hardenability and ductility become saturated, which is disadvantageous in terms of cost.
- Addition of Cu is effective in preventing decarburization, which reduces the spring fatigue life after spring processing. It also has the effect of improving corrosion resistance, similar to Ni.
- the surface layer is removed by a peeling process called “pilling”. By suppressing the decarburized layer, the fatigue life of the spring can be improved and the peeling process can be omitted.
- the effect of suppressing decarburization and improving corrosion resistance of Cu can be exerted at 0.05% or more, and even if Ni is added as described later, if it exceeds 0.5%, it tends to cause rolling flaws due to embrittlement. Therefore, we set the lower limit to 0.05% and the upper limit to 0.5%.
- the mechanical properties at room temperature are hardly impaired by the addition of Cu.
- Cu when Cu is added in excess of 0.3%, cracks may occur on the surface of the billet ⁇ ⁇ during rolling in order to deteriorate the hot ductility. . Therefore, it is preferable that the amount of Ni added to prevent cracking during rolling is set to [Cu%] [Ni%] according to the amount added. Since there are no rolling flaws in the range of CuO.3% or less, it is not necessary to regulate the amount of Ni added to prevent rolling flaws.
- Co may reduce hardenability, but improves high temperature strength W can be. Further, since it inhibits the formation of carbides, it functions to suppress the formation of coarse carbides that are a problem in the present invention. Therefore, coarsening of carbides including cementite can be suppressed. Therefore, it is preferable to add. When added, the effect is small at less than 0.05%. When added in a large amount, the hardness of the ferrite phase increases and the ductility decreases, so the upper limit was made 3.0%. Industrially, stable performance can be obtained at 0.5% or less.
- B is effective in improving the hardenability improving element and the austenite grain boundary.
- elements such as P and S that decrease the toughness by praying to the grain boundaries, the fracture characteristics are improved.
- the amount of addition was set to 0.0005% as the lower limit where the effect becomes clear, and 0.0006% as the upper limit where the effect was saturated.
- it is preferably 0.003 or less, and more preferably it is effective to fix free N by a nitride-forming element such as Ti or Nb so that B: 0.0010 to 0.0010%.
- Ni, Cu, Co and B are mainly effective for strengthening the matrix ferrite phase.
- this element is effective in securing strength by matrix strengthening when the optimum balance between softening resistance and workability by carbide control cannot be obtained.
- A1 is a deoxidizing element and affects oxide formation. Especially for high-strength valve springs, hard oxides centered on A 1 2 0 3 tend to be the starting point of fracture, so this must be avoided. To that end, it is important to strictly control the amount of A1. In particular, when the tensile strength of heat-treated steel wire exceeds OOMPa, strict oxides are also used to reduce the variation in fatigue strength. Control of the generated elements is essential.
- A1 is defined as 0.005% or less. Since this tends to produce an oxide of A 1 2 0 3 principal exceeds 005% 0., because not enough fatigue strength and quality stability caused a folding loss of oxides caused. Further, when high fatigue strength is required, the content is preferably 0.003% or less.
- Te, Sb, Mg, Zr, Ca, and Hf can be used to control the form of oxides and sulfides when further improvement in performance and stabilization of performance are required. Add as an element.
- Te has the effect of spheroidizing MnS. The effect is not clear if it is less than 0.0002%, and if it exceeds 0.01%, the toughness of the matrix decreases, hot cracking occurs, and fatigue durability decreases. The upper limit is 0.01%.
- Sb has the effect of spheroidizing MnS, and if it is less than 0.0002%, the effect is not clear, and if it exceeds 0.01%, the toughness of the matrix is reduced, hot cracking occurs, and fatigue durability is reduced. Since the harmful effect of lowering becomes significant, the upper limit is 0.01%.
- Mg forms oxides in molten steel that is higher than the MnS formation temperature, and already exists in molten steel when MnS is formed. Therefore, it can be used as MnS precipitation nuclei, which can control the distribution of MnS.
- the number distribution of Mg-based oxides is more finely dispersed in molten steel than the Si and A1-based oxides often found in conventional steels. Therefore, MnS with Mg-based oxides as the core is finely dispersed in the steel. Will be. Therefore, even with the same S content, the MnS distribution differs depending on the presence or absence of Mg, and the addition of these results in a finer MnS particle size. Become.
- the effect can be obtained even in a small amount, and if Mg is added, MnS is refined. However, when it exceeds 0.0005%, hard oxides are more likely to be produced, and sulfides such as MgS also start to be produced. If the fatigue strength is lowered, the coiling property is lowered. Therefore, the amount of Mg added is set to 0.001 to 0.0005%. When used for a high-strength spring, the content is preferably 0.0003% or less. Although these elements are in trace amounts, they can be added to about 0.001% by using Mg-based refractories. In addition, it is possible to control the amount of Mg added by carefully selecting auxiliary materials and using auxiliary materials with low Mg content.
- Zr is an oxide and sulfide-forming element.
- oxides are finely dispersed, and like Mg, they become precipitation nuclei for MnS. This improves fatigue durability and improves coiling by increasing ductility. If less than 0.001%, the effect is not seen, and even if added over 0.0005%, the formation of hard oxide is promoted, so even if the sulfide is finely dispersed, troubles due to oxide occur. It becomes easy.
- nitrides and sulfides such as ZrN and ZrS are generated in addition to oxides, which reduces manufacturing troubles and fatigue durability of springs. Further, when used for a high-strength spring, the amount added is preferably 0.0003% or less. Although these elements are in trace amounts, they can be controlled by carefully selecting by-products and precisely controlling refractories.
- Zr refractories are used frequently in places such as ladle, tundish, and nozzle that are in contact with molten steel for a long time, so about 1 ppm can be added to about 200 t of molten steel.
- auxiliary materials it is only necessary to add auxiliary materials so that the specified range is not exceeded.
- Ca is an oxide and sulfide-forming element.
- spheroidizing MnS suppresses the length of MnS as a starting point for fatigue and other fractures, making it harmless.
- the effect is not clear at less than 0.00002%, and even if added over 0.01%, not only the yield is poor, but also oxides and sulfides such as CaS are produced, manufacturing troubles and springs
- the fatigue endurance characteristics of the steel were reduced, so the content was made 0.01% or less.
- the amount added is preferably 0.001% or less.
- Hf is an oxide-forming element and serves as a precipitation nucleus for MnS. Therefore, Hf is an oxide and sulfide-forming element when finely dispersed. In spring steel, oxides are finely dispersed, and like Mg, they become MnS precipitation nuclei. This improves fatigue durability and improves ductility by increasing ductility. The effect is not clear at less than 0.0002%, and even if added over 0.01%, the yield is not only poor, but also oxides, nitrides such as HiN and HfS, and sulfides are produced. To reduce manufacturing fatigue and spring fatigue durability, the content was set to 0.01% or less. The amount added is preferably 0.003% or less.
- P and S are not included in the claims, but restrictions are necessary. P hardens the steel but further segregates and embrittles the material. In particular, P, who prayed to the austenite grain boundaries, causes delayed fracture due to a decrease in impact value and hydrogen penetration. Therefore, it is better to have less. Therefore, the embrittlement tendency becomes remarkable.
- P It is preferable to set the content to 0.015% or less. Furthermore, the tensile strength of the heat-treated steel wire is high enough to exceed 2150 MPa. In the case of strength, the content is preferably less than 0.01%.
- the tensile strength of the heat-treated steel wire is as high as 2 150 MPa, it is preferable to make it less than 0.01%.
- the upper limit is preferably made 0.01%. Further, it is sufficient if the amount of oxygen is small, but even if it is less than 0.0002%, the effect is saturated.
- the prior austenite grain size has a great influence on the basic properties of steel wires as well as carbides. You In other words, the smaller the old austenite particle size, the better the fatigue characteristics. However, no matter how small the austenite particle size, the effect is small if the above-mentioned carbide is contained more than specified. In general, it is effective to reduce the heating temperature during quenching in order to reduce the austenite particle size, but this increases the amount of undissolved spherical carbide. Therefore, it is important to finish the steel wire with a balance between the amount of carbide and the grain size of the previous austenite.
- the carbide satisfies the above requirements, if the old austenite grain size number is less than 10 then sufficient fatigue properties cannot be obtained, so the old austenite grain size number 10 It was defined as above.
- finer particles are preferable for application to high-strength springs.
- the number 11 or even 12 or more it is possible to achieve both high strength and coiling properties.
- Residual austenite is 15 mass% or less
- Residual austenite often remains in the segregation area near the area between the old austenite grain boundaries and the sub-drain. Residual austenite wrinkles become martensitic wrinkles due to work-induced transformation, and when induced and transformed during spring forming, local high-hardness parts are generated in the material, and rather the coiling characteristics as a spring are degraded.
- recent springs perform surface strengthening by plastic deformation such as shot peening and settling, but when there is a manufacturing process that includes multiple processes of applying plastic deformation in this way, the work-induced martensite that occurs at an early stage is fracture strain. Reduces the breaking characteristics of the spring in use. Also, if an inevitable deformation such as flaws is introduced, it easily breaks during coiling.
- the residual austenite is reduced as much as possible, and the processability is improved by suppressing the formation of process-induced martensite. Specifically, if the amount of residual austenite exceeds 15% (mass%), the sensitivity to crushing and so on increases, and breakage easily occurs during coiling and other handling, so it is limited to 15% or less. did.
- the amount of residual austenite varies depending on the amount of alloying elements such as C and Mn and the heat treatment conditions. Therefore, it is important to enhance not only the component design but also the heat treatment conditions.
- the martensite generation temperature (start temperature M s point, end temperature M f point) is low, martensite will not be generated unless the temperature is sufficiently low during quenching, and residual austenite tends to remain. Water or oil is used in industrial quenching, but high heat treatment control is required to suppress residual rustiness. Specifically, it is necessary to maintain the cooling refrigerant at a low temperature, maintain a low temperature as much as possible after cooling, and ensure a long transformation time to martensite. Since it is processed in a continuous line industrially, the temperature of the cooling refrigerant easily rises to nearly 100 ° C, but it is preferable to maintain it at 60 ° C or less, and it is as low as 40 ° C or less. Is more preferable. Furthermore, in order to sufficiently promote the martensite transformation, it is necessary to hold it in the cooling medium for 1 s or more, and it is important to secure the holding time after cooling.
- the distribution of carbides is less than in other parts. Specifically, the distribution of carbide in the lens martensite and its tempered structure is smaller than in other parts, and the microstructure is inhomogeneous, which adversely affects fatigue strength and workability.
- Table 1 Steels with the chemical components shown in Table 1 were melted and forged in a 16 kg vacuum melting furnace, and then subjected to normalization, patenting, and quenching and tempering.
- the materials (A) and (B) were annealed at 450, 475, and 500 X 15 min, respectively, and their tensile properties were evaluated including those without annealing.
- a total of eight types of heat-treated steels were prepared, including those with (A) and (B) that had different normalizing temperatures, including those without annealing, and their tensile properties were evaluated.
- Figure 2 shows the tensile properties of the tensile strength (indicated by the solid line) and the yield point (indicated by the dotted line) of the ⁇ 10 mm wire obtained by subjecting the materials in Table 1 to the above heat treatment.
- Example (A) is a material that has been subjected to normalization (soaking conditions 1250 ° CX 3 hr or more) so that a large amount of V remains in the filtrate after filtration as in the present invention, and (B) is undissolved. It is a material that has been standardized (soaking conditions 900 ° C X30 min) so that carbides are likely to remain.
- both (A) and (B) have almost the same strength immediately after quenching and tempering.
- the yield point is relatively low and the coiling is easy.
- the increase in yield point is particularly significant in (A), and when used as a spring, the yield point is high even though it seems to have low hardness and tensile strength. It was shown to be excellent in durability. In other words, it was shown that spring processing was easy and the strength was increased by subsequent nitriding.
- (B) is the strength after spring processing, and the yield point decreases with nitriding, so even if a nitrided layer is formed on the surface layer, the inside is soft and local yielding easily occurs, resulting in poor durability. It was shown that.
- Tables 2 to 7 list examples and their evaluation results. In the following, the thermal history of the inventive examples is shown, but in some comparative examples, heat treatments different from the above were performed, such as intentionally treating them under conventional general conditions in order to show the effects of the invention. These detailed conditions are described in Tables 2-7.
- the material of the present invention is (a) 270 t converter (Example 5), (b) 2 t vacuum melting furnace (Examples 19, 39, 59) and (c) 16 kg vacuum melting furnace (other implementations) Example)
- the material melted by the 270 t converter and 2 t-vacuum melting furnace was heated to 1250-1300 ° C and rolled to create a billet. At this time, the temperature was sufficiently raised to homogenize the flake structure, and carbide-forming elements such as V were sufficiently dissolved.
- the steel wire material for the spring was created by rolling the billet.
- the temperature was maintained at a high temperature of 1200 ° C. or higher for a predetermined time. After that, in each case, the billet was rolled to ⁇ 8 mm.
- Patenting temperature 950 ° C X 20ffl in Heated then put into 600 ° C Pb bath to make ferrite perlite structure. At this time, the partial transformation was completed in the patenting tank as quickly as possible.
- Quenching and tempering W Quenching and tempering are performed by (1) radiant furnace heating and (2) high-frequency heating.
- materials can be placed in the coil and heated to 900-1000 ° C. It can be tempered by immediately cooling to water after heating and then heating again to 400-600 in the coil.
- induction tempering can be processed at a higher temperature. After tempering, it was cooled with water.
- part of the drawing was measured by a tensile test, which is an indicator of tensile strength and workability.
- the tempering temperature was controlled so that the tensile strength exceeded 2 100 MPa.
- the tensile test after quenching and tempering is a drawing that is an index of tensile strength and spring workability. 2 After quenching and tempering so as to exceed 100 MPa, it was prepared using a J I S Z 220 19 test piece, tested in accordance with J I S Z 2241, and the tensile strength was calculated from the breaking load.
- the surface layer is often hardened by nitriding to increase the strength of the spring.
- nitriding the surface layer is hardened by heating the spring to 400-500 ° C in a nitriding atmosphere and holding it for several minutes to 1 hour. At that time, since the inside into which nitrogen does not enter is heated, it is annealed and softened. Since it is important to suppress this softening, the hardness after annealing (index of softening resistance), tensile strength, and yield point were simulated.
- the steel after nitridation annealing is made of the same material as the inside of the spring, and a high yield point means excellent spring durability. Furthermore, in actual springs, it is becoming common to apply compressive residual stress by shot pinning, but the compressive residual stress increases in proportion to the yield point, and the higher the yield point, the compressive residual stress. The stress is large and the residual stress layer is also deepened. The tendency for residual compressive stress to remain in this way is another factor that increases the durability of actual springs. As described above, measure the amount of V on the filter after electrolysis and filtration, and subtract it from the amount of added V, as described above for the amount of V in the filtrate filtered by 0.2 ⁇ m filter (mass%). Calculated.
- the tensile test was conducted in accordance with J I S, and both the yield point and the tensile strength were measured by attaching a stretcher and pulling. When the yield point was unclear, 0.2% resistance was measured as the yield point. In addition, the drawing was measured and used as an index for evaluating workability.
- the steel wire according to the present invention that can raise the yield point by annealing can be adjusted to a material suitable for shop peening by heat treatment.
- the invention examples are within the chemical component ranges shown in the claims, and the amount of V can be stably increased by keeping N low, and as a result, [0. 2 In the filtrate filtered with im filter As shown in the measured value of V amount (mass%), V-based undissolved carbides can be suppressed. Therefore, there is an effect on the tensile strength and yield point after annealing, and the Young's Thickness tends to be higher than in the comparative example. Even if the tensile strength is the same, the yield point of the invention example tends to be higher.
- the heating temperature is maintained as high as possible in rolling (bundling rolling) at the time of forming a billet, rolling to a bar wire product (wire rolling), patenting for wire drawing, and quenching and tempering to provide strength.
- the amount of V (mass%) in the filtrate filtered through a 0.2 m filter is about 50% of the amount of added V, and can be deposited during annealing.
- Tables 2 to 7 since the measurement is performed after annealing, the sum of the amount of solute V and the amount of V in fine precipitates is measured. Since V-based precipitates are formed by annealing, a larger amount of solute V exists before annealing, so a larger amount of V is detected.
- W Examples 64 to 80 are examples in which the heating temperature for partial rolling, patenting and strength imparting is low, and the V-type carbides are not sufficiently dissolved. The heating temperature differs between the radiant furnace heating and the high-frequency heating because the holding time during heating is different.
- High-frequency heating tends to heat to a higher temperature, which is about 9 10 in a radiation furnace, whereas high-frequency heating needs to be dissolved in a short time at a higher temperature than in a 950 ° C radiation furnace. There is. On the other hand, since the heating can be completed in a short time in the tempering process, the tempering can be completed at a higher temperature and in a shorter time than the radiation furnace heating.
- Example 81 even if [V amount (mass%) in the filtrate filtered through a 0.2 ⁇ m filter] is within the specified amount range, it is forcibly heated to high temperature by heating during quenching. When dissolved, the former austenite grain size becomes large, and the drawing value after quenching and tempering and the yield point after annealing cannot be secured sufficiently, which is inferior to the invention example in terms of both workability and spring performance.
- the steel of the present invention has a small austenite grain size and a small amount of residual austenite.
- the steel wire whose strength has been increased to 2000 MPa or higher by suppressing fine V-based carbides of 0.2 m or less, which are likely to be overlooked, is nitrided after spring forming.
- spring performance can be realized by heat treatment. As a result, it is possible to manufacture a spring having a high performance by securing heating, nitriding and the like, while ensuring the coiling property and high strength. Therefore, the steel according to the present invention has excellent properties for the spring even after being processed into a spring, and has the remarkable effect that the material characteristics can be exhibited.
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Abstract
Description
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US11/918,997 US20090205753A1 (en) | 2006-03-31 | 2007-03-29 | High strength spring-use heat treated steel |
EP07741061.1A EP2003223B1 (en) | 2006-03-31 | 2007-03-29 | Quenched and tempered steel for use as spring steel |
JP2007538211A JP5114665B2 (ja) | 2006-03-31 | 2007-03-29 | 高強度ばね用熱処理鋼 |
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WO2011004913A1 (ja) | 2009-07-09 | 2011-01-13 | 新日本製鐵株式会社 | 高強度ばね用鋼線 |
JP5591130B2 (ja) * | 2009-07-09 | 2014-09-17 | 新日鐵住金株式会社 | 高強度ばね用鋼線 |
US8734600B2 (en) | 2009-07-09 | 2014-05-27 | Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation | High strength steel wire for spring |
US8789817B2 (en) | 2009-09-29 | 2014-07-29 | Chuo Hatsujo Kabushiki Kaisha | Spring steel and spring having superior corrosion fatigue strength |
JP2011074431A (ja) * | 2009-09-29 | 2011-04-14 | Chuo Spring Co Ltd | 腐食疲労強度に優れるばね用鋼、及びばね |
US8936236B2 (en) | 2009-09-29 | 2015-01-20 | Chuo Hatsujo Kabushiki Kaisha | Coil spring for automobile suspension and method of manufacturing the same |
JP2012036418A (ja) * | 2010-08-03 | 2012-02-23 | Chuo Spring Co Ltd | 高強度ばねとその製造方法 |
WO2012017749A1 (ja) * | 2010-08-03 | 2012-02-09 | 中央発條株式会社 | 高強度ばね |
US9068615B2 (en) | 2011-01-06 | 2015-06-30 | Chuo Hatsujo Kabushiki Kaisha | Spring having excellent corrosion fatigue strength |
WO2013133070A1 (ja) | 2012-03-07 | 2013-09-12 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | ばね加工性に優れた高強度ばね用鋼線材およびその製造方法、並びに高強度ばね |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2003223A1 (en) | 2008-12-17 |
BRPI0702836A (pt) | 2008-04-01 |
BRPI0702836B1 (pt) | 2014-05-27 |
EP2003223A4 (en) | 2014-08-20 |
JPWO2007114491A1 (ja) | 2009-08-20 |
JP5114665B2 (ja) | 2013-01-09 |
CN103556063A (zh) | 2014-02-05 |
EP2003223B1 (en) | 2016-05-04 |
KR20080009699A (ko) | 2008-01-29 |
CN101321884A (zh) | 2008-12-10 |
US20090205753A1 (en) | 2009-08-20 |
KR100949372B1 (ko) | 2010-03-25 |
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