WO2006070591A1 - 凝固粒子組成物 - Google Patents
凝固粒子組成物 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2006070591A1 WO2006070591A1 PCT/JP2005/022817 JP2005022817W WO2006070591A1 WO 2006070591 A1 WO2006070591 A1 WO 2006070591A1 JP 2005022817 W JP2005022817 W JP 2005022817W WO 2006070591 A1 WO2006070591 A1 WO 2006070591A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F265/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of unsaturated monocarboxylic acids or derivatives thereof as defined in group C08F20/00
- C08F265/04—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of unsaturated monocarboxylic acids or derivatives thereof as defined in group C08F20/00 on to polymers of esters
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L51/00—Compositions of graft polymers in which the grafted component is obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F257/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of aromatic monomers as defined in group C08F12/00
- C08F257/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of aromatic monomers as defined in group C08F12/00 on to polymers of styrene or alkyl-substituted styrenes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F279/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of monomers having two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds as defined in group C08F36/00
- C08F279/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of monomers having two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds as defined in group C08F36/00 on to polymers of conjugated dienes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F285/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to preformed graft polymers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F291/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to macromolecular compounds according to more than one of the groups C08F251/00 - C08F289/00
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F6/00—Post-polymerisation treatments
- C08F6/14—Treatment of polymer emulsions
- C08F6/22—Coagulation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L101/00—Compositions of unspecified macromolecular compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L51/00—Compositions of graft polymers in which the grafted component is obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L51/003—Compositions of graft polymers in which the grafted component is obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers grafted on to macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a coagulated particle composition of a graft polymer. More specifically, the present invention relates to a coagulated particle composition of a graft polymer excellent in quality such as impact resistance and blocking resistance.
- Graft polymers obtained by an emulsion polymerization method or a suspension polymerization method have been conventionally widely used, for example, to improve the impact resistance of thermoplastic resins.
- a chlorinated resin it is known to incorporate a gen-based or attalylate-based graft polymer (for example, see Patent Document 1).
- the recovered resin powder is obtained unless high molecular weight polyanion is added at least 2 to 8 parts by weight, preferably 4 to 6 parts by weight, with respect to 100 parts by weight of rubber solids in the rubber latex. It is described that the adhesiveness of the body cannot be suppressed.
- high molecular weight polyanion is added at least 2 to 8 parts by weight, preferably 4 to 6 parts by weight, with respect to 100 parts by weight of rubber solids in the rubber latex. It is described that the adhesiveness of the body cannot be suppressed.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Publication No. 39-19035
- Patent Document 2 Japanese Patent Publication No.42-22541
- Patent Document 3 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2-1763
- Patent Document 4 JP-A-8-100095
- Patent Document 5 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 52-37987
- the present invention provides a novel graft polymer capable of satisfying at a high level both conflicting properties such as quality improvement in impact resistance and handling of powder. It is an object to propose a solidified particle composition.
- the present inventors have determined that a specific graft polymer (A), a water-soluble polymer compound (B) having a property of forming a physical gel, and the gel thereof
- the coagulated particle composition containing a specific amount of the agent (c) can satisfy both conflicting properties such as quality improvement of impact resistance and powder handling properties at a high level. It came.
- the present invention relates to a graft polymer (A), a physical gel containing at least one or more soft polymer phases and at least one or more hard polymer phases and having a hard polymer phase on the outermost portion.
- a coagulated particle composition comprising a water-soluble polymer compound (B) having a property of forming and a gelling agent (C) thereof, and comprising a water-soluble polymer compound (B) having a property of forming a physical gel
- the content is from 0.01 to 3.0 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the graft polymer (A), and the ratio of the outermost hard polymer phase in the graft polymer (A) is from 0.5 to:
- the present invention relates to a solidified particle composition characterized by being 10% by weight.
- the graft polymer (A) contains 0.05 to 3.0 parts by weight of an anti-fusing agent (D) with respect to 100 parts by weight of the graft polymer (A).
- the present invention relates to a solidified particle composition.
- a preferred embodiment contains 0.05 to 1.8 parts by weight of the water-soluble polymer compound (B) having a property of forming a physical gel with respect to 100 parts by weight of the graft polymer (A).
- the solidified particle composition according to any one of the above, which is characterized by the above.
- the total content of the water-soluble polymer compound (B) having a property of forming a physical gel and the anti-fusing agent (D) is 100 parts by weight of the graft polymer (A). 0.:! To 3.0 parts by weight
- the total content of the water-soluble polymer compound (B) having a property of forming a physical gel and the anti-fusing agent (D) is 100 parts by weight of the graft polymer (A).
- a preferred embodiment is a water-soluble polymer compound having a property of forming a physical gel (B) xylmethylcellulose, a water-soluble alginic acid derivative, agar, gelatin, carrageenan, glucomannan, pectin, curdlan, dielan gum, and From polyacrylic acid derivatives
- B physical gel
- a preferred embodiment relates to the coagulated particle composition according to any one of the above, wherein the anti-fusing agent (D) is a polyvalent metal salt of an anionic surfactant.
- the anti-fusing agent (D) is 30 to 60% by weight of methyl methacrylate, 65 to 35% by weight of aromatic vinyl monomer, crosslinkable monomer 0.:!
- the cross-linked polymer obtained by polymerizing 25% by weight and 0-30% by weight of other copolymerizable monomers comprises 10-: 100% by weight and a lubricant 0-90% by weight,
- the solidified particle composition according to any one of the above.
- a preferred embodiment relates to the coagulated particle composition, wherein the water-soluble polymer compound (B) having a property of forming a physical gel is a water-soluble alginic acid derivative.
- a preferred embodiment relates to the coagulated particle composition according to any one of the above, wherein the gelling agent (C) is an inorganic salt and / or an acid.
- the graft polymer (A) force has a soft polymer phase in the inner layer and a hard polymer phase in the outer layer.
- the graft polymer (A) has a hard polymer phase in the innermost layer, a soft polymer phase in the intermediate layer, and a hard polymer phase in the outermost layer.
- the solidified particle composition according to any one of the above.
- the soft polymer phase in the graft polymer (A) is attalinoleic acid ester 50 to 100% by weight, aromatic vinyl monomer 0 to 40% by weight, acrylic acid ester and fragrance.
- a BUL monomer copolymerizable with a group BUL monomer 0 to 10% by weight and a polyfunctional monomer 0 to 5% by weight are polymerized, and the volume average particle size is 0.01 to 15.
- the soft polymer phase in the graft polymer (A) is 50 to 100% by weight of butadiene, 0 to 40% by weight of an aromatic butyl monomer, butadiene and aromatic Bul monomer copolymerizable with a bull monomer 0 to 10% by weight and a polyfunctional monomer 0 to 5% by weight are polymerized, and the volume average particle size is 0.01 to 15.0.
- the outermost hard polymer phase in the graft polymer (A) is
- the solidified particle composition according to any one of the above, wherein
- the coagulated particle composition of the present invention is capable of satisfying at a high level both contradictory physical properties such as quality of impact resistance improvement effect of thermoplastic resin or thermosetting resin and handling property of powder. it can.
- the graft polymer (A) of the present invention contains at least one or more soft polymer phases and at least one or more hard polymer phases.
- a graft polymer produced by a combination method, a micro suspension polymerization method, a mini emulsion polymerization method, an aqueous dispersion polymerization method, or the like can be used.
- the emulsion polymerization method and the suspension method can be used because both the properties such as the impact resistance improvement effect of the thermoplastic resin and the physical properties related to the powder handling property can be satisfied at a high level and the structure control is easy.
- a graft polymer produced by a suspension polymerization method can be suitably used.
- the term “soft” in the soft polymer phase means that the glass transition temperature of the polymer is less than 20 ° C., but from the following viewpoint, the glass transition of the soft polymer The temperature is preferably less than 0 ° C, more preferably less than -20 ° C.
- the solid polymer composition used in the present invention is used as an impact modifier for thermoplastic resins such as vinyl chloride resins. The impact absorption capacity of the components is reduced, and a significant impact resistance improvement effect is obtained. It is in the direction of ⁇ .
- "hard” in the hard polymer phase means that the glass transition temperature of the polymer is 20 ° C or higher.
- the glass transition of the hard polymer The temperature is preferably 30 ° C or higher, more preferably 50 ° C or higher.
- the glass transition temperature of the hard polymer is less than 20 ° C, when the solidified particles in the present invention are used as an impact modifier such as a thermoplastic resin such as a vinyl chloride resin, the thermoplastic resin, etc.
- an impact modifier such as a thermoplastic resin such as a vinyl chloride resin, the thermoplastic resin, etc.
- the compatibility with is reduced, it is difficult to obtain a significant impact resistance improvement effect.
- There is a force S which may adversely affect the handling properties of the powder.
- the glass transition temperature of the polymer is, for example, a force that can be measured by a differential calorimetry.
- the Polymer Hand Book J. Brandrup, Intersciencel 989
- the value calculated by using Fox's formula using the listed value shall be used.
- polymethyl methacrylate is 105 ° C and polybutyl acrylate is 54 ° C.
- the soft polymer phase and the hard polymer phase in the graft polymer (A) of the present invention are not particularly limited as long as it has at least the hard polymer phase at the outermost part.
- Graft polymer with a soft polymer phase and a hard polymer phase in the outer layer (outermost layer), or a hard polymer phase in the innermost layer and a soft polymer phase in the intermediate layer and outermost layer A multilayer structure graft polymer such as a graft polymer having a hard polymer phase on the outermost side can be suitably exemplified. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- a layer structure in which the inner layer soft polymer phase is completely covered with the outer layer hard polymer is generally used.
- the amount of the hard polymer for forming the layer structure may be insufficient. In such a case, it is not necessary to have a complete layer structure.
- a structure in which a part of the soft polymer phase is covered with a hard polymer phase as the outermost part, or a part of the soft polymer phase is a hard part as the outermost part.
- a structure obtained by graft polymerization of a polymer can also be suitably used. The same applies to the latter form.
- the soft polymer phase in the graft polymer (A) is not particularly limited, but will be described later. From the viewpoint of, for example, (1) acrylic acid esters 50 to 100 parts 0/0, the aromatic Bulle monomer 0-40 weight 0/0, which can be copolymerized with acrylic acid esters and aromatic Bulle monomer Polymerization of vinyl monomers 0 to 10% by weight and polyfunctional monomers 0 to 5% by weight, volume average particle size of 0.01 to 15.0 ⁇ m, glass transition temperature (2) Butadiene 50 to 100% by weight, aromatic bulle monomer 0 to 40% by weight, vinyl monomer copolymerizable with butadiene and aromatic vinyl monomer Polymer 0 ⁇ : 10% by weight and 0 ⁇ 5% by weight of polyfunctional monomer are polymerized. Volume average particle size is 0.01-15. O zm and glass transition temperature is less than 20 ° C. A soft polymer can be suitably exemplified.
- the outermost hard polymer phase in the graft polymer (A) is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint described later, for example, (meth) acrylic acid ester 0 to: 100% by weight, good Copolymerizable with aromatic vinyl monomer 0-90 wt%, vinyl cyanide monomer 0-25 wt%, and (meth) acrylic acid ester, aromatic bull monomer and cyanobyl monomer
- (meth) acryl means acrylic and / or methacrylic.
- the graft polymer (A) is a graft polymer having a hard polymer phase in the innermost layer, a soft polymer phase in the intermediate layer, and a hard polymer phase in the outermost layer. non outermost in (in this case, the innermost layer) the hard polymer phase, for example, methacrylic Sane Sutenore 40: 100 by weight 0/0, acrylic acid ester 0-60wt 0/0, the aromatic Biel monomer 0 to 60% by weight of body, polyfunctional monomer 0 to 10% by weight, and butyl monomer copolymerizable with methacrylic acid ester, allylic acid ester and aromatic vinyl monomer 0 to 20 weight
- a hard polymer composed of% by weight can be suitably exemplified.
- a general method for producing the above graft polymer is described in detail in, for example, JP-A-2002-363372, JP-A-2003-119396, JP-A-9-286830, and the like. However, it is not limited to these.
- thermoplastic resin such as polyvinyl chloride resin (hereinafter also referred to as PVC) and (meth) acrylic resin, or epoxy resin, etc.
- PVC polyvinyl chloride resin
- acrylic resin or epoxy resin, etc.
- thermosetting resins Widely used as an impact modifier for thermosetting resins. This is because, even when the graft polymer of the present invention is recovered as a coagulated particle composition, a composition having excellent quality such as impact resistance and powder handling properties can be obtained.
- the graft polymer that can be used in the present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned polymer, but, for example, one or more selected from the following monomer group: A polymer composed of a polymer obtained by copolymerization or graft polymerization of a monomer composition mainly composed of the above monomer can be used as a soft polymer and a hard polymer.
- the monomer group includes, for example, (1) alkyl having an alkyl group having 10 or less carbon atoms such as methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, 2_ethyl hexyl acrylate.
- alkyl methacrylates having an alkyl group having 10 or less carbon atoms such as methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, 2_ethylhexyl methacrylate, (3) Vinylarenes such as styrene, monomethylstyrene, monochlorostyrene, dichlorostyrene, (4) vinyl carboxylic acids such as acrylic acid and methacrylic acid, (5) vinylcyanides such as acrylonitrile and methatalonitrile, (6) Halogenated burs such as vinyl chloride, vinyl bromide, black mouth-prene, (7) butyl acetate, (8) ethylene, propylene, Alkenes such as Tylene, Butadiene, Isobutylene, (9) Multifunctional, such as arylyl methacrylate, diallyl phthalate, triaryl cyanurate, monoethylene glycol dimethacrylate, tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate
- the weight ratio of the soft polymer phase / hard polymer phase in the graft polymer (A) in the present invention is not particularly limited, but the outermost hard polymer phase in the graft polymer (A) is not limited.
- the ratio is preferably 0.5 to 10% by weight, more preferably 1 to 9% by weight.
- the anti-blocking property can be improved by using the coagulated particle composition of the present invention as compared with a normal coagulated particle composition.
- the amount of the soft polymer phase in the graft polymer is decreased, so that the impact resistance imparting effect to the thermoplastic resin or the like tends to be remarkably hardly exhibited.
- the weight ratio of the outermost hard polymer phase in the graft polymer (A) is less than 0.5% by weight, for example, as an impact modifier for thermoplastic resins such as PVC.
- thermoplastic resins such as PVC.
- the compatibility between the graft polymer (A) and the thermoplastic resin is lowered, so that the impact resistance improving effect tends to be hardly obtained.
- the amount of the outermost hard polymer is insufficient, the graft polymer coagulated particles after recovery become too soft, the shape retention of the coagulated particles themselves (i.e., elasticity) is extremely reduced, and solidification occurs with weak shear. In some cases, both the properties of imparting impact resistance and powder handling properties cannot be satisfied at a high level, such as particles easily plastically deforming and blocking.
- the water-soluble polymer compound (B) having the property of forming a physical gel is contained in the solidified particles of the graft polymer (A).
- the physical gel means a gel formed by a physical bridge formed by hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds or chelate formation between polymers.
- it has the property of forming a physical gel when it is converted from a viscous fluid (sol) to an elastic body (gel) by adding a gelling agent such as an inorganic salt or acid to an aqueous solution of a water-soluble polymer compound alone.
- the water-soluble polymer compound (B) having the property of forming a physical gel is defined as a water-soluble polymer compound having the above properties.
- the water-soluble polymer compound having the property of forming a physical gel that can be used in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as the above property can be expressed.
- the following group power is selected.
- a water-soluble polymer compound composed of one kind or a mixture of two or more kinds can be used.
- water-soluble alginic acid derivatives such as alginic acid, sodium alginate, potassium alginate, ammonium alginate, hydroxyethylmethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, agar, gelatin, strength laginan, dalcomannan, pectin, curdlan, Examples include dielan gum and polyacrylic acid derivatives.
- a water-soluble alginic acid derivative can be most preferably used among these, among which carboxymethylcellulose, a water-soluble alginic acid derivative, or a polyatallylic acid derivative is more preferable in terms of achieving the object.
- the ratio of mannuronic acid and guluronic acid in the water-soluble alginic acid derivative is not particularly limited. However, the higher the ratio of gnoleronic acid, the higher the ability to form a physical gel. Is 5% by weight of guluronic acid in water-soluble alginic acid derivatives Above, more preferably 30% by weight or more. Further, the molecular weight of the water-soluble polymer compound represented by the water-soluble alginic acid derivative is not particularly limited, but it was measured by a B-type viscometer from the viewpoint of liquid transfer during production.
- the aqueous solution has a viscosity of preferably 2 to 22 OOOmPa ⁇ s, more preferably 2 to: OOOmPa ⁇ s.
- the content of the water-soluble polymer compound (B) having the property of forming a physical gel in the present invention is 0.01 to 3.0 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the graft polymer (A). It is more preferable that the amount is 0.05 to 1. 8 parts by weight.
- the content of the water-soluble polymer compound (B) having the property of forming a physical gel is less than 0.01 parts by weight, the anti-blocking property and particle shape retention of the recovered graft polymer coagulated particles ( The improvement effect of imparting elasticity to solidified particles tends to be obtained.
- the content of the water-soluble polymer compound (B) having the property of forming a physical gel is more than 3.0 parts by weight, the blocking resistance of the graft polymer coagulated particles after recovery is improved.
- a large amount of water-soluble polymer compound (including substances derived from it) may remain in the solid particles, which tends to reduce the quality of impact resistance and thermal stability during molding.
- gelling agents (C) examples include sodium chloride, potassium chloride, lithium chloride, sodium bromide, potassium bromide, lithium bromide, potassium iodide, and lithium iodide.
- organic acids such as formic acid may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the gelling agent (C) includes calcium chloride, ferrous sulfate.
- Ferrous chloride, ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, aluminum sulfate and the like can be suitably used.
- the amount of gelling agent (C) added in the production of the composition of the present invention is not particularly limited, but it should be 0.2 to 20 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the graft polymer (A). More preferably, it is more preferably 0.5 to 15 parts by weight. It should be noted that most of the gelling agent (C) can be washed away by a water washing step at the time of recovery of the solidified particles, and it is preferable that less than 1 part by weight remains per 100 parts by weight of the graft polymer (A). More preferably, the content is 0.01 to 0.5 parts by weight.
- the residual amount of the gelling agent (C) with respect to the graft polymer (A) exceeds 1 part by weight, for example, it may be mixed with a salty vinyl resin and the processability during molding may change. In addition, there is a tendency that not only high impact resistance effect tends to be exhibited, but also a problem such as yellowing of the molded body may occur.
- the purpose of containing the water-soluble polymer compound (B) having the property of forming a physical gel and the gelling agent (C) is as follows: (1) Graft polymer coagulated particles The coexistence of non-adhesive physical gel can improve the anti-blocking property of solidified particles during recovery and the solidified particle shape retention (giving elasticity to the solidified particles). (2) Solidification Even after the particles are dried, the coagulated particles are dried with a non-adhesive physical gel, which prevents the coagulated particles from blocking and maintaining the shape of the coagulated particles (giving elasticity to the coagulated particles). This is because it can be improved.
- JP-A-52-37987 discloses that a high molecular weight polyanion having a carboxyl group and Z or a hydroxyl group in the molecule is added to a rubber latex, and the mixed latex is added to at least one alkaline earth metal.
- a method under a limited condition of dropping into an aqueous solution containing seeds is disclosed as a method for granulating a rubbery polymer latex that is extremely difficult to recover in a granular form.
- at least 2.0 parts by weight, preferably 4.0 parts by weight or more of high molecular weight polyanion must be added to 100 parts by weight of polymer solids in rubber latex. It is stated that it should not.
- at least 4.0 parts by weight or more of high molecular weight polyanion must be added.
- a graft polymer (A) containing at least one or more soft polymer phases and at least one or more hard polymer phases and having a hard polymer phase on the outermost part allows foreign matter to be used.
- the content of the water-soluble polymer compound (B) having the property of forming a physical gel is set to 0.0:! To 3.0 parts by weight, preferably 0.05-1 to 8 parts by weight.
- the fusion polymer (A) is further prevented from being fused with respect to 100 parts by weight of the graft polymer.
- the agent (D) can be added in an amount of 0.05 to 3.0 parts by weight, preferably 0.:! To 3.0 parts by weight, more preferably 0.2 to 2.5 parts by weight.
- a suitable addition amount of the anti-fusing agent (D) is the content of the water-soluble polymer compound ( ⁇ ) having the property of forming a physical gel in the solidified particles of the graft polymer ( ⁇ ).
- the total content of (addition) water-soluble high-molecular compound ( ⁇ ) and anti-fusing agent (D), which have the property of forming a physical gel in the graft polymer solidified particles, is influenced by the graft polymer.
- Ii For 100 parts by weight, 0.06 to 6.0 parts by weight is preferred 0 .:! To 3.0 parts by weight is more preferred 0.5. A range of ⁇ 2.0 parts by weight is particularly preferred.
- the total content of the water-soluble polymer compound ( ⁇ ) having the property of forming a physical gel in the graft polymer coagulated particles and the content (addition) of the anti-fusing agent (D) is 0. If the amount is less than 06 parts by weight, the blocking resistance of the solidified particles after recovery may be deteriorated. If the amount is more than 6.0 parts by weight, the quality such as the impact resistance improving effect tends to decrease. It is in.
- the water-soluble polymer compound (B) having the property of forming a physical gel and the anti-fusing agent (D) are simultaneously contained (added together), so that the recovered coagulated particles contain It is also possible to set the content of foreign matter contained in 2.0 parts by weight or less in a normal case, and a higher level of quality and powder handling properties such as the impact resistance improvement effect inherent to the graft polymer. Can be satisfied.
- the anti-fusing agent (D) that can be used in the present invention is not particularly limited, but it is possible to satisfy the quality such as the impact resistance improving effect and the powder handling property at a higher level.
- a polyvalent metal salt of an anionic surfactant and Z or a crosslinked polymer can be suitably used.
- a crosslinked polymer When a crosslinked polymer is used, it can be used as an optional component together with a lubricant.
- the crosslinked polymer is in the range of 10 to 100% by weight and the lubricant is in the range of 0 to 90% by weight, preferably 50 to 100% by weight and A lubricant can be used in the range of 0 to 50% by weight.
- Examples of the polyvalent metal salt of an anionic surfactant that can be used for the above purpose include fatty acid salts, sulfates of higher alcohols, sulfates of liquid fatty oils, aliphatic amines and aliphatic amides.
- Anionic interfaces such as sulfates of fatty acids, phosphate esters of fatty alcohols, sulfonates of dibasic fatty acid esters, sulfonates of aliphatic amides, alkylaryl sulfonates, formalin condensed naphthalene sulfonates, etc.
- Examples include polyvalent metal salts of activators.
- fatty acid salts sulfates of higher alcohols, sulfonate power of dibasic fatty acid esters, impact resistance improvement effect, etc. and powder handling properties at a high level It can be preferably used from the point of satisfaction. However, it is not limited to these.
- the crosslinked polymer that can be used for the above purpose is not particularly limited, but is 30 to 60% by weight of methyl methacrylate, 65 to 35% by weight of aromatic butyl monomer, 0.1 to A cross-linked polymer obtained by polymerizing 25% by weight and other copolymerizable monomers from 0 to 30% by weight is suitable because it can satisfy the quality such as the impact resistance improving effect and the powder handling property at a high level. Can be used. However, it is not limited to these.
- Examples of the aromatic butyl monomer include styrene and monomethylstyrene, and examples of the cross-linkable monomer include dibutyl benzene, 1,3-butylene. Glycol dimetatalylate, trimethylolpropane tri (meth) acrylate, valinole (meth) acrylate, ethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, 1, 4-butanediol di (meth) acrylate, 1, 6-hexane 2 functional groups in one molecule, such as diol (meth) acrylate, diaryl maleate, diaryreutaconate, trialinoreocyanurate, triarinoreisocyanurate, diarylphthalate, triallyl trimesate
- Examples of the other copolymerizable monomers include burcyan compounds such as acrylonitrile and methatalonitrile, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, alkyl ester ester of acrylic acid, and methacrylic acid.
- the above-mentioned lubricant is not particularly limited, but fatty acids such as stearic acid, 12-hydroxystearic acid and behenic acid, fatty acid salts such as zinc stearate and calcium stearate, oleic acid amide, ethylenebisamide , Fatty acid amides such as L-force amide, butyl stearate such as butyrate stearate, stearyl stearate, sorbitan monostearate, pentaerythritol monostearate such as pentaerythritol tetrastearate, glycerol monostearate
- Glycerin fatty acid esters such as henate, glycerin mono 12-hydroxystearate, glycerin monostearate, glycerin monolaurate, fatty acid esters such as hardened castor oil, and higher alcohols such as stearyl alcohol Among them, glycerin monobehenate, glycer
- the volume average particle size of the graft polymer coagulated particles in the present invention is not particularly limited, and can be arbitrarily adjusted according to the supply form of the dried granular material, which is a product, but usually MICROTRAC FRA -Volume average particle diameter measured by SVRSC (manufactured by Nikkiso Co., Ltd.) is preferably in the range of 50 xm to 5. Omm 75 ⁇ ! ⁇ 3. More preferably, it is Omm.
- additives such as an antioxidant, a heat stabilizer, an ultraviolet absorber, a pigment, an antistatic agent and a lubricant can be appropriately added as necessary.
- the coagulated particle composition obtained by the present invention includes, for example, a salt vinyl resin, (meth) atari Resin, styrene resin, carbonate resin, amide resin, ester resin, olefin resin, etc., or phenol resin, epoxy resin, unsaturated ester resin, urea resin, melamine It can be suitably used as an impact resistance improver for thermosetting resins such as resin based resins, and particularly when used as an impact resistance improver for vinyl chloride resins.
- ⁇ , 60 if the collapse rate is 80% or more. / o over 80. ⁇ , 40% or more and less than 60% X, and XX less than 40%.
- the dried particles of the coagulated particles obtained in the examples and comparative examples 5.2 parts by weight, tribasic lead sulfate 2 parts by weight, dibasic lead phosphite 2 parts by weight, dibasic lead stearate 0. 5 parts by weight, 0.5 part by weight of calcium stearate, and 100 parts by weight of a salt vinyl resin (average polymerization degree 1000) were mixed to prepare a chlorinated bur resin composition.
- 70 g of these chlorinated resin-based resin compositions were kneaded under the conditions of Labo Plast Mill (Toyo Seiki Co., Ltd.) Model 20C200, chamber / rotor rotation speed 60 rpm, temperature 200 ° C, preheating time 3 minutes. The time until yellowing was measured.
- a glass reactor equipped with a thermometer, stirrer, reflux condenser, nitrogen inlet, monomer and emulsifier addition device was charged with 160 parts by weight of deionized water and 0.043 parts by weight of sodium lauryl sulfate in a nitrogen stream. The temperature was raised to 50 ° C. with stirring. Next, a mixture of 9.0 parts by weight of butyl acrylate (hereinafter also referred to as BA) and 0.02 parts by weight of tamennoide peroxide was charged, and 10 minutes later, 0.01 parts by weight of disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate was added.
- BA butyl acrylate
- tamennoide peroxide 0.02 parts by weight of tamennoide peroxide was charged, and 10 minutes later, 0.01 parts by weight of disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate was added.
- Ferrous sulfate 7 hydrate salt A mixed solution in which 0.2 part by weight was dissolved in 5 parts by weight of distilled water and 0.2 part by weight of sodium formaldehydesulfoxynolate were charged. After stirring for 1 hour, a monomer mixture consisting of 58.5 parts by weight of BA, 0.5 parts by weight of arylyl methacrylate (hereinafter also referred to as AMA) and 0.01 parts by weight of cumene hydride baroxide is added for 5 hours. Was added dropwise. In addition to the addition of the monomer mixture, 1 part by weight of sodium lauryl sulfate was added at a concentration of 5% by weight. The aqueous solution was added continuously over 4 hours.
- AMA arylyl methacrylate
- Tg glass transition temperature
- the volume average particle size was 0.175 zm, the polymer solid content concentration was 35.4% by weight, and soft.
- a glass reactor equipped with a thermometer, stirrer, reflux condenser, nitrogen inlet, monomer and emulsifier addition device was charged with 160 parts by weight of deionized water and 0.043 parts by weight of sodium lauryl sulfate in a nitrogen stream. The temperature was raised to 50 ° C. with stirring. Next, a mixture of 9.5 parts by weight of BA and 0.02 parts by weight of cumene hydroperoxide was added, and 10 minutes later, 0.01 parts by weight of sodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate and ferrous sulfate and heptahydrate 0.2 parts by weight A mixed solution in which 5 parts by weight of distilled water was dissolved, and 0.2 part by weight of sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate were charged.
- a mixture of 0.5 part by weight of MMA and 0.001 part by weight of tamhydride peroxide was continuously added as a hard polymer component at 50 ° C. for 3 minutes. After completion of the addition, 0.1 part by weight of cumene hydride peroxide is added, and stirring is further continued for 1 hour to complete the polymerization.
- the volume average particle size is 0.175 xm
- the polymer solid content concentration is 35.4% by weight
- the soft weight A graft polymer B having a blending content of 99.5% by weight and an outermost hard polymer (Tg: 105 ° C) content of 0.5% by weight was prepared.
- a gen-based soft polymer having a conversion rate of 99% was obtained.
- Graft polymer D having a content of 10% by weight, a soft polymer content of 90% by weight, and an outermost hard polymer (Tg: 105 ° C) content of 10% by weight was prepared.
- a glass reactor equipped with a thermometer, stirrer, reflux condenser, nitrogen inlet, monomer and emulsifier addition device was charged with 160 parts by weight of deionized water and 0.043 parts by weight of sodium lauryl sulfate in a nitrogen stream. The temperature was raised to 50 ° C. with stirring.
- a glass reactor equipped with a thermometer, stirrer, reflux condenser, nitrogen inlet, monomer and emulsifier addition device was charged with 160 parts by weight of deionized water and 0.043 parts by weight of sodium lauryl sulfate in a nitrogen stream. The temperature was raised to 50 ° C. with stirring. Next, a mixture of 9.5 parts by weight of BA and 0.02 parts by weight of cumene hydroperoxide was added, and 10 minutes later, 0.01 parts by weight of sodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate and ferrous sulfate and heptahydrate 0.2 parts by weight A mixed solution in which 5 parts by weight of distilled water was dissolved, and 0.2 part by weight of sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate were charged.
- Graft polymer A latex (polymer solid content: 100 parts by weight) was added to a 1.5 wt% aqueous sodium alginate solution (Algitex LL, manufactured by Kimiki Co., Ltd.). 's) was added so that the solid content of sodium alginate was 0.4 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the graft polymer A, and the mixture was stirred and mixed for 3 minutes to prepare a mixed latex.
- a 1.5 wt% aqueous sodium alginate solution Algitex LL, manufactured by Kimiki Co., Ltd.
- a mixed latex at a temperature of 5 ° C with a diameter of 0.6 mm and a spray pressure of 3.7 kg / cm 2 the height from the liquid level at the bottom of the column Spraying was performed in a cylindrical apparatus having a diameter of 5 m and a diameter of 60 cm so that the volume average droplet diameter was approximately 200 ⁇ m.
- a 30% strength by weight calcium chloride aqueous solution was mixed with air using a two-fluid nozzle so that the solid content of calcium chloride was 5 to 15 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of graft polymer A.
- the mixed latex droplets that dropped inside the tower were 1.0% by weight calcium chloride at 5 ° C at the bottom of the tower. It was put into a receiving tank containing an aqueous solution and recovered.
- aqueous solution of coagulated latex particles an aqueous solution of 5 wt% potassium palmitate is added so that the potassium palmitate solid content is 1.5 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the graft polymer A solid content. Then, heat treatment was performed by heating to 70 ° C with stirring. Thereafter, it was dewatered and dried (50 ° C. ⁇ 12 hours) to recover the coagulated particle composition.
- Example 2 The same procedure as in Example 1 was carried out except that the latex of graft polymer B was used, and was placed in a receiving tank containing a 1.0% by weight aqueous chloride chloride solution at 1 ° C at the bottom of the column. After adding the force potassium palmitate in which the secondary agglomeration between coagulated latex particles occurred in the receiving tank, vigorous stirring was applied to obtain a coagulated particle composition passing through a 16 mesh sieve.
- Example 2 The same procedure as in Example 1 was conducted, except that the latex of graft polymer C was used and charged into a receiving tank containing a 1.0 wt% aqueous solution of chloride chloride at 20 ° C. at the bottom of the column.
- Example 1 The same operation as in Example 1 was conducted except that the amount of sodium alginate added was 0.01 parts by weight.
- Example 2 The same procedure as in Example 1 was performed except that the amount of sodium alginate added was 0.7 parts by weight and the amount of potassium palmitate added was 1.0 parts by weight.
- Example 2 The same procedure as in Example 1 was conducted, except that the amount of loading of sodium alginate was 1.8 parts by weight and the amount of loading of potassium palmitate was 0.1 parts by weight.
- Potassium palmitate 1.5 instead of 1.5 parts by weight, the same procedure as in Example 1 was conducted except that the crosslinked polymer was added to 1.0 part by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the crosslinked polymer solid content graft polymer A. Carried out.
- the latex of graft polymer D (100 parts by weight of polymer solid content) was added to a 1.5 wt% aqueous sodium alginate solution (Algitex LL, manufactured by Kimiki Co., Ltd.). 's) was added so that the solid content of sodium alginate was 0.4 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the solid content of the graft polymer D, and stirred for 3 minutes to prepare a mixed latex.
- a 1.5 wt% aqueous sodium alginate solution Algitex LL, manufactured by Kimiki Co., Ltd.
- a mixed latex with a temperature of 25 ° C is a swiveling conical nozzle that is a type of pressurized nozzle, with a nozzle diameter of 0.6 mm, at a spraying pressure of 3.7 kg / cm 2 , and a height of 5 m above the liquid level at the bottom of the tower.
- hydrogen chloride gas was injected into an atmosphere mixed with a concentration of 0.01 to 0.8% by volume so as to form droplets with a volume average droplet diameter of 200 ⁇ m. It was foggy.
- the mixed latex droplets dropped in the tower were put into a receiving tank containing a hydrochloric acid aqueous solution at 50 ° C. and pH 2.0 at the bottom of the tower and recovered.
- Example 2 The same procedure as in Example 1 was conducted, except that the amount of potassium palmitate added was 0.2 parts by weight.
- Example 1 The same procedure as in Example 1 was conducted, except that the amount of sodium alginate was 2.0 parts by weight and potassium palmitate was not added.
- Example 2 The same procedure as in Example 1 was conducted, except that the amount of sodium alginate was 4.0 parts by weight and potassium palmitate was not added.
- Example 2 The same operation as in Example 1 was carried out except that the amount of addition of sodium alginate was 0.005 part by weight.
- Example 1 The same procedure as in Example 1 was carried out except that sodium alginate was not added.
- Table 1 shows the graft polymer species, the weight ratio of the soft polymer / the outermost hard polymer in the coagulated particle compositions obtained in the examples and comparative examples, and water-soluble properties that form a physical gel.
- Type of water-soluble polymer compound water-soluble polymer type
- content of water-soluble polymer compound that has the property of forming a physical gel water-soluble polymer content
- type of anti-fusing agent content of anti-fusing agent
- the total content of the water-soluble polymer compound having the property of forming a physical gel and the anti-fusing agent the total amount of water-soluble polymer + anti-fusing agent.
- Example 1 A 95/5 Alginic acid Na 0.4 Palmitic acid K 1.5 1.9
- Example 2 B 99.5 / 0.5 Alginic acid Na 0.4 Palmitic acid K 1.5 1.9
- Example 3 C 90/10 Alginic acid Na 0.4 Palmitic acid K 1.5 1.9
- Example 4 A 95/5 Alginic acid Na 0.01 Palmitic acid K 1.51.51
- Example 5 A 95/5 Alginic acid Na 0.7 Palmitic acid K 1.0 1.7
- Example 6 A 95/5 Alginic acid Na 1.8 Palmitic acid K 0 1 1.9
- Example 7 A 95/5 Cellulose 0.4 Palmitic acid K 1.5 1.9
- Example 8 A 95/5 Alginate Na 0.4 Crosslinked polymer 1.0 1.
- Example 9 D 90/10 Alginic acid Na 0.4 Cross-linked polymer 1.0 1.4
- Example 10 A 95/5 Alginic acid Na 0.4 Palmitic acid K 0.2 0.6
- Example 11 A 95/5 Alginic acid Na 2 0 ⁇ ⁇ 2.0 Comparative Example 1
- E 85 / 15 Alginic acid Na 0.4 Palmitic acid K 1.5 1.9
- Comparative example 2 F 100/0 Alginic acid Na 0.4 Palmitic acid K 1.5 1.9
- Comparative example 3 A 95/5 Alginic acid Na 4.0 ⁇ One 4.0 Comparative example 4 A 95/5 Alginic acid Na 0.005 Palmitic acid K 1.5 1.505
- Comparative Example 5 A 95/5 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ Palmitic acid K 1.5 1.5 1.5
- Table 2 shows the evaluation results of the anti-blocking property, degree of powder flowability, impact strength (Charby strength), and thermal stability of the coagulated particle compositions obtained in Examples and Comparative Examples. Indicated.
- the weight ratio of the soft polymer Z hard polymer in the graft polymer (A) is in the range of 90/10 to 99.5 / 0.5. Within the range (that is, the outermost hard polymer in the graft polymer (A) is in the range of 0.5 to 10% by weight), such as impact resistance improving effect and powder handling properties. It can be seen that a good solidified particle composition can be obtained.
- the graft polymer (A) contains a water-soluble polymer compound ( ⁇ ) having a property of forming a physical gel ( ⁇ ) from 0.01 to 3.0 parts by weight.
- a solidified particle composition having good quality such as an impact resistance improving effect and good powder handling properties can be obtained.
- the content of the water-soluble polymer compound (B) having the property of forming a physical gel, the anti-fusing agent (D), and the total amount thereof are within the range specified in the present invention. Then, it can be seen that a solidified particle composition that can satisfy the quality such as the impact resistance improving effect and the powder handling property at an extremely high level can be obtained.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Graft Or Block Polymers (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Processes Of Treating Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
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EP05816770A EP1834991A1 (en) | 2004-12-27 | 2005-12-13 | Aggregated-particle composition |
CA002593051A CA2593051A1 (en) | 2004-12-27 | 2005-12-13 | Aggregated-particle composition |
JP2006550658A JP5230944B2 (ja) | 2004-12-27 | 2005-12-13 | 凝固粒子組成物 |
US11/793,505 US20080139697A1 (en) | 2004-12-27 | 2005-12-13 | Aggregated-Particle Composition |
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US (1) | US20080139697A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1834991A1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5230944B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR20070100761A (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2593051A1 (ja) |
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WO (1) | WO2006070591A1 (ja) |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2007094208A1 (ja) * | 2006-02-16 | 2007-08-23 | Kaneka Corporation | 熱可塑性樹脂組成物 |
WO2007125805A1 (ja) * | 2006-04-26 | 2007-11-08 | Kaneka Corporation | 熱可塑性樹脂組成物、及びその製造方法 |
EP1908792A1 (en) * | 2005-07-28 | 2008-04-09 | Kaneka Corporation | Process for production of coagulated latex particles |
JP2008202037A (ja) * | 2007-01-23 | 2008-09-04 | Kansai Paint Co Ltd | 粒状ゲルの製造方法及び該粒状ゲルを含む塗料組成物 |
WO2009060819A1 (ja) * | 2007-11-09 | 2009-05-14 | Kaneka Corporation | 凝固ラテックス粒子、及びその製造方法 |
JP2020164561A (ja) * | 2019-03-28 | 2020-10-08 | 株式会社カネカ | 粉粒体の製造方法および粉粒体 |
Families Citing this family (3)
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RU2010135773A (ru) * | 2008-01-29 | 2012-03-10 | ЛЕНКСЕСС Дойчланд ГмбХ (DE) | При необходимости гидрированные нитрильные каучуки, содержащие при необходимости концевые алкилтиогруппы |
US8230185B2 (en) * | 2008-10-08 | 2012-07-24 | International Business Machines Corporation | Method for optimizing cleaning of maps in FlashCopy cascades containing incremental maps |
US10392477B2 (en) | 2014-03-26 | 2019-08-27 | Kaneka Corporation | Method for manufacturing coagulated particles from latex prepared by emulsion polymerization, aggregates from latex prepared by emulsion polymerization, and coagulated particles from latex prepared by emulsion polymerization |
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2005
- 2005-12-13 RU RU2007128818/04A patent/RU2007128818A/ru not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2005-12-13 CA CA002593051A patent/CA2593051A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-12-13 WO PCT/JP2005/022817 patent/WO2006070591A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2005-12-13 KR KR1020077017125A patent/KR20070100761A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2005-12-13 EP EP05816770A patent/EP1834991A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-12-13 US US11/793,505 patent/US20080139697A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-12-13 JP JP2006550658A patent/JP5230944B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
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WO1999055779A1 (fr) * | 1998-04-27 | 1999-11-04 | Kaneka Corporation | Composition de resine contenant un polymere greffe multicouche |
JP2002138210A (ja) * | 2000-09-03 | 2002-05-14 | Rohm & Haas Co | マルチプルポリマー添加剤系 |
JP2005162797A (ja) * | 2003-11-28 | 2005-06-23 | Daicel Chem Ind Ltd | 複合粒子及び分散体 |
Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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EP1908792A1 (en) * | 2005-07-28 | 2008-04-09 | Kaneka Corporation | Process for production of coagulated latex particles |
EP1908792A4 (en) * | 2005-07-28 | 2009-09-30 | Kaneka Corp | PROCESS FOR PREPARING COAGULATED LATEX PARTICLES |
US7728055B2 (en) | 2005-07-28 | 2010-06-01 | Kaneka Corporation | Process for producing coagulated latex particles |
WO2007094208A1 (ja) * | 2006-02-16 | 2007-08-23 | Kaneka Corporation | 熱可塑性樹脂組成物 |
US8247478B2 (en) | 2006-02-16 | 2012-08-21 | Kaneka Corporation | Thermoplastic resin composition |
WO2007125805A1 (ja) * | 2006-04-26 | 2007-11-08 | Kaneka Corporation | 熱可塑性樹脂組成物、及びその製造方法 |
JP2008202037A (ja) * | 2007-01-23 | 2008-09-04 | Kansai Paint Co Ltd | 粒状ゲルの製造方法及び該粒状ゲルを含む塗料組成物 |
WO2009060819A1 (ja) * | 2007-11-09 | 2009-05-14 | Kaneka Corporation | 凝固ラテックス粒子、及びその製造方法 |
JP2020164561A (ja) * | 2019-03-28 | 2020-10-08 | 株式会社カネカ | 粉粒体の製造方法および粉粒体 |
JP7249845B2 (ja) | 2019-03-28 | 2023-03-31 | 株式会社カネカ | 粉粒体の製造方法および粉粒体 |
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KR20070100761A (ko) | 2007-10-11 |
CA2593051A1 (en) | 2006-07-06 |
RU2007128818A (ru) | 2009-02-10 |
EP1834991A1 (en) | 2007-09-19 |
JP5230944B2 (ja) | 2013-07-10 |
US20080139697A1 (en) | 2008-06-12 |
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