WO2006025091A1 - 半導体集積回路 - Google Patents
半導体集積回路 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2006025091A1 WO2006025091A1 PCT/JP2004/012489 JP2004012489W WO2006025091A1 WO 2006025091 A1 WO2006025091 A1 WO 2006025091A1 JP 2004012489 W JP2004012489 W JP 2004012489W WO 2006025091 A1 WO2006025091 A1 WO 2006025091A1
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- nonvolatile memory
- volatile memory
- memory
- bus
- integrated circuit
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C16/00—Erasable programmable read-only memories
- G11C16/02—Erasable programmable read-only memories electrically programmable
- G11C16/06—Auxiliary circuits, e.g. for writing into memory
- G11C16/34—Determination of programming status, e.g. threshold voltage, overprogramming or underprogramming, retention
- G11C16/349—Arrangements for evaluating degradation, retention or wearout, e.g. by counting erase cycles
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C16/00—Erasable programmable read-only memories
- G11C16/02—Erasable programmable read-only memories electrically programmable
- G11C16/06—Auxiliary circuits, e.g. for writing into memory
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C16/00—Erasable programmable read-only memories
- G11C16/02—Erasable programmable read-only memories electrically programmable
- G11C16/06—Auxiliary circuits, e.g. for writing into memory
- G11C16/34—Determination of programming status, e.g. threshold voltage, overprogramming or underprogramming, retention
- G11C16/349—Arrangements for evaluating degradation, retention or wearout, e.g. by counting erase cycles
- G11C16/3495—Circuits or methods to detect or delay wearout of nonvolatile EPROM or EEPROM memory devices, e.g. by counting numbers of erase or reprogram cycles, by using multiple memory areas serially or cyclically
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a semiconductor integrated circuit having a rewritable nonvolatile memory area that stores information by a difference in threshold voltage, and particularly focuses on the relationship between the guaranteed number of rewrites of stored information and the read speed of stored information.
- the present invention relates to a technology that is effective when applied to an on-chip macro computer with a non-volatile memory that can be rewritten together with a central processing unit.
- Patent Document 1 data such as a user program is written in the user memory area of the flash memory, and the default flash firmware, parameters, and flash identification information are stored in advance in the mask memory area of the mask ROM. Version information or lot information is stored in the volatile memory, and the CPU selects and executes the optimum flash farm and parameters based on the version information, so that the rewrite processing for the flash memory is performed under the optimum conditions. Techniques that enable this are described.
- Patent Document 2 has a data EEPROM and a program EEPROM, and a lock code is stored in the designated area. By using this lock code, a data EE PROM and a program EEPROM are stored. There is a description of a technology that suppresses the possibility of tampering with data and programs stored in rewritable memory such as EEPROM.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-306543
- Patent Document 2 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2002-245023
- the present inventor has examined the guaranteed number of rewrites of stored information and the read speed of stored information in a rewritable nonvolatile memory typified by a flash memory. For example, for flash memory on-chip in a microcomputer, etc., the read speed and the number of rewrites are usually guaranteed regardless of the memory area. Inventor Noted the inconvenience caused by this.
- Vth window if the threshold voltage difference (Vth window) is reduced in order to relieve the stress of rewriting, the threshold voltage cannot be lowered to the left with respect to the read determination level of the memory cell. A large memory current cannot be taken. If the memory current is small, it is difficult to perform high-speed reads such as 100MHz.
- the flash memory built in the microcomputer requires a read speed that is the same as the program execution speed for the purpose of storing the program. Therefore, high-speed reading is prioritized and the number of rewrites of stored information cannot be guaranteed. .
- Such on-chip flash memory cannot be applied to data applications that require, for example, about 100,000 rewrite cycles, and must be handled by an external EEPROM or external flash memory of a microcomputer. Les.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor integrated circuit capable of satisfying both of an increase in reading speed and a large number of rewrites according to applications for a nonvolatile memory. .
- a semiconductor integrated circuit includes a central processing unit and a rewritable nonvolatile memory area disposed in an address space of the central processing unit.
- the non-volatile memory area has a first non-volatile memory area (PGM) and a second non-volatile memory area (DAT) for storing information according to a difference in threshold voltage.
- the first nonvolatile memory area has a maximum threshold voltage change width for storing information larger than that of the second nonvolatile memory area.
- the maximum change width of the threshold voltage for information storage is the threshold voltage initialization level (threshold voltage level by erasure) corresponding to one data logical value of the stored information and the other data logical value of the stored information. It means the maximum difference from the threshold voltage level to which it responds (threshold voltage level by writing). “Maximum” means that not only the stored information power S1 bit for one memory cell but also the case of 2 bits or more is considered.
- the first nonvolatile memory region has a lower threshold voltage initialization level distribution than the second nonvolatile memory region.
- the threshold voltage level distribution such as the threshold voltage level by the writing may be higher in the first nonvolatile memory area than in the second nonvolatile memory area.
- the read determination level such as the read word line selection level in each of the first nonvolatile memory area and the second nonvolatile memory area may be the same.
- the read decision level must be higher in the first non-volatile memory area than in the second non-volatile memory area.
- the threshold voltage of the first non-volatile memory area is initialized to the distribution of the threshold voltage, the threshold of the second non-volatile memory area, and the initial value voltage.
- a first nonvolatile memory including the first nonvolatile memory area
- nonvolatile memory (11, 11A) and a second nonvolatile memory (12, 12A) including the second nonvolatile memory area may be provided separately.
- one nonvolatile memory (11B) including both the first nonvolatile memory area and the second nonvolatile memory area may be provided.
- the first nonvolatile memory area is used for storing a program
- the second nonvolatile memory area is used for storing data.
- high-speed reading is prioritized because the same reading speed as the program execution speed is required for the purpose of storing programs. Since rewriting of programs is usually not performed as frequently as data, there is no problem even if the number of times of rewriting is small. This is because data is expected to be rewritten frequently, so it is necessary to ensure that the data area is rewritten many times.
- the data area assumed here is an area for storing parameters for initial settings that are not stored in volatile memory such as work RAM of the central processing unit, and high-speed access such as work RAM is essential. Since it is not such a memory area, even if the reading speed is slow, there is no substantial harm.
- a semiconductor integrated circuit has a two-bus configuration having a first bus and a second bus with respect to the semiconductor integrated circuit, and a nonvolatile memory is connected to each bus. Clarify the configuration. That is, the semiconductor integrated circuit is connected to the central processing unit (2), the volatile memory (3), the first bus (4) to which the central processing unit and the volatile memory are connected, and the first bus. And a second bus (6) connected to the bus controller.
- the first bus is connected to an electrically rewritable first nonvolatile memory (11, 11A) that stores information according to a difference in threshold voltage.
- the second bus has an electrically rewritable second non-volatile memory that stores information according to a difference in threshold voltage.
- Occurrence memory (12, 12A) is connected.
- the first non-volatile memory has a larger maximum change width of the threshold voltage for information storage than the second non-volatile memory.
- the first nonvolatile memory can be prioritized to increase the reading speed of the stored information, and the second nonvolatile memory can be rewritten the number of times the stored information is rewritten. Can be prioritized to guarantee more.
- the first nonvolatile memory has a threshold voltage initialization level distribution lower than that of the second nonvolatile memory, so that the maximum change width of the threshold voltage is increased. Increased.
- the first non-volatile memory is used for storing a program executed by the central processing unit, and the second non-volatile memory is used when the central processing unit executes a program. Used to store data to be processed.
- the first nonvolatile memory has a first access port (50) used for read access to the first bus and storage information from the second bus. And the second access port (51) used for access for rewriting, and the central processing unit performs access control for rewriting storage information for the first memory.
- the read port does not require an input buffer for receiving rewrite data.
- the input buffer has an input capacitance that becomes a load for the data output signal line.
- the rewrite operation also takes place when an ECC circuit (13) capable of detecting and correcting the data read from the first access port is provided between the first access port and the first bus.
- the rewrite control of the stored information for the nonvolatile memory is performed, for example, by the central processing unit executing a rewrite control program.
- the rewrite control program is held in, for example, the first nonvolatile memory.
- the central processing unit executes a rewrite control program transferred from the first non-volatile memory to the volatile memory.
- the instruction to rewrite the stored information is given by a program executed by the central processing unit. Alternatively, it is instructed by a rewrite command given from a writing device such as an external EP ROM writer.
- the central processing unit decodes a rewrite command inputted from the outside, and executes a rewrite control program stored in the first non-volatile memory according to a deciphering result, thereby executing the first non-volatile memory. Rewrites the memory information held by.
- the non-volatile memory sensor possessed by the first non-volatile memory includes a memory transistor having a different threshold voltage according to a charge retention state of a charge storage region and the memory transistor. And a select transistor that can be selectively connected to a bit line.
- the gate insulating film of the selection transistor is formed thinner than the gate insulating film of the memory transistor. Hot electrons formed by a potential difference between a channel formed in the semiconductor region immediately below the gate electrode of the selection transistor and a channel formed in the semiconductor region immediately below the charge storage region of the memory transistor are injected into the charge storage region.
- the threshold voltage is increased, and the threshold voltage is initialized in the direction of lowering by decreasing the outer area of the element held by the charge storage region.
- the source side of the channel of the memory transistor to which high voltage is supplied from the drain side and the drain side of the channel of the selection transistor are not electrically connected with low resistance. Do not apply the high voltage on the memory transistor side to the transistor. Therefore, even if the gate insulating film of the selection transistor is formed thinner than the gate insulating film of the memory transistor, the gate oxide film of the selection transistor is not destroyed during the rewrite operation. This force is selected by a thin gate oxide film. The transistor conductance is increased to ensure that the reading speed is increased.
- a semiconductor integrated circuit has a two-bus configuration having a first bus and a second bus with respect to the semiconductor integrated circuit, and is a non-volatile memory connected to the first bus ( 11 B) Specify the specific configuration in which the first nonvolatile memory area (PGM) and the second nonvolatile memory area (DAT) are assigned. That is, the semiconductor integrated circuit includes a central processing unit, a volatile memory, a first bus to which the central processing unit and the volatile memory are connected, a bus controller connected to the first bus, A second bus connected to the bus controller, and a nonvolatile memory is connected to the first bus.
- the non-volatile memory has a first non-volatile memory area and a second non-volatile memory area for storing information according to a difference in threshold voltage, and the first non-volatile memory area is a second non-volatile memory. Compared to the area, the maximum change width of the threshold voltage for information storage is increased. In the present invention as well, as described above, it is possible to give priority to increasing the reading speed of stored information in the first nonvolatile memory area, and rewrite processing of stored information in the second nonvolatile memory area. Priority can be given to guaranteeing a large number.
- the first non-volatile memory area has a threshold voltage initialization level distribution lower than that of the second non-volatile memory area, thereby causing the maximum change in the threshold voltage.
- the width is increased.
- the read determination level given to the nonvolatile memory cell is This is the same as the read determination level given to the non-volatile memory cell when the storage information corresponding to the threshold voltage is read from the non-volatile memory cell in the second non-volatile memory region.
- the first non-volatile memory area is used for storing a program executed by the central processing unit, and the second non-volatile memory area is executed by the central processing unit. It is used to store data that is sometimes used.
- each of the first nonvolatile memory area and the second nonvolatile memory area includes a plurality of divided areas (61) and a plurality of divided areas unique to each divided area.
- 1 bit line (LBL), second bit line (GBLr) common to multiple divided areas, and divided areas
- a hierarchical bit line structure including a selection circuit (62) for selecting the first bit line from the output circuit and a sense amplifier disposed between the output of the selection circuit and the second bit line. The load on the bit line is set so that the second nonvolatile memory area is smaller than the first nonvolatile memory area.
- the maximum change width of the threshold voltage for information storage is relatively small.
- the read speed delay from the second memory area can be improved, and the access time via the first bus for both the first nonvolatile memory area and the second nonvolatile memory area is improved. It will be possible to make them the same.
- the central processing unit makes the number of access cycles for the second non-volatile memory area larger than the number of access cycles for the first non-volatile memory area. It is possible to control and cope with the difference in reading speed.
- the non-volatile memory is used for a first access port used for read access to the first bus and an access for rewriting stored information from the second bus.
- the central processing unit performs access control for rewriting stored information in the nonvolatile memory.
- the read port does not require an input buffer for receiving rewrite data.
- the input buffer has an input capacitance that is a load for the data output signal line.
- the verify operation in the rewrite operation can also be performed when an ECC circuit capable of detecting and correcting the data read from the first access port is provided between the first access port and the first bus. It is not necessary to consider.
- the central processing unit connected to the first bus passes through the second bus.
- the address space for the nonvolatile memory viewed from the first access port and the address for the nonvolatile memory viewed from the second access port It is desirable to make the space different.
- the rewrite control of the stored information for the nonvolatile memory is performed, for example, by the central processing unit executing a rewrite control program.
- the rewrite control program is held in, for example, the first nonvolatile memory.
- the central processing unit executes a rewrite control program transferred from the first non-volatile memory to the volatile memory.
- the instruction to rewrite the stored information is given by a program executed by the central processing unit. Alternatively, it is instructed by a rewrite command given from a writing device such as an external EP ROM writer.
- the central processing unit decodes the rewrite command and executes a rewrite control program stored in the first non-volatile memory according to the result of the decryption. Rewrites the memory information stored in the volatile memory.
- the nonvolatile memory cell possessed by the nonvolatile memory selectively selects a memory transistor having a different threshold voltage according to the charge holding state of the charge storage region and the memory transistor.
- a select transistor connectable to the bit line.
- the gate insulating film of the selection transistor is formed thinner than the gate insulating film of the memory transistor. Hot electrons formed by a potential difference between a channel formed in the semiconductor region immediately below the gate electrode of the selection transistor and a channel formed in the semiconductor region immediately below the charge storage region of the memory transistor are formed in the charge storage region.
- the threshold voltage is increased by being injected, and the threshold voltage is initialized in the lower direction by decreasing the number of electrons held in the charge storage region.
- the select transistor can have a large conductance due to the thin gate oxide film, which can contribute to an increase in reading speed.
- a semiconductor integrated circuit includes a central processing unit and a rewritable nonvolatile memory area disposed in an address space of the central processing unit, and the nonvolatile memory
- the first area stores information by the difference in the amount of current flowing through the memory cell.
- a non-volatile memory area and a second non-volatile memory area are included.
- the memory cells in the first memory area and the memory cells in the second memory area have a first state (for example, a write state) and a second state (for example, an erase state), respectively.
- the first state of the memory cells in the first memory region and the first state of the memory cells in the second memory region are such that the amount of current flowing through the memory cells is included in the first range.
- the second state of the memory cells in the first memory region is such that the amount of current flowing through the memory cells is included in a second range, and the second state of the memory cells in the second memory region is the memory state
- the amount of current flowing through the cell is included in a third range different from the second range.
- the second range and the third range partially overlap.
- the semiconductor integrated circuit has a detection circuit for detecting which of the first to third ranges the current flowing through the memory cell is included.
- the detection circuit is, for example, a sense amplifier, and makes it possible to detect which of the first to third ranges is included according to the amount of current on the sense side.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a first example of a data processor.
- FIG. 2 is an obtained drawing illustrating the threshold voltage distribution of nonvolatile memory cells in the data area and the program area.
- FIG. 3 is an explanatory view illustrating the relationship between the rewrite time and the number of rewrite cycles.
- FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing an erase procedure for the flash memory when the program area PGM and the data area DA are divided.
- FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing a write procedure for the flash memory.
- FIG. 6 is an explanatory diagram showing the specifications of the flash memory when the memory area is divided into a program area PGM and a data area DAT. 7]
- Fig. 7 is a timing chart illustrating the access timing in the hierarchical bus configuration.
- FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a device structure of a nonvolatile memory cell of a flash memory.
- FIG. 9 is an explanatory diagram representatively showing the connection form and characteristics of the nonvolatile memory cell of FIG. 8 in a hierarchical bit line structure.
- FIG. 10 is a block diagram showing a second example of the data processor.
- FIG. 11 is a circuit diagram illustrating the configuration of a flash memory.
- FIG. 12 is a block diagram showing a third example of the data processor.
- FIG. 13 is a block diagram showing a fourth example of the data processor.
- FIG. 14 shows an example of accessing the program area (PGM) and the data area (DAT) with different bus cycles when the memory arrays of the program area (PGM) and the data area (DAT) are made the same. It is a timing chart.
- FIG. 15 is a circuit diagram illustrating the configuration of a memory array that equalizes the reading speed for the data area (DAT) and the program area (PGM).
- DAT data area
- PGM program area
- FIG. 16 is a circuit diagram showing a configuration in which two flash memories are separately connected to the CPU bus and the peripheral bus.
- FIG. 1 shows a first example of a data processor.
- the data processor (MCU) 1 is formed on a single semiconductor substrate such as single crystal silicon by, for example, CMOS integrated circuit manufacturing technology.
- the data processor 1 includes a central processing unit (CPU) 2, a random access memory (RAM) 3 as a volatile memory used for a work area of the CPU 2, the CPU 2, CPU bus (BUSc) 4 as the first bus to which RAM3 etc. is connected, bus controller (BSC) 5 connected to the CPU bus 4 and peripheral bus (BUSp) as the second bus connected to bus controller 5 ) Has 6 etc. and has a hierarchical bus structure.
- the peripheral bus 6 is connected to peripheral circuits such as a timer (TMR) 7, an analog / digital conversion circuit (AZD) 8, an input / output port (I / Oprt) 9, and a serial interface controller (SCI) 10.
- the CPU bus 4 is connected to a flash memory 11 as a first electrically rewritable non-volatile memory that stores information according to a difference in threshold voltage.
- a flash memory 12 Connected to the peripheral bus 6 is a flash memory 12 as an electrically rewritable second non-volatile memory that stores information according to a difference in threshold voltage.
- the flash memory 11 has a storage area (program area PGM) for a program executed by the CPU 2 as a first nonvolatile memory area.
- the flash memory 12 has a data storage area (data area DAT) used as a second nonvolatile memory area when the CPU 2 executes a program.
- the CPU bus 4 is a high-speed bus with limited wiring load due to the nature of connecting the circuit modules that determine the data processing capability such as CPU2 and RAM3, and high-speed data transfer is intended. ing.
- Many peripheral circuit modules such as the timer 7 and A / D 8 connected to the peripheral bus 6 are operated by setting parameters etc. from the CPU 2, and external memory such as EEPROM that temporarily holds data is the peripheral bus. Connected via I / O port 9 connected to 6. Therefore, the peripheral bus 6 may be a relatively low speed bus.
- FIG. 7 illustrates the access timing in the hierarchical bus configuration.
- the synchronous clock (peripheral clock) of the peripheral circuit module is multiplied by 1/4 with respect to the operation reference clock (CPU clock) of the CPU 2.
- the peripheral module connected to the peripheral bus is slower than RAM3 connected to the CPU2. It is accessed with. Read data is determined on the data bus in the cycle following the address determination cycle on the address bus.
- the flash memory 11 having the program area PGM needs to be connected to the CPU bus 4 and be readable at the execution speed of the CPU 2.
- the flash memory 12 having the data area DAT is connected to the peripheral bus 6 and can be read at the same relatively low speed as other peripheral modules. It is expected that it will be rewritten more frequently than PGM PGM.
- the number of rewrites and the data area DAT are not directly related to program execution, and are used for storing data such as parameter information, so there is little need to read stored information at high speed.
- the data processor 1 considers the above circumstances, and divides the on-chip nonvolatile memory area into a program area PGM that can be read at high speed and a data area DAT that is frequently rewritten.
- FIG. 2 illustrates threshold voltage distributions of nonvolatile memory cells in the data area and the program area.
- the memory threshold voltage in the erased state is set sufficiently low to ensure sufficient memory current for high-speed reading.
- the judgment level for erase verification (erase judgment level) at that time is VthEp.
- the data area DAT in order to increase the guarantee of the number of rewrites, erasure is stopped with a memory current that is low enough to be read at low speed, and the memory threshold voltage in the erased state is set higher than in the program area, and This alleviates the stress experienced by non-volatile memory cells and suppresses deterioration of characteristics.
- the erase verification judgment level (erase judgment level) in the data area DAT is VthEd.
- the write verification judgment level (write judgment level) is the same level in the program area PGM and the data area DAT.
- the write judgment level may be changed in the program area PGM and the data area DAT in order to reduce the writing stress.
- a difference is made in the threshold voltage of the nonvolatile memory cell. .
- the maximum change width of the threshold voltage for storing information is larger in the program area PGM than in the data area DAT.
- Wp is the maximum change width of the program area
- Wd is the maximum change width of the data area.
- the maximum change width can be understood as the difference between the erase judgment level and the write judgment level.
- Each threshold voltage distribution illustrated in FIG. 2 is a normal distribution.
- FIG. 2 does not exclude that the distribution of the threshold voltage distribution in the erase state in the program area and the threshold voltage distribution in the erase state in the data area partially overlap. Absent.
- FIG. 3 illustrates the relationship between the rewrite time and the number of rewrite cycles.
- the flash memory is deteriorated in characteristics by repeated rewriting, and for example, an erasing time and a writing time required for obtaining a predetermined threshold voltage are increased.
- the occurrence of this degradation depends on, for example, the depth of the erase threshold voltage (difference between the threshold voltage in the erased state and the threshold voltage in the erased state).
- the characteristic degradation is suppressed and the number of rewrites is extended. be able to. From the above, the guaranteed number of rewrites in the data area DAT is greater than in the program area PGM.
- the rewrite control of the stored information for the flash memories 11 and 12 is performed, for example, by the CPU 2 executing a rewrite control program.
- the flash memory 11 holds the rewrite control program.
- CPU2 executes the rewrite control program internally transferred to RAM3.
- the instruction to rewrite the stored information is given by the program executed by CPU2.
- it is instructed by a rewrite command given from a writing device such as an external EPROM writer.
- the CPU 2 decodes the command and executes the rewrite control program according to the result of decoding, thereby rewriting control of the storage information held in the flash memories 11 and 12.
- the CPU 2 controls erasing and writing to the flash memories 11 and 12.
- an external writing device (not shown) instructs to erase and write the flash memories 11 and 12 through the input / output port 9.
- the data processor 11 is initialized in the low level period of the reset signal.
- CPU2 starts executing the program in the program area specified by the vector at address 0, etc.
- FIG. 4 shows the erase flow of the flash memory when the program area PGM and the data area DA are divided.
- CPU2 determines the address to be erased. Since program area PGM and data area DAT have different memory spaces, it is possible to determine which area is to be erased (or written) depending on the address to be erased. If erase to flash memory 11, erase program area The target block is selected (Sip), and the erase voltage is applied to the selected erase target block for a predetermined time (S2p). Subsequently, an erase verify operation is performed on the nonvolatile memory cell to be erased to determine whether or not the threshold voltage has become equal to or lower than the erase determination level VthEp (S3p).
- the erase voltage is further applied (S3 P), and steps S2p and S3p are repeated until the erase judgment level becomes VthEp or less, and the erase operation ends when the erase judgment level becomes VthEp or less.
- a block to be erased in the data area is selected (Sid), and an erase voltage is applied to the selected block to be erased for a predetermined time (S2d).
- S2d an erase voltage is applied to the selected block to be erased for a predetermined time
- erase verification is performed on the nonvolatile memory cell to be erased to determine whether or not the threshold voltage is equal to or lower than the erase determination level VthEd (S3d).
- the erase voltage is further applied (S2d), and steps S2d and S3d are repeated until the erase judgment level VthEd or lower, and the erase operation is terminated when the erase judgment level is lower than VthEd. .
- the erase determination levels VthEp and VthyEd for each area different threshold voltage distributions can be generated in the program area PGM and the data area DAT.
- the optimum value in both regions may be set uniquely to control the threshold voltage. Les.
- FIG. 5 shows the flow of writing to the flash memory.
- the write judgment levels for the program area PGM and data area DA are made equal.
- CPU2 internally transfers the write data to the flash memory to be written (S11), selects the write target word according to the address (S12), and applies the write voltage to the write target memory cell. (S 13).
- write verification is performed on the nonvolatile memory cell to be written, and it is determined whether or not the threshold voltage is equal to or higher than the write determination level VthP (S14). If it is not higher than the write judgment level VthP, the write voltage is further applied (S13), and steps S13 and S14 are repeated until the write judgment level VthP or higher is reached.
- a pulse for determining the write verify judgment level, write voltage, and write voltage application time The width can also be controlled to uniquely set the optimum value in both the program area PGM and the data area DAT.
- FIG. 6 illustrates the specifications of the flash memories 11 and 12 when the memory area is divided into the program area PGM and the data area DAT.
- the area is divided into the program area PGM and the data area DAT, it is possible to improve the user's usage and convenience by giving the area a characteristic in the specification.
- the guaranteed number of rewrites and read speed have already been explained.
- the unit of batch erase and the unit of writing can be improved by reducing the size of the data area DAT that has a large number of guaranteed rewrites.
- the specific numerical values such as the guaranteed number of rewrites and the reading speed shown in FIG.
- FIG. 8 illustrates device structures of nonvolatile memory cells of the flash memories 11 and 12.
- the non-volatile memory cell 21 includes an MO type first transistor 23 used for information storage and an MO type second transistor that selects the first transistor 23 in a p-type well region 22 provided on a silicon substrate.
- Transistor 24 selection MOS transistor.
- the first transistor 23 includes an n-type diffusion layer (n-type impurity region) 30 that serves as a source line electrode connected to the source line, a charge storage region (for example, a silicon nitride film) 31, and an insulation disposed on the front and back of the charge storage region 31.
- the second transistor 24 includes an n-type diffusion layer (n-type impurity region) 36, a gate insulating film (eg, silicon oxide film) 37, and a control gate electrode (eg, n-type polysilicon) that serve as a bit line electrode connected to the bit line. Layer) 38, and an insulating film (eg, silicon oxide film) 29 that insulates the control gate electrode 38 and the memory gate electrode 34.
- n-type diffusion layer n-type impurity region
- a gate insulating film eg, silicon oxide film
- a control gate electrode eg, n-type polysilicon
- the sum of the film thicknesses of the charge storage region 31 of the first transistor 23 and the insulating film 32 and the insulating film 33 (also referred to as memory gate insulating films 31, 32, 33) arranged on the front and back sides thereof is represented by tm.
- the thickness of the gate insulating film 37 of the control gate electrode 38 is tc and the thickness of the insulating film between the control gate electrode 38 and the charge storage region 31 is ti
- the relationship of tc tm ⁇ ti is realized. It has been. Due to the dimensional difference between the gate insulating film 37 and the memory gate insulating films 31, 32, 33, the gate withstand voltage of the second transistor 24 is made lower than the gate withstand voltage of the first transistor 23.
- the word “drain” described in the diffusion layer 36 is used for data reading operation.
- the diffusion layer 36 functions as the drain electrode of the transistor
- the word “source” written in the diffusion layer 30 indicates that the diffusion layer 30 functions as the source electrode of the transistor in the data read operation. means. In the erase / write operation, the functions of the drain electrode and the source electrode may be switched with respect to the notation of drain and source.
- FIG. 9 representatively shows features of the nonvolatile memory cell of FIG.
- FIG. 9 illustrates a connection form of the nonvolatile memory cells 21 in a hierarchical bit line structure.
- the diffusion layer 36 is on the sub-bit line BL (hereinafter also simply referred to as bit line BL), the diffusion layer 30 is on the source line SL, the memory gate electrode 34 is on the memory gate control line ML, and the control gate electrode 38 is on the control gate.
- the sub bit line BL is connected to a main bit line (also referred to as a global bit line) GL via an n-channel type switch MOS transistor (ZMOS) 39.
- ZMOS n-channel type switch MOS transistor
- a plurality of nonvolatile memory cells 21 are connected to the IJ bit line BL, and a plurality of bit lines BL are connected to one main bit line GL via the ZMOS 39, respectively. Connected.
- a fourth driver 44 for driving the source line SL is typically shown.
- the drivers 42 and 44 are composed of a high voltage MOS driver using an M0S transistor with a high gate dielectric breakdown voltage.
- Drivers 41 and 43 are gates Consists of drivers using MOS transistors with relatively low isolation voltage.
- the memory gate voltage Vmg and the source line voltage Vs are set to a high voltage, and the control gate voltage Vcg is set to 1 8V is applied, the write selection bit line is set to 0V (circuit ground potential), the write non-selection bit line is set to 1.8V, the second transistor 24 of the write selection bit line is turned on, and the diffusion layer 30 to the diffusion layer are turned on. Pass current through 36. With this current, hot electrons generated near the charge storage region 31 on the control gate electrode 38 side may be held in the charge storage region 31.
- the write selection bit line potential is not limited to the ground potential, but for example, about 0.5 V is applied and the channel current is allowed to flow.
- the diffusion layer 30 functions as a drain and the diffusion layer 36 functions as a source. This writing format is hot electron source side injection.
- the first transistor 23 can be realized without applying a high voltage to the control gate control line CL or the bit line BL. This ensures that the gate breakdown voltage of the second transistor 24 may be relatively low. ZMOS39 does not need to have a high breakdown voltage.
- the first transistor 24 in the erased state in which the threshold voltage is lowered is of a depletion type
- the first transistor 24 in the written state in which the threshold voltage is raised is of an ensemble type.
- the source line voltage Vs and the memory gate voltage Vmg are set to 0V, and the control gate voltage Vcg of the memory cell to be read selected is set to a selection level of 1.8V. Good.
- the second transistor 24 is turned on, the bit line depends on whether or not current flows according to the threshold voltage state of the first transistor 23. The stored information is read out to BL.
- the second transistor 24 is thinner than the first transistor 23 and has a smaller gate breakdown voltage. Therefore, the second transistor 24 has a lower gate breakdown voltage, so that both the memory holding MOS transistor and the selection MOS transistor are formed with a higher breakdown voltage. As a result, the conductance of the entire nonvolatile memory cell 21 can be relatively increased, and the data read speed can be increased.
- FIG. 10 shows a second example of the data processor.
- the data processor 1A in FIG. 10 is different from that in FIG. 1 in that the flash memory 11A used for the program area is rewritten from the peripheral bus.
- the flash memory 11 A has a first access port (PRTr) 50 used for read access to the CPU bus 4 and a second access used for rewriting storage information from the peripheral bus 6.
- the access port (PRTep) 51 and the access port (PRTep) 51 are separately provided, and the CPU 2 performs access control for rewriting the storage information for the flash memory 11 A via the bus controller 5.
- the address space for the flash memory 11A viewed from the first access port 50 is different from the address space for the flash memory 11A viewed from the second access port 51.
- CPU 2 executes rewrite control program to control rewrite of stored information for flash memory 11 A.
- the rewrite control program is held in, for example, the flash memory 11A.
- CPU 2 executes the rewrite control program transferred from flash memory 11 A to RAM 3 internally.
- the instruction to rewrite the stored information is given by the program executed by CPU2. Or it is instructed by a rewrite command given via I / O port 9 from a writing device such as an external EPROM writer.
- the CPU 2 decodes the rewrite command and executes the rewrite control program held by the flash memory 11 A according to the decoded result, thereby storing the memory held by the flash memory 11 A.
- Rewrite and control information includes a rewrite control code, a rewrite target address, rewrite data, and the like.
- FIG. 11 illustrates the configuration of the flash memory 11A.
- the flash memory 11 A has a memory mat 60 in which a large number of electrically erasable and writable nonvolatile memory cells 52 are arranged in a matrix. Here, one memory mat is typically shown.
- the nonvolatile memory cell 52 is not particularly limited, but includes a source (source line connection), a drain (bit). Line connection), channel, stacked gate structure with floating gate and control gate (word line connection) stacked and insulated from each other on the channel
- the source (connected to the source line), the drain (connected to the bit line), the channel, the selection gate (connected to the word line) formed adjacent to each other on the channel, as described in FIGS.
- a split gate structure having a memory gate (connected to the memory gate control line) may be used.
- the memory mat 60 includes a plurality of memory arrays 61.
- a plurality of low-power bit lines LBL are provided for each memory array 61, the local bit lines LBL are selected by the column selection circuit (CSEL) 62, and the output of the column selection circuit 62 is received by the sense amplifier array (SAA) 63.
- the sense amplifier array 63 typically includes two sense amplifiers SA.
- the output of the sense amplifier array 63 is connected to the read global bit line GBLr common to each memory array.
- bit lines have a hierarchical bit line structure, and amplification by a sense amplifier is a hierarchical sense system.
- the sense amplifier array 63 is shared by a pair of upper and lower memory arrays 61 in the figure.
- the local bit line of one memory array is the sense side
- the local bit line force of the other memory array is the S reference side.
- a write global bit line GBLw separated from the read system is provided, and the write global bit line GBLw is shared by each memory array 61.
- the local bit line L BL corresponding to the write global bit line GBLw can be selected to be connected or separated via the separation switch DSW.
- the separation switch DSW separates at least the write global bit line GBLw from the local bit line LBL in the read target memory array.
- the number of read global bit lines GBLr is 32
- the number of write global bit lines GBLw is 1024.
- the write global bit line GBLw is also used for verify read.
- the word line WL of the nonvolatile memory cell 52 is selectively driven according to the decoding result of the address signal by the row decoder (RDEC) 65.
- the drive level is determined according to the erase, write, or read process for the flash memory.
- Selection of the local bit line LBL by the column selection circuit 62 is performed according to the decoding result of the address signal by the column decoder (CDEC) 66.
- the separation switch DSW and the sense amplifier SA are controlled by the row decoder 65 in accordance with a read, erase or write operation on the memory array.
- the address signal is Supplied from dress bus (ABUS) 54.
- the address bus 54 is shown as one type in the figure, but the address space for the flash memory 11A viewed from the first access port 50 and the address space for the flash memory 11A viewed from the second access port 51 are shown. Since it is different from the address space, the address bus on the CPU bus 4 side and the address bus on the peripheral bus 6 side are actually connected separately.
- the read global bit line GBLr is connected to the data bus of the CPU bus 4 via a high-speed read sense amplifier circuit (RAMP) 67.
- the write global bit line GBLw is connected to a write circuit (PE) 68 and a verify read circuit (VRF) 69.
- the write circuit 68 and the verify read circuit 69 are connected to the data bus of the peripheral bus 6 through the column selection circuit 70.
- the column selection circuit 70 has a 1024-bit data latch, and selectively connects the 1024-bit data latch to the data bus of the peripheral bus 6 in units of 32 bits in the write operation. The selection is performed by a selection signal from a column decoder (CDEC) 71.
- CDEC column decoder
- the column selection circuit 70 sequentially outputs, for example, in 32-bit units from the CPU 2 and loads the write control data supplied to the peripheral bus 6 via the bus controller sequentially into the data latches in 32-bit units.
- the write circuit 68 applies a write voltage to the corresponding write bit line GBLw according to the logical value of each bit of the 1024-bit write control data latched in the data latch via the column selection circuit 70.
- the verify read operation the data read out to each write bit line GBLw is latched in the data latch by 102 4 bits in parallel, and the latch data is sequentially selected by the column selection circuit 70 in units of 32 bits. Is amplified and output to the data bus of peripheral bus 6.
- the data read to peripheral bus 6 by verify read is verified by CPU2.
- the verify determination in the write operation it is determined that the write logical value has been obtained in bit units, and the determination result is supplied from the CPU 2 to the write circuit 68 as new write control data for each corresponding bit.
- the verify judgment in the erase operation it is judged that all bits are the logical value of the erased state.
- Memory control information is set in the control circuit (CNT) 69 from the CPU 2 via the CPU bus 4 or via the peripheral bus 6, and a control system corresponding to the read, erase and write operations is set accordingly. Controls switching of operating power and operating power.
- a channel region is formed between a source region connected to the source line and a drain region connected to the local bit line LBL.
- a floating gate electrode is formed via a gate insulating film, and a control gate electrode is formed thereon via an oxide film.
- the floating gate electrode is composed of a polysilicon layer.
- the control gate electrode is composed of polysilicon wiring or the like and becomes a part of the word line WL.
- the operating voltage when writing is hot carrier injection is as follows. For example, writing is performed by injecting hot carriers from the drain region to the floating gate with a word line voltage of 10V, a bit line voltage of 5V, a source line voltage of 0V, and a well voltage of 0V. Erasing is performed by making the word line voltage negative –10V, the wall potential 10V, the bit line and source line high impedance, and extracting electrons from the floating gate to the well region. Reading is performed with the word line voltage as the power supply voltage, the bit line voltage as the power supply voltage, the source line voltage as 0 V, and the wall potential as 0 V. In the erasing and writing processes, it is necessary to apply a high voltage to the word line and the well region.
- the access port is divided into a read-out use for storage information and a rewrite use, and the storage information is rewritten from the peripheral bus 6, thereby being the first read port.
- PRTr access port
- an input buffer that receives rewrite data is not required for the read port. This is because the input buffer has an input capacitance that is a load on the data signal line, and therefore it is desirable for the high-speed bus to have such an input capacitance as small as possible.
- the write data may be input from the I / O port, and the verify read operation does not affect the rewrite characteristics of the stored information even if the peripheral bus 6 which is a low-speed bus is used.
- FIG. 12 shows a third example of the data processor.
- the data processor 1B shown in FIG. 12 is different from FIG. 1 in that it includes error detection and correction circuits (ECC circuits) 13 and 14 that detect and correct data read from the flash memories 11A and 12A.
- ECC circuit 13 is arranged between the first access port (PRTr) 50 of the flash memory 11A and the data bus of the CPU bus 4. Flash memory 12A for data storage is also connected to peripheral bus 6.
- a first access port (PRTr) 54 used for read access and a second access port (PRTep) 55 used for access for rewriting storage information from the peripheral bus 6 are separately provided, and ECC
- the circuit 14 is arranged between the first access port (PRTr) 54 of the flash memory 12A and the data bus of the peripheral bus 6.
- the ECC circuit 13 In the verify operation, it is not easy to perform error correction on the read data due to its nature.
- the ECC circuit 13 is used in the rewrite operation. It is necessary to add a detour signal path, and such an additional path constitutes an undesired load for the read operation of the stored information.
- the access ports 50 and 51 are divided into those for reading stored information and used for rewriting, and the stored information is rewritten from the peripheral bus 6, so that the first access port 50 and the CPU bus 4 are connected. Even when the ECC circuit 13 is provided, it is easy to guarantee a high-speed read operation.
- the ECC correction code may be read together with the stored data, and the ECC program may be executed by the CPU 2 to perform error correction by software. If multiple flash memories 11A that make up the program area are on-chip, the read data may be output to the CPU bus 4 via a common ECC circuit.
- FIG. 13 shows a fourth example of the data processor.
- the data processor 1C shown in the figure is different from FIG. 12 in that a data area (DAT) and a program area (PGM) are provided in the memory array of one flash memory 11B.
- the flash memory 12 or 12A dedicated to the data area is not provided.
- the first access port 50 is connected to the CPU bus 4, and the ECC circuit 13 is interposed between the data bus of the CPU bus 4.
- the ECC circuit 13 is not provided or the software ECC by the program is not performed.
- a configuration in which the CPU 2 is used or the flash memory 11B is connected only to the CPU bus 4 may be adopted.
- the program area (PGM) and data area (DAT) configured in the same flash memory 1 IB are rewritten to the program area (PGM) from the second access port 51 according to the procedure of FIG. Can obtain an erase threshold voltage distribution at a relatively low voltage level, and can obtain an erase threshold voltage distribution at a relatively high voltage level in the data area (DAT).
- the flash memory 11 B has the configuration described in FIG. 11, the memory areas of the program area (PGM) and the data area (DAT) are the same, so the memory area is stored from the memory cell of the data area (DAT).
- the speed of reading information is relatively slow.
- the speed of reading stored information from memory cells in the program area (PGM) is relatively fast.
- the CPU 2 may access the program area (PGM) and the data area (DAT) in different bus cycles as illustrated in FIG. In other words, increase the latency when reading the data area (DAT).
- FIG. 15 illustrates a configuration of a memory array in which the reading speed is made equal to the data area (DAT) and the program area (PGM) in the flash memory 11B.
- DAT data area
- PGM program area
- DEC is a generic term for column decoders and row decoders
- BIF is a bus interface
- CNT is a control circuit.
- the local memory array 61A in the program area (PGM) The bit line LBL must be shorter than the local bit line LBL in the data area (DAT). This causes local bits in the program area (PGM) The load on the line LBL is reduced, and the reading speed can be further increased.
- FIG. 16 shows a configuration in which two flash memories are separately connected to the CPU bus and the peripheral bus.
- the flash memory 11 connected to the CPU bus 4 may adopt a hierarchical sense amplifier structure to increase the reading speed.
- the flash memory 12 connected to the peripheral bus 6 does not intend to increase the speed, so there is little merit of adopting a hierarchical sense amplifier structure.
- MAT PGM
- DAT MAT
- the read port 50 does not require an input buffer for receiving rewrite data.
- the input buffer has an input capacitance that becomes a load for the data output signal line.
- the rewrite operation is also performed when the ECC circuit 13 capable of detecting and correcting the error of the data read from the first access port 50 is provided between the first access port 50 and the CPU bus 4. It is not necessary to consider the verify operation in In the verify operation, it is inconvenient to perform error correction on the read data due to its nature.
- the erase threshold voltage distribution of the memory cells in the program region is erased from the memory cells in the data region.
- the write threshold voltage distribution of the memory cells in the program area may be higher than the write threshold voltage distribution of the memory cells in the data area.
- the read judgment level such as the read word line selection level in each of the program area and the data area may be the same, and in the latter case, the read judgment level is higher in the program area than in the data area. It is better to be higher.
- the bus configuration of the data processor is not limited to two buses.
- a 3-bus configuration or a 1-bus configuration may also be used.
- the electrically rewritable nonvolatile memory is not limited to the flash memory, but may be an EEPROM or the like.
- the applied voltage of the word line is changed in order to set the threshold voltage of the memory cell.
- the amount of current flowing through the sense amplifier is not changed by changing the word line voltage. Measure and determine the erased state of the memory cell.
- the threshold voltage state of the memory cell is the main factor for determining the value stored in the memory cell, the wiring connected to the memory cell Since it is affected by the load capacity and resistance, the memory cell threshold voltage distribution may differ from that shown in Fig. 2.
- the horizontal axis in FIG. It can be read as memory Vth as memory current.
- the present invention relates to a semiconductor integrated circuit such as a microcomputer or a system LSI on which a rewritable nonvolatile memory such as a flash memory is on-chip, and a multi-chip in which such a semiconductor integrated circuit and another semiconductor integrated circuit are mounted on a package substrate. It can be widely applied to chip modules.
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- Read Only Memory (AREA)
- Techniques For Improving Reliability Of Storages (AREA)
Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (8)
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CNA2004800436693A CN1993682A (zh) | 2004-08-30 | 2004-08-30 | 半导体集成电路 |
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US11/573,004 US20070247918A1 (en) | 2004-08-30 | 2004-08-30 | Semiconductor Integrated Circuit |
PCT/JP2004/012489 WO2006025091A1 (ja) | 2004-08-30 | 2004-08-30 | 半導体集積回路 |
US12/258,964 US7821824B2 (en) | 2004-08-30 | 2008-10-27 | Semiconductor integrated circuit having buses with different data transfer rates |
US12/775,377 US7978545B2 (en) | 2004-08-30 | 2010-05-06 | Semiconductor integrated circuit |
US13/162,180 US8130571B2 (en) | 2004-08-30 | 2011-06-16 | Semiconductor integrated circuit |
US13/368,461 US8576643B2 (en) | 2004-08-30 | 2012-02-08 | Semiconductor integrated circuit |
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PCT/JP2004/012489 WO2006025091A1 (ja) | 2004-08-30 | 2004-08-30 | 半導体集積回路 |
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US12/258,964 Division US7821824B2 (en) | 2004-08-30 | 2008-10-27 | Semiconductor integrated circuit having buses with different data transfer rates |
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TWI497497B (zh) * | 2012-03-19 | 2015-08-21 | Macronix Int Co Ltd | 記憶體中動態感測區間的方法與裝置 |
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US20070247918A1 (en) | 2007-10-25 |
JPWO2006025091A1 (ja) | 2008-05-08 |
US7821824B2 (en) | 2010-10-26 |
CN1993682A (zh) | 2007-07-04 |
US20110246860A1 (en) | 2011-10-06 |
US20090052238A1 (en) | 2009-02-26 |
JP4554616B2 (ja) | 2010-09-29 |
US8130571B2 (en) | 2012-03-06 |
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