WO2005112184A1 - 光電変換素子、及びこれに用いる透明導電性基板 - Google Patents
光電変換素子、及びこれに用いる透明導電性基板 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005112184A1 WO2005112184A1 PCT/JP2005/008325 JP2005008325W WO2005112184A1 WO 2005112184 A1 WO2005112184 A1 WO 2005112184A1 JP 2005008325 W JP2005008325 W JP 2005008325W WO 2005112184 A1 WO2005112184 A1 WO 2005112184A1
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- wiring layer
- photoelectric conversion
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- conversion element
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- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011112 polyethylene naphthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000069 polyphenylene sulfide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002717 polyvinylpyridine Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000004032 porphyrins Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O pyridinium Chemical compound C1=CC=[NH+]C=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 125000001453 quaternary ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003242 quaternary ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005215 recombination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006798 recombination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007761 roller coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011829 room temperature ionic liquid solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930187593 rose bengal Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 229940081623 rose bengal Drugs 0.000 description 1
- STRXNPAVPKGJQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N rose bengal A Natural products O1C(=O)C(C(=CC=C2Cl)Cl)=C2C21C1=CC(I)=C(O)C(I)=C1OC1=C(I)C(O)=C(I)C=C21 STRXNPAVPKGJQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010980 sapphire Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052594 sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007650 screen-printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003566 sealing material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013464 silicone adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- FVAUCKIRQBBSSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium iodide Chemical compound [Na+].[I-] FVAUCKIRQBBSSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- HYHCSLBZRBJJCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium polysulfide Chemical compound [Na+].S HYHCSLBZRBJJCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005207 tetraalkylammonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000009210 therapy by ultrasound Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008719 thickening Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J titanium tetrachloride Chemical compound Cl[Ti](Cl)(Cl)Cl XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- YONPGGFAJWQGJC-UHFFFAOYSA-K titanium(iii) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Ti](Cl)Cl YONPGGFAJWQGJC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000012780 transparent material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009281 ultraviolet germicidal irradiation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006097 ultraviolet radiation absorber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2027—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode
- H01G9/2031—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode comprising titanium oxide, e.g. TiO2
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2022—Light-sensitive devices characterized by he counter electrode
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2027—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M14/00—Electrochemical current or voltage generators not provided for in groups H01M6/00 - H01M12/00; Manufacture thereof
- H01M14/005—Photoelectrochemical storage cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/542—Dye sensitized solar cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a photoelectric conversion element and a transparent conductive substrate used for the same.
- solar cells which are photoelectric conversion elements that convert sunlight into electric energy, use sunlight as an energy source, and therefore have a very mild effect on the global environment, and are expected to spread further.
- materials for solar cells for example, a large number of materials using silicon are commercially available. These are roughly classified into crystalline silicon solar cells using single crystal silicon or polycrystalline silicon, and amorphous silicon (amorphous) silicon. And solar cells.
- solar cells include single-crystal or polycrystalline silicon Has been widely used.
- amorphous silicon-based solar cells have lower conversion efficiency than crystalline silicon-based solar cells, but have higher light absorption than crystalline silicon-based solar cells, have a wider range of substrate choices, and are easier to increase in area.
- productivity is higher than that of crystalline silicon-based solar cells, a vacuum process is required and the burden on facilities is still large.
- This solar cell is a wet solar cell using a titanium oxide porous thin film spectrally sensitized using a ruthenium complex as a sensitizing dye as a photoelectrode, that is, an electrochemical photocell.
- This solar cell provides an inexpensive oxide semiconductor such as titanium oxide, the light absorption of the sensitizing dye extends over a wide visible wavelength range up to 800 nm, and the quantum efficiency of photoelectric conversion increases. High energy conversion efficiency. Another advantage is that there is no need for large-scale equipment because there is no vacuum process.
- a method of reducing the surface resistance of the transparent conductive substrate in order to manufacture a large-area photoelectric conversion element, it is necessary to devise a method of reducing the surface resistance of the transparent conductive substrate.
- the semiconductor electrode of the photoelectric conversion element shown in FIG. As shown in the schematic diagram on the side, in the semiconductor electrode 111, a metal oxide layer 108 provided on the transparent substrate 102 is further provided with a wiring using a highly conductive metal, carbon, or the like. There is a method in which a conductive wiring layer 103 having the above-mentioned patterning is provided.
- the electrolyte solution of the electrolyte layer 105 interposed between the electrodes of the photoelectric conversion element contains, for example, a halogen element such as iodine, this solution becomes conductive through the semiconductor fine particle layer 104.
- the wiring layer 103 When the wiring layer 103 is reached, the wiring may be melted or broken by corrosion, or the wiring may be broken by dissolving the base metal, and there is a problem that significant deterioration of characteristics occurs with time.
- a method of applying a highly corrosion-resistant metal material as a material of the conductive wiring layer 103 can be considered.
- the conductive wiring layer 103 and the electrolyte solution are used.
- the electrons that reach the conductive wiring layer A reverse electron transfer reaction, in which the electrolyte is reduced before flowing into the circuit, occurs, and the deterioration of the characteristics of the photoelectric conversion element cannot be completely avoided.
- the layer configuration of the photoelectric conversion element was changed, and the transparent substrate 102, the conductive wiring layer 103, and the metal oxide layer 108 were stacked in this order from the light receiving surface side.
- Means of producing the transparent conductive substrate 110 having the configuration described above can be considered.
- the conductive wiring layer 103 when the thickness of the conductive wiring layer 103 is extremely small, the conductive wiring layer 103 is formed by the metal oxide layer 108 formed thereon. Since the coating can be sufficiently coated, the above-described corrosion and reverse electron transfer reaction can be suppressed.
- the thickness of the conductive wiring layer 103 is formed to a thickness of, for example, 0.5 m or more in consideration of a practical function, particularly when the conductive wiring layer 103 has a slope on the side surface thereof. There is a possibility that a portion of the oxide layer 108 that cannot be completely covered may occur, and the electrolyte solution may enter from such a portion, causing corrosion or a reverse electron transfer reaction.
- the problem of resistance loss and the problem of reduction in photoelectric conversion efficiency are avoided without depending on the film thickness of the conductive wiring layer 103, and the corrosion and the reverse electron transfer reaction are prevented. It is intended to provide a photoelectric conversion element which does not cause any problem, has excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency, and has high durability, and a transparent conductive substrate used for the photoelectric conversion element.
- the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention provides a semiconductor electrode in which a semiconductor fine particle layer is formed on a transparent conductive substrate in which a conductive wiring layer and a metal oxide layer are provided on a transparent substrate; a counter electrode;
- the transparent conductive substrate is provided with a groove on the side of the transparent substrate on which the semiconductor fine particle layer is formed, and the inside of the groove is provided with a conductive layer. It has a configuration in which a wiring layer is buried.
- the transparent conductive substrate of the present invention is a transparent conductive substrate for forming an electrode of a photoelectric conversion element, which is provided with a conductive wiring layer and a metal oxide layer on the transparent substrate, and one main surface of the transparent substrate. It is assumed that a groove is provided in the groove, and a conductive wiring layer is buried inside the groove.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic configuration diagram of a photoelectric conversion element of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic configuration diagram of a transparent conductive substrate constituting a photoelectric conversion element.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic plan view showing a state in which a conductive wiring layer is formed.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a state in which a conductive wiring layer is formed.
- FIG. 5 shows a schematic configuration diagram of a main part of a conventional photoelectric conversion element. BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
- the present invention is not limited to the following examples.
- the photoelectric conversion device of the present invention will be mainly described, but the semiconductor electrode and the transparent conductive substrate which are the components will also be described.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic configuration diagram of an example of the photoelectric conversion element 1 of the present invention.
- the photoelectric conversion element 1 has a configuration in which a semiconductor electrode 11 and a counter electrode 12 sandwich an electrolyte layer 5.
- the semiconductor electrode 11 has a configuration in which a transparent conductive substrate 10 having a conductive wiring layer 3 and a metal oxide layer 30 formed on a transparent substrate 2 and a semiconductor fine particle layer 4 are laminated. are doing.
- the counter electrode 12 has a configuration in which a metal oxide layer 30 and a platinum layer 6 are formed on a transparent substrate 2. Note that, also in the counter electrode 12, similarly to the semiconductor electrode 11, the conductive wiring layer 3 may be formed on a transparent substrate.
- the semiconductor electrode 11 will be described.
- the transparent substrate 2 is not particularly limited, and a transparent substrate conventionally used for a semiconductor electrode can be used.
- the transparent substrate 2 preferably has excellent barrier properties against water and gas entering from the outside of the photoelectric conversion element 1, solvent resistance, and weather resistance.
- a transparent inorganic substrate such as quartz, sapphire, or glass, Polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polycarbonate Net, polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyphenylene sulfide, polyvinylidene fluoride, tetraacetyl cellulose, brominated phenoxy, aramides, polyimides, polystyrenes, polyarylates, polysulfones, polyolefins And other transparent plastic substrates. Further, it is preferable that a material having a high transmittance in a visible light region is applied to the transparent substrate 2.
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic view of the transparent conductive substrate 10 of the present invention.
- the transparent conductive substrate 10 has a configuration in which a transparent substrate 2, a conductive wiring layer 3, and a metal oxide layer 30 are provided in this order from the light receiving surface side of the photoelectric conversion element 1.
- the transparent substrate 2 has a structure in which, for example, a linear or lattice-shaped groove 3 h is provided on the surface of the transparent substrate 2 on which the semiconductor fine particle layer is formed, and the conductive wiring layer 3 is embedded in the groove 3 h. It shall be.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic plan view showing a state where a linear groove is provided in the transparent substrate 2 and the conductive wiring layer 3 is embedded in the groove.
- transparent is defined as a transmittance of 10% or more in a part or the whole of light in the visible to near-infrared region from 400 nm to 1200 nm.
- a method for embedding the conductive wiring layer 3 in the transparent substrate 2 a method of forming a conductive wiring layer inside the transparent substrate 2 in advance by forming irregularities for wiring on the transparent substrate 2, A method of embedding a metal wire in 2 by welding, and then exposing the metal wire by polishing, and the like can be given.
- a conventionally known method can be applied as a method for forming grooves (concavities and convexities) for forming a conductive wiring layer on the transparent substrate 2.
- a method of forming a linear groove on the surface with a cutting machine, a diamond cutter, etc. a method of bonding substrates by optical welding, a method using etching, and a method using a mold.
- a method using a slicing machine is simple in process.
- the material constituting the conductive wiring layer 3 is preferably a substance having high electron conductivity, particularly preferably an electrochemically stable substance, and at least a conductive material selected from metals, alloys, and conductive polymers. It is preferable to contain one kind.
- FIG. 4 shows an enlarged schematic cross-sectional view of the conductive wiring layer 3 formed on the transparent substrate 2.
- the conductive wiring layer 3 has a convex shape based on the case where the angle of the side surface ( ⁇ 2 in the figure) in contact with the surface of the transparent substrate 2 coincides with the transparent substrate surface (0 °). It is preferable that the angle is less than 60 ° both in the case where it is concave and in the case where it is concave.
- the metal oxide layer 30 formed on this upper layer has a sufficient inclination. This is because the solution of the electrolyte layer comes into contact with the conductive wiring layer 3 and causes deterioration due to corrosion or a reverse electron transfer reaction.
- the conductive wiring layer 3 has a height difference between its vertices (0 °) based on the case where the conductive wiring layer 3 matches the transparent substrate surface (0 °). It is preferable that a and b) in the figure are 10 m or less. That is, when a> 0 and b ⁇ 0, the height of the upper surface or the vertex of the conductive wiring layer 3 with respect to the transparent substrate surface is ⁇ 10 m or more and 10 mm or less. Is preferred. If the height difference between the conductive wiring layer 3 and the transparent substrate surface is large, the metal oxide layer 30 formed on this upper layer is likely to have spots, and the solution of the electrolyte layer that has penetrated from the pinhole cracks becomes conductive. This is because it causes corrosion of the conductive wiring layer 3 and a reverse electron transfer reaction.
- the thickness of the conductive wiring layer 3 is preferably from 0.1 m to about L 0 ⁇ m in order to sufficiently reduce the resistance loss.
- the method for forming the conductive wiring layer 3 on the transparent substrate 2 is not particularly limited, but a wet film forming method is preferable.
- a film by various methods such as electroless plating of various metals or alloys, printing and coating methods using paste, sbin coat, dip coat, spray coat, etc. It is suitable as a method for forming a film having a uniform and low resistance.
- a welding method using an ultrasonic soldering device using a low melting point alloy can be applied, and a known method such as a vapor deposition method, an ion plating method, a sputtering method, and a CVD method can be applied as a dry film forming method.
- a predetermined underlayer may be formed to improve the adhesion of the conductive wiring layer 3 to the transparent substrate 2, and an annealing process may be performed to enhance crystallinity and reduce resistance. Good.
- any of conventionally known methods such as polishing with puff, sandblast, wrap, etc., etching, lithography, etc. are applied. be able to.
- the area of the photoelectric conversion element occupied by the conductive wiring layer 3 with respect to the light receiving surface is not particularly limited, but is preferably in the range of 0.01% to 70%.
- the area ratio of the conductive wiring layer 3 is too large, the received light cannot be sufficiently transmitted, so that it is particularly preferable to set the ratio to 0.1% to 50%.
- the film forming width of the conductive wiring layer 3 and the interval at which it is formed are not particularly limited, but the wider the film forming width and the narrower the forming interval, the lower the resistance loss of the transparent conductive substrate 10. The effect of reducing the noise increases.
- the film width of the conductive wiring layer 3 is 1 to 100 am, particularly 10 To about 500 m, and the formation interval is preferably about 0.1 to 100 mm, particularly preferably about 0.5 to 50 mm.
- the metal oxide layer 30 has a role of blocking the conductive wiring layer 3 from an electrolyte layer 5 described later and preventing a reverse electron transfer reaction and corrosion of the conductive wiring layer 3.
- the metal oxide layer 30 be formed of a transparent material having high electron conductivity.
- I TO I n-S n composite oxide
- S n 0 2 fluorine or antimony including those doped (ATO)
- T i ⁇ 2 Z eta theta
- metal oxide selected from the following.
- the thickness of the metal oxide layer 30 is not particularly limited, If the thickness is too small, the effect of sufficiently blocking the conductive wiring layer 3 and the electrolyte layer 5 cannot be obtained, and if the thickness is too large, the light transmittance decreases. From such a viewpoint, the metal oxide layer 30 is preferably formed to a thickness of 0.1 nm to 1 m, particularly 1 nm to 500 nm.
- a predetermined metal oxide material may be laminated to improve oxidation resistance.
- the semiconductor fine particle layer 4 effectively causes a charge transfer reaction at the interface between these layers in a photoelectric conversion element using a photoelectrochemical reaction with an electrolyte layer 5 described later.
- the semiconductor fine particle layer 4 is formed by depositing semiconductor fine particles.
- a compound semiconductor or a compound having a perovskite structure may be used in addition to a simple semiconductor represented by silicon. it can.
- These semiconductors are preferably n-type semiconductors in which conduction band electrons become carriers under photoexcitation and give an anode current.
- T i O 2 of the anatase type is preferable.
- the present invention is not limited thereto, and may be applied alone or as a mixture or composite of two or more.
- the semiconductor fine particles can take various forms such as particles, tubes, rods, and the like as needed.
- the particle diameter of the semiconductor fine particles constituting the semiconductor fine particle layer 4 is not particularly limited, it is preferable that the average particle diameter of the primary particles be 1 to 200 nm, particularly 5 to 100 nm.
- two or more kinds of particles having a particle diameter larger than the above particle diameter may be mixed to scatter incident light to improve the quantum yield.
- the average particle diameter of the particles having a large particle diameter to be separately mixed is 20 to 500 nm.
- the method of forming the semiconductor fine particle layer 4 is not particularly limited. However, in consideration of physical properties, convenience, manufacturing cost, and the like, a wet film forming method of semiconductor fine particles is preferable. That is, it is preferable to prepare a paste in which semiconductor fine powder or sol is uniformly dispersed in a solvent such as water, and apply the paste on a substrate on which a transparent conductive film is formed.
- the coating method is not particularly limited, and any conventionally known methods can be applied. For example, dip method, spray method, wire bar method, spin coating method, roller coating method, blade coating method, gravure A coating method may be used. Further, as the wet printing method, various methods such as letterpress, offset, gravure, intaglio, rubber plate, and screen printing can be applied. In addition, a method of electrolytic deposition in a sol solution in which semiconductor particles are dispersed can be applied.
- the semiconductor fine particle layer 4 is formed of an anatase-type titanium oxide
- any of a powder, a sol, and a slurry may be used, or a predetermined method may be used by a known method such as hydrolysis of a titanium oxide alkoxide. It may be molded into a particle having a particle size.
- the powder When using the powder, it is preferable to eliminate the secondary aggregation of the particles, and it is preferable to grind the particles using a mortar, a ball mill, or the like at the time of preparing the coating solution. At this time, it is preferable to add acetylacetone, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, a surfactant, a chelating agent, and the like in order to prevent the particles having undergone secondary aggregation from being aggregated again.
- thickeners such as a polymer such as polyethylene oxide / polyvinyl alcohol, and a cellulose-based thickener may be added.
- a sensitizing dye (not shown) is carried on the semiconductor fine particle layer 4 in order to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency.
- the surface area in the state where the semiconductor fine particle layer 4 is formed is preferably at least 10 times, more preferably at least 100 times the projected area. There is no particular upper limit, but it is usually about 1000 times.
- the thickness of the semiconductor fine particle layer 4 increases, so that the amount of dye carried per unit projected area increases, so that the light capture rate increases.However, the diffusion distance of the injected electrons increases, and the loss due to charge recombination also increases. .
- the semiconductor fine particle layer 4 has a thickness of 0.1 to 100 m, preferably 1 to 50 m, and more preferably 3 to 3 O jum.
- baking is performed to electronically contact the particles and improve the film strength and the adhesion to the coated surface.
- the firing temperature is not particularly limited, but if the temperature is too high, the resistance may be increased or the material may be melted. Therefore, the firing temperature is preferably set to 40 to 70 o, more preferably 40 to 600. .
- the firing time is not particularly limited, but about 10 minutes to 10 hours is practically appropriate.
- aqueous solution of titanium tetrachloride for example, chemical plating using an aqueous solution of titanium tetrachloride, electrochemical plating using an aqueous solution of titanium trichloride, diameter of 10 nm
- the following semiconductor sol dip treatment may be performed.
- a paste containing a binder may be formed on the substrate and pressure-bonded by a hot press.
- the sensitizing dye carried on the semiconductor fine particle layer 4 is not particularly limited as long as the material exhibits a sensitizing effect.
- xanthene-based dyes such as rhodami B, rose bengal, eosin, and erythrocyte
- cysteine-based dyes such as merocyanine, quinocyanine, and cryptocyanine
- porphyrin-based compounds such as chlorophyll, zinc porphyrin, and magnesium porphyrin, other azo dyes, phthalocyanine compounds, coumarin-based compounds, Ru biviridine complex compounds, anthraquinone-based dyes, and polycyclic quinone-based dyes.
- the Ru bipyridine complex compound is desirable because of its high quantum yield, but is not limited thereto, and the above-mentioned materials can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the method for adsorbing the sensitizing dye to the semiconductor fine particle layer 4 is not particularly limited, and the dye may be, for example, alcohols, nitriles, nitro compounds such as nitromethane, halogenated hydrocarbons, or the like.
- a solution was prepared by dissolving in a solvent such as esters, hydrocarbons, and water, and the semiconductor electrode on which the semiconductor fine particle layer was formed was immersed in this solution, or this solution was applied to the semiconductor fine particle layer. Can be adsorbed.
- deoxycholic acid or the like may be added to the dye solution.
- an ultraviolet absorber can be used in combination.
- the surface of the semiconductor fine particles may be treated with amines.
- amines examples include pyridine, 4-tert-butyltyl pyridine, polyvinyl pyridine and the like.
- amine When the amine is a liquid, it may be used as it is, or may be used by dissolving it in an organic solvent.
- the counter electrode 12 has a configuration in which a metal oxide layer 30 and a platinum layer 6 are formed on a transparent substrate 2.
- the configuration of the counter electrode 12 can be arbitrarily changed as long as the metal oxide layer 30 is formed on the side facing the semiconductor electrode 11 described above.
- the counter electrode 12 is preferably formed of an electrochemically stable material. Specifically, it is desirable to use platinum, gold, carbon, a conductive polymer, or the like.
- the surface facing the semiconductor electrode has a fine structure and an increased surface area.
- platinum is in a platinum black state
- carbon is in a platinum black state. If there is, it is desired that it is in a porous state.
- Platinum black state is obtained by anodizing platinum, chloroplatinic acid treatment, etc. It can be formed by a method such as baking of a mer.
- the power of wiring a metal having a high oxidation-reduction catalytic effect, such as platinum, on the transparent conductive substrate 10 and the formation of a counter electrode 12 by forming a platinum layer 6 whose surface is treated with chloroplatinic acid are formed. Is also good.
- the electrolyte layer 5 is made of a known solution-based electrolyte, and is formed by dissolving at least one kind of a substance system (oxidation-reduction system) that reversibly changes the state of oxidation-reduction.
- oxidation-reduction system substance system
- the combination of I 2 and a metal iodide or an organic iodide, a combination of B r 2 and a metal bromide or an organic bromide likewise, Fueroshian salt Roh and ferricyanide, Hue spout Z Hue Rishiniumuion like metal Complexes, sodium polysulfide, alkyl compounds such as alkyl thiol / alkyl disulfide, piologen dyes, hydroquinone / quinone and the like can be used.
- Examples of the cation of the metal compound include Li, Na, K :, Mg, Ca, and Cs.
- Examples of the cation of the organic compound include quaternary ammonium such as tetraalkylammoniums, pyridiniums, and imidazoliums. Compounds are preferred, but not limited thereto, and they may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the concentration of the electrolyte salt is preferably from 0.05 M to 5 M, more preferably from 0.2 M to 1 M, based on the solvent.
- the concentration of B r 2 are, 0. 0 0 0 5 M ⁇ 1 M are preferred, and further, 0. 0 0 1 ⁇ 0. 1 M desirable.
- various additives such as 4-tert-butylpyridine and carboxylic acid may be added for the purpose of improving the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current.
- the solvent constituting the electrolyte layer 5 include water, alcohols, and alcohols. Such as ters, esters, carbonates, lactones, carboxylic esters, phosphate triesters, heterocyclic compounds, nitriles, 1,3-dimethylimidazolidinone, 3-methyloxazolidinone, etc.
- Ketones such as N-methylpyrrolidone, nitro compounds such as nitromethane, halogenated hydrocarbons, sulfoxides such as dimethylsulfoxide, sulfolane, and hydrocarbons. It is not limited to these. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- a room temperature ionic liquid of a tetraalkyl-based, pyridinium-based, or imidazolym-based quaternary ammonium salt can be used.
- a gelling agent, a polymer, a crosslinked monomer, and the like are dissolved in the composition of the electrolyte layer and used as a gel electrolyte. It is also possible.
- the ratio between the gel matrix and the electrolyte composition the more the electrolyte composition, the higher the ionic conductivity but the lower the mechanical strength.
- the polymer is dissolved in the polymer using the above-mentioned electrolyte and plasticizer, It is also possible to realize an all-solid-state photoelectric conversion element by volatilizing and removing the agent.
- each element is housed in a predetermined case and sealed, or the whole of them is sealed with resin.
- the method for producing the photoelectric conversion element 1 is not particularly limited, but it is necessary that the electrolyte composition constituting the electrolyte layer 5 be liquid or gelled inside the photoelectric conversion element.
- the semiconductor electrode 11 carrying the dye and the counter electrode 12 face each other and are sealed in a state where the two electrodes are not in contact with each other.
- the gap between the semiconductor electrode 11 and the counter electrode 12 is not particularly limited, but it is usually 1 to 100 m, and more preferably about 1 to 50 m. Is preferred. If the distance between the electrodes is too long, the photocurrent will decrease due to the decrease in conductivity.
- the sealing method is not particularly limited.
- the sealing material those having light resistance, insulation, and moisture resistance are preferred, and various welding methods, epoxy resins, ultraviolet curing resins, acrylic adhesives, EVA (ethylene vial acetate) are preferable. ), Ionomer resins, ceramics, heat-sealing films, and the like.
- an injection port for injecting the solution of the electrolyte composition is required.
- an injection port can be appropriately provided unless it is on the semiconductor fine particle layer supporting the dye and the opposing electrode in a portion facing the layer.
- the injection method is not particularly limited, and for example, a method in which injection is performed inside the above-mentioned cell which is sealed in advance and in which the solution inlet is opened is preferable. In this case, it is simple to drop several drops of the solution into the injection port and inject the solution by capillary action.
- the injection operation can be performed under reduced pressure or under heating.
- the sealing method is not particularly limited, and if necessary, a glass plate or a plastic substrate can be sealed with a sealing agent.
- a polymer solution containing an electrolyte composition and a plasticizer is volatilized and removed by a casting method on a semiconductor electrode supporting a dye.
- sealing is performed in the same manner as in the above method. This sealing is preferably performed using a vacuum sealer or the like under an inert gas atmosphere or under reduced pressure. After sealing, heating and pressing operations may be performed as necessary to sufficiently impregnate the electrolyte into the semiconductor fine particle layer.
- the photoelectric conversion element 1 can be manufactured in various shapes according to its use, and the shape is not particularly limited.
- the photoelectric conversion element 1 operates as follows.
- the dye that has lost electrons receives electrons from ions in the electrolyte layer 5 that is the carrier transfer layer.
- a dye-sensitized solar cell has been described as an example of the photoelectric conversion element 1.
- the present invention relates to a solar cell other than the dye-sensitized type, and a photoelectric cell other than the solar cell. It is also applicable to conversion elements.
- a method for manufacturing a T i 0 2 paste was "dye-sensitized solar latest technology of the battery," the (CMC) as a reference.
- 125 ml of titanium isopropoxide was slowly added dropwise to 75 O ml of 0.1 M nitric acid aqueous solution while stirring at room temperature. After completion of the dropwise addition, the mixture was transferred to a constant temperature bath of 80 and stirred for 8 hours to obtain a cloudy translucent sol solution. The sol solution was allowed to cool to room temperature, filtered through a glass filter, and then diluted to 700 ml. The sol solution obtained as described above was transferred to an autoclave and subjected to a hydrothermal treatment at 220 for 12 hours. Thereafter, dispersion treatment was performed by ultrasonic treatment for 1 hour. Next, this solution by Ebapore evening one was concentrated 4 0 "C, the content of T i 0 2 was prepared such that the 2 0 wt%.
- a quartz plate (25 mm ⁇ 60 mm ⁇ 1.1 mm) is prepared as the transparent substrate 2, and is parallel to the longitudinal direction using a slicing machine, with a depth of 20 wm and a width of 100 OO im. One groove was formed at intervals of 2 mm.
- the transparent substrate 2 provided with the groove 3 h was washed in this way, electroless nickel plating was applied to the grooved side to a film thickness of 25 m.
- the plated surface was optically polished to remove nickel deposited on the transparent substrate, and the conductive wiring layer 3 was formed in a state where nickel was buried only inside the groove.
- a cleaning process was performed, and a metal oxide layer 30 was formed on the surface on which the conductive wiring layer 3 was formed by sputtering a film of IT ⁇ : 500 nm and ATO: 50 nm.
- the Ti 2 paste prepared as described above was applied by a blade coating method at 20 mm ⁇ 50 mm and a gap of 200 ⁇ m, and then 450 ⁇ m. For 30 minutes, and the Ti ⁇ 2 film was sintered.
- a dye is carried on the semiconductor fine particle layer 4 to obtain a semiconductor electrode.
- the semiconductor electrode manufactured as described above was washed with an acetonitrile solution of 41-tert-butylpyridine in acetonitrile, and then dried in place.
- the opposing electrode was sputtered successively with chromium 50111111 and then platinum 100 nm on a fluorine-doped conductive glass substrate (sheet resistance 100 mm) with a 0.5 mm injection port opened in advance.
- the solution was spray-coated with a solution of chloroplatinic acid in isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and heated at 385 for 15 minutes.
- IPA isopropyl alcohol
- a photoelectric conversion element 1 was manufactured.
- T i 0 2 film forming surface of the semiconductor electrode is opposed to the platinum layer forming surface of the counter electrode were sealed with an ionomer resin film and silicon adhesive 3 0 m to the outer circumference.
- the above electrolyte composition is injected between the electrodes using a liquid feed pump to reduce Pressure to expel air bubbles inside.
- the injection port was sealed with an ionomer resin film, a silicone adhesive, and a glass substrate to obtain a target photoelectric conversion element.
- the materials for forming the conductive wiring layer 3 were as shown in Table 1 below. The other conditions were the same as in Example 1 to produce a photoelectric conversion element 1.
- the conductive wiring layer 3 was formed into a film by a printing method using a commercially available paste of a material shown in Table 1 below. The other conditions were the same as in Example 1 to produce a photoelectric conversion element 1.
- the conductive wiring layer 3 was formed by welding with an ultrasonic soldering device. The other conditions were the same as in Example 1 to produce a photoelectric conversion element 1.
- the conductive wiring layer 3 was not formed.
- the other conditions were the same as in Example 1 to produce a photoelectric conversion element.
- No metal oxide layer 30 was formed.
- the other conditions were the same as in Example 1 to produce a photoelectric conversion element.
- Example 4 A commercially available Ni paste was used as a material for forming the conductive wiring layer, and the conductive wiring layer was formed on the surface of the transparent substrate by printing without forming a groove in the transparent substrate 2. The other conditions were the same as in Example 1 to produce a photoelectric conversion element. (Comparative Examples 4, 5)
- a commercially available paste of the material shown in Table 1 below was used as a material for forming the conductive wiring layer, and a conductive wiring layer was formed on the surface of the transparent substrate by printing without forming a groove in the transparent substrate 2.
- the other conditions were the same as in Example 1 to produce a photoelectric conversion element.
- Table 1 shows the materials of the conductive wiring layers, the forming method, the height difference from the transparent substrate surface, the contact angle on the side surface, and the metal oxide of the photoelectric conversion elements of Examples 1 to 8 and Comparative Examples 1 to 5. The material and thickness of the material layer are shown. table 1
- the fill factor, the photoelectric conversion efficiency, and the like were obtained immediately after the element was manufactured and after storage for one month. Then, the visual observation of the conductive wiring layer was evaluated. The fill factor and the photoelectric conversion efficiency were measured at the time of irradiation with simulated sunlight (AM 1.5, 100 mW / cm 2 ). During the storage period (one month), the photoelectric conversion element was irradiated with UV light at room temperature.
- the transparent substrate 2 The conductive wiring layer 3 is formed by burying the conductive wiring layer 3, and the height difference between the conductive wiring layer 3 and the transparent substrate 2 is -1 O wn!
- the thickness By controlling the thickness to within 10 m, corrosion of the conductive wiring layer 3 can be avoided immediately after fabrication and after storage for a long time, and excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency can be maintained over a long period of time. I know what I can do.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
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US11/579,976 US20080083452A1 (en) | 2004-05-14 | 2005-04-25 | Photoelectric Converter, and Transparent Conductive Substrate for the same |
US12/815,718 US20100248418A1 (en) | 2004-05-14 | 2010-06-15 | Photoelectric converter, and transparent conductive substrate for the same |
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JP2004-144618 | 2004-05-14 | ||
JP2004144618A JP4635474B2 (ja) | 2004-05-14 | 2004-05-14 | 光電変換素子、及びこれに用いる透明導電性基板 |
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US12/815,718 Division US20100248418A1 (en) | 2004-05-14 | 2010-06-15 | Photoelectric converter, and transparent conductive substrate for the same |
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Also Published As
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US20080083452A1 (en) | 2008-04-10 |
JP4635474B2 (ja) | 2011-02-23 |
JP2005327595A (ja) | 2005-11-24 |
US20100248418A1 (en) | 2010-09-30 |
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