Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK  ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
  • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
  • C09C1/66—Copper alloys, e.g. bronze
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK  ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
  • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
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  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK  ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
  • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
  • C09C1/62—Metallic pigments or fillers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK  ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
  • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
  • C09C1/62—Metallic pigments or fillers
  • C09C1/627—Copper
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK  ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
  • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
  • C09C1/62—Metallic pigments or fillers
  • C09C1/64—Aluminium
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK  ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
  • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
  • C09C1/62—Metallic pigments or fillers
  • C09C1/64—Aluminium
  • C09C1/648—Aluminium treated with inorganic and organic, e.g. polymeric, compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
  • C09D5/03—Powdery paints
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
  • C09D5/03—Powdery paints
  • C09D5/032—Powdery paints characterised by a special effect of the produced film, e.g. wrinkle, pearlescence, matt finish
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
  • C09D5/03—Powdery paints
  • C09D5/033—Powdery paints characterised by the additives
  • C09D5/035—Coloring agents, e.g. pigments
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
  • C09D7/40—Additives
  • C09D7/48—Stabilisers against degradation by oxygen, light or heat
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
  • C09D7/40—Additives
  • C09D7/60—Additives non-macromolecular
  • C09D7/61—Additives non-macromolecular inorganic
  • C09D7/62—Additives non-macromolecular inorganic modified by treatment with other compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
  • C09D7/40—Additives
  • C09D7/66—Additives characterised by particle size
  • C09D7/69—Particle size larger than 1000 nm
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
  • C01P2004/01—Particle morphology depicted by an image
  • C01P2004/03—Particle morphology depicted by an image obtained by SEM
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
  • C01P2004/20—Particle morphology extending in two dimensions, e.g. plate-like
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
  • C01P2004/54—Particles characterised by their aspect ratio, i.e. the ratio of sizes in the longest to the shortest dimension
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
  • C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
  • C01P2004/61—Micrometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 micrometer
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/18—Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls
  • C08K3/20—Oxides; Hydroxides
  • C08K3/22—Oxides; Hydroxides of metals
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K9/00—Use of pretreated ingredients
  • C08K9/08—Ingredients agglomerated by treatment with a binding agent

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the provision of coated metal pigments, a coating composition, a method for producing the coated metal pigments and their use.
• Metal pigments are widely used in the pigmentation of paints, varnishes, powder coatings, printing inks, plastics or cosmetics.
• the introduction and wetting of these pigments in binder systems creates many problems, particularly in the case of powder coatings.
• the dry-blend process is a simple mixing process in which powder coating components such as binders, additives etc. and the metal pigments are dry mixed together. It is disadvantageous that such dry mixtures lead, among other things, to the segregation of metal pigment and binder due to the different specific weights and electrostatic charging behavior during powder coating.
• the recyclability of the powder coating which in and of itself is one of the great advantages of powder coating systems, is no longer present in powder coatings produced using this process and pigmented with metal pigments.
• the bonding process is understood to mean a mixing process of powder coating and metal pigment, in which a physical connection of the metal pigment particles to the powder coating particles is achieved by heating the mixture up to the glass transition temperature of the powder coating. In the bonding process, the metal pigments therefore adhere to the surface of the powder coating particles.
• Both the dry-blend and the bonding process have the disadvantage that the metal pigments are not coated by the binder and are therefore applied to a substrate without a binder coating.
• these pigments are not completely wetted with the binder.
• the metal pigments are not completely surrounded by the binder after the powder coating has hardened and therefore do not experience optimal corrosion protection.
• metal pigments can be refined through various processing steps before incorporation into coating systems. These can be, among other things, wet chemical processes, in which one more or less closed coating of the pigment surface takes place. Organic or inorganic coatings are possible.
• US 4,434,009 describes the coating of a metal pigment with a polymer.
• the coating is built up from the monomers which have a polymerizable double bond and an epoxy group.
• JP 56-161470 Another polymer coating of metal pigments is described in JP 56-161470.
• the coating is carried out using monomers of the styrene, (meth) acionyl nitrile or (meth) acrylic acid type.
• EP 0 280749 describes coatings of metal pigments with synthetic resin, which initially comprise an adhesion promoter layer with at least one ethylenically unsaturated double bond. This is followed by a polymerized synthetic resin, which is built up from monomers with at least three ethylenically unsaturated bonds.
• the chemical variability of the monomers used in EP 0 280749 is very severely restricted.
• Triple-unsaturated monomers of ethylene form highly crosslinked polymer protective layers, from which, however, no lacquer can be built. Such polymer layers would be too brittle to build up a lacquer.
• Monomers with three or even higher crosslinking properties are used as crosslinking agents in paints only in amounts of up to approximately 3% by weight; Under no circumstances, however, are entire polymer layers built up from these.
• DE 4030727 or EP 0477433 describes a metal pigment coating made from a three-dimensionally cross-linked plastic coating which is covalently bonded to a siloxane layer previously applied to the pigment.
• Protected pigments are obtained which can be used in water-based paints.
• adhesion promoters must be applied to the surface of the metal flakes before the actual plastic resin coating, since otherwise an effective coating is not possible.
• Common to all of the above polymer coatings is that they are produced exclusively from monomers. These are usually polymerized in a radical polymerization in the presence of the metal pigments dispersed in a solvent.
• WO 98/37154 discloses a process for the production of powder coatings containing luster pigment using a supercritical fluid. In terms of equipment, this process is very complex and costly. In this process, the gloss pigment particles are distributed in the powder coating grain. Disadvantageously, the individual pigments are not reliably provided with a coating, so that there are corrosion problems with metal pigments during storage and after application.
• a powder coating is known from WO 98/46682, in which the powder coating particles adhere to a sticky metal pigment surface.
• the powder coating is disadvantageously not bound reliably and uniformly by the sticky metal pigment surfaces. This uneven adhesion of the powder paint particles leads to uneven paint surfaces during painting.
• the sticky metal pigment surfaces also easily lead to agglomerates and / or aggregates of the metal pigment particles in the powder coating.
• the metal pigments are also not reliably covered by a coating, so that these metal pigments are also not stable to corrosion.
• the resulting metal pigments are either provided with inorganic or crosslinked polymeric layers which no longer participate in crosslinking reactions with binders and / or hardeners typical of powder coating or wet lacquer and therefore cannot be incorporated into the plastic matrix, or the pigments are insufficient against corrosion stabilized.
• Critical applications such as e.g. To name facade coatings, which are usually exposed to the full range of environmental influences without protection and have to survive extremely long periods of use.
• such a metal pigment is in the form of a low-dust, free-flowing powder and for universal use to be ensured in many systems typical for powder coating and wet coating.
• the object of the invention is also to provide a cost-effective method with high throughput quantities for the production of such metal pigments.
• the procedure should be simple and ensure gentle treatment of the metal pigments.
• the object on which the invention is based is achieved by the provision of metal pigments with a coating, the coating enveloping the metal pigments and being chemically crosslinkable and / or crosslinkable under the action of heat, IR radiation, UV radiation and / or electron beams (see ) comprises oligomeric (s) and / or polymeric (s) binders, the coated Metal pigments as a powder having a grain size d 5 o of less than 190 / m are present and are resistant to corrosion after curing in a powder varnish.
• the object of the invention is further achieved by providing a masterbatch for powder coatings and wet coatings, the masterbatch containing metal pigments according to one of claims 1 to 25.
• the binders used to coat the metal pigment are the same as the binders used in a powder coating.
• Such binders according to the invention are therefore suitable as a masterbatch or concentrate for producing a powder coating containing metal pigments.
• binders are used in the coating of the metal pigments according to the invention as in the powder coating, after application and curing of the powder coating, a homogeneous coating layer is formed in which the metal pigments are chemically incorporated.
• Such layers of paint have an extremely attractive appearance and are corrosion-resistant.
• the object on which the invention is based is also achieved by providing a coating composition, the
• Coating composition contains metal pigments according to one of claims 1 to 26, wherein the metal pigments are corrosion-resistant after curing of the coating composition.
• the object is achieved by providing a coated article, the article being coated with metal pigments according to one of claims 1 to 26 or with a coating composition according to one of claims 28 to 32.
• the coated article is preferably an article that is exposed to corrosive environmental conditions, such as natural weather conditions.
• a facade element such as a facade panel, a window frame, a vehicle body such as the body of a motor vehicle or a frame of a vehicle such as a bicycle or motorcycle.
• the object of the invention is also achieved by using the metal pigment according to one of claims 1 to 25 in paints, varnishes, powder coatings, printing inks, plastics or nail varnish.
• the object of the invention is also achieved by providing a nail varnish, the cosmetic containing metal pigments according to one of claims 1 to 26.
• the metal pigments according to the invention therefore have an enveloping coating of crosslinkable binders in their oligomeric or polymeric starting form.
• the binders can polymerize under the influence of heat, IR, UV and / or electron radiation or also by reaction with a suitable hardener after coating the metal pigment and thus embed the metal pigments in a polymeric film.
• the complete coating leads to a significantly better abrasive and chemical stability of the metal pigment. The weathering stability achieved in this way cannot be achieved with conventional metal pigments.
• corrosion-resistant is understood to mean that the optical appearance of the metal pigments after incorporation into a powder coating and application and curing of this powder coating is not or only insignificantly impaired even after a long time, such as months and years Corrosion stability can be used in particular with the mortar test according to the regulations of the GSB (Quality Association for the Piece Coating of Components), as described in the examples. Passing this very sharp corrosion test is a prerequisite for the use of metal-pigmented ones Powder coatings for facade elements. Passing the mortar test as described below means that there is corrosion stability within the meaning of the invention.
• the metal pigments coated according to the invention are preferably in the form of a low-dust, free-flowing powder which can optionally also be pasted with solvents, for example organic solvents and / or water.
• solvents for example organic solvents and / or water.
• the metal pigments according to the invention are therefore distinguished by a high degree of flexibility in use.
• metal pigments are understood to mean platelet-shaped metal effect pigments. These have a form factor, ie a ratio of the longitudinal extent to the mean thickness of the platelets, of more than 10, preferably of more than 20 and particularly preferably of more than 50. The form factor is more preferably in a range from 50 to 1000, even more preferably from 100 to 200.
• a longitudinal extension is in this case of d 5 o-value of the cumulative distribution, as measured by the usual Lasergranulometriemethoden understood.
• the d 50 values of the longitudinal dimensions are 2 to 150 ⁇ m, preferably 3 to 75 ⁇ m and particularly preferably 5 to 60 ⁇ m.
• the metal pigmented powder coating has excellent recyclability.
• the portion of the powder coating which does not harden on a substrate and which contains the metal pigments according to the invention can advantageously be recycled and sprayed on again in the next application of the powder coating.
• a binder is understood to mean the definition given in DIN 55 945. That is, the binder includes both the film former and non-volatile additives such as plasticizers and drying agents.
• the binders are generally in the form of low molecular weight oligomers and / or polymers.
• the molecular weight is preferably in a range from 200 g / mol to 10,000 g / mol, more preferably from 500 g / mol to 8,000 g / mol.
• the Low molecular weights of the oligomers and / or polymers used serve to set certain viscosities that are neither possible with monomeric solutions nor with high molecular weight components (see P. Nanetti, Coatings Compendien "Lackrohstofftechnik” p. 17 ff., Vincentz Verlag 2000)
• the oligomeric and / or polymeric binders used in the present invention are also referred to below simply as binders.
• Hardeners are usually in monomeric form.
• the initially thermoplastic binder or binder and an optionally used hardener react under suitable conditions such as elevated temperature with each other to form a thermoset. This can result in polymerizations and when using hardeners, polycondensation or polyadditions.
• the binders can still be hardened or polymerized.
• the binders can easily polymerize during the coating and evaporation of the solvent, but they cannot harden completely.
• the previously known plastic coatings of metal pigments are formed from monomers that convert as completely as possible into a polymeric film on the pigment surface. These predominantly cured polymers are no longer reactive.
• the metal pigments according to the invention therefore have a reactive binder coating which, after the application of the metal pigment according to the invention, enables a targeted reaction with the binder, for example a lacquer or a printing ink.
• the coating of the coated metal pigments comprising the binder can also only harden after the application without crosslinking with the binder of the application medium, for example a lacquer or a printing ink. This can be the case if the binder of the application medium and the binder-containing coating are chemically incompatible.
• the binder or binders is / are preferably selected from the group of binders usually used in powder coatings, such as
• Polyesters containing carboxyl groups preferably saturated polyesters containing carboxyl groups. These are reactive compounds with an acid number of preferably 5-100, more preferably 20-70 mg KOH / g. In combination with the corresponding hardener, these resins may have been optimized for the corrosion stability required for outdoor applications as well as for the less critical indoor applications. Typical resins are Crylcoat 340 and Crylcoat 632 from UCB, Belgium, www.ucb.de or Uralac P2200 from DSM, Netherlands, www.dsm.com.
• hydroxyl group-containing polyesters preferably saturated hydroxyl group-containing polyesters.
• the hydroxyl number is preferably between 120-15 mg KOH / g, more preferably between 50-30 mg KOH / g.
• Typical resins are crylcoat E5169 from UCB, Belgium
• radiation-curing resins typical of powder coating e.g. unsaturated acrylates, such as epoxy acrylates, urethane acrylates, polyester acrylates, polyether acylates and mixtures thereof.
• unsaturated acrylates such as epoxy acrylates, urethane acrylates, polyester acrylates, polyether acylates and mixtures thereof.
• UVECOAT 3001 from UCB, Belgium.
• Functionalized resins such as epoxy resins, polyester resins, preferably functionalized with phosphoric acid esters, phosphonic acids or their esters, sulfonates, carboxyl groups, amino groups, Hydroxyl groups, urethane groups, isocyanate groups, blocked isocyanate groups.
• hardeners Compounds which are chemical antipodes to the corresponding reactive groups of the resin are preferably used as hardeners.
• these can be:
• TGIC triglycidyl isocyanurate
• metal pigments commercially available aluminum, copper, brass (gold bronzes), iron, zinc, titanium, nickel and interference pigments with a metal core and / or a metal coating are preferably used.
• the pigments can be uncoated, but can also be pre-coated, ie have additional protective layers. These can be barrier layers such as SiO 2 or polymerized, highly cross-linked polymer layers. Metal pigments pre-coated in this way potentially have even higher corrosion stability. Examples of this are PCR (SiO 2 coating, Eckart, Princeth, Germany), PCA polymer coating (Eckart) or PCF polymer coating, (Toyal, Japan) Can continue to color-coated metal pigments, for example ® with iron oxide coated pigments as the Paliocrom® products (Messrs. BASF AG, Ludwigshafen, Germany) are used as starting pigments in the manufacture of pigments of the invention.
• oxidized metal effect pigments for example wet-chemical oxidized aluminum pigments
• coloring can be produced by wet chemical oxidation.
• metal oxide layers can be created by oxidation in air at elevated temperatures, which give the metal pigments additional attractive shades.
• attractive gold-yellow pigments can be produced by targeted wet chemical oxidation of aluminum pigments using the method disclosed in EP 0 848 735, which is hereby incorporated by reference. These gold-yellow pigments are sold by Eckart GmbH & Co. KG, Marieth, Germany, under the Aloxal ® brand.
• a strongly water-containing aluminum oxide / hydroxide layer is formed around the aluminum core.
• Such wet-chemical oxidized pigments have so far not been able to be used in a powder coating, since when a powder coating comprising wet-chemical oxidized aluminum pigments was applied to a substrate surface, a high-quality coating could not be obtained reproducibly.
• the surface of the coated pigments is the same as that of the powder coating binder particles.
• the metal pigments according to the invention can also be interference pigments which have a metallic core and have low-refractive dielectric and high-index metal oxide or metal layers are occupied.
• the pigments sold under the brands Variocrom ® (Messrs. BASF AG) or Chromaflair ® (Fa. Flex Products, Inc.) can be used.
• the metal pigment precoats the metal pigment with a substance which improves the adhesion between the metal pigment surface and the binder coating.
• a substance which improves the adhesion between the metal pigment surface and the binder coating e.g. functionalized silanes, functionalized polymers and organophosphorus compounds. These can also be applied to the additional coating.
• Functionalized silanes are preferably used.
• the silanes preferably have the general formula (I)
• z is an integer from 1 to 3
• R is a substituted or unsubstituted, unbranched or branched alkyl chain with 1 to 12 C atoms
• Y is a functional group which can react with appropriate binder functionalities
• X stands for a halogen and / or alkoxy group.
• R can also be cyclically connected to Si, in which case z is usually 2.
• the silanes After a condensation reaction of the Si (X) grouping, the silanes bind to the surface of the metal pigment surface with surface OH groups.
• the reactive function Y can cause a connection to the subsequently applied oligomeric and / or polymeric binder. These can be covalent bonds or weaker interactions such as hydrogen bonds. It is crucial that the oligomeric and / or polymeric binder is so firmly anchored to the metal pigment surface by means of the silanes acting as adhesion promoters that it remains largely bound to the metal pigment in the dispersion of a solvent before spraying.
• the silanes therefore act as an adhesion promoter between the metal pigment surface and the oligomeric and / or polymeric binder in the coating.
• Isocyanate, epoxy, amino, hydroxyl, carboxy, acylate or methacrylate groups are preferred as functional groups Y. These groups react with corresponding chemically compatible counter groups of the oligomeric / polymeric binder. However, the binder as such does not harden, i.e. the oligomeric / polymeric binder maintains its chemical crosslinkability or hardenability.
• the functional group Y of the silane can react, for example, with functional groups of the oligomeric / polymeric binder which are not or only partially involved in the curing of the oligomeric / polymeric binder.
• the functional group of the oligomeric / polymeric binder based on the functional group Y of the silane, can be present in a stoichiometric excess.
• the functional groups (Y) are regularly in a stoichiometric deficit, based on the corresponding chemically compatible functional counter group of the subsequently applied oligomeric and / or polymeric binder.
• Y can be an isocyanate group
• the binder comprises polyester components with polyol and polycarboxy functions.
• the isocyanate groups can, if necessary with the addition of a catalyst, react with OH groups of the binder even at room temperature. Only after the coating of the metal pigment and incorporation into a paint system does the polyester coating harden when the paint system is baked.
• the group Y is preferably a terminal group, since here the highest reactivity is given due to the lowest steric hindrance. However, it can also be a largely terminal group in which up to 3 C atoms can still be present up to the chain end before the Y function.
• the binder functionalities that react with Y can also be the same as those that build up the polymer when the binder cures. This is possible because - as already stated above - the functional groups of the oligomeric / polymeric binder which are reactive with Y are regularly in one there is a stoichiometric excess of the functional group Y on the pigment surface, so that after the reactive group Y has been reacted with the oligomeric / polymeric binder, sufficient functional groups remain on the oligomeric and / or polymeric binder for the crosslinking or curing.
• the functional group of the oligomeric / polymeric binder reactive with the reactive group Y can also be different from the functional group or the functional groups which are involved in the curing of the binder.
• Organofunctional silanes with appropriate functional groups suitable as surface modifiers are commercially available. For example, these are many representatives of the products manufactured by Degussa, Rheinfelden and sold under the trade name "Dynasylan®” or of the Silquest® silanes produced by OSi Specialties or GENOSIL® silanes produced by Wacker.
• Examples of this are 3-methactyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (Dynasylan MEMO, Silquest A-174NT), 3-mercaptopropyltri (m) ethoxysilane (Dynasylan MTMO or 3201; Silquest A-189), 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (DynasylquA-tri-A-GLYMO) (3-trimethoxysilylpropyl) isocyanurate (Silquest Y-11597), gamma- mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (Silquest A-189), beta- (3,4-epoxycyclohexyl) ethyltrimethoxysilane (Silquest A-186), gamma-isocyanatopropyltrimethoxysilane (35, Genosil GF40), (methacryloxymethyl) trimethoxysilane (Genosil X
• Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (Dynasylan AMMO; Silquest A-1110), aminopropyltriethoxysilane (Dynasylan AMEO) or N- (2-aminoethyl) -3- aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (Dynasylan DAMO, Silquest A-1120) or N- (2-aminooxyltrieth), Triamino-functional trimethoxysilane (Silquest A-1130), bis- (gamma-trimethoxysilylpropyl) amine (Silquest A-1170), N-ethyl-gamma-aminoisobytyltrimethoxysilane (Silquest A-Link 15), N-phenyl-gamma-aminopropyltrimethoxestilysilane Y-9669), 4-amino-3,3-dimethylbutyltrimethoxysilane (Silquest Y
• the silanes preferably silanes according to formula (I) can be applied directly to the metallic surface of metal pigments.
• the metal pigments are provided with an SiO 2 coating, preferably coated with an SiO 2 coating, the silanes being applied to the SiO 2 coating.
• the oligomeric and / or polymeric binder is then applied to the metal pigments precoated in this way.
• organic or inorganic colored pigments and dyes can also be contained in the coating, so that colored metal pigments are accessible.
• colored effect powder coatings with high corrosion stability can be produced with this:
• Isoindolinone pigments quinacridone, pyrrolopyrrolidone, dioxazine pigments as well as metal complex pigments such as copper azomethine yellow and others in Herbst / Hunger ' Industrielle org. Pigments ' , VCH
• Inorganic colored pigments are iron oxide pigments, lead chromate pigments, chromium oxide pigments, ultramarine pigments, complex inorganic colored pigments, iron blue pigments, cadmium pigments, bismuth vanadate pigments, cerium sulfide pigments and commercially available titanium dioxide and zinc sulfide - White pigments and others in ' Current anorg. Buntpigmente ' Vincentz-Verlag, Hartmut Endriss listed classes and pigments. (b) dyes
• Appropriate migration-stable dyes such as e.g. Heavy metal salts complexed with azo ligands, organometallic compounds which contain at least one azo and / or chromophoric group and are soluble in the medium used, for example Solvent Yellow 79, Solvent Red 8, Solvent Blue 45 and Solvent Black 45, available from Clariant, Basel, Switzerland.
• corrosion inhibitors can also be contained in the coating. These corrosion inhibitors can have an anodic or cathodic mode of action and can also be present in mixtures.
• Corrosion protection pigments can be used as corrosion inhibitors. Examples of these are strontium-zinc-phosphosilicate, zinc-aluminum-polyphosphate hydrate, zinc-calcium-aluminum-strontium-phosphate silicate hydrate, zinc-calcium-strontium orthophosphate silicate hydrate, strontium-aluminum polyphosphate hydrate, calcium-aluminum polyphosphate silicate hydrate and sodium and / or Calcium and / or zinc molybdate and / or phosphomolybdate and / or zinc phosphate complex or mixtures thereof.
• the anti-corrosion pigments preferably have an average particle size in the range from 0.1 to 10 ⁇ m, preferably from 0.15 to 5 ⁇ m.
• Protection against corrosion can also be brought about or improved by precoating the metal pigments with silicon dioxide, metal oxide, organophosphorus compounds, preferably phosphoric acid esters and / or phosphonic acid compounds, and / or polymers.
• the additives are preferably selected from the group consisting of additives, fillers, degassing agents, film-forming aids, flame retardants, Adhesion promoters, corrosion inhibitors, light stabilizers, matting agents, photoinitiators, polymerization inhibitors, polymerization initiators, radical scavengers, trickling agents, slip agents, radiation-curing reactive diluents, thermally crosslinkable reactive diluents, UV absorbers, leveling agents, crosslinking catalysts, waxes and mixtures thereof.
• the metal pigments according to the invention can be in
• Coating compositions, a masterbatch or a powder coating can also be used together with other pigments.
• the metal pigments according to the invention can be used together with pearlescent pigments. Pearlescent pigments cannot corrode and are therefore suitable for coatings that are exposed to corrosive conditions such as natural weathering. Mixtures of metal pigments and pearlescent pigments according to the invention are therefore suitable in powder coating systems which are used for powder coating of, for example, facade elements, bodies, vehicle frames, etc.
• the binder content in the metal pigments according to the invention is preferably 20 to 85% by weight, preferably 52 to 75% by weight and more preferably 55 to 60% by weight, in each case based on the total weight of the coated metal pigment.
• the binders preferably do not polymerize or do not polymerize significantly during the coating or after the coating of the metal pigments.
• Polymerization of the binders enveloping the metal pigments preferably takes place only when the finished lacquer is stoved after application of the metal pigments according to the invention in the application medium. In this case, the polymerization takes place thermally.
• both the binder of the lacquer and the binder of the coating can polymerize.
• the binder of the lacquer is preferably crosslinked with the binder of the coating of the metal pigment according to the invention.
• metal pigments Due to their platelet-like structure, metal pigments always represent a disruption to the coating and therefore cause a reduced mechanical stability of the coating or the coating film.
• the metal pigments according to the invention can be fitted almost perfectly into the hardening coating, and therefore increased mechanical and chemical stabilities of the coating are the result.
• cured powder coatings which contain the metal pigments according to the invention
• a considerably increased resistance to abrasion is found compared to conventional powder coating coatings.
• cured powder coating materials according to the invention have a new attractive effect.
• a substrate surface coated with the powder coating according to the invention gives a viewer a metallic impression with spatial depth. It is believed that these advantageous properties are due to a good integration of the metal pigments in the powder coating.
• the metal pigments according to the invention have no or only a negligible proportion of metal pigments with leafing behavior.
• the pigments coated with binders according to the invention can also be used as a masterbatch in the powder coating.
• the binder content is preferably 50 to 85% by weight, preferably 55 to 80% by weight and more preferably 60 to 75% by weight.
• Masterbatches are commonly used in plastics.
• a masterbatch is a highly pigmented plastic that is added to the plastic medium in the extruder.
• a metal pigment produced according to the conventional bonding process represents a kind of preform of a masterbatch. With metal pigments, however, only pigmentation levels of about 8% maximum can be achieved.
• metal pigments coated according to the invention significantly higher concentrations of metal pigment can be achieved, so that one can really speak of a masterbatch here. This applies in particular to the case where the metal pigment is coated with the same binder system into which it is later incorporated and processed, for example in a powder coating.
• a masterbatch or a coating composition with a metal content of preferably 0.5 to 15% by weight, more preferably 1 to 12% by weight, more preferably 2 to 8% by weight. , each based on the total weight of the masterbatch or the coating composition.
• the high pigmentation of masterbatch and coating composition possible with the present invention opens up completely new possibilities.
• the use of highly pigmented or highly concentrated masterbatches, for example during transport, is a great advantage. Due to the higher concentration of the masterbatch - with the same final concentration, for example in a powder coating - smaller quantities have to be used and therefore transported.
• the higher concentration of metal pigments enables increased coverage of a substrate to be coated with metal pigments that are not possible with conventional powder coating systems.
• the object underlying the invention is further achieved by providing a method for producing a metal pigment according to one of claims 1 to 26, comprising the steps:
• the metal pigments can also first be dispersed in an organic solvent and then the oligomeric and / or polymeric binder added in dissolved or undissolved form, so that a dispersion of metal pigments and binder or binder solution is formed, which is subsequently sprayed in step b) i) ,
• the metal pigments are insoluble in the organic solvent and form a dispersion with the solvent or in compounds dissolved in the solvent.
• the binders and any additives and / or auxiliaries used, for example hardeners, are preferably soluble in the organic solvent, but in the case of insolubility they can also be present as a dispersion.
• additives and / or auxiliaries are added to the oligomeric and / or polymeric binder dissolved or dispersed in the solvent before being brought into contact with the metal pigments.
• the additives and / or auxiliaries which are preferably to be used have already been specified above.
• the additives and / or auxiliaries are incorporated into a solution or dispersion of polymeric or oligomeric binders, it is advantageous obtain a uniform distribution of the additives and / or auxiliaries in the coating applied to the metal pigments.
• the additives and / or auxiliaries can include, for example, hardeners, photoinitiators and / or polymerization initiators. Furthermore, the additives and / or auxiliaries can comprise corrosion inhibitors, preferably corrosion protection pigments.
• corrosion inhibitors preferably corrosion protection pigments.
• Organic solvents or water-containing organic solvents can be used as solvents.
• Organic solvents with a water content of preferably less than 2% by weight, more preferably less than 1% by weight, even more preferably less than 0.5% by weight, of water are preferably used.
• the percentages by weight refer to the total weight of the solvent used.
• pigment-affine binders can be used in the coating of the metal pigments.
• Pigment-affine binders are understood to mean binders which contain adhesion-promoting groups and bind to the metal pigment even in the pigment-binder dispersion.
• These are, for example, epoxy resins, epoxy resin-modified phosphoric acid esters, e.g. Resydrol VAX 5538w / 50 WA from UCB Surface Specialties, carboxy functionalized resins, phosphonate, phosphonic ester or sulfonate functionalized resins. Such resins bind to the metal pigment surface already in the dispersion in a solvent.
• silanizing agents for example the above-mentioned silanizing agents, these are preferably applied to the metal pigment surface in the same organic solvent that is also used to prepare the solution or dispersion of the oligomeric and / or polymeric binder.
• the silanization of the metal pigments can be carried out at elevated temperature with stirring or shaking and optionally with the addition of water and / or a catalyst.
• a catalyst are preferred volatile organic bases such as ammonia, volatile amines, etc. are used.
• the removal of the solvent or the drying of the coated metal pigments is preferably carried out with simultaneous or subsequent swirling of the coated metal pigments.
• the swirling of the coated metal pigments reliably prevents aggregation or agglomeration of the metal pigments. Since the metal pigments act as a multitude of small mirror elements in an applied coating, agglomeration of the metal pigments should be avoided in order to avoid impairing the optical appearance of the coating.
• Steps (bi) and (c) are preferably combined in a first process variant, in which the spraying of the coated metal pigments and the removal of the solvent are carried out by spray drying.
• the residual moisture content of the dried metal pigments according to the invention is preferably less than 4% by weight, more preferably less than 2% by weight, even more preferably less than 1.2% by weight, in each case based on the total weight of the metal pigment according to the invention.
• the surfaces of the coated pigments can be sticky, which disadvantageously leads to undesired agglomerates and / or aggregates.
• Spray drying is a particularly cost-effective drying process that also guarantees high throughputs. Both spray operation and continuous operation are possible with spray drying. Spray drying processes are preferably used to produce the metallic pigments according to the invention.
• the dispersion is atomized or atomized into an enclosed plant space under suitable spray pressure.
• the spray pressure is set as a function of the external conditions such as solids content, viscosity of the dispersion to be sprayed, temperature in the reactor, type of solvent, etc. and can be readily determined by a person skilled in the art.
• the atomization preferably takes place in a gas stream, for example air or nitrogen.
• the droplets that form lead to a strong evaporation of the solvent due to the large increase in surface area, which can be improved by an increased temperature of the conveying air.
• the temperature is chosen so that there is no substantial polymerization or curing of the reactive coating on the metal pigments.
• atomization can be carried out by centrifugal atomizers, such as atomizer disks or atomizer wheels, by pressure nozzles, two-substance nozzles or swirl nozzles.
• the gas flow can run through the system either in cocurrent or in countercurrent operation.
• the nozzles are located in the lower part of the drying tower.
• the spraying takes place like a fountain upwards.
• the product is separated from the gas stream under the spray tower, by a cyclone and a filter.
• a combination process the so-called fluidized spray dryer, can be used to dry the suspension to be sprayed. This process combines the advantages of spray drying fine droplets with fluidized bed drying. Other spray drying processes can of course also be used.
• steps (bii) and (c) are combined by coating and drying the metal pigments in a fluid bed or a fluidized bed, the ones dissolved in the solvent or dispersed oligomeric and / or polymeric binders are sprayed in and the solvent is removed during the fluidization in the fluid bed or the fluidized bed.
• This process variant corresponds to that of a fluid bed coating.
• the pigment is placed in a closed spray drying apparatus and fluidized by blowing in compressed air or nitrogen under pressure.
• the amount of compressed air or nitrogen is chosen so that a smooth and non-turbulent surface is created.
• the binder solution or dispersion is then conveyed through a nozzle and sprayed into the moving fluid bed.
• the solvent can then be removed as in the first process variant, for example by applying heat, and the metal pigment according to the invention can be dried.
• the pigment / binder / solvent dispersions for spray drying or the binder solution or dispersion for the fluid bed coating can be produced, for example, with the following organic solvents: alcohols, ethers, esters, ketones and aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons with a boiling point of below 130 ° C. Acetone and ethyl acetate are particularly preferred. However, mixtures of the aforementioned organic solvents can be used. Water or water-solvent mixtures can also be used.
• the dispersion is preferably liquid enough to be easily sprayable through a nozzle.
• the solvent content of the dispersion is preferably 50 to 97% by weight, preferably 50 to 85% by weight and more preferably 50 to 75% by weight, in each case based on the total weight of the dispersion.
• the pressure at which the compressed air or nitrogen is introduced into the apparatus is preferably 1 to 5 bar, more preferably 2 to 4 bar.
• the temperature for evaporation of the solvent depends largely on the nature of the solvent. Temperatures of 0 to 130 ° C. are preferred, particularly preferably 20 to 80 ° C. The temperature is preferably selected so that the solvent evaporates well and the binder coating does not polymerize significantly, preferably not polymerizes. A slight polymerisation of the binder is, however, not excluded and also insignificant as long as there is sufficient reactivity of the binder at a later time.
• the metal pigment according to the invention produced by both process variants is a low-dust, free-flowing powder with a grain size of d 50 less than 190 ⁇ m, preferably less than 100 ⁇ m.
• the grain size of d 5 o is preferably at least 5 ⁇ m. It is therefore not a granulate. Granules have a size that is usually in the range of millimeters.
• the metal pigment according to the invention can be sifted and / or sieved after the production process in order to ensure a defined particle size distribution of the product.
• a suitable liquid phase preferably a solvent, can be added to the metal pigment powder according to the invention in order to be able to provide it in the form of a paste.
• the pigment content of the paste is preferably 30 to 80% by weight, based on the total weight of the paste.
• Water or organic solvents such as aliphatic hydrocarbons ("white spirit"), aromatic hydrocarbons (solvent naphtha), alcohols, esters, ketones, aldehydes, ethers or mixtures thereof are preferably used as solvents for the paste.
• solvents should always be used that do not detach the binder from the metal pigment.
• Aliphatic and / or aromatic hydrocarbons are preferably used.
• the metal pigment coated according to the invention is preferably used in the production of paints, lacquers, powder coatings, printing inks, plastics and cosmetics.
• the following examples and figures illustrate the invention without restricting it.
• the starting pigment (comparative example 6) is shown in FIG.
• Example 2 125 g of a saturated polyester with the acid number 70 (Crylcoat 340, UCB, Belgium) and 125 g of an epoxy resin with an epoxy equivalent weight of 750 (Araldit GT 6063 ES, Vantico, Switzerland) in 1800 g of acetone dissolved and 300 g of Dorolan rich pale gold 10/0 (Eckart) stirred in. 2300 g of the dispersion were sprayed in a spray dryer at a rate of 30 g / min and a spray pressure of 2.5 bar in a 55 ° C. warm air stream. After drying, a yield of 537 g of pigment was obtained.
• Example 3 125 g of a saturated polyester with an acid number of 70 (eg Crylcoat 340, UCB, Belgium) and 125 g of an epoxy resin with an epoxy equivalent weight of 750 (e.g. Araldit GT 6063 ES, Vantico, Switzerland) were used ) in 1800 g. Dissolved acetone and stirred in 50 g of standard special PCR 501. 2100 g of the dispersion were in a spray dryer at a rate of 30 g / min and one Spray pressure of 2.5 bar sprayed in a 55 ° C warm air stream. After drying, a yield of 288 g of pigment was obtained.
• a saturated polyester with an acid number of 70 eg Crylcoat 340, UCB, Belgium
• an epoxy resin with an epoxy equivalent weight of 750 e.g. Araldit GT 6063 ES, Vantico, Switzerland
• Comparative Example 5 Commercially available STANDART aluminum powder special PCR 501 (Eckart).
• Comparative Example 6 Commercially available STANDART gold bronze powder Dorolan Reichbleichgold 10/0 (from Eckart).
• test sheets coated with the powder coatings of the various examples or comparative examples according to the invention, as described below, were dripped with hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid of various concentrations and with sodium hydroxide solution. The drops acted on the respective sheet for 5 minutes to three hours. After washing off the acids or bases, each drop area was assessed for the degree of graying according to the following criteria:
• a total rating of 0 - 42 points was calculated from a total of 14 drop areas.
• the mortar test according to the quality and test regulations of the GSB was used on sample sheets with pigmented facade coatings (powder coating).
• a defined amount of lime mortar was applied to a test sheet in accordance with the regulations of AAMA 603-7-1976 and AAMA 2604-98 (AAMA: American Architectural Manufactures Association).
• the sample sheet was then immediately exposed to a relative air humidity of 100% at 40 ° C. for 24 hours.
• the mortar test is assessed visually, and the degree of graying of the weathered zone is assessed in the examples according to the system of DIN 53230 in the key figures from 0 to 5.
• the comparison standard is the non-weathered sheet metal zone or sheet.
• the pigmentation levels of the examples according to the invention were 5 or 10% by weight of coated metal pigment and consequently 2.5 or 5% by weight, based on the aluminum content.
• the comparative examples were pigmented to only 1% by weight. Such low pigmentation levels usually lead to better results in stress tests, since in this case the metal pigments are better protected by the coating's binder.
• the cured powder coatings which contain metal pigments according to the invention, give the viewer the impression of an unusual spatial depth in addition to the metallic sheen.
• the cured powder coatings according to the invention are extremely resistant to abrasion.
• the abrasion resistance can be confirmed, for example, by the so-called “tesa test”, in which an adhesive strip is stuck onto a painted substrate surface and subsequently peeled off again. In the case of a cured powder coating according to the invention, there is no coating peeling.
• metal pigments coated according to the invention Another advantage of the metal pigments coated according to the invention is the improved processing during the powder coating. With very different electrostatic charging behavior of metal pigment and powder coating binder, agglomerate formation occurs in the spray gun. This leads to the formation of pigment lumps in the spray application. Judging this clump formation visually in a grading system according to DIN 53230 results in the following grades:
• Example 9 In comparison, a very large aluminum pigment was tested, which is usually difficult to bond.
• the uncoated aluminum pigment of Comparative Example 9 was in the form of a dry blend and a bonded one Powder coating applied.
• example 4 according to the invention was applied in the form of a simple dry blend.
• the aluminum pigment coated according to the invention can therefore be applied even in simple dry-blend processing considerably better than bonded aluminum pigment which has not previously been coated with binders according to this invention.

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• 2003
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• 2004
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