WO2005035840A1 - 圧電単結晶、圧電単結晶素子およびその製造方法 - Google Patents
圧電単結晶、圧電単結晶素子およびその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
- C30B29/10—Inorganic compounds or compositions
- C30B29/16—Oxides
- C30B29/22—Complex oxides
- C30B29/32—Titanates; Germanates; Molybdates; Tungstates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B11/00—Single-crystal growth by normal freezing or freezing under temperature gradient, e.g. Bridgman-Stockbarger method
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
- C30B29/10—Inorganic compounds or compositions
- C30B29/16—Oxides
- C30B29/22—Complex oxides
- C30B29/30—Niobates; Vanadates; Tantalates
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/01—Manufacture or treatment
- H10N30/09—Forming piezoelectric or electrostrictive materials
- H10N30/092—Forming composite materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/01—Manufacture or treatment
- H10N30/09—Forming piezoelectric or electrostrictive materials
- H10N30/093—Forming inorganic materials
- H10N30/095—Forming inorganic materials by melting
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/80—Constructional details
- H10N30/85—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive active materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/80—Constructional details
- H10N30/85—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive active materials
- H10N30/852—Composite materials, e.g. having 1-3 or 2-2 type connectivity
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/42—Piezoelectric device making
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a piezoelectric single crystal, a piezoelectric single crystal device, and a 1 to 3 composite piezoelectric device as shown in FIG. .
- the piezoelectric single crystal element is a rectangular parallelepiped element as shown in FIG. 2, its longitudinal direction is a polarization direction 3 (hereinafter, the polarization direction is referred to as PD), and a voltage is applied to the polarization direction PD.
- Polarization direction when applied Electric energy and mechanical energy conversion efficiencies related to the magnitude of PD vibration (longitudinal vibration) Represented by the electromechanical coupling factor k 33 in the longitudinal vibration mode that is proportional to the square root (longitudinal vibration mode), it means that the conversion efficiency higher the number is better.
- a plate-shaped piezoelectric single crystal element as shown in Fig.
- the piezoelectric single crystal element may be in the shape of a rod, a rectangular plate, a disk, or the like, in addition to the above-described rectangular parallelepiped or plate, and the electromechanical coupling coefficient can be similarly obtained for each shape.
- JP-A-6-38963 discloses an ultrasonic wave using a piezoelectric element made of a solid solution single crystal of zinc zinc niobate and lead monotitanate (PZN-PT).
- a probe (ultrasonic wave probe) is disclosed.
- ingots (ingot) and wafers (substrates) of piezoelectric single crystals composed of lead zinc niobate-lead monotitanate (PZN-PT) are replaced by the conventional piezoelectric element material of lead zirconate titanate Pb (Zn, Ti) Ru expensive der compared to 0 3 (PZT).
- the following three factors can be considered as factors that make the ingot and the wafer of such a piezoelectric single crystal expensive.
- the first factor is the evaporation of lead oxide (PbO) during single crystal growth.
- PbO lead oxide
- Melt Bridgman Method which melts and solidifies in one direction using the powder, pre-sintered or sintered compact of the component material of the piezoelectric single crystal, or When a single crystal is grown by the so-called solution bridgeman method (Solution Bridgman Method), it is dissolved in a solution using flux and solidified in one direction.
- crystal yield means the percentage (%) of the mass of the single-crystal chlorite phase / a healthy single crystal portion free of thermal cracks with respect to the mass of the input raw material.
- a wafer yield refers to the total number of wafers obtained by cutting the obtained single crystal portion in a desired direction and a desired thickness with a cutting tool such as a wire saw. Means the percentage (%) of the number of ambers that are healthy and free of thermal cracks.
- the second reason is that cracks occur when a single crystal is formed.
- the single crystal is grown by the melt-Pridgeman method or the solution-Pridgeman method, it is generated in the growth direction of the crystal in the crucible during the growth of the single crystal and during the cooling process to room temperature after the growth.
- Temperature difference, and contact with crucible inner wall Due to the thermal strain caused by the temperature difference between the touching outer surface of the single crystal and the center of the single crystal, cracks (thermal cracks) of the single crystal occur during the growing step and the cooling step. And the crystal yield divided by the wafer yield decreases significantly. Note that this crack tends to occur more frequently in a single crystal having better crystallinity.
- the third reason is that chipping occurs during processing of the piezoelectric single crystal element.
- a single crystal is grown by the melt or solution prismman method, a wafer is cut out from the obtained piezoelectric single crystal ingot and a single crystal plate having a desired piezoelectric element shape is formed.
- fine cracks occur around the end face of the cut surface of the single crystal plate, and the yield of the single crystal plate of the piezoelectric single crystal element is significantly reduced.
- the term “single crystal plate yield” used herein refers to a single crystal plate obtained by cutting the obtained wafer into desired dimensions with a cutting tool such as a dicing saw. It means the percentage (%) of the number of healthy single crystal plates without chipping to the total number.
- the piezoelectric single crystal is grown using the powder, the calcined body or the sintered body of the component raw material of the piezoelectric single crystal, and the piezoelectric single crystal plate and the piezoelectric single crystal element are manufactured, Inevitably, the crystal yield of the crystal element, the wafer yield, and the yield of the single crystal plate are inevitably reduced. As a result, the cost of the product rises, resulting in a problem that the application fields are restricted. Disclosure of the invention
- An object of the present invention is to add a specific additive to lead magnesium niobate lead monotitanate (PMN-PT) single crystal or lead zinc niobate lead monotitanate (PZN-PT or PZNT) single crystal. This makes it suitable for use in manufacturing inexpensive piezoelectric single-crystal elements with excellent piezoelectric properties such as the electromechanical coupling coefficients (k 31 , k 33 ) and piezoelectric strain constants (d 31 , d 33 ).
- An object of the present invention is to provide a single crystal, and a method for manufacturing a piezoelectric single crystal element and a piezoelectric single crystal element using the same.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a 113 composite piezoelectric element formed by a plurality of the piezoelectric single crystal elements.
- the piezoelectric single crystal of the present invention lead magnesium niobate [Pb (Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3) 0 3] or lead zinc niobate [Pb (Zn 1/3 Nb 2/3) 0 3]: 35 ⁇ 98 mol%, and lead titanate [PbTi0 3]: 0. l ⁇ 65mol% , Lee Njiumuniobu lead [Pb (In 1/2 Nb 1/2) 0 3]: 0.05 ⁇ 30m 0 l% composition containing This is a piezoelectric single crystal having a composite perovskite structure in which 0.1 ( ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ( ⁇ ) of lead is replaced with calcium.
- the present invention provides a piezoelectric single crystal in which the above composition further contains at least one element selected from Mn, Cr, Sb, W, Al, La, Li and Ta in a total of 5 mol% or less. is there.
- the present invention is a plane including the [001] direction of the ingot of the above-mentioned piezoelectric single crystal as a polarization direction, and the [100] direction and the [010] direction substantially orthogonal thereto.
- 0 0 1 A piezoelectric single crystal element utilizing an electromechanical coupling coefficient (k 31 ) in a transverse vibration mode with a plane which cuts the plane vertically as an end face, When the normal direction of the end face is the [100] direction or the [010] direction as 0 °, within 0 ° ⁇ 15 ° (in other words, the solid angle of the [100] axis ⁇ 15 °) Or within a solid angle of [15] axis ⁇ 15 °) or within 45 ° ⁇ 5 ° (in other words, within a solid angle of [110] axis ⁇ 5 °) Element.
- the present invention provides a vibration mode in which the [01] direction of the ingot of the piezoelectric single crystal is a polarization direction and a direction parallel to the polarization direction, that is, a longitudinal vibration mode in which the (001) plane is an end face.
- a pressure conductive single crystal device utilizing an electromechanical coupling coefficient (k 33), the length of the smallest side of the device end face orthogonal to the polarization direction or the diameter is a, device length in the direction parallel to the polarization direction
- k 33 electromechanical coupling coefficient
- the present invention also provides a vibration mode in which the [110] direction of the ingot of the piezoelectric single crystal is a polarization direction and a direction parallel to the polarization direction, that is, a longitudinal vibration mode in which the (110) plane is an end face.
- a pressure conductive single crystal device utilizing an electromechanical coupling coefficient (k 33), the length of the smallest side of the device end face orthogonal to the polarization direction or the diameter is a, device length in the direction parallel to the polarization direction
- a and b are piezoelectric single crystal elements satisfying a relational expression of b / a ⁇ 2.5.
- the present invention provides a 1-3 composite piezoelectric element formed by arranging a plurality of the above-mentioned piezoelectric single crystal elements so that the element end faces orthogonal to the polarization direction are located on the same plane. It is.
- the present invention provides a step of cutting out a single-crystal element material having a predetermined shape in a predetermined direction from the ingot of the piezoelectric single crystal, In the direction to be applied, apply a DC electric field of 350 to 1500 VZmffi in a temperature range of 20 to 200 ° C, or apply a DC electric field of 350 to 1500 V / mm at a temperature higher than the Curie temperature (Tc) of the single crystal element material.
- the present invention also provides a method for applying a DC electric field of 350 to ⁇ ⁇ in a temperature range of 20 to 200 ° C. in a direction in which the ingot of the piezoelectric single crystal is to be polarized, or A step of polarizing the ingot of the piezoelectric single crystal by cooling to room temperature while applying a DC electric field of 350 to 1500 V / mm at a temperature higher than the Curie temperature (Tc); A method for manufacturing a piezoelectric single crystal element, comprising a step of cutting a single crystal element material having a predetermined shape from a predetermined direction in a predetermined direction.
- the present invention provides a method for arranging a plurality of piezoelectric single crystal elements obtained by the above-described method for manufacturing a piezoelectric single crystal element such that element end faces orthogonal to a polarization direction are located on the same plane. This is a method for manufacturing a composite piezoelectric element.
- Figure 1 An example of a 1-3 composite piezoelectric element
- Figure 2 is an example illustrating the orientation and shape of the piezoelectric single crystal device utilizing longitudinal vibration mode electromechanical coupling coefficient k 33.
- Figure 3 Electricity in direction 1 (transverse vibration mode) that is almost orthogonal to polarization direction 3 (or PD) It is an example showing the orientation and shape of the piezoelectric single crystal device utilizing air coupling factor k 31.
- Figure 4 the polarization direction 3 (or, PD) Ru FIG der showing the shape of the end face of the piezoelectric single crystal device utilizing electrical coupling factor k 31 in the direction 1 (lateral vibration mode) approximately orthogonal to.
- Figure 5 is a schematic perspective view of a perovskite crystal structure (RM0 3).
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the shapes and positional relationships of the piezoelectric single crystal devices A, B, and C of the present invention.
- Figure 7A the polarization direction [001], PD Nihoma orthogonal directions [100] normal direction of suitable end face T of the piezoelectric single crystal device using the electromechanical coupling factor k 31 in the (lateral vibration mode) direction 1
- FIG. 7A the polarization direction [001], PD Nihoma orthogonal directions [100] normal direction of suitable end face T of the piezoelectric single crystal device using the electromechanical coupling factor k 31 in the (lateral vibration mode) direction 1
- Figure 7B the polarization direction [001], the normal Direction 1 suitable end face T of the piezoelectric single crystal device using the electromechanical coupling factor k 31 in the direction [010] (lateral vibration mode) approximately orthogonal to the PD FIG.
- Figure 7C the polarization direction [001], the direction [110] to t or perpendicular ho the PD normal direction of suitable end face T of the piezoelectric single crystal device using the electromechanical coupling factor k 31 in the (lateral vibration mode) toward FIG.
- FIG. 8 PMN_PT (PZNT) phase diagram.
- FIG. 9 PZN—Phase diagram of PT (PZNT).
- Figure 10 A triangular wave with a bipolar. It is a wave form diagram of Luz.
- PD or 3 Polarization direction (longitudinal vibration direction) Best mode for carrying out the invention
- the present inventors have made the high-priced piezoelectric single-crystal element a reasonable price in various fields!
- a piezoelectric single crystal whose specific composition is optimized by adding a specific additive, more specifically, both indium lead niobate and calcium as additives to the piezoelectric single crystal is achieved. I found it.
- the present invention will be described in detail.
- composition of the piezoelectric single crystal of the present invention is as follows: lead magnesium niobate or zinc lead niobate: 35 to 98 mol%, lead titanate: 0.1 to 64.9 mol%, lead zinc niobate [Pb (In 1/2 Nb 1 / 2) 0 3: composition derconnection containing 0. l ⁇ 30mol%, 0.O5 ⁇ 10mol% lead in the composition is characterized that you have been replaced with calcium.
- magnesium niobate Pb Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3) 0 3 (PMN) or zinc secondary O-flop lead Pb (Zn 1/3 Nb 2/3) 0 3 (PZN): 35 ⁇ 98mol% :
- Lead magnesium niobate or lead zinc niobate is a major component of the present invention.
- the content is less than 35 mol / ° C, the grown single crystal element does not exhibit desired piezoelectric characteristics (for example, k value and d value).
- the content exceeds 98mo / o, a single crystal of a size suitable for practical use cannot be grown.
- the preferred range of lead magnesium niobate is 50 to 98 mol%, and the preferred IS range of lead zinc niobate is 80 to 98 mol%.
- compositions containing / 0, known compositions e.g., lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (a representative example: [Pb
- the present invention in order to exert the above-mentioned effect, it is necessary to add lead indium niobate in an amount of 0.05 mol% or more, but if it exceeds 30 mol%, the melting point of the raw material when growing a single crystal increases. However, it is not preferable because process control becomes difficult in manufacturing.
- the molar ratio of Injiumuniobu acid feed Pb (In 1/2 Nb 1/2) 0 3 in the In and Nb ratio In / Nb is 1, the present invention is not limited to this, In / Nb If the molar ratio of is within the range of 0.95-1.04, this is the range of the present invention. Therefore, the lead indium niobate Pb (In, Nb) ⁇ 3 may be expression.
- lead titanate 35-98 mol%: and lead indium niobate: 0.05-30 mol ° /. Is lead titanate, so the upper limit of the lead titanate is 64.9 mol%. If the content of lead titanate is less than 0.1 mol%, the grown single crystal element does not exhibit desired piezoelectric properties (k value, d value).
- calcium is added in consideration of the amount of calcium vaporized during the growth of the single crystal.
- the method of adding calcium is not particularly specified.
- calcium-substituted lead magnesium diobate, potassium-substituted calcium niobate, or calcium-substituted lead titanate may be used.
- a method of adding calcium oxide or calcium carbonate to the raw material may be used.
- the calcium (Ca) in the calcium oxide is converted into three types of lead-based perovskite structural compounds (lead magnesium niobate or lead zinc niobate) during the growth of the single crystal.
- (Pb) site (R ion in Fig. 5) in the crystal lattice composed of a solid solution of iron and lead titanate and indium niobate) It is arranged as a type atom and has the effect of suppressing the evaporation of lead oxide at high temperatures.
- the formation of the pi-mouthed chlorine phase can be suppressed, thereby facilitating the formation of the desired single crystal of the composite perovskite phase.
- the Mn, Cr, Sb, W, Al, La, Li, Ta addition exceeding 5 m 0 l% 1 or more of elemental may be added in a total 5 mol% or less. in total selected from within the obtain a single crystal is difficult, it may become a polycrystal Because.
- the effect of adding these elements is that, for example, by adding Mn and Cr, the mechanical quality factor Qm can be improved and deterioration over time can be suppressed.
- the relative dielectric constant is improved by adding Sb, La, W, and Ta.
- one or more elements selected from among Sb, La, W, and Ta are added in a total amount of 0.05 mol ° /.
- Al and Li contribute to stabilization during the growth of the single crystal. Its effect In order to obtain results, it is preferable to add at least one of Al and Li in a total amount of 0.05 mol% or more.
- impurities such as Fe, Pt, Au, Pd, and Rh may be mixed in from the raw materials and rutupo during the manufacturing process of the piezoelectric single crystal. It is desirable to keep it below 0.5 mol%.
- the unit cell of the solid solution single crystal has Pb ions located at corners of the unit cell, and oxygen ions located at the center of the unit cell. position and a pair ROPS force site structure as the M ion is positioned at the body center of the unit cell (RM0 3), further, M ionic force in the body-centered position of FIG. 5, rather than one type of elemental ions It is necessary to have a composite perovskite structure composed of any one of two or more element ions (specifically, Mg, Nb, Zn, Ti, In).
- a structure in which at least one of Mn, Cr, Sb, W, Al, La, Li, and Ta is arranged at the body center position or interstitial position of the unit cell is also within the scope of the present invention.
- the electric dipole in the domain consisting of a set of electric dipoles in the same direction in the polarization direction PD and the direction perpendicular thereto Since the orientation of the child is in various directions for each domain, it does not show piezoelectricity and is in an unpolarized state.
- the electromechanical coupling coefficient k of the polarization direction PD is, for example, lead zinc niobate lead monotitanate (PZN-PT) or magnesium lead niobate Pb (Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 ) 0 3 —titanium in the case of lead PbTi0 3 (PMN- PT), so that a larger value of 80% or more.
- the domain arrangement in the direction perpendicular to the polarization direction PD which is a problem in the case of a piezoelectric single crystal element using the electromechanical coupling coefficient (k 31 ) in the transverse vibration mode, is determined by the above polarization process. Cannot control properly.
- the appropriate selection of the element cutting direction in the plane orthogonal to the polarization direction PD of the cut element material, and the appropriate range of the polarization condition, polarization, temperature, and applied electric field in the polarization direction PD It is possible to control only within.
- the shape of the “piezoelectric element” according to the present invention is classified into the following two types according to the use.
- the [01] direction of the ingot of the piezoelectric single crystal is defined as the polarization direction PD, and the vibration mode in the direction parallel to the polarization direction is PD.
- the piezoelectric single crystal device using an electromechanical coupling factor (k 33) is a piezoelectric single crystal device of FIG. 6 B, or straight as shown in C and 2 Cubes, rods, or plates are desirable because they exhibit the greatest effect.
- the desirable element shape is such that a is the length or diameter of the minimum side of the element end face T orthogonal to the polarization direction PD, and b is the element length in the direction parallel to the polarization direction PD.
- bZa ⁇ 2.5 Preferably satisfies the relational expression of bZa ⁇ 2.5, more preferably bZa ⁇ 3.0.
- bZa ⁇ 2.5 the element length b is close to the other length (a or c), and the natural frequency approaches, so that only the vertical vibration can be effectively extracted. This is because they may disappear.
- the [110] direction of the ingot is defined as the polarization direction PD
- the vibration mode in the direction parallel to the polarization direction PD that is, the (110) plane is defined as the end face T.
- a and b satisfy the relationship of b / A ⁇ 2.5 .
- a piezoelectric single crystal element A in FIG. 6 and a plate-shaped body as shown in FIG. 3 are preferable because the effects are most exhibited.
- a desirable shape of the element is a plate-like body (a / c> 2.5, a >> b, c >> b) having an elongation ratio (a statistic ratio: a / c) of 2.5 or more. It is a tabular body with a slenderness ratio (aspect ratio: a / c) of 3 or more.
- the element end face referred to in the present invention is a short side c perpendicular to the long side a in FIG. The normal direction 1 of the end face (c) is parallel to the long side a of the element.
- the [0 0 1] direction is defined as the polarization direction PD, and the plane that cuts the (0 0 1) plane perpendicular to the [100] direction or the [0 1 0] direction that is almost perpendicular to the polarization direction is the element.
- the normal direction 1 of the end face T of the piezoelectric single crystal element must be When the [100] or [010] direction is set to 0 °, the cone within 0 ° ⁇ 15 ° as shown in the piezoelectric single crystal element A in Fig. 6 and Figs. 7A and 7B.
- the angle is within a solid angle of a conical within (in other words, within a solid angle of ⁇ 5 ° of the [110] axis).
- the normal direction n of the widest surface of these piezoelectric single crystal elements is shown in FIG. 7A and FIG.
- the reason why the normal direction 1 of the end face T of the element using the lateral vibration is limited to such an angular range is considered as follows. That is, when the normal direction 1 of the end face T of the piezoelectric element is set to 0 ° in the [100] direction or the [0100] direction, it is a range of angles 0 other than the range of 15 ° and 0 ⁇ 40. In the range of ° and 50 ° ⁇ 0 ⁇ 75 °, the ⁇ 310>, ⁇ 210>, and ⁇ 320> between the ⁇ 100> direction and the ⁇ 110> direction in the plane orthogonal to the polarization direction ⁇ 100> axis.
- transverse vibration modes are dispersed and generated, resulting in spurious (curved curves) in the impedance curve of the transverse vibration mode.
- the frequency range of the transverse vibration mode (more specifically, the difference between the resonance frequency f R and the anti-resonance frequency) is sandwiched.
- the electromechanical coupling factor k 31 in the lateral vibration mode is Ruano and Komen be reduced.
- the 13 composite piezoelectric element of the present invention has the shape of a parallel composite surrounded by a polymer material such as a polymer with the first phase being a piezoelectric single crystal and the periphery thereof being the second phase.
- a polymer material such as a polymer with the first phase being a piezoelectric single crystal and the periphery thereof being the second phase.
- the vertical direction in the case of forming a 1-3 composite piezoelectric element using a plurality of piezoelectric single crystal device utilizing vibration modes k 33 is the element end face T perpendicular to the polarization direction is the same plane Preferably, they are arranged to be located within.
- the number of piezoelectric single crystal elements used for forming one 113 composite piezoelectric element and the arrangement pattern of the single crystal elements are determined according to the application.
- the method for manufacturing a piezoelectric single crystal element of the present invention includes a step of manufacturing a single crystal ingot, a step of cutting out a single crystal element material of a predetermined shape from the single crystal ingot in a predetermined direction, and a direction of polarization of the single crystal element material.
- a main polarization step in which an electric field is applied under predetermined conditions to polarize the single crystal element material, or an auxiliary polarization step before and after the main polarization step is provided.
- the method of manufacturing the single crystal element is not limited to the above-described processing.
- the single crystal ingot is subjected to a polarization treatment, and a predetermined shape is formed from the single crystal ingot.
- a process of cutting out a single crystal element material in a predetermined direction may be performed.
- composition in which 0.05 to 10 mol% of lead in the metal is replaced by calcium, and if necessary, the internal force of Mn, Cr, Sb, W, Al, La, Li and Ta
- the method for producing a single crystal ingot containing a total of 5 mol% or less of one or more elements was adjusted to the above composition. Dissolve powdery, temporary, or sintered compacts in 7 lux and then cool down to solidify, or ripen above the melting point to melt and then solidify in one direction There is a method of obtaining a single crystal.
- the former method includes the solution Bridgman method or the TSSG method (Top Seeded Solution Growth), and the latter method includes the melting Bridgman method and the CZ method (Czochralski method). Is not specified.
- the solution Pridgman method or the TSSG method is preferable.
- the present invention does not particularly define a method for determining the crystallographic orientation of a piezoelectric single crystal ingot.
- the [001] direction of the single crystal ingot is the polarization direction PD
- the [001] axis direction of the single crystal ingot is roughly determined by the Laue method, and at the same time, it is almost equal to the [001] axis direction.
- the [010] axis direction and the [100] axis direction that are orthogonal to each other, or the crystallographic directions such as the [110], [101], and [011] axis directions are roughly determined as necessary.
- the ⁇ 100 ⁇ plane of the crystallographic plane perpendicular to any one of the [001], [010], and [100] axes is polished, and an X-ray direction finder is used.
- the correct orientation is determined using the method described above, and the deviation of the polished surface is corrected. .
- the rough cutting method is not particularly defined.
- the [001] direction of the single crystal ingot is set as the polarization direction PD
- the single crystal ingot is parallel or perpendicular to the polished surface ⁇ 100 ⁇ plane of the single crystal ingot.
- the single crystal ingot is cut using a cutting machine such as a wire saw or an inner diamond saw to obtain an appropriate thickness. Obtain plate material (wafer). After the cutting, a step of performing chemical etching using an etchant may be included as necessary.
- Polishing (polishing to a wafer of predetermined thickness):
- the wafer is ground or polished by a grinding machine such as a lapping machine or a polishing machine or a grinding machine to obtain a wafer having a desired thickness.
- a grinding machine such as a lapping machine or a polishing machine or a grinding machine to obtain a wafer having a desired thickness.
- a step of performing chemical etching using an etchant may be included as necessary.
- a method for manufacturing a single crystal plate is not particularly specified.
- the cutting direction of the single crystal plate differs depending on the polarization direction, the longitudinal vibration mode, or the transverse vibration mode.
- an example of a cutting method for each of the three single crystal elements of the present invention will be described.
- the [001] direction is defined as the polarization direction PD, and the plane including the [100] and [010] directions that are almost orthogonal to it.
- the piezoelectric single crystal element whose end face T is a plane that cuts a certain (0 0 1) plane perpendicularly, one normal direction [100] or [0110] direction of the end face T is 0 °.
- the [001] direction is cut out using the precision cutting machine described above so that the (001) plane is the end face T and the [001] direction is the longitudinal direction of the element. To make.
- the precision cutting machine described above was used so that the [110] direction was the longitudinal direction of the element so that the (110) plane was the end face T. Cut out and make.
- the single-crystal element material fabricated is facing perpendicular to the main polarization direction.
- a Cr-Au film Cr layer on the first layer: about 50 A in thickness
- Au layer on the second layer about 100-200 A in thickness
- a silver film is formed by screen printing or screen printing and then fired to form an electrode.
- electrodes are formed on two opposing surfaces perpendicular to the auxiliary polarization direction in the same manner as described above.
- the subsequent polarization process becomes unstable if the electrode used for the first polarization process remains. Therefore, it is necessary to completely remove the electrode with an appropriate chemical etching solution and acid.
- the direction of the electric dipole in the domain consisting of a set of electric dipoles in the same direction in the polarization direction PD and the direction perpendicular thereto is different for each domain. Is facing the direction of.
- the polarization processing temperature and applied electric field which are general polarization conditions that are usually used, and applying an electric field to the polarization direction PD to polarize, the direction of the electric dipole in various directions for each domain can be changed for the first time. It can be aligned with the polarization direction PD (—direction).
- the electromechanical coupling factor k 33 in the polarization direction PD is, for example, zinc lead niobate - lead titanate (PZN- PT) or lead magnesium niobate - in the case of lead titanate (PMN-PT), It shows a large value of 80% or more.
- a DC electric field of 350 to 150 VZmm is applied to the polarization direction PD of the cut single crystal element material in a temperature range of 20 to 200 ° C. That is, when the lower limit of the above-mentioned suitable temperature range is less than 20 ° or the lower limit of the applied electric field range is less than 350 V / mni, polarization is insufficient. If the upper limit of the above preferable temperature range exceeds 200 ° C or the upper limit of the applied electric field range exceeds 1500 V / mm, overpolarization (over pole) occurs and the piezoelectric characteristics deteriorate. Let me do it. In addition, excessive electric fields can increase the strain in the crystal and cause fracture.
- the polarization time is preferably adjusted in accordance with the polarization processing temperature and the applied electric field selected within the above preferred ranges.
- the polarization time is at most 180 minutes.
- a temperature higher than the Curie temperature (Tc) of the single crystal element material preferably a temperature of 180 to 300 ° C. It is more preferable to cool to room temperature while applying a DC electric field of 350 to 1500 VZmm in the range (electric field cooling).
- Tc Curie temperature
- the presence of the electric dipole is eliminated, and then, by cooling the electric dipole below the Curie temperature, the orientation of the electric dipole becomes more uniform. If the temperature is lower than the Curie temperature, polarization will be insufficient because some electric dipoles remain.
- the cooling rate is preferably a cooling rate that does not cause cracks in the element during cooling.
- the Curie temperature can be represented by, for example, the Tc line in FIGS.
- the electric dipoles are oriented in disorderly directions and do not align, indicating a transition temperature at which they do not exhibit piezoelectricity or ferroelectricity. This is determined by the composition and structure of the substance.
- the polarization processing method of the single crystal element is not limited to the above-described processing.
- the single crystal ingot is subjected to polarization processing, and A process of cutting out a single-crystal element material of a predetermined shape from the ingot in a predetermined direction may be performed.
- the above-mentioned main polarization step is a step of performing main polarization of the piezoelectric single crystal element.Before or after the main polarization step, a ferroelectric domain (ferroelectric domain) in a direction orthogonal to the above polarization direction PD is provided. It is also effective to use a manufacturing method in which the alignment state is controlled by an auxiliary polarization process.
- the types of electric field applied in the direction perpendicular to the polarization direction PD include a direct current electric field, a pulse electric field, an alternating current electric field, and a stationary electric field. (Steady state) as well as the attenuation electric field (attenuation electric field).
- the auxiliary polarization processing temperature must be between 25 ° C and the phase transition temperature (for example, the Trt line shown in Fig. 8 and the Trt line shown in Fig.
- the polarization time is preferably adjusted according to the polarization treatment temperature and the applied electric field selected within the above-mentioned preferred range, but is more preferably 10 minutes to 2 hours.
- unipolar and bipolar pulses such as an AC triangular wave as shown in FIG. 10 can be used as the pulse electric field.
- a piezoelectric single crystal element having performance comparable to that of a lead-based perovskite structure single crystal having no additives such as lead indium niobate and Ca can be manufactured. Furthermore, by suppressing the appearance of a pi-mouthed phase during the growth of a lead-based perovskite structure single crystal without additives such as lead indimniopate and Ca, and by suppressing the occurrence of thermal cracks during cooling after the growth of the single crystal. However, the reduction of the crystal yield / a yield was improved. In addition, the drop in the yield of the single crystal plate due to the occurrence of chipping when cutting the single crystal plate from the obtained wafer was also improved.
- Example 1 This has made it possible to manufacture single-crystal elements at a much lower cost than piezoelectric single-crystal elements manufactured from lead-based perovskite-structure single crystals without additives such as lead indium niobate and Ca. We can supply piezoelectric single crystal elements that can be applied to a wide range of application fields that could not be applied conventionally. It became so.
- Example 1
- lead magnesium niobate [Pb (Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3) 0 3]: 68mol% lead titanate [PbTi0 3]: 32mol% and platinum sintered body 50 mm phi of solid solution consisting of Stored in a crucible, heated to 1330 ° C in vertical electricity; melted in one direction by lowering the crucible at a constant speed of 0.5mmZh in a temperature gradient of 20 ° C / 1cm solidification by causing (melt yellowtail Jjiman method) is the ratio of magnesium niobate 'lead titanate is Comparative Examples [Pb (Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3) 0 3] 0.
- the color and transparency of the single-crystal ingots and the wafers were visually checked for the presence of a pi-mouthed phase.
- the pyrochlore phase has higher transparency than the perovskite phase and can be clearly distinguished.
- the presence or absence of thermal cracks was visually observed by a method of transmitting light through the wafer and, if necessary, by spraying a dye penetrant with a spray and developing. The number of cracks with two or three cracks was reduced.
- Table 1 shows that the PMN65-no PIN03-PT32 (Cal) single crystal, which is an example of the invention, has a much higher crystal yield and wafer yield than the P-68-PT32 single crystal, which is a comparative example. You can see that it is.
- Example 2
- the two types of wafers obtained in Example 1 were processed into a rectangular plate having a desired orientation on an end face.
- the [001] direction is the normal direction of the plane having the maximum area of the e-ha
- the [100] direction and the [0110] direction are each the normal direction of the end face
- the length is 13mm.
- a single crystal plate having an X width of 4 mm and a thickness of 0.36 mm was cut out by a dicing machine by using 50 pieces for each of two types of rectangular plates.
- the presence or absence of chipping when dicing two types of wafers, the percentage of the number of chippings in the total (50 sheets), and the yield of single crystal plate (single crystal plate yield 100)
- Table 2 shows the ratio of ./. The cutting was performed at a cutting speed of 0.2 mm / s.
- the presence or absence of chipping is observed by a stereoscopic microscope around the single crystal plate, If at least one chip of 30 m or more was found, it was determined to be present.
- Table 2 shows that the PMN65ZPIN03-PT32 (Cal) single crystal, which is an example of the invention, has significantly reduced chipping during dicing compared to the PMN68-PT32 single crystal, which is a comparative example. Understand.
- Example 2 Next, from the two types of wafers obtained in Example 1, in order to fabricate a piezoelectric single crystal element using a transverse vibration mode, as shown in a single crystal element A in FIG. mm, [0 1 0] direction. Cut a single crystal element material of 13mm X 4mm XO.36m with dimensions of 4mm and 13mm in the [100] direction by dicing. Produced. A Cr-Au coating (Cr layer on the first layer: approx. 50A in thickness, Au layer on the second layer: approx.
- Electromechanical coupling for the transverse vibration mode which is the piezoelectric characteristic of the piezoelectric single crystal element made from PMN65 PIN03-PT32 (Cal), which is an example of the invention
- the piezoelectric single crystal element made from PMN68-PT32 single crystal which is a comparative example Table 3 shows the measurement results of the coefficient (k 31 ) and the piezoelectric strain constant (d 31 ).
- k 31 and d 31 is the piezoelectric single crystal device after the polarization treatment, the impedance 'gain' Phase 'analyzers The one (HP Co., Ltd., Unit Number: HP4194A) known formula from the obtained k 31 mode of the impedance curve and phase using the (electronic materials Industry Association Standard:
- Table 3 shows that the piezoelectric single crystal element made from the PMN65 PIN03-PT32 (Cal) single crystal, which is an example of the invention, has an electromechanical coupling coefficient (k 31 ) and a piezoelectric strain constant (d 31 ) Force S, _______________________________________________________________________________________0 P, which is a comparative example. (Zr, Ti) 0 3) are excellent remarkably in comparison with the piezoelectric elements manufactured in the sintered body (PZT).
- the orthogonal (0 0 1) plane is used, the normal direction 1 of the end face T of 4rnm XO.36mm used for the lateral vibration mode is set to 1, the [100] direction is set to 0 °, and the [110] direction is set to Various single-crystal element materials cut out using a dicing saw were created by changing the angle by 5 ° in the range of 0 ° to 90 ° when the 45 ° and [0 10] directions were 90 °, Gold electrodes were prepared on the upper and lower surfaces, which are the (001) planes facing each other, of the prepared single crystal element material in the same manner as in Example 3, and this single crystal element material family was processed in the same manner as in Example 3. , Minutes Tooth It was.
- the electromechanical coupling coefficient (k 31 ) regarding the transverse vibration mode was measured in the same manner as in Example 3.
- Table 4 shows the measurement results.
- the fact that the normal direction 1 of the end face T is selected in the range of 0 ° to 90 ° with respect to the [100] direction is based on the symmetry of the cubic crystal. This is because the angle range is necessary and sufficient to obtain information on the direction.
- lead zirconate titanate which is a conventional example (Pb (Zr, Ti) 0 3)
- electromechanical coupling coefficient for the lateral vibration mode of the piezoelectric elements manufactured in the sintered body (PZT) (k 31 ) are also shown in Table 4.
- the electromechanical coupling coefficient (k 31 ) for the transverse vibration mode is Regardless of the normal direction 1, the value is the same over all crystal orientations.
- Table 4 shows that the preferred direction of the normal direction 1 of the end face T of the piezoelectric single crystal element using the transverse vibration mode is the normal direction 1 of the end face T when the [100] direction is an angle of 0 °.
- Is 0 ° to 15 ° (equivalent to the range of 0 ° ⁇ 15 ° from the symmetry described above and forms an angle within ⁇ 15 ° with the [100] direction) and 45 ⁇ 5 ° (the symmetry described above) From the characteristics, it can be seen that the range is equivalent to the range of ⁇ 45 ⁇ 5 °, that is, the range that forms an angle of less than 5 ° with the [110] direction.
- the preferred normal direction 1 of the end face T of the piezoelectric single crystal element using the transverse vibration mode is the normal direction of the end face T.
- 1 is 0 ° to 15 ° (equivalent to the range of 0 ° ⁇ 15 ° due to the above-mentioned symmetry.
- Angle within 15 °) and 45 ⁇ 5 ° (Equivalent to the range of ⁇ 45 ⁇ 5 ° due to the above-mentioned symmetry, that is, the angle within ⁇ 5 ° with the [110] direction) was also confirmed.
- the [001] direction of the single crystal plate is taken as the polarization direction, and the plane of the maximum area of the piezoelectric single crystal element of 13mm X 4mm X 0.36mm is orthogonal to the [01] direction.
- the preferred orientation was confirmed in the (001) plane, but the normal direction 1 of the end face T in the vertical # shown in FIGS. 7A, 7B and 7C was 0. Even you! / ⁇ in the range of ⁇ 15 ° and 45 ° ⁇ 5 °, good k 31 is and the child obtained has been confirmed.
- PMN68—PT32 single crystal has a perovskite structure, and its (010) plane has [100] direction and [100] direction. Between [0 1 0] directions, crystal axes with low indices such as [3 10], [2 10], [3 2 0] are included.
- the piezoelectric single crystal element made from PMN65 / PIN03-.PT32 (Cal) single crystal has the electromechanical coupling coefficient (k 31 ) force for transverse vibration mode. substantially equivalent to the single crystal device was found to be much better than the piezoelectric elements manufactured in zirconate Sancti Tan lead (Pb (Zr, Ti) 0 3) sintered body (PZT).
- the [001] direction was used as shown in Fig. 6 for single-crystal element B.
- a 4 mm ⁇ 4 mm ⁇ 10 mm single crystal rectangular parallelepiped having a length of 10 mm, a length of 4 mm in both the [0100] direction and the [100] direction was cut with a wire saw.
- Gold electrodes were formed on the upper and lower surfaces of the opposing (001) plane of the single-crystal rectangular parallelepiped in the same manner as in Example 3, and the single-crystal element material was placed in a silicon oil bath at 40 ° C.
- the sample was polarized by applying a 0.7 kV / mm DC electric field for 1 hour in the 0 1] direction, and a sample for piezoelectric property evaluation was fabricated.
- a similar sample was cut from a PMN68-PT32 single crystal and polarized under the same conditions.
- Table 5 shows the measurement results of the electromechanical coupling coefficient (k 33 ) and the piezoelectric strain constant (d 33 ) for the longitudinal vibration mode, which are the piezoelectric characteristics of.
- k 33 electromechanical coupling coefficient
- d 33 piezoelectric strain constant
- a main current of the piezoelectric element material, attached to the piezoelectric characteristics of the piezoelectric elements manufactured in lead zirconate titanate which is a conventional example (Pb (Zr, Ti) 0 3) sintered body (PZT) These are also shown in Table 5.
- the piezoelectric strain constant (d 33) is made in China d 33 meter (INSTITUTE of ACOUSTICS ACADEMIA SINICA made: PIEZO d 33 METER Model ZJ- 30) was used to directly measure.
- Table 5 shows that the piezoelectric single crystal element made from the PMN65ZPIN03—PT32 (Cal) single crystal, which is an example of the invention, has an electromechanical coupling coefficient (k 33 ) and a piezoelectric strain constant (d 33 ) for the longitudinal vibration mode.
- the piezoelectric single-crystal device produced PMN 6 8- PT3 2 single crystal or al a comparative example maintains substantially the same value, lead zirconate titanate, which is a conventional example (Pb (Zr, Ti) 0 3) are excellent remarkably in comparison with the piezoelectric elements manufactured in the sintered body (PZT).
- a gold electrode was formed on the upper and lower surfaces of the opposing (001) plane of the single-crystal rectangular parallelepiped in the same manner as in Example 3, and the single-crystal element material was subjected to [0 0
- a piezoelectric single crystal element was obtained by applying a DC electric field of 0. Using 400 such piezoelectric single crystal elements, these were arranged in a jig in parallel at 1 mm intervals so that each end face was located on the same plane as shown in FIG. 1, and epoxy resin was used. By filling the gap, 20 ⁇ 20 1-3 composite piezoelectric elements were fabricated.
- the piezoelectric properties (k 33 , d 33 ) of the fabricated PMN65ZPIN03-PT32 (Cal) single crystal 1_3 composite piezoelectric element were measured by the same method as in Example 5, and the conventional lead zirconate titanate ( pb (Zr, Ti) 0 3 ) were compared with the piezoelectric properties equivalent 1 one 3 cOMPOSITE piezoelectric element was manufactured created in the sintered body (PZT).
- di Rukon titanate Pb (Zr, Ti) 0 3
- the mechanical quality factor Qm is calculated using a known equation (Electronic Materials Industries Association standard: EMAS-6008, 6100) using an impedance 'gain' phase 'analyzer (HP4194A, manufactured by HP). ).
- the relative permittivity ⁇ r was determined using an Impedance Analyzer (manufactured by HP, device number: HP4192A) in accordance with the Electronic Materials Industries Association standard (refer to: EMAS-6008, 6100).
- Example 3 Obtained in Example 3 manufactured under various main polarization treatment conditions The results of measurement of the piezoelectric single crystal device of the electromechanical coupling factor k 31 in the lateral vibration mode shown in Table 9. The manufacturing method and the element dimensions of the piezoelectric single crystal element other than the main polarization treatment conditions, and the test conditions were the same as in Example 3.
- the polarization processing temperature of the piezoelectric single crystal element suitable for use in the transverse mode was determined.
- the temperature was 15 to 250 ° C.
- the applied electric field was 700 V / mni in the range of the present invention
- the polarization time was adjusted according to the polarization treatment temperature.
- the polarization temperature is less than 2 0 ° C
- examples PMN65 / PIN03 — PT32 (Cal) element and PMN68 of Comparative Example — PT32 elements were 25% and 20%, respectively, which were insufficient as characteristics of the element for the transverse vibration mode.
- a polarization treatment temperature of 15 ° C. and an application time of less than 180 minutes only a lower electromechanical coupling coefficient k 31 was obtained. This is thought to be due to insufficient polarization when the polarization temperature was less than 20 ° C.
- the polarization processing temperature of the piezoelectric single crystal element suitable for use in the lateral mode manufactured by the same method as in Example 3 was set to 40 ° C within the range of the present invention, the applied electric field was 300 to 160 V / mm, and the polarization time was: Adjustment was made according to the applied electric field. The results are shown in Table 9 Nos. 6 to 10.
- both the electromechanical coupling coefficient k 31 of the invention example (D PMN65 / PIN03-PT32 (Cal) element and the PMN68-PT32 element of the J This is considered to be due to insufficient polarization when the applied electric field is less than 350 V / mm, whereas when the applied electric field exceeds 1500 V / mm as shown in No. 15 in Table 9, the polarization is orthogonal to the polarization direction.
- the P-type 65ZPIN03-PT32 (Cal) element of the invention and the P ⁇ 68-PT32 element of the comparative example are almost the same in the range of appropriate polarization conditions.
- the electromechanical coupling coefficient k 31 in the direction perpendicular to the polarization directions (transverse vibration mode) was obtained.
- a piezoelectric single-crystal element comparable to a lead-based perovskite-structure single crystal having no additives such as lead indium niobate and Ca can be manufactured.
- the development of a pyrochlore phase during the growth of a lead-based perovskite structure single crystal without additives such as lead indium niobate and Ca the crystal yield due to the generation of thermal cracks during cooling after the growth of the single crystal, and the yield The rate decline has improved.
- the reduction in the yield of the single crystal plate due to the occurrence of chipping when cutting the single crystal plate from the obtained wafer was also improved.
Abstract
Description
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2004
- 2004-10-14 US US10/575,955 patent/US7518292B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-10-14 WO PCT/JP2004/015558 patent/WO2005035840A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2004-10-14 KR KR1020067006858A patent/KR100852536B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2004-10-14 CN CNB2004800301944A patent/CN100371510C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-10-14 EP EP04792708A patent/EP1679393B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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HOSONO Y ET AL.: "JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS", vol. 42, 1 September 2003, JAPAN SOCIETY OF APPLIED PHYSICS, article "GROWTH OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OF HIGH-CURIE-TEMPERATUREPB(IN1/2NB1/2)03-PB(MG1/3NB2/3)03-PB TI03 TERNARY SYSTEMS NEAR MORPHOTROPHIC PHASE BOUNDARY", pages: 5681 - 5686 |
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See also references of EP1679393A4 |
XU G. ET AL.: "Growth and piezoelectric properties of Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 crystals by the modified Bridgman technique", SOLID STATE COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 120, 2001, pages 321 - 324, XP002984240 * |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20210050507A1 (en) * | 2019-08-15 | 2021-02-18 | Xi'an Jiaotong University | Piezoelectric Single Crystal With Near-Perfect Transparency And High Piezoelectricity, Preparation Method And Application Thereof |
US11758818B2 (en) * | 2019-08-15 | 2023-09-12 | Xi'an Jiaotong University | Transparent piezoelectric single crystal preparation method |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN100371510C (zh) | 2008-02-27 |
US20070267947A1 (en) | 2007-11-22 |
US7518292B2 (en) | 2009-04-14 |
CN1867705A (zh) | 2006-11-22 |
EP1679393A4 (en) | 2010-05-26 |
EP1679393B1 (en) | 2011-12-28 |
EP1679393A1 (en) | 2006-07-12 |
KR100852536B1 (ko) | 2008-08-14 |
KR20060083985A (ko) | 2006-07-21 |
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