WO2004088849A1 - 2段階a/d変換器及びそれを用いたイメージセンサ - Google Patents
2段階a/d変換器及びそれを用いたイメージセンサ Download PDFInfo
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- WO2004088849A1 WO2004088849A1 PCT/JP2004/004169 JP2004004169W WO2004088849A1 WO 2004088849 A1 WO2004088849 A1 WO 2004088849A1 JP 2004004169 W JP2004004169 W JP 2004004169W WO 2004088849 A1 WO2004088849 A1 WO 2004088849A1
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- Prior art keywords
- conversion
- bit
- output
- amplifier
- image sensor
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- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 101
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims 2
- 238000009738 saturating Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 19
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 6
- 244000208734 Pisonia aculeata Species 0.000 description 4
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003071 parasitic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
- H04N1/04—Scanning arrangements, i.e. arrangements for the displacement of active reading or reproducing elements relative to the original or reproducing medium, or vice versa
- H04N1/19—Scanning arrangements, i.e. arrangements for the displacement of active reading or reproducing elements relative to the original or reproducing medium, or vice versa using multi-element arrays
- H04N1/195—Scanning arrangements, i.e. arrangements for the displacement of active reading or reproducing elements relative to the original or reproducing medium, or vice versa using multi-element arrays the array comprising a two-dimensional array or a combination of two-dimensional arrays
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
- H03M1/00—Analogue/digital conversion; Digital/analogue conversion
- H03M1/12—Analogue/digital converters
- H03M1/14—Conversion in steps with each step involving the same or a different conversion means and delivering more than one bit
- H03M1/16—Conversion in steps with each step involving the same or a different conversion means and delivering more than one bit with scale factor modification, i.e. by changing the amplification between the steps
- H03M1/164—Conversion in steps with each step involving the same or a different conversion means and delivering more than one bit with scale factor modification, i.e. by changing the amplification between the steps the steps being performed sequentially in series-connected stages
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
- H04N25/70—SSIS architectures; Circuits associated therewith
- H04N25/76—Addressed sensors, e.g. MOS or CMOS sensors
- H04N25/78—Readout circuits for addressed sensors, e.g. output amplifiers or A/D converters
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
- H03M1/00—Analogue/digital conversion; Digital/analogue conversion
- H03M1/12—Analogue/digital converters
- H03M1/1205—Multiplexed conversion systems
- H03M1/122—Shared using a single converter or a part thereof for multiple channels, e.g. a residue amplifier for multiple stages
- H03M1/1225—Shared using a single converter or a part thereof for multiple channels, e.g. a residue amplifier for multiple stages using time-division multiplexing
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
- H03M1/00—Analogue/digital conversion; Digital/analogue conversion
- H03M1/12—Analogue/digital converters
- H03M1/50—Analogue/digital converters with intermediate conversion to time interval
- H03M1/56—Input signal compared with linear ramp
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an improved A / D converter and an image sensor using the same.
- CMOS image sensor One of the major features of the CMOS image sensor is that various functional circuits can be integrated on the image sensor, and one of them is the integration of the A / D conversion circuit. As a result, a digital output image sensor can be realized, the system can be made compact, and the effect of noise mixed into the output of the sensor chip can be eliminated.
- [3] similarly integrates an integrating A / D converter element in a column, but realizes 10 bits using a comparator with improved accuracy.
- These integration type A / D converters have a long conversion time, and especially if the resolution is to be increased, the conversion time becomes exponentially long. Therefore, it is difficult to achieve a higher resolution as it is. However, it has the advantage of excellent linearity.
- a successive approximation type A / D converter using a capacitor is arranged and operated in a column. Since high-speed A / D conversion is possible, it can be used as an image sensor with a high frame rate and many pixels. Are suitable. However, this is still about 8 bits in actual accuracy.
- a cyclic A / D converter element is operated by arranging it in a power ram, which is also suitable for high-speed A / D conversion.
- the resolution is about 9 bits.
- [5] performs two-stage integral A / D conversion on the signal that has been noise-cancelled in the power ram, but since it does not have an amplification function, it has two stages. However, this does not improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
- SNR signal-to-noise ratio
- a / D converters for image sensors use only the advantage of being arranged in columns and operating in parallel.
- the present invention provides a part of the function of A / D conversion as an A / D converter for an image sensor. In addition, it aims to realize high-resolution A / D conversion, and can realize a digital image sensor with high sensitivity and wide dynamic range.
- an N-bit A / D conversion is performed together with a noise cancellation operation in a column, and an M_bit A / D conversion is performed on the residual analog value after the column or horizontal scanning.
- the purpose is to perform A / D conversion while maintaining high SNR with high resolution.
- part of the A / D conversion is performed using an amplifier that performs noise cancellation, thereby simplifying the circuit.
- an image sensor is taken as an example, but it is not limited to this application.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a two-stage A / D converter that performs A / D conversion after horizontal scanning of an analog residual.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a two-stage A / D converter that performs A / D conversion on an analog residual in a column.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a unit circuit for performing column amplification and N-bit A / D conversion (A / D conversion first).
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a unit circuit (pull-back method) for performing column amplification and N-bit A / D conversion.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a circuit example of quadruple amplification and 2-bit A / D conversion.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a four-transistor pixel circuit.
- FIG. 7 is an operation timing chart of 2-bit column A / D conversion.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing changes in ⁇ , B, ⁇ C, and ⁇ D with respect to the value of D in 2-bit A / D conversion.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing a pull-out type N-bit A / D conversion and a column reading circuit that generates an analog residual.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing an example of a circuit that performs noise cancellation and pullback while performing 8-fold amplification.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing the operation of the pullback A / D conversion.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing the relationship between the input and output of the amplifier.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing a circuit for performing noise cancellation, double amplification, and 1-bit A / D conversion.
- FIG. 14 is a diagram showing the transfer characteristics of the circuit of FIG.
- FIG. 15 is a diagram showing a modification of the circuit shown in FIG. 9 for separately outputting the preset level and the analog residual output.
- FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of the first embodiment.
- a / D conversion of N + Mbit is performed by horizontally scanning the analog residue and performing A / D conversion (2) of M-bit on the output.
- FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of the second embodiment. This is because the A / D conversion is performed in parallel by an element circuit (1) that performs N-bit A / D conversion together with noise cancellation and signal amplification arranged in an array in the column of the image sensor, and analog residual output is performed.
- the M-bit A / D conversion elements are arranged and arranged in an array in response to the force.
- Figures 3 and 4 show the configuration of a unit circuit (1) that performs noise cancellation and amplification and N-bit A / D conversion in the column.
- the output of the amplifier is obtained by performing N-bit A / D conversion while amplifying the gain of the image sensor with G times the gain and subtracting a certain value according to the result. The point is to avoid saturation.
- N-bit A / D conversion is first performed on the pixel output, and a certain value is subtracted from the pixel output signal so that the output of the amplifier falls within the operating range in the linear range.
- FIG. 5 shows a circuit example of a 2-bit circuit corresponding to the configuration of FIG.
- FIG. 6 shows a configuration example of the pixel portion.
- This is a 4-transistor + 1 photodiode pixel circuit using an embedded photodiode.
- Other pixel circuits such as a three-transistor pixel circuit, can also be used.
- Photocharges converted by the embedded photodiode (PD) are extracted by the transistors (MIN, MX) and output to the output terminal (Output) of the pixel (PIXEL) group via the signal line (Signal line). Is done.
- This signal is applied to the A / D converter (2-bit ADC) as a pixel output and a capacitor 4 C (has four times the capacitance of capacitor C) And connected to the input of the amplifier (3) having a gain G.
- the A / D converter (4) outputs a switch control signal ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ C, 4> D corresponding to the level of the input signal.
- a / D conversion value by A / D converter is controlled by control signal ⁇ ⁇ , ⁇ ⁇ , ⁇ C, ⁇ i) D switch and capacitor 2 C (Note: 2 C is twice the capacity of C D / A conversion by the D / A converter (5), and subtracts this from the input. That is, for the input X, the output Y is obtained as follows.
- G G X X — R X D (al)
- R the input full-scale (FS) value.
- G is generally set to 4 in the case of 2 bits, but it is also possible to set a larger value to have a larger amplification function.
- D is the result of A / D conversion with 2 bits, and is defined as follows.
- FIG. 7 shows a timing chart when the above operation is performed by combining the pixel circuits of FIG. 5 and FIG. From the pixel output (sensor output), it is assumed that the reset level V K and the signal level V s is output as shown in Figure 7.
- ⁇ , 2, ⁇ 3, and ⁇ 4 are control signals that open and close the switch circuits around the amplifier.
- FIG. 9 shows a circuit for calculating the pull-back A / D conversion and the analog residual in the column
- FIG. 10 shows a specific circuit example of the input section. The operation timing diagram is shown in FIG.
- the pixel circuit is a four-transistor type that transfers charges within the pixel shown in FIG.
- Other pixel circuits such as a three-transistor pixel circuit, can also be used by changing the timing. First, first Risettorebe Le is appear, then it is assumed that the signal level V s is output.
- FIG. 11 shows a case where amplification is performed eight times.
- the signal level is given to 8C.
- V 1 (- V s appears is amplified signal to 8-fold but V 1 (-. If V s is large, amplified signal the linear range of the amplifier
- V s is large, amplified signal the linear range of the amplifier
- the charge Q at the input of the amplifier does not change at this time, it can be pulled back to the linear range using a capacitor at the input.
- Charge Q at the input of the amplifier when sampling V R. Is given by the following equation.
- V. * Is the voltage of the amplifier input at V R samples
- Ci is the parasitic capacitance between the ground point and the amplifier input.
- Vsw. Is the initial voltage of the staircase wave.
- V s »' is the voltage of the staircase wave.
- VK— is large, the amplifier saturates and v () becomes v. It changes greatly from *.
- V « is operated and the amplifier is pulled back to the region where the amplifier operates at a high gain, the following equation is established.
- V OUT A (V Q ⁇ -V 0 ) ⁇
- A is the open loop gain of the amplifier. If A is large enough, this circuit is operating as a negative feedback circuit, so V-V is required to obtain a voltage that allows Vout to operate in the linear region. Must be almost zero. This is due to the positive input when a negative feedback circuit is constructed using an operational amplifier with a large open loop gain. It is easy to understand if you think that the difference voltage between the input and the minus input operates at almost zero.
- V o two V F + W R - V s ) ⁇ sw - V SWQ) (4) which is the output voltage, V, as a reference, V «- in together when V S is amplified in eight times, V S «'__ V S TM means that the difference voltage is four times the difference voltage. That is, Q.
- a circuit that performs A / D conversion using a staircase wave generator and a comparator to generate a residual analog value can be configured as shown in FIG.
- the output of the staircase generator is initially kept at V, and when amplified, the output of the staircase saturates and is clipped.
- the output of the amplifier enters a region where the amplifier operates at a high gain from a certain point, and the equation (4) is satisfied.
- the output of the amplifier decreases according to the level of the staircase wave .
- each time step of the staircase wave increases the output and the threshold VT of the amplifier in the comparator, when a comparison operation (sample (S) & determination (D)), the output of the amplifier is below V T
- the output of the comparator changes from High to Low.
- the signal at that time is sampled and stored in the sample and hold circuit (S / H) connected to the output of the amplifier. This is the analog residual.
- the Sutetsu number flop output of the amplifier falls below V T at this time an A / D conversion value. In the case of Fig. 11, it is the fifth step.
- Equation (4) can be written as follows.
- V 0UT -V REF S (V R -V S )-4DAV S
- Equation (5) While having such a function, the difference between the reset level and the signal level of the pixel section is amplified, so the fixed pattern noise and reset noise generated in the pixel section are amplified. It has the function of canceling noise, and also has the effect of reducing 1 / f noise generated in the pixel section.
- the last advantage is particularly advantageous if, for example, an integrated A / D converter is used after the above circuit.
- Integrating A / D converters are widely used as high-precision A / D conversion methods because of their excellent linearity, but have the problem of long conversion times.
- the integrating A / D converter gives a ramp signal and an input signal to a comparator, and uses a counter to The count number of the clock until the ramp signal exceeds the input signal is used as the A / D conversion value.
- 10-bit A / D conversion by the integral / integration type it is generally 10 2 You need to count up to four times.
- the count number becomes 1/8, that is, 128 counts.
- the integration type can be used for high-speed image sensors. Also, if you want to perform A / D conversion with very high resolution, and if it is possible to realize 102 4 counts with 1 O bit as an integral A / D conversion, 3-bit By performing A / D conversion, A / D conversion equivalent to 13 bits can be performed, and a high-resolution digital output image sensor can be realized.
- the analog residual of 1 2 is ideally take the values ranging from 0 to V T, the error occurs in the determination of the comparator exceeds this range. Therefore, the analog input range for A / D conversion in the next stage for the analog residual should be set to a range wider than this. This has the advantage that even if some error occurs in the comparator, it does not affect the final A / D-converted digital value, so that the accuracy requirement of the comparator is eased.
- FIG. 12 shows the case of 3-bit amplification with 8 times amplification.
- the analog residual The output voltage range can be increased.
- the gain may be set lower than ⁇ .
- the analog residual output becomes smaller, but as shown in Fig. 9, the gain of the S / H circuit may be increased instead of 1 to amplify it. (G 2 in Fig. 9).
- FIG. 13 shows a configuration of a third embodiment in which 1-bit A / D conversion is performed while performing noise cancellation and double amplification in a column. This circuit can be applied to a pixel circuit in which a signal level is output first and a reset level is output later.
- D is determined is as follows an A / D conversion value c
- this circuit changes the reference bias voltage of the amplifier output according to the result of A / D conversion.
- Vs changes from 2 V to 1 V and V K is 2 V, 1.5 V.
- ⁇ V changes to 01 V.
- Figure 15 shows a sample and hold circuit that stores the reset level of the amplifier in order to remove the offset voltage of the column amplifier. It is assumed that the pixel circuit is a four-transistor type that performs charge transfer in the pixel shown in FIG. Other pixel circuits, such as a three-transistor pixel circuit, can also be used by changing the timing. First, the first reset level V R has appeared, then it is assumed that the signal level V s is output.
- ⁇ 3 in FIG. 15 is controlled by the output of the comparator, similarly to the sample and hold circuit in FIG. Industrial applicability
- the second M-bit A / D conversion is performed on the amplified analog residual after the first N_bit A / D conversion, so that the M-bit A / D conversion is performed.
- a / D conversion can be performed with a high resolution of about 1 O bit, so if the first stage N-bit A / D conversion is 3 bits or 4 bits, extremely high resolution of 13 bits to 14 bits A / D conversion is also possible, and a digital output image sensor with a wide dynamic range can be realized.
- a / D converter for image sensors a part of the A / D conversion function is performed using the noise canceling circuit of the column, and amplification is performed at the same time. Achieving high-resolution A / D conversion together with the subsequent A / D conversion unit can be realized while trying to save time.
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Abstract
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Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US10/551,230 US7227490B2 (en) | 2003-03-31 | 2004-03-25 | 2-stage A/D converter and image sensor using the same |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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JP2003-93386 | 2003-03-31 | ||
JP2003093386A JP4069203B2 (ja) | 2003-03-31 | 2003-03-31 | イメージセンサ用2段階a/d変換器 |
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WO2004088849A1 true WO2004088849A1 (ja) | 2004-10-14 |
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PCT/JP2004/004169 WO2004088849A1 (ja) | 2003-03-31 | 2004-03-25 | 2段階a/d変換器及びそれを用いたイメージセンサ |
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US (1) | US7227490B2 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4069203B2 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2004088849A1 (ja) |
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JP2009033297A (ja) * | 2007-07-25 | 2009-02-12 | Panasonic Corp | 物理量検知装置およびその駆動方法 |
JP2009038726A (ja) * | 2007-08-03 | 2009-02-19 | Panasonic Corp | 物理量検知装置およびその駆動方法 |
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US7876371B2 (en) * | 2008-03-31 | 2011-01-25 | Aptina Imaging Corporation | Systems and methods to perform digital correlated double sampling using successive approximation analog to digital conversion techniques |
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US7978115B2 (en) * | 2009-07-06 | 2011-07-12 | Raytheon Company | System and method for analog-to-digital conversion |
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JP7029890B2 (ja) | 2017-03-02 | 2022-03-04 | ソニーセミコンダクタソリューションズ株式会社 | 撮像素子、撮像素子の制御方法、及び、電子機器 |
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- 2004-03-25 US US10/551,230 patent/US7227490B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-03-25 WO PCT/JP2004/004169 patent/WO2004088849A1/ja active Application Filing
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JP2009038726A (ja) * | 2007-08-03 | 2009-02-19 | Panasonic Corp | 物理量検知装置およびその駆動方法 |
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JP4069203B2 (ja) | 2008-04-02 |
US20060176205A1 (en) | 2006-08-10 |
JP2004304413A (ja) | 2004-10-28 |
US7227490B2 (en) | 2007-06-05 |
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