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  • C07D487/08—Bridged systems

Definitions

• the present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions incorporating compounds capable of affecting nicotinic acetylcholinergic receptors (nAChRs), for example, as modulators of specific nicotinic receptor subtypes (specifically, the ⁇ 7 nAChR subtype).
• nAChRs nicotinic acetylcholinergic receptors
• the present invention also relates to methods for treating a wide variety of conditions and disorders, particularly those associated with dysfunction of the central and autonomic nervous systems.
• Nicotine has been proposed to have a number of pharmacological effects. See, for example, Pullan et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 330:811 (1994). Certain of those effects may be related to effects upon neurotransmitter release. See, for example, Sjak-shie et al., Brain Res. 624:295 (1993), where neuroprotective effects of nicotine are proposed. Release of acetylcholine and dopamine by neurons, upon administration of nicotine, has been reported by Rowell et al., J. Neurochem. 43:1593 (1984); Rapier et al., J. Neurochem. 50:1123 (1988); Sandor et al., Brain Res.
• Nicotinic compounds are reported as being particularly useful for treating a wide variety of CNS disorders. Indeed, a wide variety of compounds have been reported to have therapeutic properties. See, for example, Bencherif and Schmitt, Current Drug Targets: CNS and Neurological Disorders 1(4): 349 (2002), Levin and Rezvani, Current Drug Targets: CNS and Neurological Disorders 1(4): 423 (2002), O'Neill et al., Current Drug Targets: CNS and Neurological Disorders 1(4): 399 (2002), U.S. Patent Nos.
• CNS disorders are a type of neurological disorder.
• CNS disorders can be drug induced; can be attributed to genetic predisposition, infection or trauma; or can be of unknown etiology.
• CNS disorders comprise neuropsychiatric disorders, neurological diseases and mental illnesses, and include neurodegenerative diseases, behavioral disorders, cognitive disorders and cognitive affective disorders.
• CNS disorders whose clinical manifestations have been attributed to CNS dysfunction (i.e., disorders resulting from inappropriate levels of neurotransmitter release, inappropriate properties of neurotransmitter receptors, and/or inappropriate interaction between neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter receptors).
• CNS disorders can be attributed to a deficiency of choline, dopamine, norepinephrine and/or serotonin.
• Relatively common CNS disorders include pre-senile dementia (early- onset Alzheimer's disease), senile dementia (dementia of the Alzheimer's type), micro-infarct dementia, AIDS-related dementia, Creutzfeld- Jakob disease, Pick's disease, Parkinsonism including Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, Huntington's chorea, tardive dyskinesia, hyperkinesia, mania, attention deficit disorder, anxiety, dyslexia, schizophrenia, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorders and Tourette's syndrome.
• nAChRs characteristic of the CNS have been shown to occur in several subtypes, the most common of which are the ⁇ 4 ⁇ 2 and ⁇ 7 subtypes. See, for example, Schmitt, Current Med. Chem. 7: 749 (2000).
• Ligands that interact with the ⁇ 7 nAChR subtype have been proposed to be useful in the treatment of schizophrenia.
• Nicotine improves sensory gating deficits in animals and schizophrenics.
• Blockade of the ⁇ 7 nAChR subtype induces a gating deficit similar to that seen in schizophrenia. See, for example, Leonard et al., Schizophrenia Bulletin 22(3): 431 (1996). Biochemical, molecular, and genetic studies of sensory processing, in patients with the P50 auditory-evoked potential gating deficit, suggest that the ⁇ 7 nAChR subtype may function in an inhibitory neuronal pathway. See, for example, Freedman et al., Biological Psychiatry 38(1):22
• ⁇ 7 nAChRs have been proposed to be mediators of angiogenesis, as described by Heeschen et al., J. Clin. Invest. 100: 527 (2002). In these studies, inhibition of the ⁇ 7 subtype was shown to decrease inflammatory angiogenesis. Also, ⁇ 7 nAChRs have been proposed as targets for controlling neurogenesis and tumor growth (Utsugisawa et al., Molecular Brain Research 106(1- 2): 88 (2002) and U.S. Patent Application 2002/0016371). Finally, the role of the ⁇ 7 subtype in cognition (Levin and Rezvani, Current Drug Targets: CNS and Neurological Disorders 1(4): 423 (2002)), neuroprotection (O'Neill et al., Current
• nAChR subtypes that have the potential to induce undesirable side effects (e.g., appreciable activity at cardiovascular and skeletal muscle receptor sites).
• a pharmaceutical composition incorporating a compound which interacts with nicotinic receptors but not muscarinic receptors, as the latter are associated with side effects, such as hypersalivation, sweating, tremors, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disturbances, related to the function of the parasympathetic nervous system (see Caulfield, Pharmacol. Ther. 58: 319 (1993) and Broadley and Kelly, Molecules 6: 142 (2001)).
• side effects such as hypersalivation, sweating, tremors, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disturbances
• RTP 59249v8 desirable to provide pharmaceutical compositions, which are selective for the ⁇ 7 nAChR subtype, for the treatment of certain conditions or disorders (e.g., schizophrenia, cognitive disorders, and neuropathic pain) and for the prevention of tissue damage and the hastening of healing (i.e., for neuroprotection and the control of angiogenesis).
• the present invention provides such compounds, compositions and methods.
• the present invention relates to 3-substituted-2-(arylalkyl)-l-azabicycloalkanes, pharmaceutical compositions including the compounds, methods of preparing the compounds, and methods of treatment using the compounds. More specifically, the methods of treatment involve modulating the activity of the ⁇ 7 nAChR subtype by administering one or more of the compounds to treat or prevent disorders mediated by the ⁇ 7 nAChR subtype.
• the azabicycloalkanes generally are azabicycloheptanes, azabicyclooctanes, or azabicyclononanes.
• the aryl group in the arylalkyl moiety is a 5- or 6-membered ring heteroaromatic, preferably 3-pyridinyl and 5-pyrimidinyl moieties, and the alkyl group is typically a C 1- alkyl.
• the substituent at the 3-position of the 1- azabicycloalkane is a carbonyl-containing functional group, such as an amide, carbamate, urea, thioamide, thiocarbamate, thiourea or similar functionality.
• the compounds are beneficial in therapeutic applications requiring a selective interaction at certain nAChR subtypes. That is, the compounds modulate the activity of certain nAChR subtypes, particularly the 7 nAChR subtype, and do not have appreciable activity toward muscarinic receptors.
• the compounds can be administered in amounts sufficient to affect the functioning of the central nervous system (CNS) without significantly affecting those receptor subtypes that have the potential to induce undesirable side effects (e.g., without appreciable activity at ganglionic and skeletal muscle nAChR sites and at muscarinic receptors).
• the compounds are therefore useful towards modulating release of ligands involved in neurotransmission, without appreciable side effects.
• the compounds can be used as therapeutic agents to treat and/or prevent disorders characterized by an alteration in normal neurotransmitter release. Examples of such disorders include certain CNS conditions and disorders.
• the compounds can provide neuroprotection, treat patients susceptible to convulsions, treat depression,
• RTP 59249v8 autism and certain neuroendocrine disorders, and help manage stroke patients.
• the compounds also are useful in treating hypertension, type II diabetes and neoplasia and effecting weight loss.
• the compounds can be used to treat certain conditions or disorders (e.g., schizophrenia, cognitive disorders, and neuropathic pain), prevent tissue damage, and hasten healing (i.e., provide neuroprotection and control of angiogenesis).
• the pharmaceutical compositions provide therapeutic benefit to individuals suffering from such conditions or disorders and exhibiting clinical manifestations of such conditions or disorders.
• the compounds, administered with the pharmaceutical compositions can be employed in effective amounts to (i) exhibit nicotinic pharmacology and affect relevant nAChR sites (e.g., act as a pharmacological agonists at nicotinic receptors), and (ii) modulate neurotransmitter secretion, and hence prevent and suppress the symptoms associated with those diseases.
• the compounds have the potential to (i) increase the number of nAChRs of the brain of the patient, (ii) exhibit neuroprotective effects and (iii) when employed in effective amounts, not cause appreciable adverse side effects (e.g., significant increases in blood pressure and heart rate, significant negative effects upon the gastro-intestinal tract, and significant effects upon skeletal muscle).
• the pharmaceutical compositions are believed to be safe and effective with regards to prevention and treatment of various conditions or disorders.
• m and n individually can have a value of 1 or 2, and p can have a value of 1, 2, 3 or 4.
• X is either oxygen or nitrogen (i.e., NR')
• Y is either oxygen or sulfur
• Z is either nitrogen (i.e., NR'), a covalent bond or a linker species, A.
• Z is a covalent bond or A
• X must be nitrogen.
• Ar is an aryl group, either carbocyclic or heterocyclic, either monocyclic or fused polycyclic, unsubstituted or substituted; and Cy is a 5- or 6-membered heteroaromatic ring, unsubstituted or substituted.
• the wavy lines indicate that both relative and absolute stereochemistry at those sites are variable (e.g., cis or trans, R or S).
• the invention further includes pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
• the compounds have one or more asymmetric carbons and can therefore exist in the form of racemic mixtures, enantiomers and diastereomers. In addition, some of the compounds exist as E and Z isomers about a carbon-carbon double bond. All these individual isomeric compounds and their mixtures are also intended to be within the scope of the present invention.
• the invention includes compounds in which Ar is linked to the azabicycle by a carbonyl group-containing functionality, such as an amide, carbamate, urea, thioamide, thiocarbamate or thiourea functionality.
• Ar may be bonded directly to the carbonyl (or thiocarbonyl) group or may be linked to the carbonyl (or thiocarbonyl) group through linker A.
• the invention includes compounds that contain a 1- azabicycle, containing either a 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring and having a total of 7, 8 or 9 ring atoms (e.g., l-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, l-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane, 1- azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, and l-azabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane).
• a 1- azabicycle containing either a 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring and having a total of 7, 8 or 9 ring atoms
• alkoxy includes alkyl groups from 1 to 8 carbon atoms in a straight or branched chain, also C 3-8 cycloalkyl, bonded to an oxygen atom.
• alkyl includes straight chain and branched C 1-8 alkyl, preferably C 1-6 alkyl. "Substituted alkyl” defines alkyl substituents with 1-3 substituents as defined below in connection with Ar and Cy.
• arylalkyl refers to moieties, such as benzyl, wherein an aromatic is linked to an alkyl group which is linked to the indicated position in the compound of Formulas 1 or 2.
• Substituted arylalkyl defines arylalkyl substituents with 1-3 substituents as defined below in connection with Ar and Cy.
• aromatic refers to 3- to 10-membered, preferably 5- and 6- membered, aromatic and heteroaromatic rings and polycyclic aromatics including 5- and/or 6-membered aromatic and/or heteroaromatic rings.
• aryl includes both carbocyclic and heterocyclic aromatic rings, both monocyclic and fused polycyclic, where the aromatic rings can be 5- or 6- membered rings.
• Representative monocyclic aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl and the like.
• Fused polycyclic aryl groups are those aromatic groups that include a 5- or 6-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring as one or more rings in a fused ring system.
• fused polycyclic aryl groups include naphthalene, anthracene, indolizine, indole, isoindole, benzofuran, benzothiophene, indazole, benzimidazole, benzthiazole, purine, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, phthalazine, quinazoline, quinoxaline, 1,8- naphthyridine, pteridine, carbazole, acridine, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, and azulene.
• Cy are 5- and 6-membered ring heteroaromatic groups.
• Representative Cy groups include pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl and the like.
• substituents such as alkyl, alkenyl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, halo (e.g., F, CI, Br, or
• R' and R" can also combine to form a cyclic functionality.
• cycloalkyl radicals contain from 3 to 8 carbon atoms.
• suitable cycloalkyl radicals include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl.
• polycycloalkyl radicals are selected from adamantyl, bornanyl, norbomanyl, bomenyl and norbornenyl.
• halogen is chlorine, iodine, fluorine or bromine.
• heteroaryl radicals are rings that contain from 3 to 10 members, preferably 5 or 6 members, including one or more heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulphur and nitrogen.
• suitable 5-membered ring heteroaryl moieties include furyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, tetrazolyl, and pyrazolyl.
• suitable 6-membered ring heteroaryl moieties include pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, of which pyridinyl and pyrimidinyl are preferred.
• heterocyclic or “heterocyclyl” radicals include rings with 3 to 10 members, including one or more heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulphur and nitrogen.
• suitable heterocyclic moieties include, but are not limited to, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydropyranyl and tetr ahydrof ur anyl .
• Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts include inorganic acid addition salts such as chloride, bromide, sulfate, phosphate, and nitrate; organic acid addition salts such as acetate, galactarate, propionate, succinate, lactate, glycolate, malate, tartrate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, methanesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, and ascorbate; salts with acidic amino acid such as aspartate and glutamate; alkali metal salts such as sodium salt and potassium salt; alkaline earth metal salts such as magnesium salt and calcium salt; ammonium salt; organic basic salts such as trimethylamine salt, triethylamine salt, pyridine salt, picoline salt, dicyclohexylamine salt, and N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine salt; and salts with basic amino acid such as lysine salt and arginine salt.
• the salts may be in some cases hydrate
• RTP 59249v8 solvates.
• Representative salts are provided as described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,597,919 to Dull et al., 5,616,716 to Dull et al. and 5,663,356 to Ruecroft et al.
• neurotransmitters whose release is modulated (i.e., increased or decreased, depending on whether the compounds function as agonists, partial agonists or antagonists) by the compounds described herein include, but are not limited to, acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin and glutamate, and the compounds described herein function as modulators of one or more nicotinic receptors.
• an "agonist” is a substance that stimulates its binding partner, typically a receptor. Stimulation is defined in the context of the particular assay, or may be apparent in the literature from a discussion herein that makes a comparison to a factor or substance that is accepted as an "agonist” or an “antagonist” of the particular binding partner under substantially similar circumstances as appreciated by those of skill in the art. Stimulation may be defined with respect to an increase in a particular effect or function that is induced by interaction of the agonist or partial agonist with a binding partner and can include allosteric effects.
• an "antagonist” is a substance that inhibits its binding partner, typically a receptor. Inhibition is defined in the context of the particular assay, or may be apparent in the literature from a discussion herein that makes a comparison to a factor or substance that is accepted as an "agonist” or an “antagonist” of the particular binding partner under substantially similar circumstances as appreciated by those of skill in the art. Inhibition may be defined with respect to an decrease in a particular effect or function that is induced by interaction of the antagonist with a binding partner, and can include allosteric effects.
• a "partial agonist” is a substance that provides a level of stimulation to its binding partner that is intermediate between that of a full or complete antagonist and an agonist defined by any accepted standard for agonist activity. It will be recognized that stimulation, and hence, inhibition is defined intrinsically for any substance or category of substances to be defined as agonists, antagonists, or partial agonists.
• "intrinsic activity”, or “efficacy” relates to some measure of biological effectiveness of the binding partner complex. With regard to receptor pharmacology, the context in which intrinsic activity or efficacy should be defined will depend on the context of the binding partner (e.g., receptor/ligand) complex and the consideration of an activity relevant to a particular
• RTP 59249v8 biological outcome For example, in some circumstances, intrinsic activity may vary depending on the particular second messenger system involved. See Hoyer, D. and Boddeke, H., Trends Pharmacol Sci. 14(7):270-5 (1993). Where such contextually specific evaluations are relevant, and how they might be relevant in the context of the present invention, will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art.
• the value of p is 1, Cy is 3-pyridinyl or 5 -pyrimidinyl, X and Y are oxygen, Z is nitrogen and the relative stereochemistry of the substituents in the 2 and 3 positions of the azabicycle is cis.
• the value of p is 1, Cy is 3-pyridinyl or 5-pyrimidmyl, X and Z are nitrogen, Y is oxygen, and the relative stereochemistry of the substituents in the 2 and 3 positions of the azabicycle is cis.
• the value of p is 1, Cy is 3-pyridinyl or 5 -pyrimidinyl, X is nitrogen, Y is oxygen, Z is a covalent bond (between the carbonyl and Ar) and the relative stereochemistry of the substituents in the 2 and 3 positions of the azabicycle is cis.
• the value of p is 1, Cy is 3-pyridinyl or 5-pyrimidinyl, X is nitrogen, Y is oxygen, Z is A (a linker species between the carbonyl and Ar) and the relative stereochemistry of the substituents in the 2 and 3 positions of the azabicycle is cis.
• Representative compounds of the present invention include: (R,R; R,S; S,R; and S,S)-2-((3- ⁇ yridinyl)methyl)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl N- phenylcarbamate,
• RTP 59249v8 (R,R; R,S; S,R; and S,S)-N-(2-cyanophenyl)-N'-(2-((3-pyridinyl)methyl)-l- azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl)urea
• RTP 59249v8 (R,R; R,S; S,R; and S,S)-N-(2-((3-pyridinyl)methyl)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl)-l isopropyl-2-trifluoromemyl-lH-benzimidazole-5-carboxarnide,
• RTP 59249v8 (R,R; R,S; S,R; and S,S)-N-(2-((3-pyridinyl)methyl)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl)-3- (3,4-dimethylthieno[2,3-b]thiophen-2-yl)prop-2-enamide
• the compounds of Formula 2 include compounds of the following general formulas:
• catalytic hydrogenation (palladium catalyst) of the enone produces the saturated ketone, 2-((3- ⁇ yridinyl)methyl)-l- azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-one, an intermediate in the synthesis of compounds of the present invention (see section entitled "Substituted-2-(Arylalkyl)-l- azabicycloalkanes").
• Reduction of the ketone to the alcohol can be accomplished, for example, using sodium borohydride, aluminum isopropoxide, or other reagents known in the art of chemical synthesis for carrying out similar reductions.
• Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene can be used for the dehydrohalogenation reaction, according to the method of Wolkoff, J. Org. Chem. 47: 1944 (1982).
• the 2-((3-pyridinyl)methylene)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-one can then be converted into 2-((3-pyridinyl)methyl)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane by first reducing the ketone functionality using sodium borohydride.
• the resulting unsaturated alcohol, 2-((3- pyridinyl)methylene)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-ol is treated with thionyl chloride (to make the chloro compound), followed by Raney nickel (to reductively remove the chloro moiety), and then hydrogenated, for example, over a palladium catalyst (to reduce the double bond) to give the alkane.
• thionyl chloride to make the chloro compound
• Raney nickel to reductively remove the chloro moiety
• hydrogenated for example, over a palladium catalyst (to reduce the double bond)
• This route provides access to both 2-((3-pyridinyl)methylene)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane and 2-((3- pyridinyl)methyl)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-ene.
• 2-(arylalkyl)-l-azabicycloalkanes can be made by reacting aryl-containing organometallic compounds with azabicyclic carbonyl compounds and subsequently reducing the resulting alcohol, using the methods described above, to the alkane.
• 2-((3-pyridinyl)hydroxymethyl)-l- azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane can be produced by reacting 3-pyridinyllithium with quinuclidine-2-carboxaldehyde.
• the aldol condensation product, 2-((5-bromo-3-pyridinyl)methylene)-l- azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-one, can then be treated with sodium borohydride to yield the alcohol, 2-((5-bromo-3-pyridinyl)methylene)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-ol, as a crystalline solid.
• This intermediate is reacted with neat thionyl chloride at room temperature to give 3-chloiO-2-((5-bromo-3-pyridinyl)methylene)-l- azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane dihydrochloride as a pure crystalline solid.
• Reductive removal of the chlorine can be accomplished using lithium trimethoxyaluminum hydride and copper iodide as described by Masamune et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 95:
• 2-((6-bromo-3-pyridinyl)methyl)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane can be prepared in a similar manner by replacing 5-bromopyridine-3-carboxaldehyde with 4- bromopyridine-3-carboxaldehyde or 6-bromopyridine-3-carboxaldehyde, respectively, in the synthetic approach given above.
• the required aldehyde, 5-bromo ⁇ yridine-3-carboxaldehyde, can be prepared from 5-bromonicotinic acid (commercially available from Aldrich Chemical Company and Lancaster Synthesis, Inc.).
• the 5-bromonicotinic acid can be treated with ethyl chloroformate to form a mixed anhydride, which can then be reduced, for example, with lithium aluminum hydride in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at -78°C, to afford
• 5-bromo-3-(hydroxymethyl)pyridine as reported by Ashimori et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(9): 2446 (1990).
• the 5-bromonicotinic acid can be esterified, for example, in the presence of sulfuric acid and ethanol and the intermediate ethyl ester reduced with an excess of sodium borohydride to yield 5-bromo-3- (hydroxymethyl)pyridine, according to the techniques reported in Nutaitis et al., Org.
• 6-Bromopyridine-3-carboxaldehyde can be prepared according to procedures described in Windschief and Voegtle, Synthesis 1: 87 (1994) or German Patent No. 93/4320432 to Fey et al.
• protecting groups can be choosen, introduced and cleaved in accordance to methods described by Greene and Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis 2 nd ed., Wiley - Interscience Pub. (1991). Examples of suitable synthons are described, for example, in Hase, Umpoled Synthons: A Survey of Sources and Uses in Synthesis, Wiley, Europe (1987). The contents of these publications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
• the compounds of the present invention can contain more than one carbon in the linker between the heteroaromatic ring and azabicyclic ring functionalities.
• the manner in which such compounds as 2-(2-(3-pyridinyl)ethyl)-l- azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, 2-(3-(3-pyridinyl)propyl)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, and 2- (4-(3-pyridinyl)butyl)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane can be prepared can vary.
• 2-(2-(3-pyridinyl)ethyl)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane can be prepared by different methods.
• 3-pyridineacetaldehyde also known as 2-(3- pyridinyl)ethanal
• 3-quinuclidinone hydrochloride commercially available from Aldrich Chemical Company
• a base such as potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide in methanol or sodium ethoxide in ethanol.
• intermediate condensation products such as 2-(l-hydroxy-2-(3- pyridinyl)ethyl)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-one
• intermediate condensation products such as 2-(l-hydroxy-2-(3- pyridinyl)ethyl)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-one
• the carbon-carbon double bond of this unsaturated ketone can be reduced by hydrogenation to give the ketone, 2-(2-(3-pyridinyl)ethyl)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-one, which can be further reduced under Wolff-Kishner conditions to yield 2-(2-(3-pyridinyl)ethyl)-l- azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane.
• Methods similar to those described by Yanina et al., Khim.- Farm. Zh. 21(7): 808 (1987) can be used for the latter reductions.
• the ketone can be reduced to the alcohol using sodium borohydride and the alcohol
• 3-pyridineacetaldehyde also known as 2-(3- pyridinyl)ethanal
• 3-pyridinylacetic acid hydrochloride commercially available from Aldrich Chemical Company and Lancaster Synthesis, Inc.
• treatment with trimethylsilyl chloride and triethylamine generates the trimethylsilyl ester, which can then be reduced with diisobutylaluminum hydride according to the method of Chandrasekhar et al., Tet. Lett. 39: 909 (1998).
• 3-pyridineacetaldehyde can be prepared from 3-(3-pyridinyl)acrylic acid (commercially available from Aldrich Chemical Company and Lancaster Synthesis, Inc.) using the method of Hey et al., J.
• 3-(3-pyridinyl)acrylic acid can be converted to its acid chloride by treatment with thionyl chloride.
• Subsequent treatment of the acid chloride with ammonia according to the method of Panizza, Helv. Chim. Ada 24: 24E (1941), yields ⁇ -(3-pyridinyl)acrylamide.
• the aldehyde, 3-(3-pyridinyl)propanal which can be used to prepare 2-(3-(3- pyridinyl)propyl)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2] octane and related compounds, can be prepared from 3-(3-pyridinyl)propanol (commercially available from Aldrich Chemical Company and Lancaster Synthesis, Inc.). Oxidation of the latter alcohol, for example, with lead acetate in pyridine, according to the method of Ratcliffe et al., J. Chem.
• 3-(3-pyridinyl)propanal can be prepared by Swern oxidization of 3-(3- pyridinyl)propanol using oxalyl chloride in dimethyl sulfoxide and dichloromethane according to the methods of Stocks et al., ret. Lett. 36(36): 6555 (1995) and Mancuso et al., J. Org. Chem. 44(23): 4148 (1979).
• the aldehyde, 4-(3-pyridinyl)butanal, required for the preparation of 2-(4-(3- pyridinyl)butyl)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane and related compounds can be prepared from 3-(3-pyridinyl)propanol (commercially available from Aldrich Chemical Company and Lancaster Synthesis, Inc.) by a homologative process according to the method of Solladie et al., Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 8(5): 801 (1997). Treatment of 3-
• 3-picoline can be converted into its lithio derivative, 3- (lithiomethyl)pyridine, as described by Fraser et al., J. Org. Chem. 50: 3232 (1985), and reacted with quinuclidine-2-carboxaldehyde.
• the resulting alcohol, 2-(l- hydroxy-2-(3-pyridinyl)ethyl)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane can then be converted to 2- (2-(3-pyridinyl)ethyl)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane by one of the sequences previously described (i.e., dehydration, catalytic hydrogenation; conversion to the chloride, dehydrohalogenation, catalytic hydrogenation; conversion to the chloride, Raney nickel reduction).
• the synthesis of quinuclidine-2-carboxaldehyde is described by Ricciardi and Doukas, Heterocycles 24: 971 (1986).
• Compounds of the present invention include those in which the azabicycle is l-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane.
• the manner in which 2-((3-pyridinyl)methyl)-l- azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanes can be synthesized can vary. In one approach, pyridine-3- carboxaldehyde can be reacted with l-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-3-one in an aldol condensation.
• the aldol condensation product 2-((3- ⁇ yridinyl)methylene)-l- azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-3-one, can then be converted, using reaction sequences described previously for the l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane case, into 2-((3- pyridinyl)methyl)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane.
• -30- RTP 59249v8 substituted, carbocyclic or heterocyclic aromatic aldehydes can be employed in this sequence.
• the requisite l-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-3-one can be synthesized, for example, according to the methods of Wadsworth et al., U.S. patent No. 5,217,975 and Street et al., J. Med. Chem. 33: 2690 (1990).
• the present invention includes compounds in which the azabicycle is 1- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane, such as 2-((3-pyridinyl)methyl)-l-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane.
• the requisite l-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-one can be synthesized, for example, according to the method of Thill and Aaron, J. Org. Chem. 33: 4376 (1969). In all cases, the saturated ketone and alcohol intermediates provide a synthetic approach to compounds of the present invention.
• RTP 59249v8 predominant product This ketone can then be treated with sodium borohydride to yield the alcohol, 2-(l-phenyl-l-(3-pyridinyl)methyl)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-ol.
• This alcohol can then be reacted with neat thionyl chloride at room temperature to give 3-chloro-2-(l-phenyl-l-(3-pyridinyl)methyl)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane as a crystalline solid.
• the chlorine can be removed by hydrogenation in the presence of
• Raney nickel as described by de Koning, Org. Prep. Proced. Int. 7: 31 (1975), to give 2-(l-phenyl-l-(3-pyridinyl)methyl)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane.
• a number of alkyl and aryl substitaents can be installed on the linker moiety between the heteroaromatic (e.g., pyridine) and azabicyclic (e.g., quinuclidine) rings.
• the saturated ketone intermediates such as 2-((3-pyridinyl)methyl)-l- azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-one, also present opportunities for derivatization.
• One example is the reaction with phosphorus ylids (Wittig and Horner-Emmons reagents) to give alkenes.
• alkenes can subsequently be reduced to alkanes by catalytic hydrogenation, providing a means of producing 2-((heteroaryl)alkyl)-l-azabicycles with alkyl and substituted alkyl substituents at the 3-position of the azabicycle.
• 2-((3-pyridinyl)methyl)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-one reacts with methylenetriphenylphosphorane to give 3-methylene-2-((3-pyridinyl)methyl)-l- azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane.
• Hydrogenation of this alkene for example, over palladium on carbon catalyst, yields 3-methyl-2-((3-pyridinyl)methyl)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane as predominantly the cis diastereomer.
• reaction of 2-((3-pyridinyl)methyl)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-one with methylamine and sodium cyanoborohydride provides 3-(methylamino)-2-((3-pyridinyl)methyl)-l- azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane.
• amine derivatives can be used as a template for library formation by reacting them with a variety of acylating agents (e.g., acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, active esters, and carboxylic acids in the presence of coupling reagents) and isocyanates to produce 2-((3-pyridinyl)methyl)-l- azabicyclo[2.2.2] octanes with amide and urea substituents in the 3-position of the 1- azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, both of which classes are compounds of the present
• acylating agents e.g., acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, active esters, and carboxylic acids in the presence of coupling reagents
• isocyanates to produce 2-((3-pyridinyl)methyl)-l- azabicyclo[2.2.2] octanes with amide and urea substituents in the 3-position of the 1- azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane,
• isocyanates can be prepared in situ from corresponding amines and triphosgene in the presence of triethylamine. Such derivatives can be produced as single enantiomers, using the single enantiomers of 3- arnino-2-((3-pyridinyl)methyl)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane and 3-(methylamino)-2-((3- pyridinyl)methyl)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane as starting materials. For instance, the
• (2R,3R)- and (2S,3S)-3-amino-2-((3-pyridinyl)methyl)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octanes can be produced by resolution of the cis 3-amino-2-((3-pyridinyl)methyl)-l- azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, for example, using diastereomeric amides.
• a pair of diastereomeric amides, separable by reverse phase chromatography is produced.
• the separated proline amides can then be deprotected, for example, by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid (to remove the tert-butoxycarbonyl protecting group) and then the proline can be cleaved from the desired amine, for example, using Edman degradation conditions (i.e., phenylisothiocyanate, followed by trifluoroacetic acid).
• racemic reductive amination products such as 3-amino-2-((3- pyridinyl)methyl)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane can be separated into their enantiomers by fractional crystallization of the di-O-p-toluoyltartaric acid salts.
• D (S,S) and L (R,R) isomers of this acid are commercially available (Aldrich Chemical Company).
• the saturated alcohol intermediates such as 2-((3-pyridinyl)methyl)-l- azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-ol
• ethers can be generated from these alcohols, for example, using either Mitsunobu or Williamson conditions.
• 2-((3- pyridinyl)methyl)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-ol is reacted with phenol via Mitsunobu coupling with diethylazidocarboxylate and triphenylphosphine (Guthrie et al., J. Chem.
• the saturated alcohol intermediates can also be reacted with acylating agents (e.g., acid chlorides and anhydrides) and isocyanates to produce esters and carbamates, respectively.
• acylating agents e.g., acid chlorides and anhydrides
• isocyanates to produce esters and carbamates, respectively.
• 2-((3-pyridinyl)methyl)-l- azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-ol reacts with phenylisocyanate to yield 3-(N- phenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-((3-pyridinyl)methyl)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane.
• Such carbamate compounds are compounds of the present invention.
• Such derivatives can be produced as single enantiomers, using the single enantiomers of 2-((3-pyridinyl)methyl)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-ol as starting materials.
• the (2R,3R)- and (2S,3S)-2-((3-pyridinyl)methyl)-l- azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-ols can be produced by resolution of the cis 2-((3- pyridinyl)methyl)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-ol, using diastereomeric esters.
• esters when the cis alcohol is reacted with (S)-2-methoxy-2-phenylacetic acid and N,N- dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, a pair of diastereomeric esters, separable by reverse phase chromatography, is produced.
• the separated esters can then be hydrolyzed to the enantiomerically pure alcohols, for example, using potassium hydroxide in methanol.
• (lS)-(-)-camphanic acid chloride can be used to produce diastereomeric camphanate esters of cis 2-((3-pyridinyl)methyl)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-ol.
• the esters are then fractionally crystallized, using the procedure described by Swaim, et al., J. Med. Chem. 38: 4793 (1995).
• a number of compounds possessing substituents al the 5-position of the pyridine ring can be prepared from 2-((5-bromo-3-pyridinyl)methyl)-l- azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, the synthesis of which has already been described.
• the 5-amino-substituted compound can be prepared from the corresponding
• 5-bromo compound using ammonia in the presence of a copper catalyst according to the general method of Zwart et al., Recueil Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 74: 1062 (1955).
• 5- Alkylamino-substitated compounds can be prepared in a similar manner.
• 5-Alkoxy- substituted analogs can be prepared from the corresponding 5-bromo compounds by heating with a sodium alkoxide in N,N-dimethylformamide or by use of a copper catalyst according to the general techniques described by Comins et al., J. Org. Chem. 55: 69 (1990) and den Hertog et al., Recueil Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 74: 1171 (1955).
• 5-Ethynyl-substituted compounds can be prepared from the appropriate 5-bromo compounds by palladium-catalyzed coupling using 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol, followed
• the 5-ethynyl analogs can be converted into the corresponding 5-ethenyl, and subsequently to the corresponding 5-ethyl analogs by successive catalytic hydrogenation reactions.
• the 5-phenyl analogs can be prepared from the 5-bromo compounds by Suzuki coupling with phenylboronic acid. Substituted phenylboronic acids can also be used.
• the 5- azido-substituted analogs can be prepared from the corresponding 5-bromo compounds by reaction with sodium azide in N,N-dimethylformamide.
• 5-Alkylthio- substitated analogs can be prepared from the corresponding 5-bromo compound by reaction with an appropriate alkylmercaptan in the presence of sodium, using techniques known to those skilled in the art of organic synthesis.
• a number of 5-substituted analogs of the aforementioned compounds can be synthesized from the corresponding 5-amino compounds via the 5-diazonium salt intermediates.
• the other 5-substituted analogs that can be produced from 5- diazonium salt intermediates are: 5-hydroxy analogs, 5-fluoro analogs, 5-chloro analogs, 5-bromo analogs, 5-iodo analogs, 5-cyano analogs, and 5-mercapto analogs. These compounds can be synthesized using the general techniques set forth in Zwart et al., Recueil Trav. Chun. Pays-Bas 74: 1062 (1955).
• 5-hydroxy- substitated analogs can be prepared from the reaction of the corresponding 5- diazonium salt intermediates with water.
• 5-Fluoro-substitated analogs can be prepared from the reaction of the 5-diazonium salt intermediates with fluoroboric acid.
• 5-Chloro-substitated analogs can be prepared from the reaction of the 5-amino compounds with sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid in the presence of copper chloride.
• 5-Cyano-substituted analogs can be prepared from the reaction of the corresponding 5-diazonium salt intermediates with potassium copper cyanide.
• Amino- substituted analogs can also be converted to the corresponding 5-nitro analogs by reaction with fuming sulfuric acid and peroxide, according to the general techniques described in Morisawa, J. Med. Chem. 20: 129 (1977) for converting an aminopyridine to a nitropyridine.
• Appropriate 5-diazonium salt intermediates can also be used for the synthesis of mercapto-substituted analogs using the general techniques described in Hoffman et al., J. Med. Chem. 36: 953 (1993).
• the 5- mercapto-substituted analogs can in turn be converted to the 5-alkylthio-substitated analogs by reaction with sodium hydride and an appropriate alkyl bromide.
• 5- Acylamido analogs of the aforementioned compounds can be prepared by reaction of
• 5-Hydroxy-substituted analogs of the aforementioned compounds can be used to prepare corresponding 5-alkanoyloxy-substituted compounds by reaction with the appropriate acid, acid chloride, or acid anhydride.
• the 5-hydroxy compounds are precursors of both the 5-aryloxy and 5-heteroaryloxy analogs via nucleophilic aromatic substitution at electron deficient aromatic rings (e.g., 4- fluorobenzonitrile and 2,4-dichloropyrimidine). Such chemistry is well known to those skilled in the art of organic synthesis.
• Ether derivatives can also be prepared from the 5-hydroxy compounds by alkylation with alkyl halides and a suitable base or via Mitsunobu chemistry, in which a trialkyl- or triarylphosphine and diethyl azodicarboxylate are typically used. See Hughes, Org. React. (N.Y.) 42: 335 (1992) and Hughes, Org. Prep. Proced. Int. 28: 127 (1996) for typical Mitsunobu conditions. 5-Cyano-substituted analogs of the aforementioned compounds can be hydrolyzed to afford the corresponding 5-carboxamido-substituted compounds.
• 5-carboxylic acid- substituted analogs Further hydrolysis results in formation of the corresponding 5-carboxylic acid- substituted analogs. Reduction of the 5-cyano-substituted analogs with lithium aluminum hydride yields the corresponding 5-aminomethyl analogs.
• 5-Acyl- substituted analogs can be prepared from corresponding 5-carboxylic acid-substituted analogs by reaction with an appropriate alkyllithium reagent using techniques known to those skilled in the art of organic synthesis.
• 5-Carboxylic acid-substituted analogs of the aforementioned compounds can be converted to the corresponding esters by reaction with an appropriate alcohol and acid catalyst.
• Compounds with an ester group at the 5-pyridinyl position can be reduced, for example, with sodium borohydride or lithium aluminum hydride to produce the corresponding 5-hydroxymethyl-substituted analogs.
• These analogs in turn can be converted to compounds bearing an alkoxymethyl moiety at the 5- pyridinyl position by reaction, for example, with sodium hydride and an appropriate alkyl halide, using conventional techniques.
• the 5-hydroxymethyl- substituted analogs can be reacted with tosyl chloride to provide the corresponding 5- tosyloxymethyl analogs.
• the 5-carboxylic acid-substituted analogs can also be converted to the corresponding 5-alkylaminoacyl analogs by sequential treatment with thionyl chloride and an appropriate alkylamine. Certain of these amides are known to readily undergo nucleophilic acyl substitution to produce ketones. Thus, the so-called
• 5-Tosyloxymethyl-substituted analogs of the aforementioned compounds can be converted to the corresponding 5-methyl-substitated compounds by reduction with lithium aluminum hydride.
• 5-Tosyloxymethyl-substituted analogs of the aforementioned compounds can also be used to produce 5-alkyl-substituted compounds via reaction with an alkyl lithium salt.
• 5-Hydroxy-substituted analogs of the aforementioned compounds can be used to prepare 5-N-alkylcarbamoyloxy- substituted compounds by reaction with N-alkylisocyanates.
• 5-Amino-substitated analogs of the aforementioned compounds can be used to prepare 5-N- alkoxycarboxamido-substitated compounds by reaction with alkyl chloroformate esters, using techniques known to those skilled in the art of organic synthesis.
• the compounds can be isolated and purified using methods well known to those of skill in the art, including, for example, crystallization, chromatography and/or extraction.
• the compounds of Formulas 1 and 2 can be obtained in optically pure form by separating their racemates in accordance with the customary methods or by using optically pure starting materials.
• the compounds of Formulas 1 and 2 can optionally be converted into addition salts with a mineral or organic acid by the action of such an acid in an appropriate solvent, for example, an organic solvent such as an alcohol, a ketone, an ether or a chlorinated solvent.
• an appropriate solvent for example, an organic solvent such as an alcohol, a ketone, an ether or a chlorinated solvent.
• Representative pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, benzenesulphonate, bromide, chloride, citrate, ethanesulphonate, fumarate, gluconate, iodate, maleate, isethionate, methanesulphonate,
• Certain compounds of the present invention can be synthesized in such a manner as to incorporate a radionuclide useful in diagnostic imaging.
• a radionuclide useful in diagnostic imaging.
• those compounds that include radioactive isotopic moieties such as n C, 18 F, 76 Br, 1 3 1, 125 I, and the like.
• the compounds can be radiolabeled at any of a variety of positions.
• a radionuclide of the halogen series may be used within an alkyl halide or aryl halide moiety or functionality; while a radionuclide such as U C may be used with an alkyl (e.g., methyl) moiety or functionality.
• This carboxylic acid can be rapidly coupled to 3-amino-2-((3-pyridinyl)methyl)-l- azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane), using any of a variety of techniques known to those skilled in the art (some of which are described previously), to generate N-(2-((3- pyridinyl)methyl)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl)-4- 18 fluorobenzamide, which can be used to specifically image ⁇ 7 nAChRs.
• Those compounds that include an amide or urea functionality can be readily radiolabeled by alkylating the amide or urea group with a radiolabeled haloalkane in the presence of a base (i.e., to form substituted compounds where R' is a radiolabeled lower alkyl, cycloalkyl or arylalkyl moiety).
• radiolabeled haloalkane is 1 ⁇ -labeled methyl iodide.
• nitrogen gas is irradiated with 10 MeV protons producing n C-carbon dioxide.
• the u C-carbon dioxide is trapped using 4A molecular sieves, which are subsequently stored in a lead shield.
• the * ⁇ -carbon dioxide is liberated from the 4A molecular sieves by heating to ⁇ 250°C.
• the l ⁇ -carbon dioxide is then carried in a stream of nitrogen and trapped in a vessel containing lithium aluminum hydride in tetrahydrofuran.
• the tetrahydrofuran is removed by heating and a nitrogen flow, and the lithium aluminum hydride complex is then hydrolyzed by treatment with hydriodic acid, affording l ⁇ -labeled methyl iodide.
• the ⁇ -labeled methyl iodide can be transferred by carrier gas to the reaction vessel containing the material to be methylated.
• the required amide- and urea-containing precursor compounds are described in detail above, and the resulting radiolabeled compounds can also be used to specifically image cc7 nAChRs.
• compositions The compounds described herein can be incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions and used to prevent a condition or disorder in a subject susceptible to such a condition or disorder, and/or to treat a subject suffering from the condition or disorder.
• the pharmaceutical compositions described herein include one or more compounds of Formulas 1 and 2 and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Chiral compounds can be employed as racemic mixtures or as pure enantiomers.
• compositions are preferably administered orally (e.g., in liquid form within a solvent such as an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid, or within a solid carrier).
• Preferred compositions for oral administration include pills, tablets, capsules, caplets, syrups, and solutions, including hard gelatin capsules and time-release capsules.
• compositions can be formulated in unit dose form, or in multiple or subunit doses. Preferred compositions are in liquid or semisolid form. Compositions including a liquid pharmaceutically inert carrier such as water or other pharmaceutically
• RTP 59249v8 compatible liquids or semisolids can be used.
• the use of such liquids and semisolids is well known to those of skill. in the art.
• compositions can also be administered via injection, i.e., intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, int ⁇ aperitoneally, intraarterially, intrathecally; and intracerebroventricularly.
• Intravenous administration is the preferred method of injection.
• Suitable carriers for injection are well known to those of skill in the art and include 5% dextrose solutions, saline, and phosphate-buffered saline.
• the compounds can also be administered as an infusion or injection (e.g., as a suspension or as an emulsion in a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid or mixture of liquids).
• the formulations can also be administered using other means, for example, rectal administration.
• Formulations useful for rectal administration are well known to those of skill in the art.
• the compounds can also be administered by inhalation (e.g., in the form of an aerosol either nasally or using delivery articles of the type set forth in U.S. Patent No. 4,922,901 to Brooks et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety); topically (e.g., in lotion form); or transdermally (e.g., using a transdermal patch, using technology that is commercially available from Novartis and Alza Corporation).
• inhalation e.g., in the form of an aerosol either nasally or using delivery articles of the type set forth in U.S. Patent No. 4,922,901 to Brooks et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety
• topically e.g., in lotion form
• transdermally e.g., using a transdermal patch, using technology that is commercially available from Novartis and Alza Corporation.
• compositions used and the particular subject receiving the treatment can contain a liquid carrier that can be oily, aqueous, emulsified or contain certain solvents suitable to the mode of administration.
• compositions can be administered intermittently or at a gradual, continuous, constant or controlled rate to a warm-blooded animal (e.g., a mammal such as a mouse, rat, cat, rabbit, dog, pig, cow, or monkey), but advantageously are administered to a human being.
• a warm-blooded animal e.g., a mammal such as a mouse, rat, cat, rabbit, dog, pig, cow, or monkey
• time of day and the number of times per day that the pharmaceutical formulation is administered can vary.
• the active ingredients interact with receptor sites within the body of the subject that affect the functioning of the CNS. More specifically, in treating a CNS disorder, preferable administration is designed to optimize the effect upon those relevant nicotinic acethylcholine receptor (nAChR)
• RTP 59249v8 subtypes that have an effect upon the functioning of the CNS, while minimizing the effects upon muscle-type receptor subtypes.
• Other suitable methods for administering the compounds of the present invention are described in U.S. Patent No. 5,604,231 to Smith et al., the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
• the compounds described herein can be employed as part of a pharmaceutical composition with other compounds intended to prevent or treat a particular disorder.
• the pharmaceutical compositions can also include various other components as additives or adjuncts.
• Exemplary pharmaceutically acceptable components or adjuncts which are employed in relevant circumstances include antioxidants, free-radical scavenging agents, peptides, growth factors, antibiotics, bacteriostatic agents, immunosuppressives, anticoagulants, buffering agents, anti- inflammatory agents, anti-pyretics, time-release binders, anesthetics, steroids, vitamins, minerals and corticosteroids.
• Such components can provide additional therapeutic benefit, act to affect the therapeutic action of the pharmaceutical composition, or act towards preventing any potential side effects that can be imposed as a result of administration of the pharmaceutical composition.
• the appropriate dose of the compound is that amount effective to prevent occurrence of the symptoms of the disorder or to treat some symptoms of the disorder from which the patient suffers.
• an effective dose is meant that amount sufficient to elicit the desired pharmacological or therapeutic effects, thus resulting in effective prevention or treatment of the disorder.
• an effective amount of compound is an amount sufficient to pass across the blood-brain barrier of the subject, to bind to relevant receptor sites in the brain of the subject and to modulate the activity of relevant nAChR subtypes (e.g., provide neurotransmitter secretion, thus resulting in effective prevention or treatment of the disorder).
• Prevention of the disorder is manifested by delaying the onset of the symptoms of the disorder.
• Treatment of the disorder is manifested by a decrease in the symptoms associated with the disorder or an amelioration of the recurrence of the symptoms of the disorder.
• the effective amount is sufficient to obtain the desired result, but insufficient to cause appreciable side effects.
• the effective dose can vary, depending upon factors such as the condition of
• the effective dose of typical compounds generally requires administering the compound in an amount sufficient to modulate the activity of relevant nAChRs to effect neurotransmitter (e.g., dopamine) release, but the amount should be insufficient to induce effects on skeletal muscles and ganglia to any significant degree.
• the effective dose of compounds will of course differ from patient to patient, but in general includes amounts starting where CNS effects or other desired therapeutic effects occur but below the amount where muscular effects are observed.
• the compounds when employed in effective amounts in accordance with the method described herein, are selective to certain relevant nAChRs, but do not significantly activate receptors associated with undesirable side effects at concentrations at least greater than those required for eliciting the release of dopamine or other neurotransmitters.
• a particular dose of compound effective in preventing and/or treating a CNS disorder is essentially ineffective in eliciting activation of certain ganglionic-type nAChRs at concentration higher than 5 times, preferably higher than 100 times, and more preferably higher than 1,000 times than those required for modulation of neurotransmitter release.
• the compounds described herein when employed in effective amounts in accordance with the methods described herein, can provide some degree of prevention of the progression of CNS disorders, ameliorate symptoms of CNS disorders, and ameliorate to some degree of the recurrence of CNS disorders.
• the effective amounts of those compounds are typically below the threshold concentration required to elicit any appreciable side effects, for example those effects relating to skeletal muscle.
• the compounds can be administered in a therapeutic window in which certain CNS disorders are treated and certain side effects are avoided.
• the effective dose of the compounds described herein is sufficient to provide the desired effects upon the CNS but is insufficient (i.e., is not at a high enough level) to provide undesirable side effects.
• the compounds are administered at a dosage effective for treating the CNS disorders but less than 1/5, and often less than 1/10, the amount required to
• effective doses are at very low concentrations, where maximal effects are observed to occur, with a minimum of side effects.
• the effective dose of such compounds generally requires administering the compound in an amount of less than 5 mg/kg of patient weight.
• the compounds of the present invention are administered in an amount from less than about 1 mg/kg patent weight and usually less than about 100 ⁇ g/kg of patient weight, but frequently between about 10 ⁇ g to less than 100 ⁇ g/kg of patient weight.
• the effective dose is less than 5 mg/kg of patient weight; and often such compounds are administered in an amount from 50 ⁇ g to less than 5 mg/kg of patient weight.
• the foregoing effective doses typically represent that amount administered as a single dose, or as one or more doses administered over a 24-hour period.
• the effective dose of typical compounds generally requires administering the compound in an amount of at least about 1, often at least about 10, and frequently at least about 100 mg/ 24 hr/ patient.
• the effective dose of typical compounds requires administering the compound which generally does not exceed about 500, often does not exceed about 400, and frequently does not exceed about 300 mg/ 24 hr/ patient.
• the compositions are advantageously administered at an effective dose such that the concentration of the compound within the plasma of the patient normally does not exceed 50 ng/mL, often does not exceed 30 ng/mL, and frequently does not exceed 10 ng/mL.
• the compounds can be used to treat those types of conditions and disorders for which other types of nicotinic compounds have been proposed as therapeutics. See, for example, Williams et al., Drug News Perspec 7(4):205 (1994), Arneric et al., CNS Drug Rev. 1(1): 1 (1995), Arneric et al., Exp. Opiti. Invest. Drugs 5(1):79 (1996), Bencherif et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Tlier. 279:1413 (1996), Lippiello et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Tlier. 279:1422 (1996), Damaj et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Tfier.
• the compounds can be used to treat those types of conditions and disorders for which nicotinic compounds with selectivity for the ⁇ 7 nAChR subtype have been proposed as therapeutics. See, for example, Leonard et al.,
• the compounds can also be used as adjunct therapy in combination with existing therapies in the management of the aforementioned types of diseases and disorders.
• it is preferably to administer the active ingredients in a manner that minimizes effects upon nAChR subtypes such as those that are associated with muscle and ganglia. This can be accomplished by targeted drug delivery and/or by adjusting the dosage such that a desired effect is obtained without meeting the threshold dosage required to achieve significant side effects.
• the pharmaceutical compositions can be used to ameliorate any of the symptoms associated with those conditions, diseases and disorders. Representative classes of disorders that can be treated are discussed in detail below.
• CNS disorders can be drug induced; can be attributed to genetic predisposition, infection or trauma; or can be of unknown etiology.
• CNS disorders comprise neuropsychiatric
• CNS disorders whose clinical manifestations have been attributed to CNS dysfunction (i.e., disorders resulting from inappropriate levels of neurotransmitter release, inappropriate properties of neurotransmitter receptors, and/or inappropriate interaction between neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter receptors).
• CNS disorders can be attributed to a deficiency of choline, dopamine, norepinephrine and/or serotonin.
• CNS disorders examples include pre-senile dementia (early onset Alzheimer's disease), senile dementia (dementia of the Alzheimer's type), Lewy Body dementia, micro-infarct dementia, AIDS-related dementia, HlV-dementia, multiple cerebral infarcts, Parkinsonism including Parkinson's disease, Pick's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, Huntington's chorea, tardive dyskinesia, hyperkinesia, mania, attention deficit disorder, anxiety, depression, dyslexia, schizophrenia depression, obsessive- compulsive disorders, Tourette's syndrome, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), age- associated memory impairment (AAMI), premature amnesic and cognitive disorders which are age-related or a consequence of alcoholism, or immunodeficiency syndrome, or are associated with vascular disorders, with genetic alterations (such as, for example, trisomy 21) or with attention deficiencies or learning deficiencies, acute or chronic neurodegenerative conditions such as am
• Schizophrenia is an example of a CNS disorder that is particularly amenable to treatment by modulating the ⁇ 7 nAChR subtype.
• the compounds can also be administered to improve cognition and/or provide neuroprotection, and these uses are also particularly amenable to treatment with compounds, such as the compounds of the present invention, that are specific for the ⁇ 7 nAChR subtype.
• the disorders can be treated and/or prevented by administering to a patient in need of treatment or prevention thereof an effective treatment or preventative amount of a compound that provides some degree of prevention of the progression of a CNS disorder (i.e., provides protective effects), ameliorating the symptoms of the disorder,
• the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ⁇ 7 subunit is required for acetylcholine inhibition of macrophage TNF release, and also inhibits release of other cytokines.
• Agonists (or, at elevated dosages, partial agonists) at the 7-specific receptor subtype can inhibit the TNF-modulated inflammatory response. Accordingly, those compounds described herein that are 7 agonists can be used to treat inflammatory disorders characterized by excessive synthesis of TNF (See also Wang et al., "Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ⁇ 7 subunit is an essential regulator of inflammation", Nature, 421:384-8(2003)).
• Inflammatory conditions that can be treated or prevented by administering the compounds described herein include, but are not limited to, chronic and acute inflammation, psoriasis, gout, acute pseudogout, acute gouty arthritis, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, allograft rejection, chronic transplant rejection, asthma, atherosclerosis, mononuclear-phagocyte dependent lung injury, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, atopic dermatitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, adult respiratory distress syndrome, acute chest syndrome in sickle cell disease, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, acute cholangitis, aphteous stomatitis, glomerulonephritis, lupus nephritis, thrombosis, and graft vs. host reaction.
• bacterial and/or viral infections are associated with side effects brought on by the formation of toxins, and the body's natural response to the bacteria or virus and/or the toxins. Examples of such bacterial infections include anthrax, botulism, and sepsis. As discussed above, the body's response to infection often involves generating a significant amount of TNF and/or other cytokines. The over-expression of these cytokines can result in significant injury, such as septic shock (when the bacteria is sepsis), endotoxic shock, urosepsis and toxic shock syndrome.
• Cytokine expression is mediated by the ⁇ 7 nAChR, and can be inhibited by administering agonists or partial agonists of these receptors.
• Those compounds described herein that are agonists or partial agonists of these receptors can therefore be used to minimize the inflammatory response associated with bacterial infection, as well as viral and fungal infections. Certain of the compounds themselves may also have antimicrobial properties.
• Antitoxins can also be used to bind to toxins produced by the infectious agents and allow the bound toxins to pass through the body without generating an inflammatory response. Examples of antitoxins are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 6,310,043 to Bundle et al., incorporated herein by reference. Other agents effective against bacterial and other toxins can be effective and their therapeutic effect can be complimented by co-administration with the compounds described herein.
• the compounds can be administered to treat and/or prevent pain, including neurologic, neuropathic and chronic pain.
• the analgesic activity of compounds described herein can be demonstrated in models of persistent inflammatory pain and of neuropathic pain, performed as described in U.S. Published Patent Application No. 20010056084 Al (Allgeier et al.) (e.g., mechanical hyperalgesia in the complete Freund's adjuvant rat model of inflammatory pain and mechanical hyperalgesia in the mouse partial sciatic nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain).
• the analgesic effect is suitable for treating pain of various genesis or etiology, in particular in treating inflammatory pain and associated hyperalgesia, neuropathic pain and associated hyperalgesia, chronic pain (e.g., severe chronic pain, post-
• Inflammatory pain may be of diverse genesis, including arthritis and rheumatoid disease, teno-synovitis and vasculitis.
• Neuropathic pain includes trigeminal or herpetic neuralgia, diabetic neuropathy pain, causalgia, low back pain and deafferentation syndromes such as brachial plexus avulsion.
• the 7 nAChR is also associated with neovascularization.
• Inhibition of neovascularization for example, by administering antagonists (or at certain dosages, partial agonists) of the 7 nAChR can treat or prevent conditions characterized by undesirable neovascularization or angiogenesis. Such conditions can include those characterized by inflammatory angiogenesis and/or ischemia-induced angiogenesis.
• Neovascularization associated with tumor growth can also be inhibited by administering those compounds described herein that function as antagonists or partial agonists of 7 nAChR.
• Representative tumor types that can be treated using the compounds described herein include NSCLC, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast carcinoma, colon carcinoma, rectum carcinoma, lung carcinoma, oropharynx carcinoma, hypopharynx carcinoma, esophagus carcinoma, stomach carcinoma, pancreas carcinoma, liver carcinoma, gallbladder carcinoma, bile duct carcinoma, small intestine carcinoma, urinary tract carcinoma, kidney carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, urothelium carcinoma, female genital tract carcinoma, cervix carcinoma, uterus carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, gestational trophoblastic disease, male genital tract
• -48- RTP 59249v8 carcinoma prostate carcinoma, seminal vesicles carcinoma, testes carcinoma, germ cell tumors, endocrine gland carcinoma, thyroid carcinoma, adrenal carcinoma, pituitary gland carcinoma, skin carcinoma, hemangiomas, melanomas, sarcomas, bone and soft tissue sarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, tumors of the brain, tumors of the nerves, tumors of the eyes, tamors of the meninges, astrocytomas, gliomas, glioblastomas, retinoblastomas, neuromas, neuroblastomas, Schwannomas, meningiomas, solid tumors arising from hematopoietic malignancies (such as leukemias, chloromas, plasmacytomas and the plaques and tumors of mycosis fungoides and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma/leukemia), and solid tumors arising from lymphomas.
• the compounds can also be administered in conjunction with other forms of anti-cancer treatment, including co-administration with antineoplastic antitumor agents such as cis-platin, adriamycin, daunomycin, and the like, and/or anti-VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) agents, as such are known in the art.
• antineoplastic antitumor agents such as cis-platin, adriamycin, daunomycin, and the like
• anti-VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
• the compounds can be administered in such a manner that they are targeted to the tumor site.
• the compounds can be administered in microspheres, microparticles or liposomes conjugated to various antibodies that direct the microparticles to the tumor.
• the compounds can be present in microspheres, microparticles or liposomes that are appropriately sized to pass through the arteries and veins, but lodge in capillary beds surrounding tumors and administer the compounds locally to the tumor.
• drug delivery devices are known in the art.
• the compounds can be also used to prevent or treat certain other conditions, diseases, and disorders.
• autoimmune disorders such as Lupus
• disorders associated with cytokine release e.g., as occurs in AIDS, AIDS related complex and neoplasia
• cachexia secondary to infection e.g., as occurs in AIDS, AIDS related complex and neoplasia
• the compounds can also be administered to treat convulsions such as those that are symptomatic of epilepsy, and to treat conditions such as syphillis and Creutzfeld- Jakob disease.
• the compounds can be used in diagnostic compositions, such as probes, particularly when they are modified to include appropriate labels.
• the probes can be used, for example, to determine the relative number and/or function of specific receptors, particularly the ⁇ 7 receptor subtype.
• the compounds of the present invention most preferably are labeled with a radioactive isotopic moiety such as U C,
• the administered compounds can be detected using known detection methods appropriate for the label used.
• detection methods include position emission topography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).
• PET position emission topography
• SPECT single-photon emission computed tomography
• the radiolabels described above are useful in PET (e.g., ⁇ C, 18 F or 76 Br) and SPECT (e.g., 123 I) imaging, with half-lives of about 20.4 minutes for U C, about
• the administered doses typically are below the toxic range and provide high contrast images.
• the compounds are expected to be capable of administration in non-toxic levels. Determination of dose is carried out in a manner known to one skilled in the art of radiolabel imaging. See, for example, U.S. Patent No. 5,969,144 to London et al.
• the compounds can be administered using known techniques. See, for example, U.S. Patent No. 5,969,144 to London et al.
• the compounds can be administered in formulation compositions that incorporate other ingredients, such as those types of ingredients that are useful in formulating a diagnostic composition.
• Compounds useful in accordance with carrying out the present invention most preferably are employed in forms of high purity. See, U.S. Patent No. 5,853,696 to Elmalch et al.
• the compounds After the compounds are administered to a subject (e.g., a human subject), the presence of that compound within the subject can be imaged and quantified by appropriate techniques in order to indicate the presence, quantity, and functionality of selected nicotinic cholinergic receptor subtypes.
• a subject e.g., a human subject
• the compounds can also be administered to animals, such as mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys.
• SPECT and PET imaging can be carried out using any appropriate technique and apparatus. See Villemagne et al, In: Arneric et al. (Eds.) Neuronal Nicotinic Receptors: Pharmacology and Therapeutic Opportunities, 235-250 (1998)
• the radiolabeled compounds bind with high affinity to selective nAChR subtypes (e.g., al) and preferably exhibit negligible non-specific binding to other nicotinic cholinergic receptor subtypes (e.g., those receptor subtypes associated with muscle and ganglia).
• the compounds can be used as agents for noninvasive imaging of nicotinic cholinergic receptor subtypes within the body of a subject, particularly within the brain for diagnosis associated with a variety of CNS diseases and disorders.
• the diagnostic compositions can be used in a method to diagnose disease in a subject, such as a human patient.
• the method involves administering to that patient a detectably labelled compound as described herein, and detecting the binding of that compound to selected nicotinic receptor subtypes (e.g., oc7 receptor subtype).
• selected nicotinic receptor subtypes e.g., oc7 receptor subtype.
• diagnostic tools such as PET and SPECT
• Such disorders include a wide variety of CNS diseases and disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia.
• CNS diseases and disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia.
• the diagnostic compositions can be used in a method to monitor selective nicotinic receptor subtypes of a subject, such as a human patient.
• the method involves administering a detectably labeled compound as described herein to that patient and detecting the binding of that compound to selected nicotinic receptor subtypes (e.g., the ⁇ 7 receptor subtype).
• the first step in synthesizing the compounds of interest is to synthesize 2-((3- pyridinyl)methyl)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-one, as described below:
• the precipitated N,N-dicyclohexylurea was filtered from the reaction mixture and the filtrate was extracted sequentially with water (200 mL), saturated aqueous NaHC0 3 (200 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (200 mL). The organic layer was dried (MgS0 4 ), filtered and concentrated to give a dark orange oil (4.45 g). A portion (4.2 g) of this diastereomeric mixture was dissolved in acetonitrile (8.4 mL) and separated, in portions, by preparative HPLC, using 90:10:0.1 acetonitrile/water/trifluoroacetic acid as eluent. The diastereomers exhibited retention times of 3.8 min and 4.5 min.
• the precipitated salt was collected by suction filtration and recrystaUized from 5 mL of methanol. Drying left 1.4 g of white solid, which was partitioned between chloroform (5 mL) and 2 M NaOH (5 mL). The chloroform layer and a 5 mL chloroform extract of the aqueous layer were combined, dried (Na S0 4 ) and concentrated to give a colorless oil (0.434 g). The enantiomeric purity of this free base was determined by conversion of a portion into its N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-L- prolinamide, which was then analyzed for diastereomeric purity (98%) using LCMS.
• the mother liquor from the initial crystallization was made basic ( ⁇ pH 11) with 2 M NaOH and extracted twice with chloroform (10 mL).
• the chloroform extracts were dried (Na 2 S0 4 ) and concentrated to give an oil.
• This amine (3.00 g, 13.8 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (10 mL) and treated with di-p-toluoyl-L- tartaric acid (2.76 g, 6.90 mmol).
• the mixture was warmed to aid dissolution and then cooled slowly to -5°C, where it remained overnight.
• the precipitate was collected by suction filtration, recrystaUized and dried. This left 1.05 g of white solid.
• RTP 59249v8 was dissolved in 4 M HC1 in dioxane and concentrated to dryness, leaving a hygroscopic white solid.
• Table 2 shows a list of various compounds within this example that were synthesized.
• Diphenylchlorophosphate (0.3 mmol) was added drop-wise to solutions of various arylcarboxylic acids (0.3 mmol) and triethylamine (0.3 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (1 mL). After stirring at ambient temperatare for 1 h, a solution of 3-amino-2-((3-pyridinyl)methyl)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (0.3 mmol) and triethylamine (0.6 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (0.5 mL) was added to each of the mixed anhydride solutions.
• Diphenylchlorophosphate (0.35 mL, 0.46 g, 1.69 mmol) was added drop-wise to a solution of the arylcarboxylic acid (0.280 g, 1.73 mmol) and triethylamine (0.24 mL, 0.17 g, 1.7 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (5 mL).
• RTP 59249v8 The following example describes the synthesis of various N-(2-((3- pyridinyl)methyl)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl)cinnamamides, which are built upon Scaffold 2. Table 4 shows a list of various compounds within this example that were synthesized.
• Example 4 N-(2-((3-pyridinyl)methyl)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yI)cinnamamides
• triethylamine 25 mL
• dry dichloromethane 0.5 mL
• 3-amino-2-((3-pyridinyl)methyl)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane 0.040 g, 0.18 mmol.
• the mixtare was cooled to 0°C and stirred for 30 min.
• various cinnamoyl chlorides (0.18 mmol) were added and the mixtures allowed to stir at 0°C for 30 min, then warm to room temperatare and stir overnight.
• Rats female, Sprague-Dawley
• Rats were maintained on a 12 h light/dark cycle and were allowed free access to water and food supplied by PMI Nutrition International, Inc.
• Animals were anesthetized with 70% C0 2 , then decapitated. Brains were removed and placed on an ice-cold platform.
• the cerebral cortex was removed and placed in 20 volumes (weight:volume) of ice-cold preparative buffer (137 mM NaCl, 10.7 mM KCl, 5.8 mM KH 2 P0 4 , 8 mM Na 2 HP0 4 , 20 mM HEPES (free acid), 5 mM iodoacetamide, 1.6 mM EDTA, pH 7.4); PMSF, dissolved in methanol to a final concentration of 100 ⁇ M, was added and the suspension was homogenized by Polytron. The homogenate was centrifuged at 18,000 x g for 20 min at 4°C and the resulting pellet was re-suspended in 20 volumes of ice-cold water.
• ice-cold preparative buffer 137 mM NaCl, 10.7 mM KCl, 5.8 mM KH 2 P0 4 , 8 mM Na 2 HP0 4 , 20 mM HEPES (free acid), 5 mM iod
• RTP 59249v8 (Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline, 138 mM NaCl, 2.67 mM KCl, 1.47 mM KH 2 P0 4> 8.1 mM Na 2 HP0 4 , 0.9 mM CaCl 2 , 0.5 mM MgCl 2 , Invitrogen/Gibco, pH 7.4) to a final concentration of approximately 4 mg protein/mL. Protein was determined by the method of Lowry et al., J. Biol. Chem. 193: 265 (1951), using bovine serum albumin as the standard.
• the binding of [ 3 H]nicotine was measured using a modification of the methods of Romano et al., Science 210: 647 (1980) and Marks et al., Mol. Pharmacol. 30: 427 (1986).
• the binding of [ 3 H]nicotine was measured using a 3 h incubation at 4°C. Incubations were conducted in 48-well micro-titre plates and contained about 400 ⁇ g of protein per well in a final incubation volume of 300 ⁇ L.
• the incubation buffer was PBS and the final concentration of [ 3 H]nicotine was 5 nM.
• the binding reaction was terminated by filtration of the protein containing bound ligand onto glass fiber filters (GF/B, Brandel) using a Brandel Tissue Harvester at 4°C. Filters were soaked in de-ionized water containing 0.33 % polyethyleneimine to reduce non-specific binding. Each filter was washed with ice-cold buffer (3 x 1 mL). Non-specific binding was determined by inclusion of 10 ⁇ M non-radioactive L- nicotine (Acros Organics) in selected wells.
• the binding of [ 3 H]epibatidine was measured using a 2 h incubation at 21 °C (room temperature). Incubations were conducted in 96-well Millipore Multiscreen (MAFB) plates containing about 200 ⁇ g of protein per well in a final incubation volume of 150 ⁇ L. The incubation buffer was PBS and the final concentration of [ 3 H]epibatidine was 0.3 nM. The binding reaction was terminated by filtration of the protein containing bound ligand onto the glass fiber
• Rats female, Sprague-Dawley
• Rats were maintained on a 12 h light/dark cycle and were allowed free access to water and food supplied by PMI Nutrition International, Inc.
• Animals were anesthetized with 70% C0 2 , then decapitated. Brains were removed and placed on an ice-cold platform.
• the hippocampus was removed and placed in 10 volumes (weight: volume) of ice-cold preparative buffer (137 mM NaCl, 10.7 mM KCl, 5.8 mM KH 2 P0 4 , 8 mM Na 2 HP0 4 , 20 mM HEPES (free acid), 5 mM iodoacetamide, 1.6 mM EDTA, pH 7.4); PMSF, dissolved in methanol to a final concentration of 100 ⁇ M, was added and the tissue suspension was homogenized by Polytron. The homogenate was centrifuged at 18,000 x g for 20 min at 4°C and the resulting pellet was re-suspended in 10 volumes of ice-cold water.
• ice-cold preparative buffer 137 mM NaCl, 10.7 mM KCl, 5.8 mM KH 2 P0 4 , 8 mM Na 2 HP0 4 , 20 mM HEPES (free acid), 5 mM
• IC 50 values were estimated as the concentration of compound that inhibited 50 percent of specific [ H]MLA binding. Inhibition constants (Ki values), reported in nM, were calculated from the IC 50 values using the method of Cheng et al., Biochem. Pharmacol. 22: 3099-3108 (1973).
• test compounds were tested in the above assay format with the following modifications. Incubations were conducted in 96-well plates in a final incubation volume of 150 ⁇ L. Once the binding reaction was terminated by filtration onto glass fiber filters, the filters were washed four times with approximately 250 ⁇ L of PBS at room temperature. Non-specific binding was determined by inclusion of 10 ⁇ M non-radioactive MLA in selected wells. The single concentration of test compound was 5 ⁇ M and testing was performed in triplicate. 'Active' compounds were defined as compounds that inhibited the binding of [ 3 H]MLA to the receptor by at least 50% compared with the binding of [ 3 H]MLA in the absence of competitor. For those compounds found to be active in the single point screen, the inhibition constants (Ki values) were determined as described in the previous paragraphs of this section.
• Dopamine release was measured using striatal synaptosomes obtained from rat brain, according to the procedures set forth by Rapier et al., J. Neurochem. 54: 937 (1990). Rats (female, Sprague-Dawley), weighing 150-250 g, were maintained on a
• the resulting pellet was re- suspended in perfusion buffer containing monoamine oxidase inhibitors (128 mM NaCl, 1.2 mM KH 2 P0 4 , 2.4 mM KCl, 3.2 mM CaCl 2 , 1.2 mM MgS0 4 , 25 mM HEPES, 1 mM ascorbic acid, 0.02 mM pargyline HC1 and 10 mM glucose, pH 7.4) and centrifuged for 15 min at 25,000 x g. The final pellet was resuspended in perfusion buffer (1.4 mL) for immediate use.
• monoamine oxidase inhibitors (128 mM NaCl, 1.2 mM KH 2 P0 4 , 2.4 mM KCl, 3.2 mM CaCl 2 , 1.2 mM MgS0 4 , 25 mM HEPES, 1 mM ascorbic acid, 0.02 mM pargyline HC1 and 10
• Release was expressed as a percentage of release obtained with an equal concentration of L-nicotine. Within each assay, each test compound was replicated using 2-3 chambers; replicates were averaged. When appropriate, dose-response curves of test compound were determined. The maximal activation for individual compounds (Emax) was determined as a percentage of the maximal activation induced by L-nicotine. The compound concentration resulting in half maximal activation (EC 50 ) of specific ion flux was also defined.
• nAChRs Activation of muscle-type nAChRs was established on the human clonal line TE671/RD, which is derived from an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (Stratton et al.,
• Carcinogen 10 899 (1989)). These cells express receptors that have pharmacological (Lukas, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 251: 175 (1989)), electrophysiological (Oswald et al., Neurosci. Lett. 96: 207 (1989)), and molecular biological profiles (Luther et al., J. Neurosci. 9: 1082 (1989)) similar to the muscle-type nAChR. TE671/RD cells were maintained in proliferative growth phase according to routine protocols (Bencherif et al., Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 2: 52 (1991) and Bencherif et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.
• Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) function was assayed using 8 Rb + efflux according to the method described by Lukas et al., Anal. Biochem. 175: 212 (1988). On the day of the experiment, growth media was gently removed from the well and growth media containing 86 Rubidium chloride (10 ⁇ Ci/mL) was added to each well. Cells were incubated at 37°C for a minimum of 3 h.
• each point had 2 replicates, which were averaged.
• the amount of 86 Rb + release was compared to both a positive control (100 ⁇ M L-nicotine) and a negative control (buffer alone) to determine the percent release relative to that of L-nicotine.
• Activation of rat ganglion nAChRs was established on the pheochromocytoma clonal line PC 12, which is a continuous clonal cell line of neural crest origin, derived from a, tumor of the rat adrenal medulla. These cells express ganglion-like nAChR s
• Rat PC 12 cells were maintained in proliferative growth phase according to routine protocols (Bencherif et al., Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 2: 52 (1991) and Bencherif et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 257: 946 (1991)).
• Cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (Gibco/BRL) with 10% horse serum (Gibco/BRL), 5% fetal bovine serum (HyClone, Logan UT), ImM sodium pyravate, 4 mM L- Glutamine, and 50,000 units penicillin-streptomycin (Irvine Scientific).
• Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) function was assayed using Rb efflux according to a method described by Lukas et al., Anal. Biochem. 175: 212 (1988). On the day of the experiment, growth media was gently removed from the well and growth media containing 86 Rubidium chloride (10 ⁇ Ci/mL) was added to each well. Cells were incubated at 37°C for a minimum of 3 h.
• the maximal activation for individual compounds was determined as a percentage of the maximal activation induced by L-nicotine.
• the compound concentration resulting in half maximal activation (EC 50 ) of specific ion flux was also determined.
• the cell line SH-SY5Y is a continuous line derived by sequential subcloning of the parental cell line, SK-N-SH, which was originally obtained from a human peripheral neuroblastoma.
• SH-SY5Y cells express a ganglion-like nAChR (Lukas et al., Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 4: 1 (1993)).
• nAChR Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
• each point had 2 replicates, which were averaged.
• the amount of 86 Rb + release was compared to both a positive control (100 ⁇ M nicotine) and a negative control (buffer alone) to determine the percent release relative to that of L-nicotine.
• Example 7 Determination of Binding at Non-nicotinic Receptors Muscarinic M3 Subtype
• the human clonal line TE671/RD derived from an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (Stratton et al., Carcinogen 10: 899 (1989)), was used to define binding to the muscarinic M3 receptor subtype.
• pharmacological Bostodian
• electrophysiological Oswald et al., Neurosci. Lett 96: 207 (1989)
• molecular biological studies Lither et al., J.
• TE671/RD cells were maintained in proliferative growth phase according to routine protocols (Bencherif et al., Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 2: 52 (1991) and Bencherif et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 257: 946 (1991)). They were grown to confluency on 20 - 150 mm tissue culture treated plates.
• the media was then removed and cells scraped using 80 mL of PBS (Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline, 138 mM NaCl, 2.67 mM KCl, 1.47 mM KH 2 P0 4 , 8.1 mM Na 2 HP0 4 , 0.9 mM CaCl 2 , 0.5 mM MgCl 2 , Invitrogen/Gibco, pH 7.4) and then centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 10 min. The supernatant was then suctioned off and the pellet(s) stored at -20°C until use.
• PBS Dynabecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline, 138 mM NaCl, 2.67 mM KCl, 1.47 mM KH 2 P0 4 , 8.1 mM Na 2 HP0 4 , 0.9 mM CaCl 2 , 0.5 mM MgCl 2 , Invitrogen/Gibco
• the pellets were thawed, re-suspended with PBS and centrifuged at 18,000 x g for 20 min, then re-suspended in PBS to a final concentration of approximately 4 mg protein mL and homogenized by Polytron.
• [ 3 H]QNB The binding of [ 3 H]QNB was measured using a modification of the methods of Bencherif et al., /. Pharmacol. Exp. Tlier. 257: 946 (1991).
• the binding of [ 3 H]QNB was measured using a 3 h incubation at 4°C. Incubations were conducted in 48-well micro-titre plates and contained about 400 ⁇ g of protein per well in a final incubation volume of 300 ⁇ L.
• the incubation buffer was PBS and the final concentration of [ 3 H]QNB was 1 nM.
• the binding reaction was terminated by filtration of the protein containing bound ligand onto glass fiber filters (GF/B,
• Selective 7 agonists can be found using a functional assay on FLIPR (see, for example, PCT WO 00/73431 A2, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference), which is a commercially available high throughput assay (Molecular
• FLIPR is designed to read the fluorescent signal from each well of a 96 or 384 well plate as fast as twice a second for up to 30 minutes.
• This assay can be used to accurately measure the functional pharmacology of al nAChR and 5HT 3 R subtypes.
• Cell lines that express functional forms of the al nAChR subtype using the al /5-HT 3 channel as the drug target and/or cell lines that express functional 5-HT 3 are used to conduct the assay.
• the ligand-gated ion channels are expressed in SH-EP1 cells. Both ion channels can produce a robust signal in the FLIPR assay.
• the compounds can produce a robust signal in the FLIPR assay.
• Compounds 1-34 exhibited little or no agonist activity in functional models bearing muscle-type receptors ( ⁇ lBl ⁇ subtype in human TE671/RD clonal cells), or ganglion-type receptors ( ⁇ 3B4 subtype in the Shooter subclone of rat pheochromocytoma PC 12 cells and in human SHSY-5Y clonal cells), generating only 1-12% (human muscle), 1-19% (rat ganglion) and 1-15% (human ganglion) of nicotine's response at these subtypes. These data indicate selectivity for CNS over PNS nAChRs.
• compounds of the present invention are distinguished in their in vitro pharmacology from reference compounds (see, for instance, US Patent 5,712,270 to Sabb and PCTs WO 02/00652 and WO 02/051841) by virtae of the inclusion, in their structure, of the 3-pyridinylmethyl substituent in the 2 position of the 1-azabicycle.
• reference compounds see, for instance, US Patent 5,712,270 to Sabb and PCTs WO 02/00652 and WO 02/051841
• virtae of the inclusion, in their structure, of the 3-pyridinylmethyl substituent in the 2 position of the 1-azabicycle Following up on this interesting finding, a comparison of ⁇ 7 nAChR binding affinities was undertaken, to determine the effect of the 2-(3-pyridinyl)methyl substituent. The results are shown in Table 5.
• the data show that the compounds of the present invention are potent al nicotinic ligands that selectively bind at al nAChR subtypes. In contrast, the compounds of the present invention do not bind well at those subtypes of the nAChR that are characteristic of the peripheral nervous system or at M3 muscarinic receptors.
• the compounds of the present invention possess therapeutic potential in treating central nervous system disorders without producing side effects associated with interaction with the peripheral nervous system.
• the affinity of these ligands for ⁇ 7 nAChR subtypes is tolerant of a wide variety of aryl (Ar in Formula 1) groups and substituents thereon. Furthermore, the synthesis is straightforward, efficient and amenable to massively parallel protocols.

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