WO2004017086A1 - Gmr-sensorelement und dessen verwendung - Google Patents
Gmr-sensorelement und dessen verwendung Download PDFInfo
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- WO2004017086A1 WO2004017086A1 PCT/DE2003/002145 DE0302145W WO2004017086A1 WO 2004017086 A1 WO2004017086 A1 WO 2004017086A1 DE 0302145 W DE0302145 W DE 0302145W WO 2004017086 A1 WO2004017086 A1 WO 2004017086A1
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- Prior art keywords
- gmr
- sensor element
- bridge
- resistance elements
- element according
- Prior art date
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- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 230000005415 magnetization Effects 0.000 claims description 44
- 230000005291 magnetic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000005294 ferromagnetic effect Effects 0.000 description 14
- 230000010363 phase shift Effects 0.000 description 11
- 230000005290 antiferromagnetic effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000013507 mapping Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012935 Averaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000206 photolithography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y25/00—Nanomagnetism, e.g. magnetoimpedance, anisotropic magnetoresistance, giant magnetoresistance or tunneling magnetoresistance
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L1/00—Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
- G01R33/02—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux
- G01R33/06—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux using galvano-magnetic devices
- G01R33/09—Magnetoresistive devices
- G01R33/093—Magnetoresistive devices using multilayer structures, e.g. giant magnetoresistance sensors
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L2301/00—Using particular materials
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L2820/00—Details on specific features characterising valve gear arrangements
- F01L2820/04—Sensors
- F01L2820/041—Camshafts position or phase sensors
Definitions
- the invention relates to a GMR sensor element according to the main claim and its use.
- the giant magneto-resistive effect can be used in the form of so-called spin-nalve structures (spin valves or "spin valves”) for angle sensing. This is described, for example, in WO 00/79298 or in EP 0 905 523 A2.
- GMR spin valves consist essentially of two ferromagnetic thin films with a resulting magnetization nii or m 2 , which are separated by a non-magnetic thin film in between.
- the electrical resistance R ( ⁇ ) of such a layer system then shows a cosine dependence on the angle ⁇ between the direction of the magnetization mi and the direction of the magnetization m of the type:
- R () R - 0.5 • AR GMR ⁇ cos ( ⁇ ).
- the maximum relative change in resistance ⁇ R GMR / R denotes the GMR effect and is typically 5% to 15%.
- GMR spin valve layer systems are usually deposited by means of cathode sputtering of the respective materials and then structured using conventional photolithography processes and etching techniques.
- What is essential for the intended spin valve function is a rigid, at least approximately unchangeable direction of the magnetization with the first ferromagnetic layer, by a magnetic field acting on the layer system from the outside, which is to be detected in particular with regard to its direction and / or strength So-called reference layer (RL) or reference layer, and a direction of magnetization m 2 of the second ferromagnetic layer, the so-called free layer (FL) or detection layer, which is slightly oriented at least approximately parallel to the external magnetic field.
- RL reference layer
- FL free layer
- the two ferromagnetic layers are magnetically decoupled by a sufficient thickness of the non-magnetic intermediate layer, the so-called non-magnetic layer (NML), typically of a few nanometers, and the magnetization of the reference layer (RL), for example by an additional, directly adjacent antiferromagnetic layer, a so-called natural antiferromagnet (AF), and their mutual magnetic coupling fixed (“pinned”) by exchange interaction.
- NML non-magnetic layer
- RL magnetization of the reference layer
- AF natural antiferromagnet
- FIG. 1 a This is shown schematically in FIG. 1 a, where the GMR layer system or GMR sensor element is under the influence of a magnetic field of a transmitter magnet.
- this SAF consists of two ferromagnetic layers which are strongly antiferromagnetically coupled via a non-magnetic intermediate layer.
- the one of these two ferromagnetic layers which lies directly next to or on the natural antiferromagnet AF is referred to as the pinned layer (PL) since its magnetization Mp is fixed (“pinned") as a result of the coupling to the natural antiferromagnet (AF).
- the second ferromagnetic layer of the SAF whose magnetization M R is oriented opposite to that of the pinned layer (PL) due to the antiferromagnetic coupling, serves as a reference layer (RL) for the GMR spin valve layer system already described above.
- spin valve resistance elements are used, for example, in a GMR sensor element according to the prior art.
- B. by means of aluminum thin-film conductor spans to a Wheatstone bridge Circuit (Wheatstone full bridge) interconnected.
- the maximum signal amplitude is obtained in accordance with Figure 2 oppositely oriented reference magnetization M R of the bridge resistors within the half-bridges and the same reference magnetizations oriented M R of the diagonally lying in the full bridge resistors.
- a GMR angle sensor generally also has a second full bridge made of GMR resistors, the reference directions of which, as shown in FIG. 2, are rotated by 90 ° relative to those of the first full bridge.
- n is phase-shifted by 90 ° relative to the signal of the first full bridge U cos .
- the two cosine or sinusoidal bridge signals U s ; n , U cos which determines the unique angle ⁇ to the direction of an external magnetic field B over a full 360 ° revolution.
- the different reference magnetization directions according to FIG. 2 are e.g. realized in that the individual GMR bridge resistances locally to a temperature T above the blocking temperature (Neel temperature) of the antiferromagnetic layer (AF) but below the Curie temperature of the ferromagnetic layers (PL, RL) according to FIG. Ib are heated so that the antiferromagnetic spin order in the antiferromagnetic layer is canceled, and then cooled in an external magnetic field of suitable field direction. When the antiferromagnetic order is formed again, the spin configuration resulting from the exchange interaction at the interface of the antiferromagnetic layer (AF) and the adjacent ferromagnetic layer (PL) is frozen.
- Local heating of the GMR bridge resistors can e.g. by means of a short laser or current pulse.
- the current pulse can be driven directly through the GMR conductor structure and / or an additional heating conductor.
- the reference magnetization M R of the individual bridge resistances is either parallel or perpendicular to the direction of the strip structured GMR resistance elements selected. This serves to keep the influence of the shape anisotropy low.
- the strip-shaped structured GMR resistance elements within a full bridge according to FIG. 2 are preferably aligned in parallel. This serves to suppress a signal contribution due to a superimposed anisotropic magnetoresistive effect (AMR effect).
- AMR effect anisotropic magnetoresistive effect
- the AMR signal contribution is based on a dependence of the electrical resistance on the angle ⁇ between the current and the magnetization direction of the shape:
- R ⁇ ß) R + 0.5 - ⁇ ⁇ - cos (2 - ⁇ «)
- the GMR resistors are implemented within a half-bridge with their GMR strips oriented orthogonally, as is the case, for example, in FIG. 10 in WO 00/79298, the AMR signal contribution is even favored to the maximum. This has a worsening effect on the angular accuracy of the GMR angle sensor.
- known GMR angle sensors therefore have no rotationally symmetrical arrangement of the bridge resistances. Rather, both full bridges are usually arranged laterally next to one another. As a result of the lack of rotational symmetry, this results in an increased sensitivity of known sensors with regard to the directional inhomogeneity of the encoder field, i.e. of the magnetic field acting from outside, as well as regarding temperature gradients.
- rotational symmetry in the sensor design is very advantageous, so as not to obtain additional direction-dependent angle error contributions due to an asymmetry in the arrangement of the individual GMR resistance elements. Due to the rotationally symmetrical arrangement of the GMR resistance elements in the two Wheatstone bridges according to the invention, a reduced sensitivity to field direction and temperature inhomogeneities is therefore achieved, and an undesirable AMR signal contribution is suppressed, and the shape anisotropy influence on the pinning behavior and the angle sensor accuracy speed of the GMR sensor element is reduced.
- each individual GMR bridge resistance element is divided into two equal halves or partial bridge resistances with orthogonally oriented GMR strip directions.
- this also leads to an increase in the angular measurement accuracy.
- the direction of the strip-shaped structured GMR resistance elements (“GMR strip direction”) is chosen to be parallel for one of the two partial bridge resistances and perpendicular to the pinning or reference direction for the other partial bridge resistance. sets an average of the influence of pinning directions parallel and perpendicular to the strip direction within each of the GMR bridge resistance elements.
- the pinning behavior is then identical for all two-part GMR bridge resistance elements (averaging over both parts).
- the two bridge output signals Ui, U 2 also advantageously have a 45 ° phase shift with respect to one another.
- the GMR resistance elements have a pinning or reference direction that is selected at least approximately at 45 ° to the direction of the strip-shaped structured GMR resistance elements, this advantageously leads to identical pinning behavior of the individual GMR resistance elements, ie in particular to improved signal stability and long-term stability of the GMR sensor element.
- the two bridge output signals J ⁇ , U 2 also have a 45 ° phase shift with respect to one another.
- Bridge output signals Ui, U 2 which are phase-shifted with respect to one another by any angle ⁇ , where ⁇ is preferably 45 ° or is 45 °, can finally be advantageously mapped to orthogonal signals with a 90 ° phase shift by means of a coordinate transformation.
- the angle ⁇ to the direction of the external magnetic field B can then be determined from the latter by arc tangent formation or a corresponding algorithm, for example the CORDIC algorithm.
- the coordinate transformation also offers the advantage that fluctuations in the phase difference of the two bridge external signals Ui, U 2 caused by production can be compensated for when mapping to the orthogonal signals.
- FIG. 1 a shows a simplified GMR spinvalve layer structure with two ferromagnetic layers RL and FL with the magnetizations mi and m 2 , a non-magnetic intermediate layer NML and an antiferromagnetic layer AF. The latter is used for fixing (pinning) the reference magnetization mi.
- a transmitter magnet for generating an external magnetic field B is provided.
- FIG. 1b shows a GMR spinvalve layer system with a natural antiferromagnet AF and an additional synthetic antiferromagnet SAF as well as a further non-magnetic intermediate layer NML and a ferromagnetic free layer FL.
- FIG. 2 shows an equivalent circuit diagram for an angle sensor element based on the GMR effect with two full bridges (Wheatstone bridge circuits), the reference magnetizations M R being oriented in opposite directions within the two bridges and being rotated 90 ° to one another from bridge to bridge.
- the direction of the reference magnetization M R is further parallel or perpendicular to the direction of the individual GMR resistance elements structured in strips, which are constructed, for example, according to FIG. 1a or FIG. 1b.
- This “stripe direction” is represented by the indicated streak family within the individual GMR resistance elements.
- the direction of an external magnetic field B is indicated in Figure 2, which includes the angle ⁇ to be measured with the GMR sensor element with a reference direction.
- the reference or zero direction is defined by the choice of the reference magnetization directions in the two full bridges, one of which is designed as a sin full bridge and one as a cos full bridge.
- FIG. 3 shows a rotationally symmetrical arrangement of meandering, nested GMR bridge resistance elements 1/1 to 1/4 (bridge I) and ⁇ / 1 to ⁇ / 4 (bridge II).
- the directions of the reference magnetization (see arrows in FIG. 3) in bridge I are each oriented at 45 ° to the direction of the individual, strip-shaped structured GMR resistance elements, and the reference magnetization directions in bridge II are each rotated by 45 ° with respect to those in bridge I.
- the direction of an external magnetic field B is indicated in FIG. 3, which includes the angle ⁇ to be measured with the GMR sensor element with a reference direction.
- the reference or zero direction is defined by the choice of the reference magnetization directions in bridge I and bridge II, bridge I being intended to deliver a cosine-shaped signal curve over the angle ⁇ .
- FIG. 4 shows an equivalent circuit diagram to the layout of the GMR sensor element according to FIG. 3.
- the pinning or reference magnetization direction M R is in each case at 45 ° to the GMR strip direction, which is again analogous to that shown in FIG. 2 by the individual GMR resistance elements
- Strip coulter is indicated, oriented, and additionally rotated in bridge II by 45 ° with respect to that in bridge I.
- FIG. 5a shows GMR sensor output signals Ui and U 2 with a 45 ° phase difference according to a pinning or reference magnetization direction M R at 45 ° to the strip direction corresponding to FIGS. 3 and 4.
- FIG. 5b shows correspondingly transformed, mutually orthogonal GMR sensor signals U. cos and U sin with 90 ° phase difference.
- the AMR signal contribution is not shown in FIG. 5a and FIG. 5b.
- On the x axis the direction of the external magnetic field B in degrees, ie the angle ⁇ , is plotted in FIG. 5a and FIG. 5b, while the GMR sensor output signal in mVolt / volt is shown on the y axis in FIG. 5a and the transformed GMR in FIG. Sensor signal is plotted in mVolt / volt.
- FIG. 6 shows a rotationally symmetrical, at least approximately circular or octagonal, nested arrangement of meandering GMR bridge resistance elements, the AMR signal contribution being suppressed by dividing each of the individual bridge resistance elements into two equal halves with mutually orthogonal stripe directions.
- FIG. 7 shows an equivalent circuit diagram for the layout of the GMR resistance elements according to FIG. 6. Suppression of the AMR signal contribution is here divided by dividing each bridge resistance element 1 / 1.1 / 2 to H 4 into halves a and b with mutually orthogonal GMR elements. Strip directions reached. The respective pinning or reference magnetization M R is oriented at 45 ° to the respective GMR strip direction. The latter is indicated by the family of strips drawn within the individual GMR resistance elements.
- FIG. 8 shows an equivalent circuit diagram for the layout of the GMR resistance elements according to FIG. 6 with pinning or reference magnetization directions M R alternative to FIG. 7 at 0 ° and 90 ° to the GMR strip direction for each of the individual bridge resistors 1/1, 1/2 to 1/4.
- the influence of the pinning direction is averaged here by the direction of the pinning or reference magnetization, which is both parallel and perpendicular to the GMR strip direction, within each two-part bridge resistance 1/1, 1/2 to 1/4.
- FIG. 3 shows a possible rotationally symmetrical arrangement of a total of eight bridge resistance elements of two full bridges (Wheatstone bridges).
- the reference direction is defined by the direction of the magnetization of the reference layer (RL) in the GMR angle sensor.
- the pinning or reference direction can be chosen arbitrarily, but in order to obtain the same pinning behavior for all bridge resistance elements, an orientation of the pinning or reference direction at 45 ° to the strip direction is selected here. This is further illustrated in FIG. 4, where, in addition to the stripe direction (streak family within the resistance symbols), the direction of the reference magnetization M R is also given.
- the two bridge output signals Ui and U 2 according to FIG. 5a do not have the usual phase shift of 90 °, but only a 45 ° phase shift.
- these signals U b U 2 can be easily transformed to the orthogonal, cosine and sinusoidal signals according to FIG. 5b.
- the following transformation is carried out in a sensor evaluation electronics:
- ⁇ denotes the phase shift of the second bridge signal relative to the first bridge signal.
- this phase shift can be chosen arbitrarily, but a phase shift of 45 ° is preferably set.
- the resistor arrangement shown in FIG. 3 favors the AMR signal contribution, since the GMR stripe directions of the two bridge resistances of each half-bridge are orthogonal to one another.
- This disadvantage can be avoided by, according to the preferred, likewise rotationally symmetrical arrangement according to FIG. 6, assembling each bridge resistor from two identical halves with GMR strip directions perpendicular to one another.
- the series connection of the two partial resistors, each with identical reference magnetization M R of the AMR portion is then filtered out, while the GMR signal component remains unchanged due to identical in both partial resistors direction of the reference magnetization M R. This situation is illustrated by the following relationship for a two-part GMR bridge resistance element:
- R (a) • (R - 0.5 • AR GMR ⁇ cos ( «) + 0.5 • ⁇ R ⁇ • cos (25)) l.
- ⁇ denotes the angle between the field or magnetization direction of the free ferromagnetic layer (FL) and the reference magnetization direction
- & denotes the angle between the field or magnetization direction of the free layer (FL) and the GMR strip direction of the first partial resistor.
- the strip direction of the second partial resistor is rotated by -90 ° to that of the first partial resistor.
- FIG. 7 illustrates the division of the bridge resistances into two halves with mutually orthogonal stripe directions but identical reference magnetization direction M R.
- the pinning direction or the direction of the reference magnetization M R can be chosen arbitrarily. However, an angle of 45 ° to the respective strip direction is preferred, since this achieves identical pinning behavior for all partial resistors.
- a pinning direction or a direction of the reference magnetization M R can also be set, which is oriented parallel to the stripe direction for one of the two partial resistors and perpendicular to the stripe direction for the other partial resistance. This results in a different pinning behavior for the individual partial resistors, but for each of the bridge resistance elements in the form of a series connection of the two partial resistors, an identical pinning behavior.
- This choice of the pinning or reference magnetization direction offers the advantage over known sensors that the average of each bridge resistance element is averaged over the different pinning behavior from parallel and perpendicular alignment of the pinning or reference magnetization direction to the GMR strip direction.
- the 360 ° GMR angle sensor described is particularly suitable for detecting the absolute position of the camshaft or the crankshaft in a motor vehicle, in particular in the case of a camshaft-free engine with electrical or electro-hydraulic valve control, an engine position of an electrically commutated engine or a detection of a windshield wiper position, or in the steering angle sensor system in motor vehicles.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Nanotechnology (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Transmission And Conversion Of Sensor Element Output (AREA)
- Measurement Of Length, Angles, Or The Like Using Electric Or Magnetic Means (AREA)
- Measuring Magnetic Variables (AREA)
- Combined Controls Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/523,252 US7312609B2 (en) | 2002-07-26 | 2003-06-27 | GMR sensor element and its use |
AU2003250275A AU2003250275B2 (en) | 2002-07-26 | 2003-06-27 | GMR sensor element and use thereof |
EP03787612A EP1527352A1 (de) | 2002-07-26 | 2003-06-27 | Gmr-sensorelement und dessen verwendung |
JP2005502011A JP2005534199A (ja) | 2002-07-26 | 2003-06-27 | Gmrセンサエレメントおよびgmrセンサエレメントの使用 |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10234347 | 2002-07-26 | ||
DE10234347.0 | 2002-07-26 | ||
DE10257253A DE10257253A1 (de) | 2002-07-26 | 2002-12-07 | GMR-Sensorelement und dessen Verwendung |
DE10257253.4 | 2002-12-07 |
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WO2004017086A1 true WO2004017086A1 (de) | 2004-02-26 |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/DE2003/002145 WO2004017086A1 (de) | 2002-07-26 | 2003-06-27 | Gmr-sensorelement und dessen verwendung |
Country Status (6)
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US (1) | US7312609B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1527352A1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2005534199A (de) |
AU (1) | AU2003250275B2 (de) |
RU (1) | RU2328015C2 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2004017086A1 (de) |
Cited By (2)
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JP2019129254A (ja) * | 2018-01-25 | 2019-08-01 | 株式会社東海理化電機製作所 | 磁気センサ |
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- 2003-06-27 WO PCT/DE2003/002145 patent/WO2004017086A1/de active Application Filing
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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RU2328015C2 (ru) | 2008-06-27 |
US20060103381A1 (en) | 2006-05-18 |
RU2004115639A (ru) | 2006-01-10 |
US7312609B2 (en) | 2007-12-25 |
AU2003250275B2 (en) | 2008-01-31 |
AU2003250275A1 (en) | 2004-03-03 |
JP2005534199A (ja) | 2005-11-10 |
EP1527352A1 (de) | 2005-05-04 |
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