Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
  • C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
  • C08F220/10—Esters
  • C08F220/12—Esters of monohydric alcohols or phenols
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
  • C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
  • C08F220/10—Esters
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F2/00—Processes of polymerisation
  • C08F2/12—Polymerisation in non-solvents
  • C08F2/16—Aqueous medium
  • C08F2/22—Emulsion polymerisation
  • C08F2/24—Emulsion polymerisation with the aid of emulsifying agents
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
  • C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
  • C08F220/04—Acids; Metal salts or ammonium salts thereof
  • C08F220/06—Acrylic acid; Methacrylic acid; Metal salts or ammonium salts thereof

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a new film coating. More specifically the present invention relates to a new film coating for the achievement of controlled release from pharmaceutical formulations such as tablets, pellets, etc., wherein the film coating may be applied in a substantially aqueous environment. Furthermore, the invention provides a process for the preparation of such a film coating.
• Oral administration of a drug is the most convenient for the patient. Proper formulations must also meet the requirements of safety and simplicity. Depending on the properties of a drug and the therapeutic requirements, the drag is formulated differently so that the drug has the desired release profile.
• the formulation results in the controlled release of the active substance or drug.
• An example of such an active substance is metoprolol.
• the matrix system where the drug is mixed with the matrix material (often a polymer or a wax); and the drug reservoir system where the drug is formulated into a core (tablet or pellets) surrounded by a polymeric film.
• the film is then a release rate-controlling barrier determined by, e.g., its dissolution rate, its permeability, the solubility of the substance, etc.
• a popular controlled-release formulation includes film coating a drug which is in small discrete units.
• the formulation has several interesting features, e.g., flexibility in dosage and modification of release properties, different dosage forms can be developed, dose size is adaptable to suit fixed combinations, tablets can be made divisible, etc.
• anti-sticking agents also named detackifiers, glidants, and lubricants
• GMS glyceryl monostearate
• talc talc
• silica glyceryl monostearate
• these agents must first be dispersed with other added materials, preferably surfactants or amphiphilic polymers, to obtain more homogeneous systems.
• Eudragit® NE30D A popular film coating dispersion is Eudragit® NE30D (Rohm).
• Eudragit® NE30D has a low glass transition temperature (Tg) and contains approximately 28.5 % w/w particles of the copolymer poly(ethylacrylate - co-methylmethacrylate), and approximately 1.5 %w/w of the non-ionic tenside Nonoxynol 100 (a polyoxyethylated nonylphenol) as the stabiliser.
• Tg glass transition temperature
• Nonoxynol 100 a polyoxyethylated nonylphenol
• the anti-sticking agent GMS has to be added to the dispersion as reported by Petereit et al. 1995 (supra) and Petereit and Weisbrod, (1999) (supra).
• Kollicoat® SR30D BASF
• Eudragit® RL30D Rohm
• Eudragit® RS30D Rhm
• plasticizer such as triacetin, triethyl citrate (TEC) or acetyl triethyl citrate (ATEC) in order to be useful for coating application and film formation
• the use of the plasticizer in a film coating can have a destabilizing effect on the film, probably caused by the migration of small molecules, which can result in the film coating exhibiting changes in its properties with time (see e.g., Gutierrez Rocca, PhD Thesis The University of Texas at Austin, 1993).
• the presence of stabilizers of the latex particles in a dispersion creates similar problems as, e.g., added plasticizers; i.e., migration of the stabilizers in the film, which can result in the film coating exhibiting changes in its properties with time.
• JP 01-113322 discloses an emulsion which is suitable for coating drugs to provide slow release which comprises ethyl acrylate (EA)-methyl methacrylate (MMA)- 2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate (HEM A).
• EA ethyl acrylate
• MMA methyl methacrylate
• HEMA 2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate
• the ratio of copolymerized monomers in the copolymer EA:MMA is 3:1 to 1:3 and that of HEMA to (EA and MMA) is 1:2 to 1:10. Further details of these formulations are given in the three papers below.
• Chem. Pharm. Bull 42(6) 1308-1314 (1994) discloses that the use of blend copolymer latexes or composite core shell latexes is necessary to obtain the required combination of properties e.g. agglomeration, low membrane permeation and high coating efficiency, required to produce a film comprising EA, MMA and HEMA which can successfully microencapsulate lactose.
• the molar ratios of EA, MMA and HEMA used were EA, MMA and HEMA in 6:12:8 and 12:6:4.
• EP 0228 879 discloses crosslinked polymers comprising ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate and a hydroxyalkyl ester of methacrylic acid or acrylic acid. Such crosslinked esters are not suitable for use in coating pharmaceutical compounds due to the possible presence of residual crosslinking agents which are reactive species.
• the purpose of the present invention is to provide a new film coating system that does not have the abovementioned problems.
• the advantages of the new film coating system are, for example, that no extra additives ⁇ excipients need to be added to the dispersion before the film forming process, and that non-stickiness and reproducibility are achieved during processing.
• Another aspect of the invention is to provide a method for synthesising the polymer dispersions as well as manufacturing them into coated formulations, for example pellets or tablets, utilising this new film forming system.
• the invention is based on a novel copolymer.
• This copolymer can be used as a water-based film-forming polymer to coat pharmaceutical cores.
• the film coating can serve as a barrier giving close to constant release (zero-order) from the formulation.
• the physical properties of the film produced are such that minimal processing problems, such as tackiness, are experienced.
• the films can be reproducibly produced with these improved properties and are stable on storage.
• the present invention provides a copolymer comprising the following monomers: acrylic acid or an ester thereof in the range 40 to 80 % by weight; methacrylic acid or an ester thereof in the range 20 to 60 % by weight; and a polymerizable surfactant in the range 0.01 to 9 % by weight.
• percentages refer to the percentage amount by weight of each monomer in the sum of the monomer weights.
• the sum of the percentages of each monomer is such that the total weight is always 100%.
• acrylic acid or an ester thereof as used herein means one of the following or mixtures thereof: acrylic acid, an alkyl ester of acrylic acid particularly a C 1 - 4 alkyl ester for example a methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl ester, or a hydroxylated acrylic ester,
• methacrylic acid or an ester thereof as used herein means one of the following or mixtures thereof: methacrylic acid, an alkyl ester of methacrylic acid particularly a C ⁇ alkyl ester for example a methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl ester or a hydroxylated methacrylic ester.
• polymerizable surfactant as used herein means an alkenyl monomer which is capable of polymerizing and is also surface active (e.g. a compound of formula I as described below, or surface active derivatives of maleic acid).
• a preferred alkenyl functional monomer has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts and is surface active so that it will bind to latex particle surfaces during and after synthesis.
• Examples of polymerizable surfactants include the following: Emulsogen R 109 (Clariant), Emulsogen R 307 (Clariant), Sinnoester CPMl-3 (Cognis), Maxemul 5010 (Uniqema), Maxemul 5011
• a preferred polymerizable surfactant is a monomer characterized by formula I:
• n is an integer from 1-55
• Rl is hydrogen or methyl
• R2 is hydrogen or a carbon chain having 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
• Mixtures of one or more polymerizable surfactants may also be used.
• the amounts of the monomers are varied to control Tg and hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity.
• the polymer of the invention comprises a copolymer between the following monomers: ethyl acrylate in the range 40 to 80 % by weight; methyl methacrylate in the range 20 to 60 % by weight; and a monomer characterized by formula I:
• m is an integer from 1-55
• Rl is hydrogen or methyl
• R2 is hydrogen or a carbon chain having 1 to 20 carbon atoms in the range 0.01 to 9 % by weight.
• carbon chain in compounds of formula I is a saturated hydrocarbon chain of general formula C n H 2n+ ⁇ which may be straight or branched.
• a carbon chain having 3 carbon atoms could be propyl or isopropyl.
• the present invention provides an aqueous polymer dispersion obtainable by polymerization of the following monomers in water in the presence of an emulsifying agent: acrylic acid or an ester thereof in the range 40 to 80 % by weight; methacrylic acid or an ester thereof in the range 20 to 60 % by weight; and a polymerizable surfactant in the range 0.01 to 9 % by weight.
• the present invention provides an aqueous polymer dispersion obtainable by polymerization of the following monomers in water in the presence of an emulsifying agent: ethyl acrylate in the range 40 to 80 % by weight; methyl methacrylate in the range 20 to 60 % by weight; and a monomer of formula I in the range 0.01 to 9 % by weight.
• an emulsifying agent ethyl acrylate in the range 40 to 80 % by weight
• methyl methacrylate in the range 20 to 60 % by weight
• a monomer of formula I in the range 0.01 to 9 % by weight.
• emulsifier eg sodium dodecyl sulfate
• the amount of low molecular weight (lower than 15 kD ) emulsifier (utilised in the polymerization process) in the copolymer dispersion is reduced or eliminated or replaced by a polymerizable non-ionic surfactant in the polymerization process then the final film coating has improved physical properties over time.
• the present invention has found methods of obtaining aqueous polymer dispersions which are stable with respect to agglomeration and can be used to form film coats with good delayed release properties that are not significantly affected by storage.
• the present invention provides an aqueous polymer dispersion obtainable by polymerization of the following monomers in water in the presence of an emulsifying agent: acrylic acid or an ester thereof in the range 40 to 80 % by weight; methacrylic acid or an ester thereof in the range 20 to 60 % by weight; and a polymerizable surfactant in the range 0.01 to 9 % by weight; wherein if the emulsifying agent is an emulsifier with a molecular weight lower than 15 kD then it is partially or fully removed after the polymerization reaction.
• an emulsifying agent acrylic acid or an ester thereof in the range 40 to 80 % by weight
• a polymerizable surfactant in the range 0.01 to 9 % by weight
• the present invention provides an aqueous polymer dispersion obtainable by polymerization of the following monomers in water in the presence of an emulsifying agent: ethyl acrylate in the range 40 to 80 % by weight; methyl methacrylate in the range 20 to 60 % by weight; and a monomer of formula I in the range 0.01 to 9 % by weight; wherein if the emulsifying agent is an emulsifier with a molecular weight lower than 15 kD then it is partially or fully removed after the polymerization reaction.
• an emulsifying agent ethyl acrylate in the range 40 to 80 % by weight
• methyl methacrylate in the range 20 to 60 % by weight
• a monomer of formula I in the range 0.01 to 9 % by weight
• the emulsifier has a molecular weight lower than 15 kD then it is reduced to a total amount of less 0.67 %w/w of the total polymer content of the dry film coat ultimately produced (for example in the range of 0.0001 to 0.67 %w/w ), preferably less than 0.5% w/w (for example in the range 0.001 to 0.5% w/w), more preferably less than 0.05% w/w (for example in the range of 0.01 to 0.05% w/w).
• the reduction of the concentration or elimination of the emulsifier is carried out by techniques known in the art. These include (M C Wilkinson et al. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 81, 11 (1999)), but are not limited to, dialysis, microfiltration, serum exchange, ultrafiltration, diafiltration, cross-flow microfiltration, centrifugation- decantation, ion-exchange, exchange with resins, activated charcoal cloth, steam stripping, gel filtration and special polymerization techniques.
• the emulsifier is partially or fully removed by dialysis.
• the polymerizable surfactant may act as the emulsifier during the polymerization and prevent the polymer dispersion obtained from agglomerating. Therefore in another aspect the present invention provides an aqueous polymer dispersion obtainable by the polymerization of the following monomers in water: acrylic acid or an ester thereof in the range 40 to 80 % by weight; methacrylic acid or an ester thereof in the range 20 to 60 % by weight; and a polymerizable surfactant in the range 0.01 to 9 % by weight.
• the present invention provides an aqueous polymer dispersion obtainable by the polymerization of the following monomers in water: ethyl acrylate in the range 40 to 80 % by weight; methyl methacrylate in the range 20 to 60 % by weight; and a monomer of formula I in the range 0.01 to 9 % by weight.
• the invention provides a film for use in coating pharmaceutical formulations obtainable by removal of water from one of the aqueous dispersions described above.
• the invention provides an aqueous film coating dispersion for use in coating pharmaceutical formulations to provide controlled release which comprises a copolymer between: acrylic acid or an ester thereof in the range 40 to 80 % by weight; methacrylic acid or an ester thereof in the range 20 to 60 % by weight; and a polymerizable surfactant in the range 0.01 to 9 % by weight.
• the invention provides an aqueous film coating dispersion for use in coating pharmaceutical formulations to provide controlled release which comprises a copolymer between: ethyl acrylate in the range 40 to 80 % by weight; methyl methacrylate in the range 20 to 60 % by weight; and a monomer of formula I in the range 0.01 to 9 % by weight wherein m is an integer from 1-55, Rl is hydrogen or methyl, and R2 is hydrogen or a carbon chain having 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
• the film coating can include one or more pharmaceutically acceptable additives ⁇ excipients.
• the film coat is deposited from a water-containing liquid.
• the invention provides a film coat covering a pharmaceutical core wherein the core comprises a pharmacologically active ingredient and the film coat comprises a copolymer of: acrylic acid or an ester thereof in the range 40 to 80 % by weight; methacrylic acid or an ester thereof in the range 20 to 60 % by weight; and a polymerizable surfactant in the range 0.01 to 9 % by weight.
• the invention provides a film coat covering a pharmaceutical core wherein the core comprises a pharmacologically active ingredient and the film coat comprises a copolymer of: ethyl acrylate in the range 40 to 80 % by weight; methyl methacrylate in the range 20 to 60 % by weight; and a monomer of formula I in the range 0.01 to 9 % by weight
• m is an integer from 1-55
• Rl is hydrogen or methyl
• R2 is hydrogen or a carbon chain having 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
• the pharmacologically active ingredient can be any active ingredient.
• the active ingredient is a beta-blocking adrenergic agent such as metoprolol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the metoprolol salt can be a tartrate, succinate, fumarate or benzoate salt.
• the invention provides a pharmaceutical formulation including: a) a pharmaceutical core comprising a pharmacologically active ingredient; and b) a film coat comprising a copolymer of the following monomers: acrylic acid or an ester thereof in the range 40 to 80 % by weight; methacrylic acid or an ester thereof in the range 20 to 60 % by weight; and a polymerizable surfactant in the range 0.01 to 9 % by weight.
• the invention provides a pharmaceutical formulation including: a) a pharmaceutical core comprising a pharmacologically active ingredient; and b) a film coat comprising a copolymer of the following monomers: ethyl acrylate in the range 40 to 80 % by weight; methyl methacrylate in the range 20 to 60 % by weight; and a monomer of formula I in the range 0.01 to 9 % by weight
• n is an integer from 1-55
• Rl is hydrogen or methyl
• R2 is a carbon chain having 1 to 20 carbon atoms or is hydrogen.
• the film coating can include one or more pharmaceutically acceptable additives ⁇ excipients.
• the film coat is deposited from a water-containing liquid, preferably from water.
• the invention also provides a pharmaceutical formulation including a pharmacologically active ingredient which is provided in a plurality of beads wherein each of the beads is coated with a film coat as described herein.
• the formulation can be a controlled-release formulation.
• the pharmacologically active ingredient is preferably an ingredient that has activity in the treatment of cardiovascular or gastrointestinal diseases.
• the pharmacologically active ingredient is a beta-blocking adrenergic agent such as metoprolol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the metoprolol salt is a tartrate, succinate, fumarate or benzoate salt .
• the invention further comprises a process for the preparation of a polymer comprising polymerizing in water in the presence of an emulsifier: acrylic acid or an ester thereof in the range 40 to 80 % by weight; methacrylic acid or an ester thereof in the range 20 to 60 % by weight; and a polymerizable surfactant in the range 0.01 to 9 % by weight.
• the invention also further comprises a process for the preparation of a polymer comprising polymerizing in water in the presence of an emulsifier: ethyl acrylate in the range 40 to 80 % by weight; methyl methacrylate in the range 20 to 60 % by weight; and a monomer of formula I in the range 0.01 to 9 % by weight
• n is an integer from 1-55
• Rl is hydrogen or methyl
• R2 is a carbon chain having 1 to 20 carbon atoms or is hydrogen.
• the invention also includes a process for the preparation of a film coating composition as described herein which comprises polymerizing the dispersions containing ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, and the monomer described herein in the range of 1 to 100°C for example 10 to 100°C .
• the reactions are started with an initiator as known in the art.
• the invention further includes a process to prepare a formulation as described herein which is coated by the above described film coating.
• the invention also includes a process to prepare a formulation which includes a plurality of beads with a film coating as described above.
• Rl and R2 are hydrogen or methyl.
• Rl is hydrogen.
• Rl is methyl.
• R2 has 11 to 18 carbon atoms, e.g., 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, or 17 carbon atoms.
• R2 has 11 carbon atoms.
• R2 has 12 carbon atoms.
• R2 has 13 carbon atoms.
• R2 has 14 carbon atoms.
• R2 has 15 carbon atoms.
• R2 has 16 carbon atoms.
• R2 has 17 carbon atoms.
• R2 has 18 carbon atoms.
• R2 is H, or has 11, 13 or 18 carbon atoms.
• the integer m is preferably from 2 to 55, e.g., m is an integer from 2 to 4, e.g., 2, 3 or 4.
• m is an integer from 10 to 25, for example, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25. Most preferably m is 4, 9, 10 or 25.
• the monomer is defined as m is 4, Rl is hydrogen and R2 has 13 carbon atoms. In another embodiment, the monomer is defined as m is 10, Rl is hydrogen and R2 has 11 carbon atoms. In yet another embodiment, the monomer is defined as m is 25, Rl is hydrogen and R2 has 18 carbon atoms. In a still further embodiment m is 9, Rl is methyl and R2 is H. These monomers are also known as alkyl polyethoxy acrylate monomers.
• the monomer is defined as m is 1, Rl is methyl and R2 is hydrogen. This monomer is also known as a hydroxyethyl methacrylate.
• antiadherents e g talc and magnesium stearate
• binders e g sucrose, glucose, starch and cellulose
• coloring agents e g titanium dioxide and iron oxide
• diluents e g lactose, mannitol and sorbitol
• disintegrants e g starch derivatives, clays, alginates and gums
• glidants e g silica and paraffins
• lubricants e g waxes and sodium stearyl fumarate
• surfactants anionics, eg sodium lauryl sulfate; cationics, e g hexyldodecyl ammonium bromide; non-ionic, e g Tween
• polymers cellulose derivatives, e g hydroxypropyl cellulose; polysaccharides, e g xanthan; other natural polymers like proteins e g albumin; natural rubbers
• the acrylic polymer dispersion described above can be mixed with other acrylic polymer dispersions, or a mixture of other acrylic polymer dispersions including one or more commercial dispersions.
• commercial polymer dispersions include, but are not limited to Kollicoat® SR30D (BASF), Kollicoat® EMM30D (BASF), Eudragit® RL30D (Rohm), Eudragit® RS30D (Rohm), Eudragit® NE30D (Rohm), Aquacoat® ECD (FMC), Surelease® (Colorcon), etc.
• the film coat has a thickness in the range of 1 to 100 micrometers, preferably in the range of 5 to 50 micrometers and more preferably in the range of 10 to 30 micrometers.
• the film coating described herein can be used to coat a pharmaceutical core which includes one or more pharmacologically active ingredients, and optionally one or more pharmaceutically acceptable additives or excipients.
• the pharmacologically active ingredient can be provided in a plurality of beads and coated with a film coat as defined above.
• Such film coated beads may be provided in sachets or formulated as a capsule, for example a hard gelatin capsule, or compressed to form tablets using known methods with the optional addition of other pharmaceutically acceptable additives.
• Coated beads to be compressed into a tablet are obtained by conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art.
• suitable agents can be added.
• suitable fillers e.g., microcrystalline cellulose, talc, sodium stearyl fumarate etc. can be utilised to give acceptable compression characteristics of the formulation, e.g., hardness of the tablet.
• the beads have a diameter in the range of 0.01-2mm, preferably in the range of 0.05-l.Omm and more preferably in the range of 0.1-0.7mm.
• the beads may contain an insoluble core onto which the active ingredient has been deposited for example by spraying.
• Suitable materials for the inert core are silicon dioxide, glass or plastic resin particles.
• Suitable types of plastic material are pharmaceutically acceptable plastics such as polypropylene or polyethylene preferably polypropylene.
• Such insoluble cores have a size diameter in the range of 0.01-2mm, preferably in the range of 0.05-0.5mm and more preferably in the range of 0.1-0.3mm.
• the present invention also includes a controlled-release formulation wherein the pharmacologically active ingredient is controlled over a long period of time, for example longer than 3 hours, e.g., up to 24 hours, in comparison to an immediate release tablet.
• the pharmacologically active ingredient is released from the formulation over 10 to 24 hours, for example over 18 to 22 hours.
• the pharmacologically active ingredient has activity in the treatment of cardiovascular or gastrointestinal diseases.
• the invention provides a controlled release metoprolol formulation where a metoprolol core comprising metoprolol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and optionally one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or additives, is coated with a film coating described herein.
• the core including metoprolol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be a plurality of beads which comprise metoprolol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the beads have an inert core as described previously.
• Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts of metoprolol include the tartrate, succinate, fumarate or benzoate salts and especially the succinate salt.
• the S-enantiomer of metoprolol or a salt thereof, particularly the benzoate salt or the sorbate salt, may also be used.
• the amount of acrylic acid or an ester thereof in the film coating is in the range 40 to 80 % by weight.
• the amount of acrylic acid or an ester thereof in the film coating is in the range 50 to 70 % by weight. More preferably the amount of acrylic acid or an ester thereof in the film coating is in the range 55 to 60 % by weight.
• the amount of ethyl acrylate in the film coating is in the range 40 to 80 % by weight.
• the amount of ethyl acrylate in the film coating is in the range 50 to 70 % by weight. More preferably the amount of ethyl acrylate in the film coating is in the range 55 to 60 % by weight.
• the amount of methacrylic acid or an ester thereof in the film coating is in the range 20 to 60 % by weight, for example 20 to 40 % by weight.
• the amount of methacrylic acid or an ester thereof in the film coating is in the range 30 to 50 % by weight. More preferably the amount of methacrylic acid or an ester thereof in the film coating is in the range 40 to 45 % by weight.
• the amount of methyl methacrylate in the film coating is in the range 20 to 60 % by weight, for example 20 to 40 % by weight.
• the amount of methyl methacrylate in the film coating is in the range 30 to 50 % by weight. More preferably the amount of methyl methacrylate in the film coating is in the range 40 to 45 % by weight.
• the amount of the polymerizable surfactant in the film coating is in the range 0.01 to 10 % by weight, for example 0.01 to 9% by weight, or for example 0.02 to 10% by weight or for example 1 to 10% by weight.
• the amount of the polymerizable surfactant in the film coating is in the range 0.05 to 9 % by weight. More preferably the amount of the polymerizable surfactant in the film coating is in the range 0.5 to 5 % by weight.
• the amount of the compound of formula I in the film coating is in the range 0.01 to 10 % by weight, for example 0.01 to 9% by weight or for example 0.02 to 10% by weight or for example 1 to 10% by weight.
• the amount of the compound of formula I in the film coating is in the range 0.05 to 9 % by weight. More preferably the amount of the compound of formula I in the film coating is in the range 0.5 to 5 % by weight.
• Another group of preferred polymers for this use comprises blends where one component has a Tg below room temperature and the other component has a Tg above room temperature.
• the amount of ethyl acrylate for the low Tg component in the film coating is in the range 50 to 70 % by weight. More preferably the amount of ethyl acrylate for the low Tg component in the film coating is in the range 65 to 70 % by weight.
• the amount of methyl methacrylate for the low Tg component in the film coating is in the range 20 to 40 % by weight. More preferably the amount of methyl methacrylate for the low Tg component in the film coating is in the range 30 to 35 % by weight.
• the amount of the compound of formula I for the low Tg component in the film coating is in the range 0.01 to 9 % by weight.
• the amount of the compound of formula I for the low Tg component in the film coating is in the range 0.05 to 9 % by weight. More preferably the amount of the compound of formula I for the low Tg component in the film coating is in the range 0.5 to 5 % by weight.
• the amount of ethyl acrylate for the high Tg component in the film coating is in the range 40 to 60 % by weight. More preferably the amount of ethyl acrylate for the high Tg component in the film coating is in the range 45 to 50 % by weight.
• the amount of methyl methacrylate for the high Tg component in the film coating is in the range 40 to 60 % by weight. More preferably the amount of methyl methacrylate for the high Tg component in the film coating is in the range 50 to 55 % by weight.
• the amount of the compound of formula I for the high Tg component in the film coating is in the range 0.01 to 9 % by weight.
• the amount of the compound of formula I for the high Tg component in the film coating is in the range 0.05 to 9 % by weight. More preferably the amount of the compound of formula I for the high Tg component in the film coating is in the range 0.5 to 5 % by weight.
• the water-containing liquid comprises water and a water miscible organic liquid for example lower alkanols e.g. ethanol, propanol or isopropanol. From a safety point of view it is preferred that the proportion of the organic is kept to a minimum but small amounts are tolerable for example in the range of 0 to 20 % by volume.
• the liquid is water.
• the film-coating composition is particularly suitable for use as an aqueous film-coating composition wherein the film-coat is applied using water as the liquid. This process is particularly advantageous as it removes the need to use environmentally unacceptable organic solvents.
• the present invention provides processes for the synthesis of suitable acrylic polymers. Therefore there is provided a process for the synthesis of water based acrylic polymer dispersions.
• the present invention provides processes for the preparation of the film- coating composition. Therefore there is provided a process for the preparation of a film- coating.
• the present invention provides a process for film coating a pharmaceutical core wherein a film coating composition as defined above is applied to a core.
• the film coating composition is applied by spraying for example in a fluidised bed with top spray or bottom spray techniques.
• Other coating methods used are coating in standard coating pans with perforated pans, Accela-cota, immersion swords, Glatt, or immersion tubes as described in "Theory and Practice in Industrial Pharmacy” edited by Lachman, published by Lea and Feabiger 1986 3 rd edition.
• the invention provides a process to prepare a film coat as defined above comprising removing the liquid from a film coating composition as defined above.
• the liquid is removed by evaporation for example by spray drying for example in a fluidised bed.
• spray drying for example in a fluidised bed.
• hot air is used for drying.
• the invention provides a process to prepare a formulation as defined above comprising coating a pharmaceutical core as defined above with a film coating composition as defined above and optionally containing pharmaceutically acceptable additives as defined above.
• the invention provides a process to prepare a formulation in which the pharmacologically active ingredient is provided as a plurality of beads as defined above comprising coating the plurality of beads with a film-coating composition as defined above and optionally containing pharmaceutically acceptable additives or excipients as defined above.
• Example 1 Synthesis of polymer dispersions using Ml, M2 and M3. Polymerizations were carried out using ethyl acrylate, methyl 2-methylacrylate and monomers Ml, M2 and M3
• the monomers were cleaned from inhibitor by filtering through a column of aluminum oxide. Polymerizations in nitrogen atmosphere were carried out under continous feed conditions at 70 C in a calorimetric reactor (stirring rate 100 rpm) by first forming a pre- emulsion with SDS in water. The dispersions were purified by dialysis.
• Example 2 Synthesis of polymer dispersion using M4. The following components were used to produce dispersion D4: Water 600 g Ethyl acrylate 120 g Methyl methacrylate 70 g
• the monomers were distilled to remove the inhibitors.
• the emulsion polymerization was carried out in a tightly capped water-jacketed vessel equipped with nitrogen bubbling, and stirred.
• the monomers, SDS and sodium hydroxide were dispersed in the water and stirred (50 rpm).
• the temperature was raised to 50 ° C and the initiator was added.
• the polymerization was run for 20 hours and the temperature was set to 70 °C for 2 hours.
• the dispersion was then filtered and cooled.
• Example 3 Preparation of films, Fl-F4from examples 1 and 2. Free films F1-F4 respectively from dispersions D1-D4 were obtained by pouring approximately 10 ml of each dispersion in Teflon moulds. The moulds were then placed in a controlled climate chamber at 25 °C and 60% relative humidity for drying and film forming during 19 hours.
• the stickiness of the films was tested by simple manual handling of the films.
• the films were tested in a permeability experiment, as described in Example 5.
• Example 4 Comparative coating: Preparation of films from GMS/PS80/Eudragit NE30D.
• GMS and PS80 were used to examine the influence of the stirring rate. Thus, first GMS and PS 80 were mixed according to either A, B, or C below. Then, appropriate amounts of
• Free films (10x10 cm 2 ) of the three dispersions were obtained by pouring approximately 10 ml of each dispersion in Teflon moulds, which were set aside at 25 °C, 60% relative humidity for drying and film-formation during 18 hrs.
• Example 5 Permeability of free films.
• Pieces of the films FI, F4, A, B, and C prepared according to Examples 1-4 were mounted in diffusion chambers consisting of two chambers separated by a free film (Hjartstam, Thesis, Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg 1998).
• the transport of labelled water was followed from the donor side to the receiver side over the membrane at 25 °C.
• Appropriate volumes typically 0.5 mL were taken from the receiver side at different times.
• the permeability (m 2 s "1 xlO 12 ) of a film was calculated from the amount of labelled water passing through the membrane in time.
• Example 6 Preparation of metoprolol succinate pellets coated with D4. Metoprolol succinate beads (size fraction 0.40-0.63 mm)(prepared as described in EP 220143) were coated with film dispersion D4. The dispersion was sprayed onto the beads in a laboratory-scale, fluidbed topspray apparatus. The coating conditions were as follows:
• Example 7 Release of metoprolol succinate from pellets coated with D4.
• the release of metoprolol from about 150 mg pellets according to Example 6 was evaluated in a USP dissolution apparatus No.2 (rotating paddle, 100 rpm).
• the test medium was 500 ml of phosphate buffer with a pH of 6.8 and ionic strength equal to 0.1 M.
• the temperature of the bath was set to 37°C.
• Samples were withdrawn for analysis (absorbance of metoprolol at 274 nm in a 1 cm cell). Amounts of released metoprolol were determined from measurements of the absorbance of a standard metoprolol solution based on the same medium as used in the release experiments. Results
• the monomers were cleaned from inhibitor by filtering through a column of aluminum oxide. Polymerizations in nitrogen atmosphere were carried out under continous feed conditions at 70 ° C in a calorimetric reactor (stirring rate 100 rpm) by first forming a pre- emulsion with SDS in water. The dispersions were purified by dialysis.
• Example 9 Preparation of metoprolol succinate pellets coated with D6.
• Metoprolol succinate beads (size fraction 0.40-0.63 mm) were coated with film dispersion D6. The polymer content in the dispersion was set to 15%. The dispersion was sprayed onto the beads in a laboratory-scale, fluidbed bottom spray apparatus. The coating conditions were as follows:
• Example 10 Release of metoprolol succinate from pellets coated with D6.
• the release of metoprolol from about 150 mg pellets according to Example 9 was evaluated in a USP dissolution apparatus No.2 (rotating paddle, 100 rpm).
• the test medium was 500 ml of phosphate buffer with a pH of 6.8 and ionic strength equal to 0.1 M.
• the temperature of the bath was set to 37°C. Samples were withdrawn for analysis (absorbance of metoprolol at 274 nm in a 1 cm cell). Amounts of released metoprolol were determined from measurements of the absorbance of a standard metoprolol solution based on the same medium as used in the release experiments.
• the polymer content of the dispersion was set to 15 %.
• the dispersion was sprayed onto the beads in a laboratory-scale, fluidbed bottom spray apparatus. The coating conditions were as follows:
• the release of metoprolol from about 150 mg pellets according to Example 11 was evaluated in a USP dissolution apparatus No.2 (rotating paddle, 100 rpm).
• the test medium was 500 ml of phosphate buffer with a pH of 6.8 and ionic strength equal to 0.1 M.
• the temperature of the bath was set to 37°C. Samples were withdrawn for analysis (absorbance of metoprolol at 274 nm in a 1 cm cell). Amounts of released metoprolol were determined from measurements of the absorbance of a standard metoprolol solution based on the same medium as used in the release experiments.

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