WO2003004429A1 - Glass-ceramics - Google Patents
Glass-ceramics Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2003004429A1 WO2003004429A1 PCT/JP2002/005884 JP0205884W WO03004429A1 WO 2003004429 A1 WO2003004429 A1 WO 2003004429A1 JP 0205884 W JP0205884 W JP 0205884W WO 03004429 A1 WO03004429 A1 WO 03004429A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- thermal expansion
- less
- temperature
- solid solution
- glass
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C10/00—Devitrified glass ceramics, i.e. glass ceramics having a crystalline phase dispersed in a glassy phase and constituting at least 50% by weight of the total composition
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C10/00—Devitrified glass ceramics, i.e. glass ceramics having a crystalline phase dispersed in a glassy phase and constituting at least 50% by weight of the total composition
- C03C10/0018—Devitrified glass ceramics, i.e. glass ceramics having a crystalline phase dispersed in a glassy phase and constituting at least 50% by weight of the total composition containing SiO2, Al2O3 and monovalent metal oxide as main constituents
- C03C10/0027—Devitrified glass ceramics, i.e. glass ceramics having a crystalline phase dispersed in a glassy phase and constituting at least 50% by weight of the total composition containing SiO2, Al2O3 and monovalent metal oxide as main constituents containing SiO2, Al2O3, Li2O as main constituents
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a crystallized glass in which a ⁇ -quartz solid solution or a] 3-eucryptite solid solution is precipitated as a main crystal, and more particularly to a temperature compensation for a waveguide layer material of a waveguide device used in the optical communication field and various devices. It relates to crystallized glass suitable as a substrate material.
- crystallized glass that precipitates 3-quartz solid solution or -eucryptite solid solution as the main crystal and has a thermal expansion coefficient close to zero is known.
- Various types of glass including stove window glass and architectural fire protection glass, have been known. It is used for applications.
- wavelength multiplexing technology for transmitting light of multiple wavelengths collectively is being used, and wavelength filters, power blurs, and waveguides are becoming important devices.
- Some optical communication devices of this type change their characteristics depending on the temperature and hinder outdoor use.Therefore, the characteristics of such optical communication devices are kept constant regardless of the temperature change. There is a need for technology to maintain the temperature, so-called temperature compensation technology.
- Typical examples of optical communication devices that require temperature compensation include waveguide devices such as array guides (hereafter, AWG) and planar optical circuits (hereafter, PLC) and fiber Bragg gratings (hereafter, FBGs). ).
- AWG array guides
- PLC planar optical circuits
- FBGs fiber Bragg gratings
- FIG. 1 a waveguide device 1 such as an AWG or a PLC has a waveguide layer 3 on a planar substrate 2, a waveguide (core) 4 is formed in the waveguide layer 3, It is a device that can perform processing such as branching, multiplexing, and switching.
- the ambient temperature changes the optical path length changes due to changes in the refractive index and the coefficient of thermal expansion as shown in Equation 1. It has the problem of changing.
- d S / d T (dn / d T) + n ⁇
- S is the optical path length
- n is the refractive index of the core
- ⁇ is the coefficient of thermal expansion
- the temperature dependence of the refractive index increases as the coefficient of thermal expansion becomes more negative, so when glass is used for the waveguide layer, the coefficient of thermal expansion is simply reduced. It is not possible to reduce the temperature dependence of depiice simply by increasing the size. That is, in waveguide layer materials such as AWG and PLC, device characteristics change due to optical path length change caused by temperature change of refractive index.
- an FBG is a device in which a so-called grating portion is formed in the core of an optical fiber with a refractive index change in the form of a lattice, and has the characteristic of reflecting light of a specific wavelength. If it changes, there is a problem that the reflection wavelength changes due to a change in the refractive index and the lattice spacing, as shown in Equation (2).
- ⁇ 2 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ / 3 ⁇ ) + ⁇ (3 ⁇ / 3 ⁇ ) / ⁇
- ⁇ is the reflection wavelength
- ⁇ is the effective refractive index of the core
- ⁇ is a lattice-like change in the refractive index. Indicates the lattice spacing of the part.
- waveguide devices such as AWGs and PLCs include, for example, the application of stress in the device, as described in the 2000 IEICE Electronics Society Conference C-13-3-21 and C13-13.
- a method has been proposed to adjust the refractive index of the waveguide by applying stress to the device in accordance with temperature changes by providing pins for use or using a divided aluminum substrate.
- the FBG for example, a method of fixing the FBG to a temperature compensating member that combines a material such as an alloy or a quartz glass having a small coefficient of thermal expansion and a metal such as an aluminum having a large coefficient of thermal expansion has been proposed.
- a method of fixing the FBG to a temperature compensating member that combines a material such as an alloy or a quartz glass having a small coefficient of thermal expansion and a metal such as an aluminum having a large coefficient of thermal expansion.
- the FBG 13 is fixed to the aluminum brackets 11a and 11b by using the clasps 12 & and 12b while being pulled with a predetermined tension. At this time, the grating portion 13a of the FBG13 is positioned between the two clasps 12a and 12b.
- WO 97/28480 discloses that a quartz solid solution precipitates inside by heat-treating a raw glass body previously formed into a plate shape as shown in FIG. A negatively expanded crystallized glass 14 is produced, and the FBG 16 is fixed with an adhesive 17 while tension is applied to the crystallized glass 14 by a weight 15, and this tension is applied to the crystallized glass 14.
- a method of controlling by expansion and contraction is disclosed, and this method is also applicable to a waveguide device.
- 16a indicates a grating portion.
- the crystallized glass disclosed in WO 97/28480 has a negative coefficient of thermal expansion and can perform temperature compensation with a single member, so that a mechanically simple device can be manufactured. Since many voids and cracks are generated at the crystal grain boundaries of glass, there is a problem that the hysteresis of thermal expansion is large. .
- Thermal expansion hysteresis refers to a phenomenon in which when a material expands or contracts due to a temperature change, the expansion behavior in the heating process does not match that in the cooling process, and the material with large hysteresis in thermal expansion is temperature compensated. Even if it is used as a component, the temperature dependency of the device cannot be compensated accurately.
- WO 97/28480 also shows that heat treatment is repeatedly performed in the temperature range of 400 to 800 ° C in order to reduce the hysteresis of the thermal expansion of the crystallized glass. However, such heat treatment has the problem of significantly reducing productivity and increasing costs. Summary of the Invention
- the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and provides a crystallized glass that has a negative coefficient of thermal expansion required for temperature compensation technology, has small thermal expansion hysteresis, and can be produced at low cost.
- the purpose is to:
- the crystallized glass of the present invention has a ⁇ -quartz solid solution or] 3-eucryptite solid solution precipitated as a main crystal, has a crystallinity of 70% by mass or more and a crystal grain size of 0.5 ⁇ m or less, there is no substantial voids or cracks in the grain boundaries, more negative than one 4 0 thermal expansion coefficient Gar 1 at a temperature range of 0 ° C ⁇ 1 0 0 ° C X 1 0- 7 Z ° C
- the hysteresis of thermal expansion in this temperature range is 10 ppm or less, and the temperature dependence of the refractive index d nZ d T is 13 X 1 ( 6 no. C or less.
- the first principle is that crystals with anisotropic thermal expansion are precipitated, and numerous voids and cracks are generated at the grain boundaries, resulting in positive thermal expansion. By reducing the contribution of the component, the contribution of the negative thermal expansion component is increased, and negative thermal expansion is manifested as a whole. In this case, the voids and cracks at the crystal grain boundaries are formed by thermal stress acting on the crystal grain boundaries, and if the crystal grain size is not large enough, sufficient thermal stress is not generated. A large coefficient of thermal expansion cannot be obtained. Based on this first principle, the grain size required to obtain a sufficient negative thermal expansion coefficient is considered to be 1 / m or more.
- the crystallized glass disclosed in WO97 / 28480 is based on this principle.
- the second principle is to precipitate a large amount of crystals having a negative coefficient of thermal expansion in the glass matrix, and to reflect the thermal expansion behavior of the crystals throughout the material.
- This type of crystallized glass has the advantage that the hysteresis of thermal expansion is extremely small because there is no need to form voids and cracks at the grain boundaries, but it overcomes the positive thermal expansion of the glass matrix part and as a whole In order to achieve negative thermal expansion, it is necessary to increase the crystal content ratio, that is, the crystallinity.
- One of the effective ways to increase the crystallinity of crystallized glass is to increase the heat treatment temperature (crystallization temperature) during crystallization.
- a solid solution of quartz or] 3-eucryptite solid solution begins to transfer to a ⁇ -spodumene solid solution having a positive coefficient of thermal expansion above a certain temperature.
- a crystallized glass having a large negative coefficient of thermal expansion cannot be obtained.
- the present inventors have conducted various studies on the degree of crystallinity and the transition temperature of the crystallized glass based on the second principle described above, and found that the glass composition, the crystallization temperature, or the pressure at the time of crystallization were strictly determined. By controlling the crystal grain size to a certain value or less, it was found that the transition from mono-quartz solid solution or] 3 -eucryptite solid solution to] 3-spodumene solid solution can be prevented.
- the present invention has been proposed.
- the present inventors have in order to perform temperature compensation of various optical communication devices are required material having an 1 0 X 1 o- 7 / ° large negative coefficient of thermal expansion than c is such In order to obtain a suitable material with crystallized glass, it is necessary to use one quartz solid solution or ⁇ as the main crystal.
- a eucryptite solid solution must be precipitated and its crystallinity must be 70% by mass or more (preferably 75% by mass or more, more preferably 80% by mass / 0 or more).
- the crystal grain size in the crystallized glass is controlled to 0.5 ⁇ or less (preferably 0.2 ⁇ or less)
- the transition temperature to a / 3-spodumene solid solution can be increased, and It has been found that even when heat-treated, a crystallinity of 70% by mass or more can be obtained while maintaining the crystal structure of] 3-quartz solid solution or / 3-eucryptite solid solution.
- the crystallized glass of the present invention has a crystal grain size of 0.5 ⁇ or less, reduces thermal stress acting on crystal grain boundaries, and does not substantially generate void cracks at crystal grain boundaries.
- the hysteresis of thermal expansion in the temperature range of ° C to 100 ° C can be controlled to 10 ppm or less.
- the crystallized glass of the present invention has a crystal grain size of 0.5 ⁇ or less, it has translucency. Specifically, light having a thickness of 3 mm at 400 to 1700 nm is used. This is preferable because the transmittance becomes 20% or more, and the adhesive state can be confirmed when assembling the device using the adhesive resin. Also, when the light transmittance is high, the ultraviolet light transmittance is also high, so that it is possible to assemble a device using an ultraviolet curable resin. Therefore, the light transmittance is preferably as high as possible, and is desirably 30% or more.
- the crystallized glass of the present invention has a light transmittance of 20% or more at a wavelength of 400 to 1700 nm and a thickness of 3 mm, the AWG or PL utilizing its optical characteristics is used.
- the temperature dependence d SZd T of the optical path length of the crystallized glass is 10 X 10 — 6 . C or less, preferably 5 X 10
- T 10 X 10 16 /. If the temperature is lower than C, the characteristics of the device are stable even in an environment where the temperature changes. The temperature dependence of the optical path length will be described in detail below.
- the optical path length of a portion other than the translucent material also contributes to the device characteristics, and the temperature dependence of the optical path length of the device is expressed by Equation (3).
- n is the refractive index
- dn / d T is the temperature dependence of the refractive index
- ⁇ is the coefficient of thermal expansion.
- d S / dT can be reduced by using an amorphous glass having a positive coefficient of thermal expansion and a negative dn / d ⁇ . there were.
- the optical device targeted by the present invention has a light transmitting property due to its structure.
- the optical path length only in the material of the waveguide layer becomes a problem, and the temperature dependence of the optical path length of the device is expressed by Equation 1 as described above.
- Equation (1) has a greater influence on the dSZdT than equation (3) .
- dSZdT should be reduced for materials with a very large thermal expansion coefficient, such as conventional amorphous glass. It is difficult.
- the crystallized glass of the present invention has a negative coefficient of thermal expansion
- d SZdT is likely to be 10 X 1 o— 6 / ° C or less.
- Crystallized glass of the present invention the mass 0/0, S i 0 2 60 ⁇ 72% A 120 3 1 8 ⁇ 26%, L i 2 O 3. 8 ⁇ 6. 5%, Z r 0 2 1. 5 to 4.1%, it is desirable to include P 2 0 5 0% the reason for this is as follows.
- Sio 2 is a main component constituting the glass network and a constituent component of the precipitated crystal. If the content of Sio 2 is less than 60%, the glass becomes unstable and it becomes difficult to precipitate a ⁇ -quartz solid solution or a] 3-eucryptite solid solution having a desired crystal grain size as a main crystal. On the other hand, if it exceeds 72%, melting of the glass becomes difficult.
- a preferred range of S i 0 2 is from 62 to 70%, more preferred range is 63 to 69%.
- a 1 2 0 3 is also a crystal component with a mesh component of the glass.
- a l 2 0 3 is less than 18%, it is difficult to deposit the desired crystal.
- it is more than 26 ° / 0 , the glass tends to be devitrified.
- the preferable range of A12 ⁇ 3 is 20 to 24%, and the more preferable range is 20.5 to 23. / 0 .
- Li 2 O is a component of ⁇ -quartz solid solution crystals or ⁇ -eucryptite solid solution crystals. If the Li 2 strength is less than S3.8%, it is difficult to increase the crystallinity to 70% or more. On the other hand, if it is more than 6.5%, the glass is liable to be devitrified, and it is difficult to control the crystal grain size to 0.5 ⁇ or less.
- the preferred range of Li 20 is 4 to 6%, and the more preferred range is 4.2 to 5.7%.
- Z r 0 2 is a component having an effect of forming crystal nuclei in the glass.
- Z r 0 2 is less than 5% 1. nucleation effect is insufficient, it is impossible to uniformly precipitate the crystals having the desired particle size. On the other hand, when it exceeds 4.1%, the glass Is difficult to melt and devitrification tends to occur, which is not preferable.
- Good preferable range of Z r 0 2 is 1.8 to 3.8%, more preferred range is 2-3. 5%.
- P2 O5 has the effect of promoting the nucleation action and reducing the temperature dependence of the refractive index d nZdT, thereby making it possible to reduce the temperature dependence d SZdT of the optical path length. If it exceeds 10%, the viscosity of the glass increases, and melting becomes difficult.
- the preferred range of P 2 ⁇ 5 is 0 to 4.5%, and the more preferred range is 0 to 3.5%.
- T I_rei_2 A s 2 0 3, B 2 0 3, Sn0 2, MgO, Na 2 0, K 2 0, B a 0, ZnO, it is possible to add the S b 2 0 3, C a 0, S r O components such.
- S b 2 0 3, C a 0, S r O components such.
- T i 0 2 is generally used as a nucleating component, from 3-quartz solid solution or J3- eucryptite solid solution, it has the effect of promoting the transition to ⁇ Supojumen solid solution. For that reason T i 0 2 is more than 1%, Supojumen solid solution is precipitated Shasuku, negative thermal expansion coefficient of less than _ 10 X 10- 7 / ° c it becomes difficult to obtain. Moreover, the light transmittance in a short wavelength range is reduced. Thus T io 2 should preferably 8% 0.5 or less, more preferably suppressed to 0.5 7 ° / 0 or less.
- a s 2 ⁇ 3 generally used as a fining agent for glass, but similar to T I_rei_2 has the effect of promoting the transfer of crystals. For that reason A s 2 O 3 is more than 1%, beta Supojumen solid solution is easily precipitated, the crystallinity is difficult to more than 70 wt%, One 10 ⁇ 10- 7 Bruno ° ⁇ following negative thermal It becomes difficult to obtain an expansion coefficient.
- I connection As 2 0 3 is preferably 8% 0.5 or less, more preferably kept below 6% 0.1 Rubeki.
- SnO 2 has the effect of refining the glass, similar to As 2 ⁇ 3, but has almost no effect of promoting the transfer of crystals. Furthermore, Sn_ ⁇ 2 also nucleation ability Have.
- the crystalline glass be heat-treated at a crystallization temperature of 820 to 1000 ° C. That is, when the crystallization temperature is lower than 820 ° C, it is difficult to precipitate a quartz solid solution or a j3-euclibutite solid solution as a main crystal and to achieve a crystallinity of 70% by mass or more. -It is easy to transfer to spodumene solid solution.
- the degree of crystallinity also depends on the atmospheric pressure at the time of crystallization, and increasing the pressure makes it possible to increase the degree of crystallinity. Therefore, increasing the pressure achieves a predetermined degree of crystallinity at a lower temperature. To achieve this effect, a pressure of at least 5 ⁇ 10 7 Pa (500 atm) is required.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing a waveguide device.
- FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing a crystallized glass having a negative coefficient of thermal expansion with FGB fixed on the surface.
- FIG. 3 is a front view showing a conventional device for preventing the reflection wavelength of FBG from fluctuating due to a temperature change. Description of the preferred embodiment
- Tables 1 and 2 show the crystallized glass of the present invention (samples Nos. 1 to 9) and the crystallized glass of the comparative example (samples Nos. 10 to 12).
- composition (mass /.) 1 2 3 4 5 6
- raw materials were prepared so as to obtain each composition shown in the table, then put in a platinum crucible, and melted at 1580 ° C for 20 hours.
- the molten glass was poured out onto a carbon plate and formed into a jar, thereby forming a glass plate having a thickness of 4 mm, and gradually cooled to room temperature.
- each glass plate was subjected to a nucleation treatment at 780 ° C. for 2 hours, and then subjected to a crystallization treatment at a crystallization temperature in the table for 1 hour, and cooled to room temperature.
- the glass plates of Examples 2 and 5 were subjected to nucleation at 780 ° C. for 2 hours while applying a pressure of 1500 ⁇ 10 5 Pa in the isotropic direction. Heat treatment was applied and cooled to room temperature.
- the temperature dependence of the refractive index (dn / dT) is, 12 X 10- 6 / ° is a C or less, the temperature dependence of the optical path length (d S / dT) is , 9 X 10 D / ° C or less.
- the transformation to a 3-spodumene solid solution and the degree of crystallinity in the table were determined by a well-known X-ray diffraction method.
- the crystal grain size and the presence or absence of grain boundary voids were determined using a scanning electron microscope. Tone
- the coefficient of thermal expansion and hysteresis were measured using a dilatometer.
- the light transmittance was measured using a spectrophotometer at 400 nm, with the thickness of each sample being 3 mm.
- the temperature dependence of the refractive index is evaluated by measuring the refractive index while changing the temperature of the sample, and the temperature dependence of the optical path length is evaluated by the interference optical system using light in the wavelength range of 1100 to 1700 nm. The sample was placed in one of the two optical paths, and the largest value of the temperature dependence of the optical path length obtained from the change in the interference fringes observed when the sample temperature was changed was evaluated.
- the crystallized glass of the present invention has a coefficient of thermal expansion that is more negative than 1 ⁇ 10 10 ′ / ° C., and the hysteresis of the thermal expansion is as small as 10 ppm or less. It is suitable as a substrate material for temperature compensation of FBG and waveguide devices used in the field.
- the temperature dependency d SZdT refractive index 13 X 10 _6 Z ° C or less since the temperature dependence d S / d T of the optical path length can be suppressed to 10 X 10 over 6 ° ⁇ below, the optical path It can also be applied to the waveguide layer material of waveguide devices such as AWG and PLC that need to keep the length constant.
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Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
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KR10-2003-7003171A KR20030040438A (ko) | 2001-07-04 | 2002-06-12 | 결정화 유리 |
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JP2001-203948 | 2001-07-04 | ||
JP2001203948A JP2003020254A (ja) | 2001-07-04 | 2001-07-04 | 結晶化ガラス |
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PCT/JP2002/005884 WO2003004429A1 (en) | 2001-07-04 | 2002-06-12 | Glass-ceramics |
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US (1) | US6750167B2 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP2003020254A (ja) |
KR (1) | KR20030040438A (ja) |
CN (1) | CN1871179A (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2003004429A1 (ja) |
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DE202018102534U1 (de) | 2017-12-22 | 2018-05-15 | Schott Ag | Transparente, eingefärbte Lithiumaluminiumsilikat-Glaskeramik |
DE102018110855A1 (de) | 2017-12-22 | 2018-06-28 | Schott Ag | Glaskeramik mit reduziertem Lithium-Gehalt |
KR102137875B1 (ko) | 2018-08-27 | 2020-07-27 | 한국세라믹기술원 | Las계 결정화 유리 및 그 제조 방법 |
CN111099825B (zh) * | 2018-10-26 | 2021-02-02 | 成都光明光电股份有限公司 | 微晶玻璃、微晶玻璃制品及其制造方法 |
KR102199169B1 (ko) | 2018-12-31 | 2021-01-06 | 한국세라믹기술원 | Y2O3와 Fe2O3가 포함되는 LAS계 결정화 유리 및 그의 제조방법 |
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JPS6452631A (en) * | 1987-01-19 | 1989-02-28 | Nippon Sheet Glass Co Ltd | Transparent crystallized glass |
JPH09169542A (ja) * | 1987-01-19 | 1997-06-30 | Nippon Sheet Glass Co Ltd | 透明結晶化ガラス |
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JP2001342038A (ja) * | 2000-03-29 | 2001-12-11 | Nippon Electric Glass Co Ltd | 結晶化ガラス |
JP2002104841A (ja) * | 2000-09-28 | 2002-04-10 | Ohara Inc | ガラスセラミックス及び温度補償部材 |
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KR100317080B1 (ko) * | 1997-04-07 | 2002-01-12 | 미야즈 준이찌로 | 광섬유커넥터용페룰 |
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EP1195626A4 (en) * | 1999-07-07 | 2004-12-15 | Nippon Electric Glass Co | TEMPERATURE COMPENSATION MATERIAL AND OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE |
JP2001342036A (ja) * | 2000-03-31 | 2001-12-11 | Ngk Insulators Ltd | ガラス材料並びに結晶化ガラス製品及び結晶化ガラス材料の製造方法 |
-
2001
- 2001-07-04 JP JP2001203948A patent/JP2003020254A/ja active Pending
-
2002
- 2002-06-12 CN CNA028133986A patent/CN1871179A/zh active Pending
- 2002-06-12 WO PCT/JP2002/005884 patent/WO2003004429A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2002-06-12 KR KR10-2003-7003171A patent/KR20030040438A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-07-01 US US10/188,295 patent/US6750167B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (6)
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JPS6452631A (en) * | 1987-01-19 | 1989-02-28 | Nippon Sheet Glass Co Ltd | Transparent crystallized glass |
JPH09169542A (ja) * | 1987-01-19 | 1997-06-30 | Nippon Sheet Glass Co Ltd | 透明結晶化ガラス |
JP2001172048A (ja) * | 1998-10-23 | 2001-06-26 | Ohara Inc | 負熱膨張性ガラスセラミックスおよびその製造方法 |
JP2000266943A (ja) * | 1999-03-12 | 2000-09-29 | Nippon Electric Glass Co Ltd | 光通信用温度補償デバイス |
JP2001342038A (ja) * | 2000-03-29 | 2001-12-11 | Nippon Electric Glass Co Ltd | 結晶化ガラス |
JP2002104841A (ja) * | 2000-09-28 | 2002-04-10 | Ohara Inc | ガラスセラミックス及び温度補償部材 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN1871179A (zh) | 2006-11-29 |
KR20030040438A (ko) | 2003-05-22 |
JP2003020254A (ja) | 2003-01-24 |
US6750167B2 (en) | 2004-06-15 |
US20030054935A1 (en) | 2003-03-20 |
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