WO2002083932A2 - Enzymabbauketten - Google Patents
Enzymabbauketten Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2002083932A2 WO2002083932A2 PCT/EP2002/004043 EP0204043W WO02083932A2 WO 2002083932 A2 WO2002083932 A2 WO 2002083932A2 EP 0204043 W EP0204043 W EP 0204043W WO 02083932 A2 WO02083932 A2 WO 02083932A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- enzymes
- enzyme
- enzymatic system
- degradation
- chain
- Prior art date
Links
- 230000007515 enzymatic degradation Effects 0.000 title abstract description 5
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 claims abstract description 210
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- 229930182830 galactose Natural products 0.000 description 2
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- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lactic acid Chemical compound CC(O)C(O)=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/001—Enzyme electrodes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to enzymatic systems with enzyme degradation chains from enzymes of various types, preferably in the immobilized state, and their use, in particular for use in bioreactors, biosensors and chromatographic systems.
- immobilizing enzymes When immobilizing enzymes, three basic methods are generally distinguished, namely firstly the immobilization by crosslinking, secondly the immobilization by binding to a support and thirdly the immobilization by inclusion.
- crosslinked enzymes When immobilized by crosslinking, crosslinked enzymes are obtained which are fixed to one another without their activity being influenced. However, the enzymes are no longer soluble.
- the crosslinking takes place, for example, with glutardialdehyde.
- the immobilization is carried out by binding to a carrier, the binding can be carried out by adsorption, ion binding or covalent binding.
- the binding to the carrier can also take place within the original microbial cell.
- the activity of the enzyme is not affected by the fixation; it can be used multiple or continuously in a carrier-bound manner.
- the enzyme When immobilized by inclusion, the enzyme is usually enclosed between semipermeable membranes and / or gels, microcapsules or fibers.
- the encapsulated enzymes are e.g. B. separated by a semipermeable membrane from the surrounding substrate and product solution. Cells can also be encapsulated. The activity of the enzyme is not affected by the fixation in space.
- Immobilized enzymes, enzyme-producing microorganisms or cells are used in particular in biotechnological processes.
- the first technical processes with immobilized cells were empirically optimized and are still used today.
- Another older process is vinegar production using the generator process.
- the most important process is the use of cells with glucose isomerase to produce syrup containing fructose.
- Glucose amylase for the production of glucose in the starch process is also used immobilized.
- the cleavage of lactose with the help of the immobilized ß-galactosidase from yeast to glucose and galactose is also a common method.
- There are further technical processes with immobilized systems in the production of amino acids in the cleavage of penicillin G to 6-aminopenicillinic acid and in the production of ethanol with growing, immobilized cells from Saccharomyces sp.
- Immobilized enzyme and cell systems are used not only in biotechnological production processes, but also in analytics. B. in so-called biosensors.
- the principle of analysis with the aid of immobilized systems is based on the fact that a substrate to be determined is implemented by an immobilized system, the change in the Product, substrate or cosubstrate concentration can be tracked, for example with several coupled methods (e.g. enzyme electrodes).
- the degradation or conversion of molecules does not take place through a single enzyme, but along a so-called enzyme degradation chain from several enzymes, i.e. H. the reaction is enzyme-catalyzed in several stages with different enzymes.
- the parallel determination of several substances by several different enzymes or by enzyme (degradation) chains is necessary.
- such a multi-enzymatically catalyzed reaction sequence can often only be carried out rarely, because the bioreactors and biosensors known from the prior art preferably comprise a type of enzyme.
- the problem on which the present invention is based is to provide a system with which it is also possible to catalyze enzymatically those processes which are enzymatic in several stages, i. H. in which the molecules, in particular biomolecules or technical molecules, are broken down enzymatically catalyzed in several stages or converted into end products, the conversion being carried out within only one single enzymatic system, but with different enzymes.
- the present invention is based on the problem of providing a system with which the parallel reaction of several substances by several different enzymes or by enzyme (degradation) chains is also possible.
- such a system should be suitable for use in bioreactors, biosensors and chromatographic systems.
- the present invention thus relates to an enzymatic system which comprises an enzyme degradation chain which in turn comprises at least two different or different enzymes, i.e. .H. Enzymes of different types.
- the at least two enzymes in the enzyme (degradation) chain are matched to one another in such a way that, in particular selectively or essentially selectively, they break down at least one specific molecule - also referred to as a "target molecule”.
- the enzymes of the enzyme (degradation) chain can be coordinated with one another in such a way that, in particular selectively or essentially selectively, they break down at least one non-naturally occurring molecule, in particular a technical molecule.
- the enzymes of the enzyme (degradation) chain can, for example, be coordinated with one another in such a way that they break down the non-naturally occurring molecule, in particular technical molecule, in accordance with a non-naturally occurring metabolism, ie. H. form a non-naturally occurring metabolism chain.
- the enzymes of the enzyme (degradation) chain can also be coordinated with one another in such a way that they break down the non-naturally occurring molecule, in particular technical molecule, according to a naturally occurring metabolism, ie. H. form a naturally occurring metabolism chain, which however naturally occurs regulates the breakdown of other, namely naturally occurring molecules.
- the enzymes of the enzyme (degradation) chain can be coordinated with one another in such a way that, in particular selectively or essentially selectively, they break down at least one naturally occurring molecule in accordance with a non-naturally occurring metabolism.
- the naturally occurring molecule can be a natural product, for example.
- the enzymatic system according to the invention is particularly suitable for the consecutive and / or multi-stage degradation of molecules.
- the runs Degradation is preferably selective or substantially selective with respect to the molecule or molecules to be degraded.
- the enzymatic system according to the invention can be used in particular for the catalysis of multistage enzymatically catalyzed reactions.
- the enzymatic system according to the invention is suitable for the parallel implementation of different molecules with different enzymes.
- At least one of the enzymes of the enzyme (degradation) chain is present in immobilized form in the enzymatic system according to the invention.
- all enzymes of the enzyme (degradation) chain can preferably be present in immobilized form.
- the enzymes can be immobilized according to the invention by the customary methods of the prior art described above, the reactivity of the enzymes immobilized in this way being at least substantially retained.
- the immobilization of at least one of the enzymes of the enzymatic system according to the invention can take place, for example, by crosslinking.
- At least one of the enzymes of the enzymatic system according to the invention can also be immobilized by binding to a suitable carrier.
- the binding can occur due to adsorption, ion binding and / or covalent binding.
- the immobilization can have been carried out by binding to a suitable, preferably chemically inert carrier, the carrier having previously been activated by plasma-chemical surface modification.
- This process comprises the following process steps:
- step (b) binding the enzyme or enzymes to be immobilized, if necessary after converting them into an activated, bindable state, to the carrier surface activated in step (a); and finally
- process step (c) optionally crosslinking the enzyme bound in process step (b), in particular where process steps (b) and (c) may be combined, in particular may be carried out simultaneously and / or the immobilization may be carried out in layers, in particular with glutardialdehyde.
- the present invention thus relates to an enzymatic system in which at least one of the enzymes, preferably all of the enzymes in the enzyme (degradation) chain, are fixed and / or bound to a chemically inert, plasma-chemically activated and / or functionalized support surface after The methods described above are immobilized.
- the activation of the chemically inert carrier surface by means of plasma-chemical methods in step (a) of the previously described method is preferably carried out selectively only on the surface, so that the bulk properties of the chemically inert carrier surface are retained, the activation of the chemically inert carrier surface in Step (a) of the previously described method in reactive plasma, in particular high-frequency plasma, has taken place.
- the chemically inert support surface can include, in particular, noble metals such as platinum in particular and their alloys, stainless steel or polyhalogenated polymers, in particular polyhalogenated polymeric hydrocarbons such as in particular polytetrafluoroethylene or polyvinyl chloride, or else cellulose acetate or combinations of these materials.
- PTFE (Teflon ® ) and cellulose acetate membranes, for example, are particularly suitable.
- connection or coupling of the enzyme (s) to be immobilized to the plasma-chemically modified carrier surface in accordance with step (b) of the previously described method can in particular be carried out by connecting or coupling the enzyme (s) via the reactive functional groups attached in step (a), where the enzyme or enzymes can be attached directly to the reactive functional groups applied to the carrier surface or indirectly via a suitable linker.
- the present invention relates to an enzymatic system in which at least one of the enzymes, preferably all of the enzymes in the enzyme (degradation) chain, are immobilized by fixing and / or binding to a chemically inert, plasma-chemically activated and / or functionalized carrier surface.
- the enzyme or enzymes can be fixed directly or indirectly to a chemically inert carrier surface, in particular linked or coupled.
- the attachment or coupling of the enzyme or enzymes can be carried out via suitable, reactive functional groups attached to the chemically inert support surface.
- the enzymes of the enzymatic system according to the invention can in particular be selected from the group of oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases (e.g. esterases such as lipases), lyases, isomerases and ligases (synthetases) and their mixtures or combinations with one another.
- the at least two enzymes are located either within a single reaction zone or in separate, successively, sequentially connected reaction zones which then together form the enzymatic system.
- the enzymes of the enzyme (degradation) chain can be arranged within a unit, preferably within a reaction zone, a compartment or a cell, in particular a measuring cell, or else in separate, in particular successive units, preferably be arranged in separate, successive reaction zones, compartments or cells, in particular measuring cells, which together form the enzymatic system. In order to measure the difference, however, measuring cells can also be connected in parallel.
- the enzymatic system according to the invention contains amyloglucosidase and glucose oxidase, optionally in combination with mutarotase and / or ⁇ - Glucosidase (maltase).
- amyloglucosidase and glucose oxidase optionally in combination with mutarotase and / or ⁇ - Glucosidase (maltase).
- mutarotase / or ⁇ - Glucosidase (maltase).
- ⁇ - Glucosidase maltase
- the enzymatic system according to the invention can be used in many ways, in particular in biosensors, bioreactors or chromatographic systems (for example chromatographic columns).
- the present invention thus also relates to biosensors, bioreactors and chromatographic systems which comprise the enzymatic system according to the invention.
- the enzymatic systems according to the invention can be used in biosensors. At least two different types of immobilized enzymes are combined with one another, which are used in an enzyme chain or enzyme degradation chain.
- the various enzymes can either be present in a single reaction system (for example in a measuring cell) or can be sequentially connected (for example in successive measuring cells) which then together form the enzymatic system according to the invention. In this way, for example, the parallel determination of several substances by several enzymes (or enzyme chains) in one measuring cell or the sequential degradation of a starting material (analyte) in several measuring cells connected in series with simultaneous electrical analysis in one and / or several measuring cells.
- biosensors are sensors with a bioactive component, based on the coupling of biomolecules that specifically recognize analytes as receptors in the broadest sense, with physicochemical transducers that generate a biologically generated signal (e.g. oxygen concentration, pH value, Convert dye etc.) into electrical measurement signals.
- a biologically generated signal e.g. oxygen concentration, pH value, Convert dye etc.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows the typical structure of a biosensor for the specific detection of an analyte 1, the biosensor comprising a receptor 2 and a transducer 3, which converts the biological signal generated by the receptor 2 into an electronic signal 4, which is passed on to electronics 5 becomes.
- Various biomolecules can be used for specific recognition, in particular enzymes. Potentiometric sensors, amperometric electrodes, piezoelectric sensors, thermistors or optoelectronic sensors can be used as transducers.
- biosensors Due to the reaction or interaction of the analyte with the receptor, a distinction is made between two basic types of biosensors, namely, on the one hand, bioaffinity sensors, which take advantage of changes in the electron density that occur during complex formation, and, on the other hand, metabolism sensors, which are based on the specific detection and conversion of substrates.
- Biosensors are used - especially in the form of enzyme electrodes - in healthcare, for the control of biotechnological processes, in the food industry or in environmental protection. A wide variety of systems can be analyzed with biosensors.
- the various enzyme molecules can be introduced for immobilization either in polymer matrices (such as PVC, gels, graphites or zeolites) or between foils (e.g. cellulose acetate).
- polymer matrices such as PVC, gels, graphites or zeolites
- foils e.g. cellulose acetate
- the various enzymes to bind with sensors for example based on the enzymatic production or consumption of oxygen and a chemically inert membrane (eg. As a Teflon ® membrane) have, they will be used.
- the biosensors according to the invention can be produced, for example, as described in the already cited German patent application DE 101 18 553.7, the entire content of which is included by reference.
- biosensors according to the invention enable, for example, the production of microelectrodes (arrays) for small volumes and high sample throughput (e.g. for combinatorial use).
- Application examples for the biosensors according to the invention are the analytical determination of surfactants, in particular ionic surfactants such as nonionic surfactants (e.g. alkyl polyglucosides), of polyaspartic acid and of fatty alcohol derivatives.
- the present invention relates to a biosensor, in particular for the qualitative and / or quantitative determination of nonionic surfactants, preferably alkyl polyglucosides, the biosensor comprising as an enzyme (degradation) chain an enzymatic system which, as enzymes, amyloglucosidase and glucose oxidase, optionally in Combination with mutarotase and / or ⁇ -glucosidase (maltase).
- the aforementioned enzymes are present in particular in immobilized form, preferably by binding to a chemically inert surface and / or membrane, preferably to a polytetrafluoroethylene or cellulose acetate membrane.
- the enzymatic system according to the invention can also be used in bioreactors.
- biomass are understood to mean the physical container in which biological substance conversions are carried out, in particular with enzymes.
- the immobilized enzymes of the enzymatic system according to the invention can, for example, be attached to the wall surfaces of the bioreactor or - particularly in the case of fixed bed reactors - can be attached to the stationary support material or bulk material.
- Reactor surfaces suitable according to the invention can consist of metal (eg noble metal such as platinum) or can be coated with all common polymers used for reactor manufacture (eg Teflon® ). 2 shows, by way of example and schematically, different types of prior art bioreactors:
- FIG. 2A shows a stirred tank reactor, in which the energy is introduced by mechanically moving units.
- G denotes the gas flow and M the mechanical drive device (e.g. motor). Because of their versatility, stirred tank reactors are used most frequently.
- 2B shows a bubble column reactor in which the mixing is carried out by supplying air or another gas.
- G denotes the gas flow.
- 2C shows a so-called airlift fermenter with an internal passage, a liquid circulation and mixing being generally generated by the introduction of air or another gas.
- G denotes the gas flow.
- 2D shows a so-called airlift fermenter with an external passage, a liquid circulation and mixing being generally generated by the introduction of air or another gas.
- G denotes the gas flow.
- the enzymatic system according to the invention can be used in the previously described bioreactor types of the prior art, for example by modifying the wall surface (for example by coupling the enzymes to the chemically inert reactor walls) or in the case of fixed bed bioreactors by connecting the Enzymes on the stationary carrier material or bulk material.
- FIG. 3 shows an example and schematically some embodiments of bioreactors according to the present invention:
- 3A shows a bioreactor, the chemically inert walls of which are modified by coupling an immobilized enzyme of type A and an immobilized enzyme of type B, which are arranged in different, successive reaction zones.
- G denotes the gas flow.
- 3B shows a bioreactor, the chemically inert walls of which are modified by coupling an immobilized enzyme of type A and an immobilized enzyme of type B, which are arranged within a single reaction zone.
- 3C shows a bioreactor in the form of a fixed bed reactor, to the carrier material or bulk material of which immobilized enzymes of type A and type B are coupled, which are arranged within a reaction zone.
- the enzymatic system according to the invention in chromatographic systems, in particular in chromatographic columns. This can be done for synthetic purposes (e.g. carrying out enzymatically catalyzed reactions on a chromatographic column) or also for analytical purposes (e.g. in analytical column chromatography).
- the immobilized enzymes of the enzymatic system can, for example, be bound to the stationary support material or bulk material, in particular the stationary column material, of the chromatographic system.
- the use of the enzymatic system according to the invention has the advantage that, with the system according to the invention, it is also possible to catalyze enzymatically those processes which take place in a multistage enzymatic manner, ie. H. in which the molecules, in particular biomolecules or technical molecules, are broken down enzymatically catalyzed in several stages and with different enzymes or converted into end products.
- the use of the enzymatic system according to the invention also enables the parallel conversion of several substances by different enzymes or by enzyme (degradation) chains and thereby, for example, the parallel analytical determination of several substances side by side with a single measuring cell which contains an enzyme degradation chain from different enzymes or the sequential decomposition of a starting material (analyte) in several measuring cells connected in series with simultaneous electrical analysis in one and / or several measuring cells.
- the use of the enzymatic system according to the invention also has the advantage that, on the one hand, the enzymes can be reused due to the immobilization and, on the other hand, easy separation is possible after their use (e.g. after synthesis in the bioreactor, for example by draining off the reaction mixture).
- the enzymes can be used efficiently and inexpensively in a high local concentration and in a continuous flow.
- the substrate specificity and the specificity of the reaction and the reactivity of the enzymes are not lost.
- the concept of the present invention is therefore to combine different enzymes with one another in such a way that molecules (eg technical molecules or biomolecules) can be broken down in this way.
- certain parameters as described above e.g. change in pH value, generation of oxygen, etc.
- bioreactors this means that there is also the possibility of the simultaneous or sequential reaction of one or more substances.
- the production of a substance and the reaction tracking with sensors that measure oxygen or H 2 O 2 , for example, are identical and thus also enable efficient reaction control.
- APG alkyl polyglucoside, a group of nonionic surfactants, sold by Henkel
- APG alkyl polyglucoside, a group of nonionic surfactants, sold by Henkel
- an enzymatic degradation chain has been developed, consisting of amyloglucosidase and glucose oxidase and optionally also mutarotase and / or ⁇ -glucosidase (maltase).
- the aforementioned enzymes were first immobilized.
- the immobilization was carried out by the aforementioned enzymes on a
- the membrane was modified or activated according to known plasma chemical methods, i. H. functionalized in reactive high-frequency plasma under conditions known per se, as a result of which suitable, enzyme-reactive functional groups are bound to the chemically inert membrane surface, in particular amino and / or carboxyl groups.
- suitable, enzyme-reactive functional groups are bound to the chemically inert membrane surface, in particular amino and / or carboxyl groups.
- the enzymes were then bound to them using methods known per se.
- the immobilization can also be carried out using methods known per se from the prior art, for example by inserting them between foils (for example made of cellulose acetate) or in polymer matrices (for example PVC, gels, graphites, zeolites, etc .).
- foils for example made of cellulose acetate
- polymer matrices for example PVC, gels, graphites, zeolites, etc .
- APG could then be detected or determined electroanalytically.
- Alkyl polyglycosides are added phosphate-free as surface-active neutraltenside cosmetics or detergents.
- One to seven glucose units drastically decreasing in the frequency of mono- to heptaglycosides, are glycosidically linked to a mostly long-chain alcohol such as dodecanol or tetradecanol.
- bioelectrochemical membrane electrodes are a particularly attractive measuring principle for the alkyl polyglycosides.
- Measuring solutions were phosphate buffered to a pH of 5.0.
- the sensors according to the invention are integrated in a flow measuring system
- the measuring anode and reference cathode are designed in a "spark plug-shaped" construction and are screwed tightly against the edges of the flow chambers. Only the end faces of the precious metal electrodes are freely accessible and are electro-analytically active.
- the membrane systems with a diameter of 5 mm are protected against cavities and are in direct contact with the Pt measuring anode.
- Electrode surface design in connection with thin enzyme membranes promotes the speed of the adjustment behavior.
- these measuring system components were integrated into the side walls of an acrylic glass tube which was provided with inlet and outlet taps at the upper and lower ends.
- the Pt measuring anode also with a cavity-protected enzyme membrane of 5 mm, has direct access to the measuring solution through an anodic window, while the rod-shaped Ag reference cathode (diameter 1 mm) is located in a side space of the measuring cell and an internal electrolyte with the Pt measuring anode communicates.
- APG sensors consist of a Pt cathode with a
- the Ag / AgCI reference anode is again analogous to 2.1.1.2. in a side area of the measuring cell and is connected via a buffered internal electrolyte to the Pt measuring electrode in the cathodic window, which is sealed by the PTFE membrane, but is gas-permeable, so that O 2 acts as a transducer between the immobilized enzymes and the Pt cathode can act.
- the membrane system On the electrode side, the membrane system has a chemically unmodified PTFE membrane on which two dialysis membranes made of cellulose acetate lie, between which - protected against bacterial degradation - the enzymes are immobilized and / or covalently cross-linked on a strip of cellulose fibers by adsorption and / or ionic binding ,
- the bifunctional reagent glutardialdehyde couples covalently to the PTFE membranes aminated in high-frequency plasma
- glucose oxidase ⁇ -D-glucose + O 2 + H 2 O GQD H 2 O 2 + gluconic acid.
- the amperometric measurement at the end of the enzyme degradation chain can be carried out by consuming O 2 by means of oxygen electrodes or by forming H 2 O 2 with water peroxide detectors.
- Fig. 1 graphically illustrates the relationship between the enzyme concentration ge together in U / membrane
- the bienzyme membranes contain the two enzymes amyloglucosidase and glucose oxidase in the same concentration based on units, the total concentration of which is shown in the graph in Fig. 1.
- the enzymes are present in the membrane systems in cross-linked form due to glutardialdehyde.
- ® SBC-1419-APG is one of the three measuring systems listed in Fig. 1
- the SBC-1419-APG bienzyme membrane is also suitable for use on the H 2 O 2 -sensitive-enzymatic measuring system with an anodic window
- GOD reacts very selectively with ß-D-glucose, while the ⁇ form is not converted by this enzyme.
- Substrate supply for the glucose oxidase can be forced if one
- Trienzym membrane system (see Tab. 1).
- Amyloglucosidase glucose oxidase, mutarotase additionally ⁇ -glucosidase, the latter with the idea of possibly releasing the fatty alcohol from its glycosidic bond (Table 2).
- ⁇ -1,6-glucosidic bonds by the enzyme also known as maltase is slow. There is no attack on ⁇ -glucosidic bonds. In contrast, ⁇ -1,4-glucosidic bonds are the preferred target.
- the four enzymes were immobilized by adsorption and / or ionic binding on a strip of cellulose fibers between two dialysis membranes made of cellulose acetate.
- the enzyme membrane was covered with a chemically unmodified PTFE membrane and stretched on an acrylic glass ring using an O-ring and finally positioned with the help of an inner electrolyte film in front of the Pt cathode of the O 2 sensor, which was connected to the common one by an Ag / AgCI reference cathode internal electrolyte
- Amyloglucosidase and glucose oxidase were covalently bound to chemically modified PTFE membranes in aminized form (2.1.2.2.) For oxygen electrodes (2.1.2.) By the bifunctional reagent glutardialdehyde. In further layers, these enzymes were cross-linked and coupled to the previous layer.
- the APG ® sensor is marked with 10.
- SBC-1322-APG ® -HDKS5-No. 1 In addition to high measurement stability, response times of only 3 to 6 minutes. This is the result of a particularly aerodynamic geometry with tangential Inflow to the entire membrane system and the lack of enzyme-encapsulating dialysis membranes.
- FIG. 1 shows the relationship of mass (mg) to substrate turnover (U) in the
- ® Fig. 3 shows the enzyme concentrations in the U / APG selective biosensor membrane.
- ® Fig. 4 shows the enzyme concentrations in mg / APG selective biosensor membrane.
- ® 1425-APG was developed on H 2 O 2 detectors according to 2.1.1.1. constructed modular flow measuring system with a temperature increase of 10 ° C the
- hydrogen peroxide detectors In their capacity as measuring anodes, hydrogen peroxide detectors also convert other anodically oxidizable substances.
- the nanoamperemeter transducer supplies the amperometric sensor with a plateau-adapted polarization voltage and has a transducer constant of 1mV / nA.
- the polarization voltage for O 2 is sensitive enzymatic measuring systems -750 mV measuring- against reference electrode and for H 2 0 2 -sensitive-enzymatic measuring systems with anodic oxidation +950 mV measuring- against reference electrode.
- the 21-bit A / D converter converts the electrical direct voltages supplied by the nano-amperemeter according to current / voltage conversion into corresponding digital signals, which are transmitted via a serial interface (RS 232) to an IBM-compatible computer in order to use the measured currents with computer support carry out a measurement data evaluation.
- a serial interface RS 232
- the course of the measurement curve with a measured value within approx. 2 seconds can be followed on the screen in a continuous display.
- Substances in the area of the reactors can e.g. B. be substances that are used on site at the customer, such. B. peroxides or surfactants, lubricants or high-quality special chemicals.
Abstract
Description
Claims
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US10/474,652 US20040209340A1 (en) | 2001-04-14 | 2002-04-11 | Enzymatic degradation chains |
EP02732601A EP1385985A2 (de) | 2001-04-14 | 2002-04-11 | Enzymabbauketten |
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DE2001118553 DE10118553A1 (de) | 2001-04-14 | 2001-04-14 | Verfahren zur Anbindung von Biomolekülen an chemisch inerte Oberflächen |
DE2001118554 DE10118554A1 (de) | 2001-04-14 | 2001-04-14 | Enzymabbauketten |
DE10118554.5 | 2001-04-14 | ||
DE10118553.7 | 2001-04-14 |
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PCT/EP2002/004042 WO2002083931A2 (de) | 2001-04-14 | 2002-04-11 | Verfahren zur anbindung von biomolekülen an chemisch inerte oberflächen |
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US (2) | US20040175811A1 (de) |
EP (2) | EP1379680A2 (de) |
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JP4632400B2 (ja) * | 2003-12-16 | 2011-02-16 | キヤノン株式会社 | 細胞培養用基板、その製造方法、それを用いた細胞スクリーニング法 |
JP2005289931A (ja) * | 2004-04-02 | 2005-10-20 | Tokai Univ | 中空状物品 |
JP2006094812A (ja) * | 2004-09-30 | 2006-04-13 | Mitsubishi Kagaku Iatron Inc | バイオリアクター用担体、バイオリアクター、及び分析方法 |
JP4649680B2 (ja) * | 2005-03-02 | 2011-03-16 | 独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所 | 酵素固定化マイクロリアクター、及びその製造方法 |
CN100363482C (zh) * | 2005-12-09 | 2008-01-23 | 清华大学 | 利用亲水/疏水复合膜中的微结构固定化脂肪酶的方法 |
JP4727543B2 (ja) * | 2006-09-27 | 2011-07-20 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | 測定装置及び測定方法 |
IT1394278B1 (it) * | 2009-06-17 | 2012-06-06 | Archimede R&D S R L | Metodo per la prevenzione ed il controllo di organismi infestanti i sistemi acquosi |
CN101935669B (zh) * | 2009-12-16 | 2013-01-02 | 中国科学院动物研究所 | 一种解毒工程菌及其制备方法和应用 |
EP3085463A1 (de) * | 2014-12-16 | 2016-10-26 | Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) | Verfahren zum abbau und zur deaktivierung von antibiotika in wasser durch immobilisierte enzyme auf funktionalisierten trägern |
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EP1385985A2 (de) | 2004-02-04 |
JP2004533238A (ja) | 2004-11-04 |
US20040209340A1 (en) | 2004-10-21 |
WO2002083931A3 (de) | 2003-07-31 |
US20040175811A1 (en) | 2004-09-09 |
EP1379680A2 (de) | 2004-01-14 |
WO2002083932A3 (de) | 2003-11-27 |
WO2002083931A2 (de) | 2002-10-24 |
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