WO2002065608A1 - Protection contre la surcharge de courant faisant appel a un element d'impedance magnetique - Google Patents
Protection contre la surcharge de courant faisant appel a un element d'impedance magnetique Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2002065608A1 WO2002065608A1 PCT/JP2002/001237 JP0201237W WO02065608A1 WO 2002065608 A1 WO2002065608 A1 WO 2002065608A1 JP 0201237 W JP0201237 W JP 0201237W WO 02065608 A1 WO02065608 A1 WO 02065608A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- current
- protection device
- power supply
- magnetic
- overload
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical group [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000005389 magnetism Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 13
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 13
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 description 8
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000889 permalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
- H02H1/00—Details of emergency protective circuit arrangements
- H02H1/0007—Details of emergency protective circuit arrangements concerning the detecting means
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
- G01R33/02—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
- H02H1/00—Details of emergency protective circuit arrangements
- H02H1/04—Arrangements for preventing response to transient abnormal conditions, e.g. to lightning or to short duration over voltage or oscillations; Damping the influence of dc component by short circuits in ac networks
- H02H1/043—Arrangements for preventing response to transient abnormal conditions, e.g. to lightning or to short duration over voltage or oscillations; Damping the influence of dc component by short circuits in ac networks to inrush currents
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
- H02H1/00—Details of emergency protective circuit arrangements
- H02H1/06—Arrangements for supplying operative power
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
- H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
- H02H7/08—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for dynamo-electric motors
- H02H7/085—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for dynamo-electric motors against excessive load
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an overload current protection device that detects a current flowing through a conductor and cuts off the current when the magnitude of the current exceeds a given threshold, for example, an overload current that can control power supply to a motor.
- a given threshold for example, an overload current that can control power supply to a motor.
- this kind of overload current protection device detects, for example, that the current flowing through a contactor in a three-phase motor has exceeded a safe threshold value, and shuts off the current to the motor according to the detection result.
- a current flows through a switch made of bimetallic metal, heats the bimetallic metal according to the current intensity, and when the motor current exceeds a safe threshold for a specified time, the heat deflects the pimetallic metal and the switch contact Is set to the open state, and the current supply to the control input of the contactor is stopped.
- the method using the bimetal switch has a problem in that it is difficult to adjust the current when the switch is in an open state, and tends to be in an erroneous adjustment state for a long time.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a low-cost, high-precision overcurrent detection device that does not require a constant-voltage power supply or the like, can expand the current detection range, and has no deterioration in accuracy due to environmental characteristics such as disturbance noise or changes over time. It is to provide a load current protection device. Disclosure of the invention
- a switch for supplying or interrupting a current from a power supply to a load, a current detector for detecting the current, and a control for supplying power to each unit of the device
- An overload current protection device that includes a power supply and interrupts the supply of current to the load when an overcurrent occurs.
- the current detector is constituted by one magnetic impedance element having a magnetic impedance effect, and a magnetic flux generated by a current is detected by the magnetic impedance element.
- a switch for supplying or interrupting a polyphase current from a power supply to a load, a plurality of current detectors for detecting the polyphase current for each phase, and a control for supplying power to each unit of the device
- An overload current protection device that has a power supply and shuts off current supply to the load when an overcurrent occurs.
- Each of the plurality of current detectors is configured by a magnetic impedance element having a magnetic impedance effect, and a magnetic flux generated by a current is detected by the magnetic impedance element.
- the wiring for guiding the current and a substrate for fixing the wiring are provided, and the magnetic impedance element is arranged near the wiring on the substrate, and the magnetic impedance element is generated by the current.
- the magnetic flux can be directly detected by the magnetic impedance element (the invention of claim 3).
- a current application unit that applies a high-frequency current to the magnetic impedance element
- a detection unit that detects an output of the magnetic impedance element, and corrects the detection result.
- Correction means a magnetic field applying means for applying a bias magnetic field to the magnetic impedance element, a magnetic field varying means for changing a median value of the bias magnetic field, and a control means for controlling a change in the median value of the bias magnetic field.
- the output can be detected by changing the median value of the bias magnetic field, and the output can be corrected in accordance with the detection result (claim 4).
- the magnetic field applying means can be constituted by a bias coil and an oscillating means (the invention of claim 5).
- the magnetic field varying means can be constituted by an offset coil and a constant current generating means (the invention of claim 6). It comprises voltage generating means, switching means, and adding means, and can apply a constant voltage to the bias coil (the invention of claim 7).
- the two magneto-impedance elements are arranged at positions where the absolute value of the output with respect to the magnetic flux generated by the current is equal and the polarity is opposite, and the output of the two magneto-impedance elements is
- the current can be detected from the result of the calculation of the difference between the two (the invention of claim 8), or the magnetic impedance element is positioned at a position where the absolute value of the output relative to the magnetic flux generated by the current is the same and the polarity is the same
- the current can be detected from the calculation result of the sum of the outputs of the two magnetic impedance elements (the invention of claim 9).
- a wiring for guiding the current and a shield for blocking an external magnetic field can be provided for the two magnetic impedance elements (the invention of claim 10).
- control power supply includes a primary winding inserted into a current supply path from the power supply to a load, and a secondary winding electrically coupled to the primary winding. And a voltage regulator for storing current on the secondary winding side of the power supply transformer, and a voltage regulator (the invention of claim 11).
- the control power supply includes a plurality of primary windings in which a primary winding for each phase inserted in a current supply path from the power supply to a load is wound around an iron core.
- a power supply transformer having a wire and a secondary winding, a power storage device for storing current on the secondary winding side of the power supply transformer, and a voltage regulator; and a primary winding of each phase. The number of turns in each phase can be different between the phases (the invention of claim 12).
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a plan view showing a configuration example of the MI element unit in FIG.
- FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing an example of the detection circuit in FIG.
- FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram showing a specific example of the constant current circuit in FIG.
- FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram of a method for detecting the output sensitivity in the MI element.
- FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing another example of the detection circuit.
- FIG. 7 is a plan view showing another configuration example of the MI element section.
- FIG. 8 is a circuit diagram showing a specific example of the bias oscillation circuit used in FIG.
- FIG. 9 is a perspective view showing still another configuration example of the Ml element section.
- FIG. 10 is an explanatory diagram for explaining the influence of the adjacent-phase wiring current in FIG.
- FIG. 11 is a plan view showing a magnetic shield configuration example of the Ml element section.
- FIG. 12 is a block diagram showing another example of the detection circuit.
- FIG. 13 is a block diagram showing a second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 14 is a configuration diagram illustrating another example of the control power supply unit. BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
- FIG. 1 is a system configuration diagram showing an embodiment of the present invention.
- R, S, and T indicate power supply lines connected to a three-phase AC power supply (not shown).
- the three-phase contactor (switch) 2 and three power supply transformers 5a, 5b, 5c, and a current detector 4a, 4b, 4 for each phase between the three-phase contactor 2 and the three power supply transformers 5a, 5b, 5c. c is located.
- the contactor 2 has three sets of contacts 2a, 2b, 2c, each of which is connected to a different power supply line R, S, T, with a separate primary supply transformer 5a, 5b, 5c. It is connected to the motor 3 via a wire.
- the sets of contacts are mechanically coupled to operate simultaneously by an electromagnetic coil 2d.
- the electromagnetic coil 2 d is connected to the digital output of the microcomputer 8.
- the electronic overload relay 1 is formed by a control circuit including the microcomputer 8, current detectors 4a, 4b, 4c, power supply transformers 5a, 5b, 5c, and the like.
- the outputs of the current detectors 4 a, 4 b, 4 c are sequentially switched via the switch 6. Outputs of the current detectors 4 a, 4 b, and 4 c selected by the switch 6 are connected to an analog input of a microcomputer 8 via a half-wave rectifier 7.
- the control power supply is formed by connecting the secondary windings of the power supply transformers 5a, 5b, 5c to the first storage capacitor CO via the rectifier diodes DO, Dl, D2.
- This first storage capacitor C 0 is connected between the positive input of the voltage regulator 9 and ground.
- a second storage capacitor (for stabilization) C1 is connected between the positive output of the voltage regulator 9 and the ground so that a constant level of voltage Vcc is supplied from the voltage regulator 9 as control power. ing.
- D3, D4 and D5 indicate protection diodes.
- the specific configuration of the current detectors 4a, 4b, 4c composed of the current detection element 40 and the detection circuit 41 will be described with reference to FIGS. Since the current detectors 4a, 4b, and 4c have the same configuration, only one of them will be described as a representative.
- 40 is a magnetic impedance (MI) element having a magnetic impedance effect
- 200 is a wiring for conducting a current of a certain phase
- 401 is a bias coil
- 402 is an offset coil
- 403 is a bopin.
- Ml element 40 include those using an amorphous wire disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Hei 6-28712 and Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Hei 8-330645. Any of the following thin film shapes may be used.
- Figure 3 shows an example of the detection circuit.
- reference numeral 411 denotes an oscillation circuit for applying a high-frequency current to the MI element 40
- reference numeral 412 denotes an oscillation circuit for driving a bias coil 401 (or a constant current circuit may be used)
- reference numeral 413 denotes a drive for an offset coil 402.
- a constant current circuit (constant current circuit for bias shift) 414 is a control circuit that controls the presence or absence of bias offset
- R1 and R2 are resistors
- C2 is a capacitor, and these constitute the drive unit. I have.
- the detection section includes a detection circuit 415, holding circuits 416a and 416b, a differential amplification circuit 417, and the like.
- the bias coil 401 is driven by the circuit 412, and the offset coil 402 is driven by the constant current circuit 413, and the oscillating circuit 411 applies a high-frequency current to the MI element 40. Since the impedance of the element 40 changes, this is detected by the detection circuit 4 in the detection circuit 41. The detection is performed at 15, and the plus (+) side of the detected waveform is held by the holding circuit 416a, and the minus (1) side is held by the holding circuit 416b, and the difference is detected by the differential amplifier circuit 417.
- the constant current circuit for driving the offset coil is composed of, for example, a constant current circuit CC and a current mirror CM.
- the reference voltage of the constant voltage diode ZD of the constant current circuit CC is represented by V 1-ef, If the resistance value is R ref, the current I applied to the offset coil 402 is
- FIG. 5 explains a method of detecting the output sensitivity in the MI element 40, and shows a case where an external magnetic field is zero and an AC bias is applied.
- case 1 shown by (a) and (b) is a case where the median value of the bias magnetic field is a zero magnetic field, and the outputs of the holding circuits 416a and 416b are equal, and the differential amplification is performed. This is the case when the output of the circuit 417 becomes zero.
- the detection sensitivity of the magnetic sensor (Ml element) can be automatically detected by changing the median value of the bias magnetic field by the known magnetic field and calculating the output voltage at that time. Therefore, even if the detection sensitivity of the sensor changes due to environmental changes, aging, etc., the detection sensitivity of the sensor is obtained by the method shown in Fig. 5, and calibration can be performed automatically.
- the external magnetic field is set to zero, but if an arbitrary magnetic field is applied. It goes without saying that the detection sensitivity of the magnetic sensor when the median value of the bias magnetic field is changed by the known magnetic field only by offsetting the magnetic field is the same as in FIG. Also, the case where an AC bias is applied has been described. Even in the case of a DC bias, automatic detection and calibration of the sensor detection sensitivity can be performed in the same manner as described above.
- Fig. 6 shows another example of the detection circuit.
- an offset coil is used to provide an offset magnetic field that changes the median value of the bias magnetic field.However, the difference here is that the DC component of the oscillation pulse that drives the bias coil is changed.
- the feature is that the bias shift constant current circuit is omitted from FIG. 6, and the offset coil as shown in FIG. 2 is omitted from the magnetic sensor unit shown in FIG.
- the bias oscillation circuit is composed of several oscillation circuits OS, a constant voltage circuit CV, a switch SW, and an addition circuit AD. Since the switch SW is normally grounded to zero potential, the offset amount from the oscillation circuit OS is zero, but when the switch SW is connected to the constant voltage circuit CV side by the control circuit 414a, The pulse from the oscillating circuit OS and the offset voltage from the constant voltage circuit CV are added by the adding circuit AD, and as a result, an offset magnetic field that changes the center value of the bias magnetic field is applied.
- FIG. 9 shows an example in which two MI elements are installed side by side.
- 40 a and 40 b are MI elements
- 200 is a wiring for guiding a current of a certain phase
- 300 is this wiring 200 and Ml elements 40 a and 40 b.
- the substrate to be fixed, 41 indicates a detection circuit.
- FIG. 10 is an explanatory diagram for explaining the influence of the adjacent-phase wiring current in the configuration of FIG. 9, and shows a case where another current I2 flows at a position adjacent to the current I1.
- FIG. 11 is a configuration diagram showing another example of removing the influence of the adjacent wiring current. This is obtained by adding a shield plate 404 for magnetic shielding by using Permalloy or the like to the one shown in FIG. In other words, according to Figs. 9 and 10, theoretically, the effect of the adjacent wiring current can be canceled, but the external magnetic field noise cannot be completely canceled due to the variation in the sensitivity of the two MI elements and the effect of displacement. In some cases, magnetic shields attempt to further reduce these effects.
- FIG. 12 shows another example of the detection circuit.
- the detection circuit 41 applies a high-frequency current to the Ml elements 40a and 40b by the oscillation circuit 41 1a and the voltage dividing resistors R3 and R4, and changes the impedance due to the magnetic field of the MI elements 40a and 40b.
- an output proportional to the difference between the Ml elements 40a and 40b is generated by the differential circuit 417a, and extracted by the amplification circuit 418. It is.
- the above differential circuit 417 By changing a to an adder circuit, an output proportional to the sum of 40a and 40b can be generated instead of an output proportional to the difference between 1 ⁇ 41 elements 40 & and 40b.
- the magnetic field detection directions of the two MI elements were set to the same direction.However, by reversing the magnetic field detection direction and taking the sum of the outputs of the two MI elements, the current was not affected by disturbance noise as in the above. It is needless to say that the detection of the image can be performed.
- FIG. 13 shows another embodiment of the present invention.
- a power supply transformer is provided for each phase, but here, one core 53 is provided with primary windings 51a, 51b, 51c for each phase, and The difference is that power is supplied from winding 52 via diode D6.
- D 7 is a protection diode.
- Figure 14 shows an example using a toroidal core.
- the turns ratio of the primary windings 51a, 51b, 51c is selected to provide the proper current level from the secondary winding 52.
- the number of turns of the primary windings is equal to each other, no magnetic flux is generated in a balanced manner, so that the number of turns is different between each phase.
- the case of three-phase AC has been described above. However, in the case of single-phase AC, it is of course applicable in the same way by considering one phase of three-phase AC. Industrial applicability
- the detection sensitivity of the sensor can be automatically detected simply by changing the median value of the bias magnetic field by a known magnetic field amount and detecting the output voltage at that time.
- environmental characteristics and changes over time Even if the detection sensitivity of the laser changes, the calibration can be performed automatically, so that a high-precision device can be provided without accuracy deterioration due to environmental characteristics and aging.
- control power supply is a multi-phase AC power supply
- at least one power supply transformer need be provided instead of one for each phase, so the number of components is reduced and the cost can be reduced.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Measuring Magnetic Variables (AREA)
- Hall/Mr Elements (AREA)
- Emergency Protection Circuit Devices (AREA)
- Protection Of Generators And Motors (AREA)
- Control Of Ac Motors In General (AREA)
- Control Or Security For Electrophotography (AREA)
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/468,035 US7218494B2 (en) | 2001-02-16 | 2002-02-14 | Overload current protection device using magnetic impedance element |
EP02712345A EP1369973A4 (en) | 2001-02-16 | 2002-02-14 | OVERLOAD PROTECTION AGAINST A MAGNETIC IMPEDANCE ELEMENT |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2001040264A JP2002247749A (ja) | 2001-02-16 | 2001-02-16 | 過負荷電流保安装置 |
JP2001-40264 | 2001-02-16 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2002065608A1 true WO2002065608A1 (fr) | 2002-08-22 |
Family
ID=18902906
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP2002/001237 WO2002065608A1 (fr) | 2001-02-16 | 2002-02-14 | Protection contre la surcharge de courant faisant appel a un element d'impedance magnetique |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7218494B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1369973A4 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP2002247749A (ja) |
CN (1) | CN1316707C (ja) |
TW (1) | TWI288517B (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2002065608A1 (ja) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7031131B2 (en) | 2001-10-09 | 2006-04-18 | Fuji Electric Co., Ltd. | Overload current protection apparatus |
Families Citing this family (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP3801194B2 (ja) * | 2003-08-25 | 2006-07-26 | 愛知製鋼株式会社 | 磁気センサ |
JP4917812B2 (ja) * | 2005-05-27 | 2012-04-18 | 双日マシナリー株式会社 | 鉄系構造物の劣化診断方法 |
US8120334B2 (en) * | 2006-05-01 | 2012-02-21 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | System and method for phase management in a multiphase switching power supply |
US7999524B2 (en) | 2007-06-04 | 2011-08-16 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Interleaved power factor correction pre-regulator phase management circuitry |
WO2012038237A1 (en) * | 2010-09-24 | 2012-03-29 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Subsea power switching device and methods of operating the same |
US8593133B2 (en) * | 2010-12-29 | 2013-11-26 | General Electric Company | Current measuring systems and methods of assembling the same |
KR101894247B1 (ko) * | 2011-08-30 | 2018-09-05 | 한국과학기술원 | 자기장 차폐장치의 과전류 방지 시스템 |
WO2014005639A1 (de) * | 2012-07-05 | 2014-01-09 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Vorrichtung für einen dreiphasigen verbraucher |
CN114337452B (zh) * | 2021-12-29 | 2023-08-29 | 上海电力大学 | 一种变频电机系统开关振荡抑制与状态感知装置与方法 |
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JPS4832857B1 (ja) * | 1967-05-06 | 1973-10-09 | ||
JPH06176930A (ja) * | 1992-12-01 | 1994-06-24 | Res Dev Corp Of Japan | 磁気インダクタンス素子 |
JPH06281712A (ja) * | 1993-02-12 | 1994-10-07 | Yuzo Yoshida | 磁界センサ |
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EP0930508A1 (en) * | 1997-07-29 | 1999-07-21 | Unitika Ltd. | Magnetic impedance effect device |
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GB1459176A (en) | 1972-11-01 | 1976-12-22 | Square D Co | Overcurrent protective apparatus for a power circuit |
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-
2001
- 2001-02-16 JP JP2001040264A patent/JP2002247749A/ja active Pending
-
2002
- 2002-02-08 TW TW091102481A patent/TWI288517B/zh active
- 2002-02-14 WO PCT/JP2002/001237 patent/WO2002065608A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2002-02-14 US US10/468,035 patent/US7218494B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-02-14 CN CNB028050428A patent/CN1316707C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-02-14 EP EP02712345A patent/EP1369973A4/en not_active Withdrawn
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Title |
---|
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INADA K., MOHRI K., INUZUKA K.: "Quick response large current sensor using amorphous MI element resonant multivibrator", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, vol. 30, no. 6, November 1994 (1994-11-01), pages 4623 - 4625, XP002952419 * |
See also references of EP1369973A4 * |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7031131B2 (en) | 2001-10-09 | 2006-04-18 | Fuji Electric Co., Ltd. | Overload current protection apparatus |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2002247749A (ja) | 2002-08-30 |
EP1369973A4 (en) | 2005-01-26 |
CN1316707C (zh) | 2007-05-16 |
TWI288517B (en) | 2007-10-11 |
US20040240134A1 (en) | 2004-12-02 |
EP1369973A1 (en) | 2003-12-10 |
CN1491470A (zh) | 2004-04-21 |
US7218494B2 (en) | 2007-05-15 |
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