Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
  • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
  • B22D11/06—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars
  • B22D11/0622—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars formed by two casting wheels
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
  • C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
  • C22F1/04—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon

Definitions

• This invention relates to a process of producing an improved aluminum alloy product for use in making heat exchanger fins, and a finstock material so- produced having a tailored corrosion potential and preferably high conductivity.
• Aluminum alloys have long been used in the production of heat exchanger fins, e.g. for automotive radiators, condensers, evaporators, etc.
• Traditional radiator fin alloys are designed to give high strength after brazing, good brazeability and a good sag resistance during brazing. Alloys used for this purpose usually contain a high level of manganese.
• An example is the aluminum alloy AA3003.
• Such alloys provide a good brazing performance; however, the thermal conductivity is relatively low. Low thermal conductivity has not been a serious problem in the past because of the significant thickness of the finstock material. If the material is of suitable thickness it can conduct a significant quantity of heat.
• thinner finstock material in order to make vehicles lighter in weight, there is a demand for thinner finstock material, and this has emphasized the need for improved thermal conductivity. Obviously, thinner gauge materials tend to impede heat flux as they become thinner.
• Heat exchangers as well are designed for good corrosion performance, and this is frequently accomplished by making the fins of a material with a lower corrosion potential (more negative potential) than the remainder of the heat exchanger (thus making the fins sacrificial) and the fin material must therefore be tailored to the appropriate corrosion potential.
• Another object of the invention is to provide an aluminum alloy finstock material that has a lower (more negative) corrosion potential compared to alloys of identical or similar chemical composition.
• Another object of the invention is to provide an aluminum alloy finstock material that has a desired corrosion potential with less zinc content in the alloy. Yet another object of the invention is to reduce (make more negative) the corrosion potential and/or increase the thermal conductivity of a finstock alloy while maintaining other desired properties, e.g. high strength and brazeability.
• the present invention is based on the unexpected finding that the way in which a finstock alloy is cast to form an as-cast strip can affect the corrosion potential and/or thermal conductivity of the resulting alloy product, i.e. finstock sheet material.
• the corrosion potential can be made much lower (more negative) and/or the thermal conductivity of the alloy can be made much higher for given levels of alloying ingredients than has previously been observed.
• a process of producing an aluminum alloy finstock sheet material from a finstock alloy which comprises continuously strip casting molten alloy to form a continuous as- cast strip, rolling the as-cast strip to form an intermediate gauge sheet article, annealing the intermediate gauge sheet article (referred to as an "interanneal"), and cold rolling the intermediate gauge sheet article to a finstock sheet material of final gauge, wherein the alloy is subjected to an average cooling at a rate of at least 300°C/second, more preferably at least 500°C/second, during the continuous casting step.
• the continuous casting step is carried out by twin-roll casting that produces a rate of cooling falling within the desired range.
• the invention also relates to aluminum alloy finstock material produced by the process of the invention.
• alloys to which the present invention relates are those of the following general composition (in percent by weight):
• Incidental elements less than 0.05 each, total ⁇ 0.15
• alloys of the invention have the following composition in percent by weight:
• Incidental elements less than 0.05 each, total ⁇ 0.15
• the cold rolling of the intermediate gauge strip following the annealing is carried out to the extent that the intermediate gauge sheet is subjected to a thickness reduction of at least 45%, and preferably at least 60%, preferably to a final gauge of lOO ⁇ m or less, more preferably 80 ⁇ m or less and most preferably 60 ⁇ m ⁇ 10%.
• the present invention relates to a process of producing a finstock material that gives good corrosion protection for a heat exchanger using such fin material, and that is suitable for manufacturing brazed heat exchangers using thinner fins than previously possible.
• the strip product formed from this alloy according to the present invention preferably has a strength (UTS) after brazing greater than about 127 MPa, more preferably greater than about 130 MPa, a conductivity after brazing preferably greater than 49.0% IACS, more preferably greater than 49.8% IACS, most preferably greater than 50.0% IACS, and a brazing temperature preferably greater than 595°C, more preferably greater than 600°C.
• UTS strength after brazing greater than about 127 MPa, more preferably greater than about 130 MPa
• a conductivity after brazing preferably greater than 49.0% IACS, more preferably greater than 49.8% IACS, most preferably greater than 50.0% IACS
• a brazing temperature preferably greater than 595°C, more preferably greater than 600°C.
• the UTS after brazing is measured according to the following procedure that simulates the brazing conditions.
• the processed finstock in its final as rolled thickness (e.g. after rolling to 0.06 mm in thickness) is placed in a furnace preheated to 570°C then heated to 600°C in approximately 12 minutes, held (soaked) at 600°C for 3 minutes, cooled to 400°C at 50°C/min. then air-cooled to room temperature. The tensile test is then performed on this material.
• the conductivity after brazing is measured as electrical conductivity (which directly corresponds to thermal conductivity and is more convenient to measure) on a sample processed as for the UTS test which simulates the brazing conditions, using conductivity tests as described in JIS-H0505.
• the electrical conductivity is expressed as a percentage of an International Annealed Copper Standard (%IACS).
• %IACS International Annealed Copper Standard
• the corrosion potential is measured on a sample processed as for the UTS test using tests as described in ASTM G3-89, using an Ag/AgCl/sat.KC 1 reference electrode.
• Fig. 1 is a flow chart illustrating steps in a preferred form of the process of the invention
• the present invention is based on the unexpected finding that the conditions under which a finstock alloy is cast, particularly the rate of cooling during the casting step, may affect particular physical properties of the finstock product, notably its corrosion potential and also its thermal conductivity.
• the invention can therefore be used to improve these properties for a given finstock alloy without adversely affecting other desirable properties to a significant extent, such as brazeability and strength after brazing, although it may be advantageous to employ particular rolling steps after annealing in order to ensure high strength (as will be explained later).
• finstock sheet materials have been produced using a number of methods including direct chill (DC) casting for which the cooling rate is relatively low.
• DC direct chill
• high cooling rates can be achieved during certain methods of continuous casting.
• twin-roll caster when an alloy is cast by means of a twin-roll caster, for casting a continuous strip having a thickness of 3 to 10 mm, the twin- roll caster normally imposes a cooling rate of 300 - 3000°C/second, and it has been found advantageous to cast alloys of the present invention at these high cooling rates to obtain significantly lower corrosion potentials and/or higher thermal conductivities.
• twin-roll casting is most frequently used to achieve these high cooling rates, any form of continuous strip caster meeting these requirements may be used.
• the reason why a significantly faster cooling rate during casting should affect the corrosion potential and also the thermal conductivity of a finstock alloy is not precisely known. The change in corrosion potential is particularly marked and is especially surprising.
• the corrosion potential of a finstock material is normally associated with the Zn content of the alloy, and higher concentrations of Zn lead to a more negative corrosion potential value.
• an improved lower corrosion potential may be obtained at any concentration of Zn, and an improvement is seen even if no Zn is present at all. This effect can therefore be used to permit the lowering of the content of Zn in an alloy while maintaining an original corrosion potential.
• the Zn content of an alloy may be kept in the same or raised, and the corrosion potential may be made more negative by an amount greater than can be attributed to the increase of Zn content alone.
• twin-roll casting on thermal conductivity is also surprising, especially in view of the fact that conductivity normally decreases as the content of solutes in the aluminum matrix of a finstock alloy increases.
• a rapid cooling during casting e.g. as noted for twin-roll casting, would be expected to increase the content of solutes in the metal matrix by forming a more supersaturated solution. Thermal conductivity might therefore be expected to decrease, whereas the opposite is found to be the case.
• the more rapid cooling rate employed in the present invention during casting may in some alloys tend to produce a finstock material having a larger grain size than is generally the case for a finstock material made by a process involving a slower rate of cooling, e.g. twin-belt casting.
• the as-cast strip produced according to the present invention is desirably subjected to a high degree of cold work (cold rolling) after the interanneal to reduce the grain size.
• the strip of intermediate gauge (which preferably has a thickness in the range of 100 to 600 ⁇ m) following the interanneal is reduced in thickness to final gauge by an amount in the range of at least 45%, more preferably at least 60%, and most preferably at least 80% (e.g. 80 - 90%).
• Conventional finstock material usually had a thickness of 80 - lOO ⁇ m, but thinner gauge finstock alloys are now desired, e.g. having a thickness of 60 ⁇ m ⁇ 10%.
• the thickness reduction required during the rolling procedure can be established from the degree of cold rolling required after the interanneal and the desired final gauge. For example, to produce a finstock material with 90% cold reduction and a final thickness of 60 ⁇ m, the intermediate gauge strip following the interanneal would have to have a thickness of about 600 ⁇ m, so the rolling prior to the interanneal would be carried out to establish this degree of reduction from the thickness of the as-cast strip (normally 6 - 8 mm).
• the average cooling rate generally means the cooling rate averaged through the thickness of the as-cast strip.
• the cooling rate to which a particular metal sample has been subjected during casting can be determined from the average interdendritic cell spacing as described, for example, in an article by R. E. Spear, et al. in the Transactions of the American Foundrymen's Society, Proceedings of the Sixty-Seventh Annual Meeting, 1963, Vol. 71 , Published by the American Foundrymen's Society, Des Plaines, Illinois, USA, 1964, pages 209 to 215. By measuring samples taken from points through the thickness of the strip, an average can be established.
• twin-roll casting When casting is carried out by twin-roll casting, a degree of hot rolling takes place during casting and the dendrite structure may become somewhat compressed or deformed.
• the dendritic arm spacing method may still be employed in these circumstances, but is generally not required for two reasons. Firstly, it can normally be assumed that casting in twin-roll caster causes cooling at rates greater than 300°C/second. Secondly, the twin-roll casting process creates an as-cast strip in which the temperatures do not differ greatly from the surface to the interior at the outlet of the caster. Surface temperatures may therefore be taken as average strip temperatures.
• a continuous as-cast strip produced as an intermediate in the present invention having a thickness of 10 mm or less can generally be reduced in thickness by cold rolling alone.
• the hot rolling step does not use or require any prior homogenization step.
• the hot rolling step when used, will preferably reduce the thickness of the strip to less than 3.0 mm.
• the alloy ingredients have been described above. The properties introduced by the various elements are discussed below.
• the iron in the alloy forms intermetallic particles during casting that are relatively small and contribute to particle strengthening. With iron contents below 1.2 wt.%, there is generally insufficient iron to form the desired number of strengthening particles, while with iron contents above 2.4 wt.%, large primary intermetalliic phase particles may be formed which prevent rolling to the desired very thin finstock gauges. The onset of formation of these particles is dependent on the exact conditions of casting used, and it is therefore preferable to use iron in an amount of less than 1.8 wt.% to ensure good final material under the widest possible processing conditions.
• the silicon in the alloy in the range of 0.5 to 1.1 wt.% contributes to both particle and solid solution strengthening. Below 0.5 wt.% there is generally insufficient silicon for this strengthening purpose while above 1.1 wt.%, the conductivity may be reduced. More significantly, at high silicon contents, the alloy melting temperature is reduced to the point at which the material cannot be brazed. To provide for optimum strengthening, silicon in excess of 0.8 wt.% is particularly preferred.
• manganese is present in the range of 0.3 to 0.6 wt.%, it contributes significantly to the solid solution strengthening and to some extent to particle strengthening of the material. Below 0.3 wt.%, the amount of manganese is insufficient for the purpose. Above 0.6 wt.%, the presence of manganese in solid solution becomes strongly detrimental to conductivity.
• the balance of iron, silicon and manganese contributes to the achievement of the desired strength, brazing performance and conductivity in the finished material.
• the zinc content which is optional but may be present in an amount up to 1.0 wt.%, provides for a lower (more negative) corrosion potential of the fin material.
• the process of the present invention decreases the corrosion potential, so the amount of the Zn may be reduced or eliminated, or kept the same while the corrosion potential is reduced.
• the titanium when present in the alloy as TiB 2 , acts as a grain refiner during casting. When present in amounts greater than 0.04 wt.%, it tends to have a negative impact on conductivity.
• any incidental elements in the alloy should be less than 0.05 wt.% each and less than 0.15 wt.% in aggregate.
• magnesium must be present in amounts of less than 0.10 wt.%, preferably less than 0.05 wt.% to insure brazability by the Nocolok ® process.
• Copper must be kept below 0.05 wt.% because it has a similar effect to manganese on conductivity and it also causes pitting corrosion.
• the drawing shows a first step 1 involving twin-roll casting to form a continuous as-cast strip 3 - 10 mm in thickness, involving cooling at a rate in the range of 300 to 3000°C/second.
• a second step 2 involves rolling the as-cast strip (by hot and/or cold rolling) to an intermediate thickness of 100 - 600 ⁇ m.
• a third step 3 involves an interanneal of the strip of intermediate thickness at a temperature in the range of 350 - 450°C for 1 to 4 hours.
• Step 4 involves cold-rolling the interannealed strip to a final gauge finstock sheet material, preferably with at least 45% thickness reduction (more preferably 45- 90% thickness reduction) to a gauge of 50 - 70 ⁇ m.
• Step 5 is a brazing step carried out during the manufacture of a heat exchanger, e.g. an automobile radiator, during which the finstock sheet material is attached to cooling tubes.
• This final step is normally carried out by a radiator manufacturer as indicated by the different shape of the border surrounding the step.
• the casting step may be carried out in a variety of commercially available twin-roll casters.
• Such casters are manufactured, for example, by Pechiney or Fata-Hunter.
• the invention is illustrated further by the following Examples, which should not be construed as listing the scope of the invention.
• the alloy was cast on a laboratory-scale twin-roll caster. In the casting trial, strip samples were produced at four different speeds. The sample identifications and casting parameters are listed in Table 2 below. The average cooling rate (taken as the average through the as-cast strip thickness) was 930°C/second. Table 2
• the twin-roll cast samples and the twin-belt cast samples were processed identically after casting, i.e. they were cold-rolled to 0.109 mm, interannealed at 400°C for two hours, and cold rolled to the final gauge 0.06 mm.
• the final gauge finstocks were subjected to a standard brazing test heating cycle, and then they were tested for conductivity and corrosion potential. The results are summarized in Table 3 below. Table 3

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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• Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Continuous Casting (AREA)
• Metal Rolling (AREA)
• Physical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
• Heat Treatments In General, Especially Conveying And Cooling (AREA)

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