Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H19/00—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof
  • C07H19/02—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof sharing nitrogen
  • C07H19/04—Heterocyclic radicals containing only nitrogen atoms as ring hetero atom
  • C07H19/16—Purine radicals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
  • A61P7/02—Antithrombotic agents; Anticoagulants; Platelet aggregation inhibitors
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/08—Vasodilators for multiple indications
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D473/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems
  • C07D473/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems with an oxygen, sulphur, or nitrogen atom directly attached in position 2 or 6, but not in both
  • C07D473/32—Nitrogen atom
  • C07D473/34—Nitrogen atom attached in position 6, e.g. adenine

Definitions

• This invention includes N-pyrazole substituted 2-adenosine compounds that are useful as A 2A receptor agonists.
• the compounds of this invention are vasodialating agents that are useful as heart imaging aids that aid in the identification of mammals, and especially humans who are suffering from coronary disorders such poor coronary perfusion which is indicative of coronary artery disease (CAD).
• CAD coronary artery disease
• the compounds of this invention can also be used as therapeutics for coronary artery disease as well as any other disorders mediated by the A 2A receptor.
• Pharmacological stress is frequently induced with adenosine or dipyridamole in patients with suspected CAD before imaging with Tl scintigraphy or echocardiography. Both drugs effect dilation of the coronary resistance vessels by activation of cell surface A 2 receptors.
• pharmacological stress was originally introduced as a mean of provoking coronary dilation in patients unable to exercise, several studies have shown that the prognostic value of 201 T1 or echocardiographic imaging in patients subjected to pharmacological stress with adenosine or dipyridamole was equivalent to patients subjected to traditional exercise stress tests.
• drug-related adverse side effects during pharmacological stress imaging with these drugs such as headache and nausea, that could be improved with new therapeutic agents.
• Adenosine A 2B and A3 receptors are involved in a mast cell degranulation and, therefore, asthmatics are not give the non-specific adenosine agonists to induce a pharmacological stress test. Additionally, adenosine stimulation of the A, receptor in the atrium and A-V node will diminish the S-H interval which can induce AV block (N.C. Gupto et al.; J. Am Coll. Cardiol; (1992) 19: 248-257). Also, stimulation of the adenosine A, receptor by adenosine may be responsible for the nausea since the A, receptor is found in the intestinal tract (j. Nicholls et al.; Eur. J. Pharm.(1991) 338(2) 143-150).
• this invention includes 2-adenosine N-pyrazole compounds that are useful A 2A receptor agonists.
• this invention includes pharmaceutical compounds including 2- adenosine N-pyrazole that are well tolerated with few side effects.
• Still another aspect of this invention are N-pyrazole compounds that can be easily used in conjunction with radioactive imaging agents to facilitate coronary imaging.
• this invention includes 2- adenosine N-pyrazole compounds having the following formula:
• this invention includes methods for using compounds of this invention to stimulate coronary vasodilatation in mammals, and especially in humans, for stressing the heart induced steal situation for purposes of imaging the heart.
• this invention is a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compounds of this invention and one or more pharmaceutical excipients.
• Figure 1A is a analog record of the increase in coronary conductance caused by Compound 16 of this invention before and after infusions of CPX and ZM241385;
• Figure IB is a summary of the data shown in Figure 1A showing that CPX did not but that ZM241385 did attenuate the increase in coronary conductance caused by Compound 16 of this invention.
• the bars represent mean ⁇ SEM of single measurement from 6 rat isolated perfused hearts;
• Figure 2 is a concentration response curve for the A, adenosine receptor (AdoR)- mediated negative dromotropic (AV conduction time) and A 2A AdoR-mediated vasodialator (increase coronary conductance) effects of Compound 16 in rat isolated perfused hearts. Symbols and error bars indicate means ⁇ SEM of single determination from each of four hearts.
• AdoR adenosine receptor
• EC 50 value is the concentration of Compound 16 that causes 50% of maximal response
• Figure 3 is a concentration response curve for the A, adenosine receptor (AdoR)- mediated negative dromotropic (AV conduction time) and A 2A AdoR-mediated vasodialator (increase coronary conductance) effects of Compound 16 in guinea pig isolated perfused hearts. Symbols and error bars indicate means ⁇ SEM of single determination from each of four hearts.
• EC 50 value (potency) is the concentration of Compound 16 that causes 50% of maximal response; and
• Figure 4 is a plot of the effect of CVT510, an A, adenosine receptor agonist and Compound 16 of this invention, an A 2A adenosine receptor agonist on atrioventricular (AV) conduction time in rat isolated perfused hearts.
• This invention includes a class of 2-adenosine N-pyrazole having the formula:
• R 1 CH 2 OH, -CONRsR ⁇
• R 3 is independently selected from the group consisting of C,. 15 alkyl, halo, NO 2 , CF 3 , CN, OR 20 , SR 20 , N(R 20 ) 2 , S(O)R 22 , SO 2 R 22 , SO 2 N(R 20 ) 2 , SO 2 NR 20 COR 22 , SO 2 NR 20 CO 2 R 22 , SO 2 NR 20 CON(R 20 ) 2 , N(R 20 ) 2 NR 20 COR 22 , NR 20 CO 2 R 22 , NR 20 CON(R 20 ) 2 , NR 20 C(NR 20 )NHR 23 , COR 20 , CO 2 R 20 , CON(R 20 ) 2 , CONR 20 SO 2 R 22 , NR 20 SO 2 R 22 , SO 2 NR 20 CO 2 R 22 , OCONR 20 SO 2 R 22 , OC(O)R 20 , C(O)OCH 2 OC(O)R 20 , and OCON(R 20
• alkenyl, C 2 . 15 alkynyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl substituents are optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, NO 2 , heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, CF 3 , CN, OR 20 , SR 20 , N(R 20 ) 2 , S(O)R 22 , SO 2 R 22 , SO 2 N(R 20 ) 2 , SO 2 NR 20 COR 22 , SO 2 NR 20 CO 2 R 22 , SO 2 NR 20 CON(R 20 ) 2 , N(R 20 ) 2 NR 20 COR 22 , NR 20 CO 2 R 22 , NR 20 CON(R 20 ) 2) NR 20 C(NR 20 )NHR 23 , COR 20 , CO 2 R 20 , CO
• R 5 and R 6 are each individually selected from H, and C,-C 15 alkyl that is optionally substituted with from 1 to 2 substituents independently selected from the group of halo, NO 2 , heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, CF 3 , CN, OR 20 , SR 20 , N(R 20 ) 2 , S(O)R 22 , SO 2 R 22 , SO 2 N(R 20 ) 2 , SO 2 NR 20 COR 22 , SO 2 NR 20 CO 2 R 22 , SO 2 NR 20 CON(R 20 ) 2 , N(R 20 ) 2 NR 20 COR 22 , NR 20 CO 2 R 22 , NR 20 CON(R 20 ) 2 , NR 20 C(NR 20 )NHR 23 , COR 20 , CO 2 R 20 , CON(R 20 ) 2 , CONR 20 SO 2 R 22 , NR 20 SO 2 R 22 , SO 2 NR 20 CO 2 R 22 , OCONR 20 SO 2 R
• R 7 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C,., 5 alkyl, C 2 . 15 alkenyl, C 2 . 15 alkynyl, heterocyclyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl substituents are optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group of halo, NO 2 , heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, CF 3 , CN, OR 20 , SR 20 , N(R 20 ) 2 , S(O)R 22 , SO 2 R 22 , SO 2 N(R 20 ) 2 , SO 2 NR 20 COR 22 , SO 2 NR 20 CO 2 R 22 , SO 2 NR 20 CON(R 20 ) 2 , N(R 20 ) 2 NR 20 COR 22 , NR 20 CON(R 20 ) 2 , N(R 20 ) 2 NR 20 COR 22
• R 8 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C, -15 alkyl, C 2 . 15 alkenyl, C 2 . 15 alkynyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, and heteroaryl substituents are optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, NO 2 , heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, CF 3 , CN, OR 20 , SR 20 , N(R 20 ) 2 , S(O)R 22 , SO 2 R 22 , SO 2 N(R 20 ) 2 , SO 2 NR 20 COR 22 , SO 2 NR 0 CO 2 R 22 , SO 2 NR 20 CON(R 20 ) 2 , N(R 20 ) 2 NR 20 COR 22 , NR 20 CON(R 20 ) 2 , N(R 20 ) 2 NR
• R 20 is selected from the group consisting of H, C J alkyl, C 2 . 15 alkenyl, C 2 . 15 alkynyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl substituents are optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from halo, alkyl, mono- or dialkylamino, alkyl or aryl or heteroaryl amide, CN, O- C,_ 6 alkyl, CF 3 , aryl, and heteroaryl;
• R 22 is selected from the group consisting of C 5 alkyl, C2.15 alkenyl, C 2 . ⁇ 5 alkynyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl substituents are optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from halo, alkyl, mono- or dialkylamino, alkyl or aryl or heteroaryl amide, CN, O-C,.
• R 2 and R 4 are selected from the group consisting of H, C,_ 6 alkyl and aryl, wherein the alkyl and aryl substituents are optionally substituted with halo, CN, CF 3 , OR 20 and N(R 20 ) 2 with the proviso that when R 2 is not hydrogen then R 4 is hydrogen, and when R 4 is not hydrogen then R 2 is hydrogen.
• R 3 is selected from the group consisting of C,. 15 alkyl, halo,CF 3 , CN, OR 20 , SR 20 , S(O)R 22 , SO 2 R 22 , SO 2 N(R 20 ) 2 , COR 20 , CO 2 R 20 , - CONR 7 R 8 , aryl and heteroaryl wherein the alkyl, aryl and heteroaryl substituents are optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, aryl, heteroaryl, CF 3 , CN, OR 20 , SR 20 , S(O)R 22 , SO 2 R 22 , SO 2 N(R 20 ) 2 , COR 20 , CO 2 R 20 or CON(R 20 ) 2 , and each optional heteroaryl and aryl substituent is optionally substituted with halo, alkyl, CF 3 CN, and OR 20 ; R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from the group consisting of C,
• alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl wherein the alkyl, alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl substituents are optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, aryl, heteroaryl, CF 3 , CN, OR 20 , and each optional heteroaryl and aryl substituent is optionally substituted with halo, alkyl, CF 3 CN, or OR 20 ;
• R 8 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 5 alkyl;
• R 20 is selected from the group consisting of H, C M alkyl and aryl, wherein alkyl and aryl substituents are optionally substituted with one alkyl substituent; and
• R 22 is selected from the group consisting of C M alkyl and aryl which are each optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 alkyl group.
• R 1 is CH 2 OH
• R 3 is selected from the group consisting of CO 2 R 20 , -CONR 7 R 8 and aryl where the aryl substituent is optionally substituted with from 1 to 2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, C,_ 6 alkyl, CF 3 and OR 20
• R 7 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C j _ 8 alkyl and aryl, where the alkyl and aryl substituents are optionally substituted with one substituent selected from the group consisting of halo, aryl, CF 3 , CN, OR 20 and wherein each optional aryl substituent is optionally substituted with halo, alkyl, CF 3 CN, and OR 20
• R 8 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C,. 8 alkyl
• R 20 is selected from hydrogen and C M alkyl.
• R 1 CH 2 OH
• R 3 is selected from the group consisting of CO 2 R 20 , -CONR 7 R 8 , and aryl that is optionally substituted with one substituent selected from the group consisting of halo, C 3 alkyl and OR 20 ;
• R 7 is selected from of hydrogen, and C,_ 3 alkyl;
• R 8 is hydrogen; and
• R 20 is selected from hydrogen and C M alkyl.
• R 3 is most preferably selected from -CO 2 Et and -CONHEt.
• R 1 -CONHEt
• R 3 is selected from the group consisting of CO 2 R 20 , -CONR 7 R 8 , and aryl in that aryl is optionally substituted with from 1 to 2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, C ,. 3 alkyl, CF 3 or OR 20
• R 7 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, and C,. 8 alkyl that is optionally substituted with one substituent selected from the group consisting of halo, CF 3 , CN or OR 20
• R 8 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C,. 3 alkyl
• R 20 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C M alkyl.
• R 8 is preferably hydrogen
• R 7 is preferably selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, and C,. 3
• R 20 is preferably selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C M alkyl.
• the compound of this invention is selected from e ll- ⁇ 9-[(4S,2R,3R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-6-an inopurin-2- yl ⁇ pyrazole-4-carboxylate, (4S,2R,3R,5R)-2- ⁇ 6-amino-2-[4-(4-chlorophenyl) pyrazolyl]purin-9-yl ⁇ -5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol, (4S,2R,3R,5R)-2- ⁇ 6-amino-2-[4- (4-methoxyphenyl)pyrazolyl]purin-9-yl ⁇ -5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol, (4S,2R,3R,5R)- 2- ⁇ 6-amino-2-[4-(4-methylphenyl)pyrazolyl]purin
• Halo or “Halogen” - alone or in combination means all halogens, that is, chloro (CI), fluoro (F), bromo (Br), iodo (I).
• Hydrophill refers to the group -OH.
• Alkyl - alone or in combination means an alkane-derived radical containing from 1 to 20, preferably 1 to 15, carbon atoms (unless specifically defined). It is a straight chain alkyl, branched alkyl or cycloalkyl. Preferably, straight or branched alkyl groups containing from 1-15, more preferably 1 to 8, even more preferably 1-6, yet more preferably 1-4 and most preferably 1-2, carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, t-butyl and the like.
• the term "lower alkyl” is used herein to describe the straight chain alkyl groups described immediately above.
• cycloalkyl groups are monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic ring systems of 3-8, more preferably 3-6, ring members per ring, such as cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, adamantyl and the like.
• Alkyl also includes a straight chain or branched alkyl group that contains or is interrupted by a cycloalkyl portion. The straight chain or branched alkyl group is attached at any available point to produce a stable compound. Examples of this include, but are not limited to, 4-(isopropyl)-cyclohexylethyl or 2-methyl- cyclopropylpentyl.
• a substituted alkyl is a straight chain alkyl, branched alkyl, or cycloalkyl group defined previously, independently substituted with 1 to 3 groups or substituents of halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, acyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, amino optionally mono- or di-substituted with alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl groups, amidino, urea optionally substituted with alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl groups, aminosulfonyl optionally N-mono- or N,N-di-substituted with alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl groups, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, heteroarylsulfonylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, heteroarylcarbon
• Alkenyl - alone or in combination means a straight, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon containing 2-20, preferably 2-17, more preferably 2-10, even more preferably 2-8, most preferably 2-4, carbon atoms and at least one, preferably 1-3, more preferably 1-2, most preferably one, carbon to carbon double bond.
• a cycloalkyl group conjugation of more than one carbon to carbon double bond is not such as to confer aromaticity to the ring.
• Carbon to carbon double bonds may be either contained within a cycloalkyl portion, with the exception of cyclopropyl, or within a straight chain or branched portion.
• alkenyl groups include ethenyl, propenyl, isopropenyl, butenyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexenylalkyl and the like.
• a substituted alkenyl is the straight chain alkenyl, branched alkenyl or cycloalkenyl group defined previously, independently substituted with 1 to 3 groups or substituents of halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, acyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, amino optionally mono- or di-substituted with alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl groups, amidino, urea optionally substituted with alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl groups, aminosulfonyl optionally N-mono- or N,N-di-substituted with alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl groups,
• Alkynyl - alone or in combination means a straight or branched hydrocarbon containing 2-20, preferably 2-17, more preferably 2-10, even more preferably 2-8, most preferably 2-4, carbon atoms containing at least one, preferably one, carbon to carbon triple bond.
• alkynyl groups include ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl and the like.
• a substituted alkynyl refers to the straight chain alkynyl or branched alkenyl defined previously, independently substituted with 1 to 3 groups or substituents of halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, acyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, amino optionally mono- or di-substituted with alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl groups, amidino, urea optionally substituted with alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl groups, aminosulfonyl optionally N- mono- or N,N-di-substituted with alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl groups, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, heteroarylsulfonylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, heteroarylcarbonylamino
• Alkyl alkynyl refers to a groups -RC ⁇ CR' where R is lower alkyl or substituted lower alkyl, R' is hydrogen, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, acyl, aryl, substituted aryl, hetaryl, or substituted hetaryl as defined below.
• Alkoxy denotes the group -OR, where R is lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, acyl, aryl, substituted aryl, aralkyl, substituted aralkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, or substituted cycloheteroalkyl as defined.
• Acyl denotes groups -C(O)R, where R is hydrogen, lower alkyl substituted lower alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl and the like as defined herein.
• Aryloxy denotes groups -OAr, where Ar is an aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl group as defined herein.
• Amino denotes the group NRR', where R and R' may independently by hydrogen, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, hetaryl, or substituted hetaryl as defined herein or acyl.
• “Amido” denotes the group -C(O)NRR', where R and R' may independently by hydrogen, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, hetaryl, substituted hetaryl as defined herein.
• “Carboxyl” denotes the group -C(O)OR, where R is hydrogen, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, hetaryl, and substituted hetaryl as defined herein.
• Aryl - alone or in combination means phenyl or naphthyl optionally carbocyclic fused with a cycloalkyl of preferably 5-7, more preferably. 5-6, ring members and/or optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups or substituents of halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, acyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, amino optionally mono- or di- substituted with alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl groups, amidino, urea optionally substituted with alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl groups, aminosulfonyl optionally N-mono- or N,N-di- substituted with alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl groups, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, heteroarylsulfonylamino, alkylcarbon
• Substituted aryl refers to aryl optionally substituted with one or more functional groups, e.g., halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, alkylthio, acetylene, amino, amido, carboxyl, hydroxyl, aryl, aryloxy, heterocycle, hetaryl, substituted hetaryl, nitro, cyano, thiol, sulfamido and the like.
• functional groups e.g., halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, alkylthio, acetylene, amino, amido, carboxyl, hydroxyl, aryl, aryloxy, heterocycle, hetaryl, substituted hetaryl, nitro, cyano, thiol, sulfamido and the like.
• Heterocycle refers to a saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocyclic group having a single ring (e.g., morpholino, pyridyl or furyl) or multiple condensed rings (e.g., naphthpyridyl, quinoxalyl, quinolinyl, indolizinyl or benzo[b]thienyl) and having at least one hetero atom, such as N, O or S, within the ring, which can optionally be unsubstituted or substituted with, e.g., halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, alkylthio, acetylene, amino, amido, carboxyl, hydroxyl, aryl, aryloxy, heterocycle, hetaryl, substituted hetaryl, nitro, cyano, thiol, sulfamido and the like.
• a single ring e.g., morpholino, pyridy
• Heteroaryl alone or in combination means a monocyclic aromatic ring structure containing 5 or 6 ring atoms, or a bicyclic aromatic group having 8 to 10 atoms, containing one or more, preferably 1-4, more preferably 1-3, even more preferably 1-2, heteroatoms independently selected from the group O, S, and N, and optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups or substituents of halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, acyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, amino optionally mono- or di-substituted with alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl groups, amidino, urea optionally substituted with alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl groups, aminosulfonyl optionally N-mono- or N,N-di-substituted with alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl groups, al
• Heteroaryl is also intended to include oxidized S or N, such as sulfinyl, sulfonyl and N-oxide of a tertiary ring nitrogen.
• a carbon or nitrogen atom is the point of attachment of the heteroaryl ring structure such that a stable aromatic ring is retained.
• heteroaryl groups are pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, quinazolinyl, purinyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, oxathiadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, tetrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazinyl, furanyl, benzofuryl, indolyl and the like.
• a substituted heteroaryl contains a substituent attached at an available carbon or nitrogen to produce a stable compound.
• Heterocyclyl - alone or in combination means a non-aromatic cycloalkyl group having from 5 to 10 atoms in which from 1 to 3 carbon atoms in the ring are replaced by heteroatoms of O, S or N, and are optionally benzo fused or fused heteroaryl of 5-6 ring members and/or are optionally substituted as in the case of cycloalkyl.
• Heterocycyl is also intended to include oxidized S or N, such as sulfinyl, sulfonyl and N-oxide of a tertiary ring nitrogen. The point of attachment is at a carbon or nitrogen atom.
• heterocyclyl groups are tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydropyridinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl, dihydrobenzofuryl, dihydroindolyl, and the like.
• a substituted hetercyclyl contains a substituent nitrogen attached at an available carbon or nitrogen to produce a stable compound.
• Substituted heteroaryl refers to a heterocycle optionally mono or poly substituted with one or more functional groups, e.g., halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, alkylthio, acetylene, amino, amido, carboxyl, hydroxyl, aryl, aryloxy, heterocycle, substituted heterocycle, hetaryl, substituted hetaryl, nitro, cyano, thiol, sulfamido and the like.
• functional groups e.g., halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, alkylthio, acetylene, amino, amido, carboxyl, hydroxyl, aryl, aryloxy, heterocycle, substituted heterocycle, hetaryl, substituted hetaryl, nitro, cyano, thiol, sulfamido and the like.
• Aryl refers to the group -R-Ar where Ar is an aryl group and R is lower alkyl or substituted lower alkyl group.
• Aryl groups can optionally be unsubstituted or substituted with, e.g., halogen, lower alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, acetylene, amino, amido, carboxyl, hydroxyl, aryl, aryloxy, heterocycle, substituted heterocycle, hetaryl, substituted hetaryl, nitro, cyano, thiol, sulfamido and the like.
• Heteroalkyl refers to the group -R-Het where Het is a heterocycle group and R is a lower alkyl group. Heteroalkyl groups can optionally be unsubstituted or substituted with e.g., halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, alkylthio, acetylene, amino, amido, carboxyl, aryl, aryloxy, heterocycle, substituted heterocycle, hetaryl, substituted hetaryl, nitro, cyano, thiol, sulfamido and the like.
• Heteroarylalkyl refers to the group -R-HetAr where HetAr is an heteroaryl group and R lower alkyl or substituted lower alkyl. Heteroarylalkyl groups can optionally be unsubstituted or substituted with, e.g., halogen, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, acetylene, aryl, aryloxy, heterocycle, substituted heterocycle, hetaryl, substituted hetaryl, nitro, cyano, thiol, sulfamido and the like. “Cycloalkyl” refers to a divalent cyclic or polycyclic alkyl group containing 3 to 15 carbon atoms.
• Substituted cycloalkyl refers to a cycloalkyl group comprising one or more substituents with, e.g., halogen, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, acetylene, aryl, aryloxy, heterocycle, substituted heterocycle, hetaryl, substituted hetaryl, nitro, cyano, thiol, sulfamido and the like.
• Cycloheteroalkyl refers to a cycloalkyl group wherein one or more of the ring carbon atoms is replaced with a heteroatom (e.g., N, O, S or P).
• Substituted cycloheteroalkyl refers to a cycloheteroalkyl group as herein defined which contains one or more substituents, such as halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, alkylthio, acetylene, amino, amido, carboxyl, hydroxyl, aryl, aryloxy, heterocycle, substituted heterocycle, hetaryl, substituted hetaryl, nitro, cyano, thiol, sulfamido and the like.
• substituents such as halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, alkylthio, acetylene, amino, amido, carboxyl, hydroxyl, aryl, aryloxy, heterocycle, substituted heterocycle, hetaryl, substituted hetaryl, nitro, cyano, thiol, sulfamido and the like.
• Alkyl cycloalkyl denotes the group -R-cycloalkyl where cycloalkyl is a cycloalkyl group and R is a lower alkyl or substituted lower alkyl.
• Cycloalkyl groups can optionally be unsubstituted or substituted with e.g. halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, alkylthio, acetylene, amino, amido, carboxyl, hydroxyl, aryl, aryloxy, heterocycle, substituted heterocycle, hetaryl, substituted hetaryl, nitro, cyano, thiol, sulfamido and the like.
• Alkyl cycloheteroalkyl denotes the group -R-cycloheteroalkyl where R is a lower alkyl or substituted lower alkyl.
• Cycloheteroalkyl groups can optionally be unsubstituted or substituted with e.g. halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, alkylthio, amino, amido, carboxyl, acetylene, hydroxyl, aryl, aryloxy, heterocycle, substituted heterocycle, hetaryl, substituted hetaryl, nitro, cyano, thiol, sulfamido and the like.
• Compound I can be prepared by reacting compound 1 with appropriately substituted 1,3- dicarbonyl in a mixture of AcOH and MeOH at 80°C (Holzer et al., J. Heterocycl. Chem. (1993) 30, 865).
• Compound II which can be obtained by reacting compound I with 2,2- dimethoxypropane in the presence of an acid, can be oxidized to the carboxylic acid m, based on structurally similar compounds using potassium permanganate or pyridinium chlorochromate (M. Hudlicky, (1990) Oxidations in Organic Chemistry, ACS Monographs, American Chemical Society, Washington D. C).
• Tri TBDMS derivative 4 can be obtained by treating compound 2 with TBDMSCl and imidazole in DMF followed by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester using NaOH. Reaction of a primary or secondary amine with the formula HNR 6 R 7 , and compound 4 using DCC (M. Fujino et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull. (1974), 22, 1857), PyBOP (J. Martinez et al., J. Med. Chem. (1988) 28, 1874) or PyBrop (J. Caste et al. Tetrahedron, (1991), 32, 1967) coupling conditions can afford compound V.
• Compounds of this invention are useful in conjunction with radioactive imaging agents to image coronary activity.
• the compounds of this invention are A 2A agonists that are believed to provide specific activation of adenosine A 2A receptors in the coronary vessels as opposed to adenosine Al receptors in the atrium and AV-node and/or A 2B receptors in peripheral vessels, thus avoiding undesirable side-effects.
• the compounds of this invention Upon administration in a therapeutic amount, the compounds of this invention cause coronary blood vessels to vasodilate to induce coronary steal wherein healthy coronary vessels steal blood from unhealthy vessels resulting in lack of blood flow to heart tissues.
• Lower doses of the A 2A agonists may provide beneficial coronary vasodilatation (less severe) in the treatment of chronic CAD.
• the compounds of this invention are also useful in adjunctive therapy with angioplasty to induce dilation, inhibit platelet aggregation, and as a general anti- inflammatory agent.
• a 2A agonists such as the compounds of this invention, can provide the therapeutic benefits described above by preventing neutrophil activation (Purinergic Approaches in Experimental Therapeutics K. A. Jacobson and M. F. Jarvis 1997 Wiley, New York).
• the compounds of this invention are also effective against a condition called no- reflow in which platelets and neutrophils aggregate and block a vessel.
• the compounds of this invention are effective against no-reflow by preventing neutrophil and platelet activation (e.g., they are believed to prevent release of superoxide from neutrophils).
• the compounds of this invention are also useful as cardioprotective agents lo through their anti-inflammatory action on neutrophils. Thus, in situations when the heart will go through an ischemic state such as a transplant, they will be useful.
• This invention also includes pro-drugs of the above-identified A 2A agonists.
• a pro- drug is a drug which has been chemically modified and may be biological inactive at its site of action, but which will be degraded or modified by one or more enzymatic or in vivo processes to the bioactive form.
• the pro-drugs of this invention should have a different pharmacokinetic profile to the parent enabling improved abso ⁇ tion across the mucosal epithelium, better salt formulation and/or solubility and improved systemic stability.
• the above-identified compounds may be preferably modified at one or more of the hydroxyl groups.
• the modifications may be (1) ester or carbamate derivatives which may be cleaved by esterases or Upases, for example; (2) peptides which may be recognized by specific or non specific proteinase; or (3) derivatives that accumulate at a site of action through membrane selection or a pro-drug form or modified pro-drug form, or any combination of (1) to (3) above.
• the compounds may be administered orally, intravenously, through the epidermis or by any other means known in the art for administering a therapeutic agents.
• the method of treatment comprises the administration of an effective quantity of the chosen compound, preferably dispersed in a pharmaceutical carrier.
• Dosage units of the active ingredient are generally selected from the range of 0.01 to 100 mg/kg, but will be readily determined by one skilled in the art depending upon the route of administration, age and condition of the patient. This dose is typically administered in a solution about 5 minutes to about an hour or more prior to coronary imaging. No unacceptable toxicological effects are expected when compounds of the invention are administered in accordance with the present invention.
• an acid addition salt may be prepared.
• Acid addition salts of the compounds are prepared in a standard manner in a suitable solvent from the parent compound and an excess of acid, such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, phosphoric, acetic, maleic, succinic, or methanesulfonic.
• the hydrochloric salt form is especially useful.
• cationic salts may be prepared.
• the parent compound is treated with an excess of an alkaline reagent, such as hydroxide, carbonate or alkoxide, containing the appropriate cation.
• Cations such as Na + , K + , Ca +2 and NH 4 + are examples of cations present in pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
• Certain of the compounds form inner salts or zwitterions which may also be acceptable.
• compositions including the compounds of this invention, and/or derivatives thereof may be formulated as solutions or lyophilized powders for parenteral administration. Powders may be reconstituted by addition of a suitable diluent or other pharmaceutically acceptable carrier prior to use. If used in liquid form the compositions of this invention are preferably incorporated into a buffered, isotonic, aqueous solution. Examples of suitable diluents are normal isotonic saline solution, standard 5% dextrose in water and buffered sodium or ammonium acetate solution. Such liquid formulations are suitable for parenteral administration, but may also be used for oral administration.
• compositions including compounds of this invention may be desirable to add excipients such as polyvinylpyrrolidinone, gelatin, hydroxycellulose, acacia, polyethylene glycol, mannitol, sodium chloride, sodium citrate or any other excipient known to one of skill in the art to pharmaceutical compositions including compounds of this invention.
• the pharmaceutical compounds may be encapsulated, tableted or prepared in an emulsion or syrup for oral administration.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable solid or liquid carriers may be added to enhance or stabilize the composition, or to facilitate preparation of the composition.
• Liquid carriers include syrup, peanut oil, olive oil, glycerin, saline, alcohols and water.
• Solid carriers include starch, lactose, calcium sulfate, dihydrate, teffa alba, magnesium stearate or stearic acid, talc, pectin, acacia, agar or gelatin.
• the carrier may also include a sustained release material such as glycerol monostearate or glycerol distearate, alone or with a wax.
• the amount of solid carrier varies but, preferably, will be between about 20 mg to about 1 gram per dosage unit.
• the pharmaceutical dosages are made using conventional techniques such as milling, mixing, granulation, and compressing, when necessary, for tablet forms; or milling, mixing and filling for hard gelatin capsule forms.
• the preparation When a liquid carrier is used, the preparation will be in the form of a syrup, elixir, emulsion or an aqueous or non-aqueous suspension. Such a liquid formulation may be administered directly or filled into a soft gelatin capsule. It is preferred that the compositions of this invention are administered as a solution either orally or intravenously by continuos infusion or bolus.
• Example 1 The Examples which follow serve to illustrate this invention. The Examples are intended to in no way limit the scope of this invention, but are provided to show how to make and use the compounds of this invention. In the Examples, all temperatures are in degrees Centigrade. Example 1
• Compoimd 19 was prepared in a manner similar to that of compound 16 using ethylamine instead of methylamine, MS 405.35 (M+l).
• the resulting precipitate was filtered and washed with water and ethyl ether to afford the trisilyl form of the acid 20.
• the trisilyl derivative acid 20 ( 0.14 g, 0.2 mmol) was then dissolved in 5 mL dichloromethane. To the solution was added HBTU (0.19 g, 0.4 mmol), HOBt (.076 g, 4 mmol), N-methylmorpholine (0.04 g, 0.4 mmol) and cat. DMAP. The mixture was allowed to stir at RT for 24 h. The mixture was then washed with 10% citric acid, saturated NaHCO 3 , brine and dried over MgSO 4 .
• AdoRs adenosine receptors
• A, and A 3 AdoRs couple to inhibitory G proteins (G/ 0 ) and decrease the activity of adenylyl cyclase, whereas A 2A and A 2B AdoRs increase intracellular cAMP content via coupling to stimulatory G proteins (Gs).
• Ligands with high potency and tissue/organ selectivity for distinct adenosine receptor subtypes have therapeutic and diagnostic potentials for a variety of diseases (such as arrhythmia, ischemic heart diseases, asthma and Parkinson's disease) and are the focus of considerable research efforts by both academia and industry.
• diseases such as arrhythmia, ischemic heart diseases, asthma and Parkinson's disease
• Adenosine deaminase was purchased from Boehringer Mannheim Biochemicals Indianapolis, IN, U.S.A).
• [ 3 H]ZM241385 (Lot No. 1) was purchased from Tocris Cookson Ltd (Langford, Bristol, UK).
• [ 3 H]CPX (Lot No. 3329207) was from New England Nuclear (Boston, MA, USA).
• CGS21680 (Lot No. SW-3R-84 and 89H4607)
• NECA Lit No. OXV-295E
• R-PIA Lit No. WY-V-23
• Rolipram and HEK-hA 2A AR membranes were obtained from Sigma-RBI (Natick, MA).
• WRC-0470 was prepared as described in the literature (K. Niiya et al., J. Med. Chem. 35; 4557-4561 (1992); Compound 16 of this invention was synthesized as described above and prepared as a stock solution (10 mmol/L) in DMSO.
• Cell culture and membrane preparation-PC 12 cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection and grown in DMEM with 5% fetal bovine serum, 10% horse serum, 0.5 mmol/L L-glutamine, 100 U/mL penicillin, 0.1 mg/mL streptomycin, and 2.5 ⁇ g/mL amphotericin.
• HEK-293 cells stably expressing recombinant human A 2B AdoRs (HEK-hA 2B AdoR) were grown in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 0.5 mg/mL G-418.
• CHOK1 cells stably expressing the recombinant human A, AdoR (CHO- hAjAdoR) and A 3 AdoR (CHO-hA 3 AdoR) were grown as monolayers on 150-mm plastic culture dishes in Ham's F-12 media supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum in the presence of 0.5 mg/mL G-418. Cells were cultured in an atmosphere of 5% CO 2 /95% air maintained at 37°C.
• Competition Binding Assays were performed to determine the affinities (KJ of the following unlabeled compounds (competing agents): Compounds WRC- 0470; Compound 16 of this invention, NEC A, CGS 21680 and R-PIA for A, AdoRs ([ 3 H]DPCPX binding sites on CHO-hA.AdoR cell membranes), A 2A AdoRs([ 3 H]ZM241385 binding sites on PC 12 and HEK-hA 2A AR cell membranes),
• a 2B AdoR ([ 3 H]DPCPX binding sites on HEK-hA 2B AdoR cell membranes) and A 3 AdoR ([ 125 I] ABMECA binding sites on CHO-hA 3 AdoR cell membrane).
• Membrane suspensions were incubated for 2 hours at room temperature in 50 mmol/L Tris-HCI buffer (pH 7.4) containing ADA (1 U/mL), G ⁇ (NH)p (100 ⁇ M), radioligand ⁇ either [ 3 H]ZM241385 (-1.5 to 5 nmol L), [ 3 H]DPCPX (-2.5 to 3.0 nmol/L for A, and 30 nM for A 2B ) or [ 125 I]ABMECA (1 nM) ⁇ and progressively higher concentrations of the competing agents.
• bound and free radioligands were separated by filtration through Whatman GF/C glass fiber filters using a Brandel tissue harvester (Gaithersburg, MD). Triplicate determinations were performed for each concentration of the competing agent.
• the affinity (K of various CVT compounds for the A, and A 2A adenosine receptor were determined by their potency to compete for [ 3 H]CPX (A,) or [ 3 HJZM241385 (A 2A ) binding sites on membranes derived from CHO-hA,AdoR, PC 12 or HEK-HA 2A AdoR cells.
• R-PIA and CGS21680, agonists that are selective for A, and A 2A respectively, and NEC A, a non-selective AdoR agonist were used as controls.
• the objective of this Example was to characterize pharmacologically the effects of Compound 16 of this invention on coronary artery conductance. Specifically, the experiments were designed to determine 1) the potency Compound 16 and compared its potency to that of adenosine and other selected A 2A AdoR agonists, and 2) which adenosine receptor, the A, or A 2A AdoR subtype mediates the coronary vasodilation caused by Compound 16 of this invention.
• the A 2A adenosine receptor mediates the coronary vasodilation caused by adenosine, whereas the A, receptor mediates the cardiac depressant actions of adenosine, such as the negative chronotropic and dromotropic (AV block) effects.
• AV block negative chronotropic and dromotropic
• a 2A AdoR Several potent and selective ligands, both agonists and antagonists, for the A, and A 2A AdoRs have been synthesized.
• AdoRs In the heart agonists of A, AdoRs have been proposed to be useful as antiarrhythmic agents, whereas agonists of A 2A AdoRs are being developed for selective coronary vasodilation
• a series of adenosine derivatives targeted for selective activation of A 2A adenosine receptor (A 2A AdoR) were synthesized for the purposes of developing coronary vasodilators.
• WRC-0470 was prepared as described in the literature (K. Niiya et al., J. Med. Chem. 35; 4557-4561 (1992).
• Compound 16 of this invention was prepared as described above.
• CGS 21680 and adenosine were purchased from Sigma.
• Krebs-Henseleit solution was prepared according to Standard Methods, and 0.9% saline was purchased from McGraw, Inc.. Methods
• the heart was then perfused at a flow rate of 10 ml/min with modified Krebs- Henseleit (K-H) solution containing NaCl 117.9, KC1 4.5, CaCl 2 2.5, MgSO 4 1.18, KH 2 PO 4 1- 18, pyruvate 2.0 mmo/L.
• K-H solution pH 7.4
• the K-H solution was gassed continuously with 95% 0 2 and 5% C0 2 and warmed to 35+0.50 C.
• the heart was electrically paced at a fixed cycle length of 340 ms (250 beats/min) using a bipolar electrode place on the left atrium.
• the electrical stimuli were generated by a Grass stimulator (Model S48, W. Warwick, RI) and delivered through a Stimuli Isolation Unit (Model SIU5, Astro-Med, Inc., NY) as square-wave pulses of 3 -msec in duration and amplitude of at least twice the threshold intensity.
• Coronary perfusion pressure was measured using a pressure transducer, connected to the aortic cannula via a T-connector positioned approximately 3 cm above the heart. Coronary perfusion pressure was monitored throughout the experiment and recorded either on a chart recorder (Gould Recorder 2200S) or a computerized recording system (PowerLab/4S, ADinstruments Pty Ltd, Australia). Only hearts with CPP ranging from 60 to 85 mmHg (in the absence of drugs) were used in the study. Coronary conductance (in ml/min/mmHg) was calculated as the ratio between coronary perfusion rate (10 ml/min) and coronary perfusion pressure.
• Coronary vasodilation of A 2A adenosine receptor agonists Concentration-response relationships for the effect of Compound 16 of this invention (0.1 to 400 nM) and CGS21680 (0.1 to 10 nM) to increase coronary conductance were obtained. After control measurements of coronary perfusion pressure were recorded, progressive higher concentrations of the adenosine receptor agonists were administered until maximal coronary vasodilation was observed. The steady-state responses to each concentration of adenosine receptor agonists were recorded. In each heart of this series (4 to 6 hearts for each agonist) only one agonist and one concentration-response relationship was obtained. Coronary vasodilatory effect of Compound 16 in the absence and presence of adenosine receptor antagonists.
• adenosine receptor subtype (A, or A 2A ) mediates the coronary vasodilation caused by Compound 12
• A, and A 2A adenosine receptor antagonists CPX and ZM241385, respectively.
• the objective of this Example was to determine the functional selectivity of Compound 16 to cause coronary vasodilation. Specifically, the potency of Compound 16 to cause coronary vasodilation (A 2A AdoR response) and prolongation of A-V nodal conduction time (A, AdoR response) were determined in rat and guinea pig hearts. Materials
• Rats and guinea pigs of either sex weighing from 230 to 260 grams and 300 to 350 grams, respectively, were used in this study.
• Animals were anesthetized by peritoneal injection of a cocktail containing ketamine and xylazine (ketamine 1 00 mg, xylazine 20 mg/ml).
• the chest was opened and the heart quickly removed.
• the heart was briefly rinse in ice-cold Krebs-Henseleit solution (see below), and the aorta cannulated.
• the heart was then perfused at a flow rate of 10 ml/min with modified Krebs-Henseleit (K-H) solution containing NaCl 117.9, KC1 4.5, CaCl 2 2.5, MgSO 4 1.18, KH 2 PO 4 1.18, pyruvate 2.0 mmo/L.
• K-H solution pH 7.4
• the K-H solution was gassed continuously with 95 % 0 2 and 5% C0 2 and warmed to 35 ⁇ 0.50°C.
• the heart was electrically paced at a fixed cycle length of 340 ms (250 beats/min) using a bipolar electrode place on the left atrium.
• the electrical stimuli were generated by a Grass stimulator (Model S48, W. Warwick, RI) and delivered through a Stimuli Isolation Unit (Model SIU5, Astro-Med, Inc., NY) as square-wave pulses of 3-msec in duration and amplitude of at least twice the threshold intensity.
• Coronary perfusion pressure was measured using a pressure transducer, connected to the aortic cannula via a T-connector positioned approximately 3 cm above the heart. Coronary perfusion pressure was monitored throughout the experiment and recorded either on a chart recorder (Gould Recorder 2200S) or a computerized recording system
• Coronary conductance in ml/min/mmHg was calculated as the ratio between coronary perfusion rate (10 ml/min) and coronary perfusion pressure.
• A adenosine receptor-mediated depression of A-V nodal conduction time (negative dromotropic effect) was measured. Atrial and ventricular surface electrograms in rats and His bundle electrogram in guinea pigs, were recorded during constant atrial pacing. The effects of Compound 16 on atrioventricular conduction time and stimulus-to-His-bundle (S-H interval) were determined as described previously by Jenkins and Belardinelli (1988).
• the concentration-response curves for Compound 16 to increase coronary artery conductance and to prolong A-V nodal conduction time or S-H internal are shown in Figures 2 and 3.
• Compound 16 increased coronary conductance in a concentration dependent manner.
• the potencies (EC 50 values) for Compound 16 to increase coronary conductance in rat hearts was 6.4 ⁇ 0.6 nM and in guinea pig hearts was 18.6+ 6.0nM.
• the effect of this agonist on S-H interval was somewhat variable between rat and guinea pig hearts.
• Compound 16 is a coronary vasodilator (A 2A AdoR-mediated effect) devoid of negative dromotropic effect (A, AdoR-mediated effect) in rat hearts.
• a 2A AdoR-mediated effect devoid of negative dromotropic effect
• AdoR-mediated effect negative dromotropic effect
• Compound 16 was at least 215-fold more selective to cause coronary vasodilation than negative dromotropic effect.
• the reason(s) for the species difference in the A, AdoR- mediated response elicited by Compound 16 is unknown.
• Compound 16 causes maximal coronary vasodilation at concentrations that do not cause prolongation of A-V nodal conduction time, i.e., without negative dromotropic effect. It was also observed that Compound 16 has a greater affinity (i.e., >2- / >-13-fold) for A 2A than A, AdoR and that there is a markedly greater receptor reserve for A 2A AdoR-mediated coronary vasodilation than for A, AdoR-mediated negative dromotropic effect.
• the present study was designed to test the hypothesis that there is an inverse relationship between the affinity (IC, or pKJ and duration of action of A 2A adenosine receptors (AdoR). Specifically, the aims of the study were to determine the relationship between the duration of the coronary vasodilation caused by a selected series of high and low affinity A 2A AdoR agonists in rat isolated hearts and anesthetized pigs; and the affinity of these agonists for A 2A AdoRs in pig striatum.
• Rats Male and Female rats were purchased from Simonen. Farm pigs were obtained from Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Kentucky. Compound 12, Compound 13, and Compound 16 of this invention were prepared as described in the methods above.
• YT-0146 was prepared as described in U.S. Patent No. 4,956,345, the specification of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• WRC-0470 was prepared as described in the literature (K. Niiya et al., J. Med. Chem. 35; 4557-4561 (1992).
• CGS21680 was purchased from Research Biochemicals, Inc. and Sigma and R-PIA (Lot No. WY-V-23) was purchased from Research Biochemicals, Inc.
• HENECA was a gift from Professor Gloria Cristalli of University of Camerino, Italy.
• Ketamine was purchased from Fort Dodge Animal Health.
• Xylazine was purchased from Bayer.
• Sodium pentobarbital was purchased from The Butler Co.
• Phenylephrine was purchased from Sigma.
• DMSO was purchased from Sigma and American Tissue Type Collections. Krebs-Henseleit solution was prepared according to standard methods, and 0.9% saline was purchased from McGraw, Inc.
• Rat isolated perfused heart preparation Adult Sprague Dawley rats of either sex weighing from 230 to 260 grams were used in this study. Animals were anesthetized by peritoneal injection of a cocktail containing ketamine and xylazine (ketamine 100 mg, xylazine 20 mg/ml). The chest was opened and the heart quickly removed. The heart was briefly rinse in ice-cold Krebs-Henseleit solution (see below), and the aorta cannulated. The heart was then perfused at a flow rate of 10 ml/min with modified Krebs-Henseleit (K-H) solution containing NaCl 117.9, KC1 4.5, CaCl.
• K-H modified Krebs-Henseleit
• the K-H solution (pH 7.4) was gassed continuously with 95% O 2 and 5% CO 2 and warmed to 35 ⁇ 0.50°C.
• the heart was electrically paced at a fixed cycle length of 340 ms (250 beats/min) using a bipolar electrode place on the left atrium.
• the electrical stimuli were generated by a Grass stimulator (Model S48, W. Warwick, RI) and delivered through a Stimuli Isolation Unit (Model SIU5, Astro-Med, Inc., NY) as square-wave pulses of 3msec in duration and amplitude of at least twice the threshold intensity.
• Coronary perfusion pressure was measured using a pressure transducer, connected to the aortic cannula via a T-connector positioned approximately 3 cm above the heart. Coronary perfusion pressure was monitored throughout the experiment and recorded either on a chart recorder (Gould Recorder 2200S) or a computerized recording system (PowerLab/4S, ADInstruments Pty Ltd, Australia). Only hearts with CPP ranging from 60 to 85 mmHg (in the absence of drugs) were used in the study. Coronary conductance (in ml/min/mmHg) was calculated as the ratio between coronary perfusion rate (10 ml min) and coronary perfusion pressure.
• Farm pigs weighing 22-27 kg were used in this study. All animals received humane care according to the guidelines set forth in 'The Principles of Laboratory Animal Care” formulated by the National Society for Medical research and the "Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals” prepared by the Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources and published by the National Institutes of Health (NTH Publication No. 86-23, revised 1996). In addition, animals were used in accordance with the guidelines of the University of Kentucky Institutional Animal Care and Use Protocol.
• Anesthesia was anesthetized with ketamine (20 mg/kg, i.m.) and sodium pentobarbital (15-18 mg/kg i.v.). Anesthesia was maintained with additional sodium pentobarbital (1.5-2 mg/kg, i.v.) every 15-20 minutes. Ventilation was maintained via a tracheotomy using a mixture of room air and 100 % O 2 . Tidal volume, respiratory rate and fraction of O 2 in inspired air were adjusted to maintain normal arterial blood gas (ABG) and pH values. Core body temperature was monitored with an esophageal temperature probe and maintained with a heating pad between 37.0-37.5°C.
• Lactate Ringers solution was administered via an ear or femoral vein, at 5-7 ml/kg/min after a initial bolus of 300-400 ml.
• a catheter was inserted into the femoral artery to monitor arterial blood pressure and to obtain ABG samples.
• the heart was exposed through a median stemotomy, and suspended in a pericardial cradle.
• Left ventricular pressure (LVP) was measured with a 5F high fidelity pressure sensitive tip transducer (Millar Instruments, Houston, TX) placed in the left ventricular cavity via the apex and secured with a purse string suture.
• a transit time perivascular flow probe (Transonic Systems Inc., Ithaca, NY) was placed around this segment to measure coronary blood flow (CBF).
• CBF coronary blood flow
• Proximal to the flow probe a 24g modified angiocatheter was inserted for intracoronary infusions. All hemodynic data were continuously displayed on a computer monitor and fed through a 32 bit analog-digital converter into an online data acquisition computer with customized software (Augury, Coyote Bay instruments, Manchester, NH).
• a 2A AdoR agonists were dissolved in DMSO to produce stock concentrations of 1-5 mM, which were diluted in 0.9% saline and infused at rates of 1-1.5 ml/min.
• the A 2A AdoR agonists were administered intracoronary.
• phenylephrine was administered intravenously.
• the phenylephrine stock solution (30 mM) was prepared in distilled water.
• Isolated perfused hearts To determine the duration of the A 2A adenosine receptor mediated coronary vasodilation caused by adenosine and adenosine receptor agonists, the agomsts were administered interveneously either by bolus injection (protocol A) or by continuous infusion (protocol B). Protocol A: Bolus injections. In each heart of this series (3 to 11 hearts for each agonist), boluses of adenosine (20 ⁇ l, 2x lO ⁇ M), Compounds of this invention (20 to 40 ⁇ l, 2x 10 "5 M), and other adenosine receptor agonists were injected into the perfusion line. The times to 50% (t 0.5) and 90% (t 0.9) reversal of the decrease in CPP were measured. Each heart was exposed to a maximum of three vasodilators.
• Protocol B Continuous infusion.
• Compound 16 and adenosine were infused into the perfusion line at constant rate for a period of six minutes.
• the perfusate concentrations of Compound 16 and adenosine were 20 nM and 200 nM respectively, which were approximately 4x their respective concentrations previously established to cause 50% of maximal increase in coronary conductance (EC 50 ) in rat isolated perfused hearts.
• the times to 50% (t 0.5) and 90% (t 0.9) reversal of the decreases in CPP were measured from the time at which the infusion of the agonists was stopped. Dose-dependent duration of maximal vasodilation caused by bolus injections of Compound 16.
• boluses 100 - 300 ⁇ l of a 2 x 10 s M stock solution of Compound 16 were injected into the perfusion line.
• the duration of the injection was varied according to the volume of the boluses such as 10, 20 and 30 sec for 100, 200 and 300 ⁇ l boluses respectively.
• the duration of maximal effect was measured from the point at which the decrease in CPP reached the nadir to the onset point of reversal of CPP.
• Adenosine, the compounds of this invention and other adenosine derivatives were given as boluses into the perfusion line at concentrations that cause equal or near-equal increases in coronary conductance. Although adenosine and the agonists caused equal maximal increases in coronary conductance the duration of their effect was markedly different. The duration of the effect of adenosine was the shortest followed by Compound 16, whereas that of CGS21680 and WRC0470 were the longest.
• the reversal time of coronary vasodilation was dependent on the affinity of the adenosine derivatives for brain striatum A 2A receptors.
• Compound 16 is a low affinity A 2A AdoR agonists and less potent (- 10-fold) than the prototypical agonist CGS21680. Nevertheless Compound 16 is a full agonist to cause coronary vasodilation. But, as shown in this study the duration of its effect is several-fold shorter than that of the high affinity agonists CGS21680 and WRC-0470. Hence, Compound 16 is a short acting A 2A AdoR agonists coronary vasodilator.

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  • 2011-02-07 FR FR11C0004C patent/FR11C0004I2/fr active Active
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• 2012
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