WO1999047466A1 - Unite de double vitrage - Google Patents
Unite de double vitrage Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1999047466A1 WO1999047466A1 PCT/JP1999/001277 JP9901277W WO9947466A1 WO 1999047466 A1 WO1999047466 A1 WO 1999047466A1 JP 9901277 W JP9901277 W JP 9901277W WO 9947466 A1 WO9947466 A1 WO 9947466A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- glass
- weight
- double
- sealing
- sheet
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
- E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
- E06B3/00—Window sashes, door leaves, or like elements for closing wall or like openings; Layout of fixed or moving closures, e.g. windows in wall or like openings; Features of rigidly-mounted outer frames relating to the mounting of wing frames
- E06B3/66—Units comprising two or more parallel glass or like panes permanently secured together
- E06B3/6612—Evacuated glazing units
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C27/00—Joining pieces of glass to pieces of other inorganic material; Joining glass to glass other than by fusing
- C03C27/06—Joining glass to glass by processes other than fusing
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C8/00—Enamels; Glazes; Fusion seal compositions being frit compositions having non-frit additions
- C03C8/24—Fusion seal compositions being frit compositions having non-frit additions, i.e. for use as seals between dissimilar materials, e.g. glass and metal; Glass solders
- C03C8/245—Fusion seal compositions being frit compositions having non-frit additions, i.e. for use as seals between dissimilar materials, e.g. glass and metal; Glass solders containing more than 50% lead oxide, by weight
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
- E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
- E06B3/00—Window sashes, door leaves, or like elements for closing wall or like openings; Layout of fixed or moving closures, e.g. windows in wall or like openings; Features of rigidly-mounted outer frames relating to the mounting of wing frames
- E06B3/66—Units comprising two or more parallel glass or like panes permanently secured together
- E06B3/663—Elements for spacing panes
- E06B3/66304—Discrete spacing elements, e.g. for evacuated glazing units
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A30/00—Adapting or protecting infrastructure or their operation
- Y02A30/24—Structural elements or technologies for improving thermal insulation
- Y02A30/249—Glazing, e.g. vacuum glazing
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B80/00—Architectural or constructional elements improving the thermal performance of buildings
- Y02B80/22—Glazing, e.g. vaccum glazing
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a double glazing in which a plurality of glass sheets are arranged in parallel in the thickness direction via spacers, and peripheral portions of the glass sheets are sealed over the entire circumference.
- the double glazing is to be their sheet Lumpur by organic sealing material around the portion to each other is performed, to completely prevent the permeation of gas where c has a problem, an organic-based sealing Instead of materials, sealing with a low-melting glass, which has better sealing properties against gas, is being considered.
- low-melting glass fired at 450 ° C. or higher has been used, and ordinary glass has also been used as the glass.
- the conventional double glazing has a problem that the strength may be insufficient.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a double glazing having both high strength and heat insulation. Disclosure of the invention
- the characteristic constitution of the double glazing of the present invention is as follows.
- the conventional low-melting glass used for sealing double-glazed glass must be fired at 450 ° C or higher and sealed, so the surface compressive stress left on the surface of the sheet glass by the tempering treatment is the baking time to disappear to Les do not exhibit high strength, there was this and the force s.
- the sealing is performed with a sealing material having a sealing temperature of less than 400 ° C.
- the sheet glass subjected to the strengthening treatment is maintained in a state where the strength is maintained without disappearing the surface compressive stress. Can be glued.
- FIG. 1 shows the relationship between the retention time and the degree of residual strengthening of a 4.6 mm thick tempered soda lime glass at different holding temperatures. That is, FIG. 1 is a diagram showing how stress is relieved with time when the strengthened soda lime glass is maintained at a predetermined constant temperature. The holding temperature was set every 200 ° C. between 200 ° C. and 600 ° C.
- the degree of residual strengthening after holding at 450 ° C for 30 minutes is reduced to about 25%, while that at 40 ° C for 30 minutes is 6%. It can be seen that it has only dropped to about 5%.
- the sealing temperature at the time of sealing the better.
- the sealing temperature is less than 400 ° C., it can be seen that the sealing can be performed without significantly lowering the strength of the sheet glass.
- FIG. 2 shows an example of tempered soda-lime glass having a thickness of 9.5 mm. In this case, the tendency is almost the same as in Fig. 1, and there is no difference due to the thickness of the sheet glass.
- the thermal expansion coefficient low 7 5 ⁇ 8 5 X 1 0- 7 / ° C Melting point glass can be used.
- the thermal expansion coefficient of the low melting point glass is a 7 5 ⁇ 8 5 X 1 0 7 Z ° C, which is the thermal expansion coefficient of the general glass sheet 8 5 ⁇ 9 0 X 1 0 7 Z ° C Even though Compared to, and summer small as 5 ⁇ 1 5 X 1 0- 7 Z ° C. As a result, a compressive force acts on the welded portion, and the sealability is not impaired due to the occurrence of cracks in the welded portion, and the adhesive strength is maintained.
- F (F,) glass powder in the composition of from 0.1 to 6.0 weight 0/0.
- the above characteristics are remarkably exhibited when the molar ratio of Cu + / (Cu + + Cu 2 + ) in the low-melting glass is 50% or more.
- the coefficient of thermal expansion of the low-melting glass can be adjusted to the coefficient of thermal expansion of the plate glass.
- B Having a composition of 4.0% by weight, B Those having a weight ratio of sZPbO of 0.11 or less can be used.
- the low-melting glass of this configuration When the low-melting glass of this configuration is used, it has good fluidity even at a temperature of 400 ° C. or less, and can seal sheet glasses without applying strong pressure. Therefore, the production efficiency of the double glazing can be improved.
- the coefficient of thermal expansion of the low-melting glass By appropriately mixing ceramic powder into the low-melting glass, the coefficient of thermal expansion of the low-melting glass can be adjusted to the coefficient of thermal expansion of the plate glass.
- the plate glass according to the scope 6 claims S i ⁇ 2 7 0.0 to 7 3.0 weight 0 /. , A12O3 1.0-1.8 wt%, Fe2O3 0.08-0.14 wt%, CaO 7.0-12.0 wt%, MgO1 . 0 to 4.5 wt%, R 2 0 1 3. 0 ⁇ 1 5.
- 0 weight 0 I R is an alkali metal
- the above-mentioned glass sheet is a float glass made of the above-mentioned components, and further, by using a thermally strengthened glass sheet or a chemically strengthened glass sheet as the above-mentioned strengthened glass sheet, even if the above-mentioned low melting point glass is used for firing, It is possible to form a sealed space between the glass sheets by sealing without significantly reducing the degree of reinforcement.
- the double glazing according to claim 7 is characterized in that a heat-strengthened sheet glass having a surface compressive stress of 204 or more and less than 650 kg / cm 2 after sealing is used.
- the tempered glazing of this configuration has higher wind pressure resistance than ordinary float glass. Therefore, when used for a curtain wall of a general building, a thin plate glass can be used. As a result, it is possible to obtain advantages such as a reduction in the weight of the glass sheet and ease of mounting work at high places.
- the double-glazed glass according to claim 8 is characterized in that a heat-strengthened glass sheet having a surface compressive stress of 650 or more and less than 1500 kgZcm 2 after sealing is used.
- the tempered glazing of this configuration has high impact resistance as described above. So the example For example, even when the door is used for a glass door at the entrance, there is an advantage that the door is hardly broken even when a person passing through the door collides with the glass door by mistake.
- the tempered glazing of this configuration has a particularly high surface compressive stress as described above. Therefore, the tempered glass sheet can be used, for example, as a heat-resistant glass for preventing fire from spreading in a fire.
- the strengthened glass sheet As the strengthened glass sheet, the glass sheet is immersed in an immersion liquid heated to 350 to 53 ° C., and the ions in the glass are ionized therefrom.
- a chemically strengthened glass sheet obtained by a low-temperature ion exchange method in which ion exchange is performed with alkali ions having a large radius can be used.
- the tempered glass is the above-mentioned chemically strengthened glass, even if it is fired using the above-mentioned low-melting glass, sealing is performed without significantly reducing the degree of strengthening of the strengthened sheet glass, and a sealed space is formed between the sheet glasses. Can be formed.
- the gap between the plurality of sheet glasses can be maintained in a reduced pressure state.
- the gap between the plurality of glass sheets is maintained in a reduced pressure state, the heat insulating property of the gap can be maintained for a long time.
- Fig. 1 is a graph showing the relationship between the retention time and the degree of residual strengthening at different holding temperatures for a tempered glass sheet with a thickness of 4.6 mm.
- Figure 2 is a graph showing the relationship between the holding time and the degree of residual strengthening at different holding temperatures for a 9.5 mm thick tempered glazing.
- FIG. 3 is a partially cutaway perspective view showing the double-glazed glass.
- the double glazing of the present invention is constituted by, for example, as shown in FIG. 3, a pair of plate glasses 1 and 2 arranged side by side in the thickness direction via a spacer 3.
- the spacers 3 are made of metal, and are arranged at intervals in the plane direction of the glass sheets 1 and 2.
- the pair of glass sheets 1 and 2 attached to each other have their peripheral parts adhered over the entire circumference and sealed in an airtight state.
- the low-melting glass 4 is used for the bonding.
- the hermetic space 5 between the two glass sheets 1 and 2 is set in a vacuum or reduced pressure state.
- the degree of pressure reduction is set to, for example, 1.0 ⁇ 10 3 Torr or less.
- the plate glasses 1 and 2 are quenched by heating them to 600 ° (: up to 700 ° C.) and then spraying air jets from a number of nozzles to a surface temperature of 500 to 520 ° C. for several seconds to 10 seconds.
- the surface compressive stress is in the range of 300 to 1500 kg / cm 2 , and heat-strengthened glass sheets 1 and 2 can be obtained.
- the low melting point glass 4 P b O 7 2. 94 wt%, B i 2 0 3 6. 7 1 by weight 0/0, B 2 O 3 8. 9 6 wt%, Z n O 4. 4 2 Weight%, SiO 2 1.46 weight 0 /. Cu O 1.58 wt%, F3.93 weight 0 /. It is a glass frit composed of 60% by weight of glass having the same composition and 40% by weight of a filler made of lead titanate.
- the pair of glass sheets 1 and 2 are transparent glass sheets each having a thickness of 3 mm.
- the 3 mm is a dimension according to the JIS standard, and substantially has a thickness of 2.7 to 3.3 mm in consideration of a thickness error.
- the spacer 3 disposed between the pair of plate glasses 1 and 2 has a diameter of
- the overall thickness of the completed double glazing is about 6 mm.
- the spacer 3 has a circular contact surface with the sheet glass.
- the occurrence of stress concentration on the glass sheets 1 and 2 can be alleviated, and the glass sheets 1 and 2 are prevented from being broken.
- the outer peripheral portions of both glass sheets 1 and 2 are configured so that one glass sheet 2 protrudes along the sheet surface direction. That is, when sealing both the glass sheets 1 and 2, the low-melting glass 4 is placed on the protrusion 6. With this configuration, the low-melting glass 4 can be easily mounted, and the airtight space 5 can be efficiently and reliably formed between the two glass plates 1 and 2.
- the composition of the low-melting glass 4 is characterized in that the weight ratio of B 2 ⁇ 3 / P b 0 is 0.11 or less and that it contains F 2 , so that it can be used at a temperature of 400 ° C or less. It has good fluidity and can be sealed without applying strong pressure.
- a low melting point glass 4 P B_ ⁇ 6 5.0 to 8 5.0 wt%, B 2 O a 1. 0 ⁇ : 1 1. 0 wt%, B i 2 03 7. 2 to 20.0% by weight, F (F 2 ) 0 to 6.0% by weight, ⁇ 0 to 11.0% by weight. /. , V 2 ⁇ 5 0 ⁇ 4. 0 wt%, S i ⁇ 2 + A 1 2 ⁇ 3 0 ⁇ 3. 0 wt%, S n O 2 0 ⁇ 5.
- a composition having a composition of 0.1% by weight and a CuO of 0.2 to 5.0% by weight can be used, and the coefficient of thermal expansion can be adjusted by mixing a ceramic powder in order to match the coefficient of expansion of the sheet glass.
- the composition of the low-melting glass 4 is characterized in that it contains Cu ⁇ and the Fe 2 ⁇ 3 content is 0.1% by weight or less, and has a low residual stress at the time of sealing.
- a sealing composition can be provided.
- the glass sheets 1 and 2 may be replaced by the chemically strengthened glass instead of the heat-strengthened glass.
- the glass sheets 4 may be immersed in molten potassium nitrate (temperature: 470 ° C). It can be immersed for 5 hours, then pulled up and then cooled and applied.
- the hermetic space 5 between the glass sheets 1 and 2 may be at normal pressure.
- the double glazing of the present invention can be constituted, for example, as follows. First, then c obtain 6 0 0 ° C ⁇ 6 5 0 ° thermally tempered glass by rapidly cooling the heated glass sheet and C, constituting the double glazing the heat tempered glass at least include one. In that case, after placing a spacer, the heat-strengthened glass is sealed using a sealing material. The surface compressive stress of the heat-strengthened glass having been sealed is 204 or more.
- the surface compression stress of the thermally strengthened glass is reduced to some extent by the heating in the sealing process. Therefore, the surface compressive stress at the time when the quenching is completed needs to be set high in consideration of the decrease.
- the tempered glazing of this configuration has higher wind pressure resistance than ordinary float glass. Therefore, when it is intended to obtain wind pressure resistance equivalent to that of a normal curtain wall, for example, when used for a curtain wall of a general building, the thickness of the reinforced glazing can be reduced. As a result, the tempered glass sheet becomes lighter and the construction work becomes easier. In particular, installation work in high places can be facilitated, and workability can be improved.
- a heat-strengthened glass having a surface compressive stress after completion of the sealing step of not less than 650 and less than 150 kg / cm 2 can be used as the double-glazed glass.
- the heat-strengthened glass sheet before sealing is formed by rapidly cooling the glass sheet heated to 600 to 65 ° C. to a surface temperature of 500 to 52 ° C.
- the surface compressive stress of the heat-strengthened glass sheet before sealing is set higher than the surface compressive stress of the completed multi-layer glass.
- the tempered glazing of this configuration has high impact resistance as described above. Therefore, it can be used, for example, for a glass door at the entrance. In this case, even if a person passing through the glass door accidentally collides with the glass door, the person is unlikely to break. Also, even if the tempered glass sheet breaks, it breaks into a number of small pieces, which is excellent in safety.
- a heat-strengthened glass having a surface compression stress of not less than 1500 and not more than 240 kg / cm 2 after completing the sealing step can be used.
- the heat-strengthened glass sheet before sealing refers to a glass sheet heated to 600 ° (: up to 700 ° C). It is formed by rapidly cooling to a surface temperature of 300 ° C. or less.
- the surface compressive stress of the heat-strengthened glass sheet before sealing is set higher than the surface compressive stress of the completed multi-layer glass.
- the tempered glazing of this configuration has a particularly high surface compressive stress as described above. Therefore, the tempered glass sheet can be used as heat-resistant tempered glass for preventing fire spread in a fire, for example.
- the glass sheets 1 and 2 are not limited to the glass sheets having a thickness of 2.7 mm to 3.3 mm described in the above embodiment, and may be glass sheets having other thicknesses.
- the type of glass can be arbitrarily selected.
- template glass frosted glass glass with a function of diffusing light by surface treatment
- netted glass one side
- heat rays It may be a sheet glass provided with functions such as absorption, ultraviolet absorption, and heat ray reflection, or a combination thereof.
- the thickness dimensions of the pair of glass sheets 1 and 2 are not limited to those having the same thickness, and the glass sheets having different thicknesses may be combined to form a multilayer glass.
- the two glass sheets 1 and 2 constituting the double-glazed glass are not limited to a dimensional shape, but can be formed into any dimensional shape.
- the two glass sheets 1 and 2 may be overlapped so that the edges are aligned.
- a multi-layer glass may be formed by combining one sheet glass 1 and the other sheet glass 2 having different thickness dimensions.
- the glass sheets 1 and 2 are not limited to glass having a flat shape, but may be, for example, a bent glass sheet formed into a curved shape.
- the spacer 3 only needs to be hardly deformed so that the two glass sheets 1 and 2 do not come into contact with each other due to an external force.
- stainless steel or other materials may be used.
- Metals ⁇ Quartz glass' Ceramics' Glass' Low melting point glass etc.
- the sealing material for sealing the double-glazed glass only needs to have a sealing temperature of less than 400 ° C.
- the sealing material mainly composed of the low-melting glass has been described. It may be a material mainly composed of metal solder.
- the double glazing of the present invention can be used for a wide variety of applications. For example, for architectural vehicles (automobile window glass, railroad vehicle window glass, ship window glass) and equipment elements (plasma display surface glass, refrigerator doors and doors, walls, and heat insulation doors) And walls).
- architectural vehicles automobile window glass, railroad vehicle window glass, ship window glass
- equipment elements plasma display surface glass, refrigerator doors and doors, walls, and heat insulation doors
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Glass Compositions (AREA)
- Joining Of Glass To Other Materials (AREA)
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/529,519 US6472032B1 (en) | 1998-03-17 | 1999-03-15 | Double-glazing unit |
KR1020007001579A KR100576209B1 (ko) | 1998-03-17 | 1999-03-15 | 복층 유리 |
JP2000536665A JP4819999B2 (ja) | 1998-03-17 | 1999-03-15 | 複層ガラス |
CA002313220A CA2313220A1 (en) | 1998-03-17 | 1999-03-15 | Double-glazing unit |
EP99939842A EP1065183A4 (en) | 1998-03-17 | 1999-03-15 | DOUBLE WINDOW UNIT |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP6693298 | 1998-03-17 | ||
JP10/66932 | 1998-03-17 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1999047466A1 true WO1999047466A1 (fr) | 1999-09-23 |
Family
ID=13330273
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP1999/001277 WO1999047466A1 (fr) | 1998-03-17 | 1999-03-15 | Unite de double vitrage |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6472032B1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1065183A4 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4819999B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR100576209B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN1212993C (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2313220A1 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO1999047466A1 (ja) |
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US11535551B2 (en) * | 2016-09-23 | 2022-12-27 | Apple Inc. | Thermoformed cover glass for an electronic device |
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- 1999-03-15 JP JP2000536665A patent/JP4819999B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-03-15 US US09/529,519 patent/US6472032B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-03-15 WO PCT/JP1999/001277 patent/WO1999047466A1/ja active IP Right Grant
- 1999-03-15 EP EP99939842A patent/EP1065183A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1999-03-15 CN CNB99801382XA patent/CN1212993C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-03-15 CA CA002313220A patent/CA2313220A1/en not_active Abandoned
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JP4792184B2 (ja) * | 1999-06-10 | 2011-10-12 | ザ・ユニバーシティ・オブ・シドニー | ガラスパネル |
JP2003502262A (ja) * | 1999-06-10 | 2003-01-21 | ザ・ユニバーシティ・オブ・シドニー | ガラスパネル |
WO2001002685A1 (en) * | 1999-07-07 | 2001-01-11 | Guardian Industries Corporation | Peripheral seal for vacuum ig window unit |
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US6541083B1 (en) | 2000-01-11 | 2003-04-01 | Guardian Industries Corp. | Vacuum IG unit with alkali silicate edge seal and/or spacers |
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JP2010513197A (ja) * | 2006-12-22 | 2010-04-30 | フーテック・ゲー・エム・ベー・ハー | 断熱ガラス材およびその製造方法並びに用途 |
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US11028009B2 (en) | 2011-02-22 | 2021-06-08 | Guardian Glass, LLC | Coefficient of thermal expansion filler for vanadium-based frit materials and/or methods of making and/or using the same |
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JP2015504840A (ja) * | 2011-12-29 | 2015-02-16 | ガーディアン・インダストリーズ・コーポレーション | バナジウム系フリット材料、結合剤、及び/又は溶媒、並びにその製造方法 |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1065183A1 (en) | 2001-01-03 |
CN1275119A (zh) | 2000-11-29 |
EP1065183A4 (en) | 2009-01-07 |
KR100576209B1 (ko) | 2006-05-03 |
CA2313220A1 (en) | 1999-09-23 |
JP4819999B2 (ja) | 2011-11-24 |
CN1212993C (zh) | 2005-08-03 |
KR20010022971A (ko) | 2001-03-26 |
US6472032B1 (en) | 2002-10-29 |
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