Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L25/00—Compositions of, homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L25/02—Homopolymers or copolymers of hydrocarbons
  • C08L25/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of styrene
  • C08L25/06—Polystyrene
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L71/00—Compositions of polyethers obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L71/08—Polyethers derived from hydroxy compounds or from their metallic derivatives
  • C08L71/10—Polyethers derived from hydroxy compounds or from their metallic derivatives from phenols
  • C08L71/12—Polyphenylene oxides
  • C08L71/123—Polyphenylene oxides not modified by chemical after-treatment
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L53/00—Compositions of block copolymers containing at least one sequence of a polymer obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L53/02—Compositions of block copolymers containing at least one sequence of a polymer obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers of vinyl-aromatic monomers and conjugated dienes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L71/00—Compositions of polyethers obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L71/08—Polyethers derived from hydroxy compounds or from their metallic derivatives
  • C08L71/10—Polyethers derived from hydroxy compounds or from their metallic derivatives from phenols
  • C08L71/12—Polyphenylene oxides

Definitions

• the present invention concerns a resin composition containing a polyphenylene ether (abbreviated in the following as PPE) resin, and more specifically, it concerns a resin composition of the aforementioned type which is highly useful in plastic applications requiring chemical resistance in the field of industrial and household materials such as automotive components, electrical and electronic components, household materials for the kitchen, bathroom, and construction, and lavatory products.
• PPE polyphenylene ether
• non-crystalline (amorphous) resins show outstanding dimensional accuracy in injection molding due to their amorphous structural properties, their properties are taken advantage of in widespread use in large-scale molded products and industrial fields requiring precision assembly, etc .
• amorphous structural properties because of their amorphous structure, they are permeable to organic chemicals, i.e., they showpoor chemical resistance, and they therefore have the drawback of being easily attacked by substances such as oils and organic solvents.
• crystalline resins due to their crystalline properties, crystalline resins show highly outstanding chemical resistance and are therefore used in applications involving contact with oils, organic solvents, etc .
• Polyphenylene ether resin is a typical non-crystalline thermoplastic resin having an elevated softening point . It has balanced mechanical properties and outstanding electrical properties, its water absorption is low, and it shows favorable dimensional stability.
• polyphenylene ether resin shows extremely favorable compatibility with polystyrene resin, another non-crystalline thermoplastic resin, and it can easily be deformed.
• resin compositions composed of PPE resin and styrene resin (referred to in the following as a PPE/PS resin composition) show outstanding molding workability and impact resistance (US Patent No. 3,383,435) , they have conventionally been widely used in applications such as automotive conponents and electrical and electronic conponents.
• this type of PPE/PS resin composition is an amorphous resin, and as mentioned above, it does not show sufficient chemical resistance, particularly resistance to aromatic hydrocarbon solvents.
• PPE/PS resin compositions examples from prior art include the methods of mixing the PPE/PS resin composition with crystalline resins such as polyolefins (e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, EEA) , polyester, nylon, etc.; low-molecular-weight olefins (such as polybutene and ethylene oligomer) ; or rubber-like polymers (such as SEBS, SBS, or SEPS rubber) .
• polyolefins e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, EEA
• low-molecular-weight olefins such as polybutene and ethylene oligomer
• rubber-like polymers such as SEBS, SBS, or SEPS rubber
• syndiotactic styrene polymers having a syndiotactic stereostrueture
• syndiotactic styrene polymers have been developed and manufactured commercially (Japanese Unexamined Patent Application No. S62-10481) .
• syndiotactic styrene polymers have been developed and manufactured commercially (Japanese Unexamined Patent Application No. S62-10481) .
• blended compositions of polyphenylene ether resins and syndiotactic styrene polymer which, because syndiotactic styrene resin is crystalline and has a styrene skeleton as the main component of its molecular structure, are expected to show favorable compatibility with polyphenylene ether resin in the same manner as conventional atactic styrene polymers.
• compositions are simple alloys of syndiotactic styrene polymers and polyphenylene ether resins, and there are few concrete examples which clearly show an improvement in chemical resistance and a synergistic effect of the composition.
• the only publications in which an improvement in chemical resistance is described are H2-64140,
• the purpose of the present invention is to provide a PPE resin composition which has the chemical resistance required for practical applications while maintaining the high dimensional accuracy and other outstanding properties characteristic of polyphenylene ether resin.
• the authors of the present invention studied the problem of how to inhibit crazing and cracking of polyphenylene ether resin at the aforementioned sites subjected to strain.
• the test method they used was to investigate chemical resistance by applying a solvent to a molded product subjected to forced strain of 1% or more (a molded test piece was fixed in place on a die subjected to forced strain, the portion under strain was covered with a piece of gauze, etc., soaked in a solvent, and the extent of attack due to the solvent was evaluated) , while simultaneously observing the polyphenylene ether resin from the twin standpoints of mechanical properties and stable dimensional accuracy.
• the present invention provides a resin composition containing (A) a polyphenylene ether resin and (B) a syndiotactic styrene polymer, characterized in that
• composition also contains (C) a high-impact styrene resin
• the composition contains (C) in the amount of 90-10 parts by weight with respect to 10-90 parts byweight of (A) and (B) in the amount of 5 to 60 parts by weight with respect to a total of 40 to 95 parts by weight of (A) and (C) .
• high-ij ⁇ pact styrene resin has been blended in order to improve impact resistance, but when this styrene resin alone is added to polyphenylene ether resin, it has not had the effect of improving the chemical resistance of the polyphenylene ether resin.
• Fig. 2 Flat plate test piece measuring 100 mm x 100 mm x 3 mm used in measurement of molding shrinkage.
• the (A) polyphenylene ether resin used in the resin composition of the present invention is known in and of itself, with this being a general term for a polymer having General Formula (I) below:
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independent hydrogen atoms, halogen atoms, hydrocarbon groups, substituted hydrocarbon groups, alkoxy groups, cyano groups, phenoxy groups, or nitro groups, and n is an integer indicating the degree of polymerization) , and polymers having the above general formula may be used either individually or in combinations of two or more in copolymers.
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are chlorine atoms, bromine atoms, iodine atoms, or methyl, ethyl, propyl, allyl, phenyl, benzyl, methylbenzyl, chloromethyl, bromomethyl, cyanoethyl, cyano, methoxy, ethoxy, phenoxy, or nitro groups.
• a preferred PPE resin is a polymer in which R 1 and R 2 in Formula (I) above are alkyl groups having 1-4 carbon atoms, and R 3 and R 4 are hydrogen or alkyl groups having 1-4 carbon atoms .
• n should preferably be 50 or a higher integer.
• poly(2, 6-dimethyl-l,4- phenylene) ether poly(2 , 6-diethyl-l, 4-phenylene) ether, poly(2- methyl-6-ethyl-l, 4-phenylene) ether, poly(2-methyl-6-propyl-1, 4- phenylene) ether, poly(2 , 6-dipropyl-1,4-phenylene) ether, poly(2- ethyl-6-propyl-l, 4-phenylene) ether, poly(2 , 6-dimethoxy-l, 4- phenylene) ether, poly(2 , 6-dichloromethyl-l, 4-phenylene) ether, poly(2, 6-dibromomethyl-1,4-phenylene) ether, poly(2 , 6-diphenyl-1,4- phenylene) ether, poly(2,6-ditolyl-l, 4-phenylene) ether, poly(2,6- dichloro-1, 4-phenylene) ether,
• a particularly preferred PPE is poly(2, 6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene) ether.
• an example of a PPE copolymer is a copolymer containing a portion of an alkyl tri-substituted phenol such as 2,3,6- trimethylphenol in the aforementioned polyphenylene ether repeating unit.
• PPE resins may also be copolymers with styrene compounds grafted on.
• An example of a styrene compound-grafted polyphenylene ether is a copolymer obtained by grafting a styrene compound such as styrene, ⁇ -methylmethylstyrene, vinyl toluene, or chlorostyrene onto the aforementioned PPE resin and then carrying out graft polymerization.
• the PPE resin may also be modified using a modifier having a polar group.
• polar groups include acid hydrides, carbonyl groups, acid anhydrides, acid amides, carboxylic esters, acid azides, sulfone groups, nitrile groups, cyano groups, isocyanate esters, amino groups, imide groups, hydroxyl groups, epoxy groups, oxazoline groups, and thiol groups.
• the syndiotactic styrene polymer of component (B) of the present invention is a styrene polymer having a highly syndiotactic structure.
• a syndiotactic structure refers to a stereostructure in which phenyl groups or substituted phenyl groups are configured in mutually opposite directions with respect to a main chain composed of carbon-carbon bonds, and the tacticity thereof is determined by nuclear magnetic resonance using isotopic carbon ( U C-NMR) .
• Tacticity as measured by 13 C-NMR can be expressed by the number of multiple contiguous structural units, e.g., diad in the case of 2 , triad in the case of 3 , and pentad in the case of 5.
• the syndiotacticity of the styrene polymer is ordinarily characterized by a diad ratio of 75% or more, and preferably 85% or more, and a racemic pentad ratio of 30% or more, and preferably 50% or more.
• styrene polymers include polystyrene, poly(alkylstyrene) , poly(halostyrene) , poly(alkoxystyrene) , poly(vinylbenzoic acid ester) , mixtures thereof, or copolymers having these as their main components .
• poly(alkylstyrene) used here includes poly(methlystyrene) , poly(ethylstyrene) , poly(isopropylstyrene) , poly(tert-butylstyrene) , etc.
• examples of poly(halostyrenes) include poly(chlorostyrene) , poly(bromostyrene) , and poly(fluorostyrene) .
• examples of poly(alkoxystyrenes) include poly(methoxystyrene) and poly(ethoxystyrene) .
• styrene polymers are polystyrene, poly(p-methylstyrene) , poly(m- methylstyrene) , poly(p-tert-butylstyrene) , poly(p-chlorostyrene) , poly(m-chlorostyrene) , poly(p-fluorostyrene) , and copolymers of styrene and p-methylstyrene.
• the molecular weight of the syndiotactic styrene polymer but its weight average molecular weight should be 10,000 or above, and preferably 50,000 or above.
• the syndiotactic styrene polymer has a melting point of 200-310°C, and its thermal resistance is outstanding compared with that of conventional styrene polymers having an atactic structure.
• this type of syndiotactic styrene polymer may be manufactured by polymerization of a styrene monomer (a monomer corresponding to the aforementioned styrene polymer) , either in an inactive hydrocarbon solvent or without a solvent, using titanium or a condensation product of water and trialkyl aluminum as a catalyst (cf . Japanese Unexamined Patent Applications S62-104818, S63-268709) , and commercial substances may also be used.
• the syndiotactic styrene polymer may be modified using a modifier having a polar group.
• a modifier having a polar group examples include an acidhydride, carbonyl group, acid anhydride, acid amide, carboxylic ester, acid azide, sulfone group, nitrile group, cyano group, isocyanate ester, amino group, imide group, hydroxyl group, epoxy group, oxazoline group, or thiol group.
• Particularly preferred polar groups are acid anhydrides and epoxy groups, with a maleic anhydride group being preferred as an acid anhydride.
• the high-impact styrene resin of component (C) used in the present invention is known in and of itself, and is obtained by graft polymerization of an elastic body (rubber-like substance) and a portion of a styrene polymer.
• This [elastic body (rubber-like substance) /styrene resin] graft component is distributed in a stable manner when bothmolten and solid in the styrene resin in a form commonly referred to as a "salami" structure, with a size of approximately 0.1-4.0 ⁇ .
• High-impact styrene resin does not temporarily melt and disperse in molten plastic, unlike addition-type thermoplastic elastomer such as styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer (SBS) and hydrogenated styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer (SEBS) .
• SBS styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer
• SEBS hydrogenated styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer
• This high-mpact styrene resin may be manufactured by any desired known polymerization method, such as that of dissolving an elastic body (rubber-like substance) in a styrene monomer. Polymerization may be carried out by the batch method or continuous method. Examples of polymerization methods include emulsion polymerization, bulk polymerization, and bulk suspension two-stage polymerization.
• R is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1-4 carbon atoms
• Z is a halogen atom or a substituent which is an alkyl group having 1-4 carbon atoms
• p is an integer from 0 to 5.
• the aforementioned elastic body include polybutadiene, polyisoprene, butyl rubber, EPEM, ethylene-propylene copolymer, natural rubbers, and natural or synthetic elastomers such as epichlorohydrin, with polybutadiene being preferred.
• the high-impact styrene resin of component (C) should preferably be high-impact polystyrene (using styrene and polybutadiene) .
• the high-impact styrene resin of component (C) maybe commercially obtained, with examples including the Dialex HT series marketed by Mitsubishi Kagaku K.K. and the Topalex series marketed by Mitsui Toatsu K.K.
• the aforementioned (A) PPE resin and (C) high-impact styrene resin should be blended in in the amounts of 90-10 parts by weight of (C) with respect to 10-90 parts by weight of (A) , and preferably 80-10 parts by weight of (C) with respect to 20-90 parts byweight of (A) . If the amount of (C) is too low, the effect of improving chemical resistance will not be achieved. Moreover, if the amount of (A) is too low, the outstanding properties of PPE resin will not be displayed.
• the syndiotactic styrene polymer of component (B) is mixed in in an amount of 5 to 60 parts by weight with respect to a total of 40 to 95 parts by weight of (A) and (C) .
• 10-50 parts by weight of (B) should be blended in with respect to a total of 90-50 parts byweight (A) and (C) .
• 15-50 parts byweight of (B) should be blended in with respect to a total of 85-50 parts by weight of (A) and (C) .
• a styrene resin may also be blended into the resin composition of the present invention as desired.
• the styrene resin is known in and of itself, and this must be a compound of General Formula (III) below:
• RY a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1-4 carbon atoms
• Z' is a halogen atom or a substituent which is an alkyl group having 1-4 carbon atoms
• q is an integer from 0 to 5 in which repeating structural units derived from vinyl aromatic compounds account for at least 25% by weight of the polymer.
• styrene resins include homopolystyrene, styrene-containing copolymers such as styrene-methylstyrene copolymer, styrene-butadiene copolymer, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) , styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer, and styrene-acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer (ABS) .
• SAN styrene-methylstyrene copolymer
• SAN styrene-butadiene copolymer
• ABS styrene-acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer
• Homopolystyrenes include substances having an atactic or isotactic structure.
• styrene-class elastomers include styrene- butadiene copolymer (SBR) , styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer (SBS) , hydrogenated styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer (SEBS) , styrene-isoprene copolymer (SIR) , styrene-isoprene-styrene copolymer (SIS) , and hydrogenated styrene-isoprene-styrene copolymer (SEPS) .
• SBR styrene-butadiene copolymer
• SEBS hydrogenated styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer
• SEBS hydrogenated st
• styrene resins may be used either individually or in combinations of two or more. They may also be modified either partly or completely using a modifier having a polar group.
• the styrene resin of component (D) should be blended in in an amount of 50 parts by weight or less with respect to a total of 100 parts by weight of conponents (A) , (B) , and (C) , and more preferably, 5-50 parts by weight.
• the resin composition should be such that ⁇ E, which indicates the total degree of crystallization, satisfies the condition ⁇ E ⁇ 54. More preferably, this should be ⁇ E ⁇ 50.
• ⁇ E is indicated by the Equation (i) below:
• ⁇ E (%) Ec/(Esps x W) x 100 (i) in the above equation, Ec is the crystallization energy (unit: mJ/mg) of the resin composition measured with a differential scanning calorimeter; Esps is the crystallization energy (unit: mJ/mg) of the syndiotactic styrene polymer alone measured under the same conditions as Ec above; and W is the weight ratio of the syndiotactic styrene polymer in the resin composition.
• ⁇ E indicates the proportion of crystallization energy, which is a measure of the total degree of crystallization.
• Ec is the crystallization energy (unit: mJ/mg) of the resin composition measured with a differential scanning calorimeter) .
• the value of Ec is determined as follows : The molten resin composition cools at a rate of -20°C/min. in an inert gas atmosphere, its crystallization behavior is plotted, the area of the crystallization peaks obtained is determined, and this is taken as the crystallization energy (Ec) .
• Esps is the crystallization energy (unit: mJ/mg) measured with the syndiotactic styrene polymer alone, and it is measured under the same conditions as Ec .
• W is the weight ratio of the syndiotactic styrene polymer in the resin composition.
• Ec 0, and the ⁇ E value is also 0.
• component (B) when component (B) is present in the above-mentioned component range, i.e., when the condition of an ⁇ E value ⁇ 54 is satisfied, it is possible to achieve a sufficient improvement in chemical resistance for practical use without harming the properties of the polyphenylene ether resin composition, which is an amorphous resin, namely its high dimensional accuracy and other outstanding properties .
• various flame retardants may also be used.
• Examples include phosphoric ester flame retardants and halogen flame retardants.
• phosphoric ester flame retardants are preferred for safety reasons.
• Examples of phosphoric ester flame retardants include trimethylphosphate, triethylphosphate, tributylphosphate, trioctylphosphate, tributoxyethylphosphate, triphenylphosphate, tricresylphosphate, cresylphenylphosphate, octyldiphenylphosphate, diisopropylphenylphosphate, tris (chloroethyl)phosphate, tris (chloropropyl)phosphate, tris (dichloropropyl)phosphate, bis (2,3-dibromopropyl) -2 , 3- dichloropropylphosphate, tris (2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate, and polyphosphates such as (chloropropy
• the resin composition of the present invention in addition to the above components, one may add during mixing or molding of the resin, in amounts which do not impair the purpose of the invention, other resins, rubber-like substances (such as polybutadiene and polyisoprene; however, excluding styrene elastomers) , common additives such as pigments, dyes, strengtheners (glass fibers, carbon fibers, etc.), fillers (carbon black, mica, talc, silica, titanium oxide, etc.), heat-resistance agents, antioxidants, weather-proofing agents, lubricants, mold-releasing agents, crystal nucleating agents, plasticizers, fluidity-improving agents, antistatic agents, and antibacterial and antifungal agents.
• other resins such as polybutadiene and polyisoprene; however, excluding styrene elastomers
• common additives such as pigments, dyes, strengtheners (glass fibers, carbon fibers, etc.), fillers (carbon black, mica,
• the resin co ⁇ position of the present invention may be used to obtain the desired molded product in any desired form using any desired molding method, such as injection molding, extrusion molding, or blow molding.
• the resin co ⁇ position of the present invention should preferably meet the following conditions:
• the molding shrinkage of a square plate test piece formed by injection molding is 0.8% or less in the flow direction and 0.8% or less in a direction perpendicular to the flow.
• Specific examples of the organic substance used in the 1.5% strain chemical resistance cracking test include tempura oil, salad oil, epoxy hardening agents, engine oil, gasoline, lubricating oil, wax remover solution, and rust-preventing agents.
• (A) Polyphenylene ether resin PPE: Poly(2,6-dimethyl-l, 4-phenylene) ether having an intrinsic viscosity (chloroform, 25°C) of 0.48 dl/g manufactured by Nihon G.E. Plastics K.K.
• C) High-impact styrene resin S-PS: trademark; Zarek 70Z (molecular weight 250,000, syndiotacticity indicated by racemic pentad ratio according to C-NMR analysis: 97%), manufactured by Shukko Sekiyu Kagaku Kogyo K.K.)
• HIPS High-mpact polystyrene (trademark; HT644, manufactured by Mitsubishi Kasei K.K.)
• Styrene resin A-PS: General-purpose atactic polystyrene (trademark; CR3500, manufactured by Dainippon Inc. K.K.)
• SBS Styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer, Kraton D1101CU (manufactured by Shell)
• Pellets obtained as described were injection-molded using an inection molding machine (manufactured by Toyo Kikai Kinzoku K.K. , 80 tons) under conditions of set cylinder te ⁇ perature of 300°C and mold temperature of 80°C to obtain test pieces. Using the test pieces obtained, the following tests were conducted. The results are shown in Tables 1-2. a: Chemical resistance test: An extrusion-molded test piece measuring 3.2 mmx 12.7 mmx 63.5 mm was fixed in place on the forced 1.5% bending strain die shown in Fig. 1, and a chemical resistance test was conducted.
• Wax remover solution Manufactured by Yushiro Kagaku Kogyo K.K. , ST-7
• Epoxy hardening agent Manufactured by Toshida Co . , TCG1672
• Rust-preventing agent Manufactured by Kure Kogyo K.K. , CRC556
• the test method was as follows:
• test piece (3) was fixed in place on the bent portion of the 1.5% bending strain die (4) , the surface of the curved portion of the test piece was covered with gauze measuring 12.7 mmx 12.7 mm (1), a solvent (2) was dripped onto this gauze so as to saturate it, the time after dripping required for the test piece to rupture completely was measured, and this time was taken as a measure of chemical resistance. Test pieces which did not rupture after 24 hours were assessed as "No break,” and the test was concluded at that time. The reason is that in actual use, there are no applications which are subjected to the high strain of 1.5%, and a test duration of longer than 24 hours is considered unnecessary from a practical standpoint. Moreover, in cases where the solvent was grease, measurement was carried out after directly applying the grease to the surface of the test piece.
• the test pieces were first left standing for 24 hours at room te ⁇ perature of 23°C and humidity of 50°C, they were then measured five times in direction a and five times in direction b using a three- dimensional measuring device (AF211, manufactured by Mitsutoyo) , and the average values were taken as the molding shrinkage flow direction (indicated by a in Fig.
• HDT heat distortion temperature
• MI melt flow index
• the resin co ⁇ position of the present invention makes it possible to markedly increase chemical resistance without impairing the inherent properties (particularly dimensional stability) of conventional polyphenylene ether resin (amorphous resin) . Moreover, this advantage is not adversely affected by adding flame retardants or fillers (such as glass fibers and mica) .
• the resin co ⁇ position of the present invention is well-suited for applications in wzhich such resins were previously limited, such as external automotive components, engine room conponents, and cabin interiors of ships, to which waxes, machine oils/engine oils, rust-preventing agents, aromatic agents, etc., may adhere, conponents for office equipment, computer-related equipment, etc., to which l ⁇ brieating oils for sliding, grease, or cleaners may adhere (such as internal parts, fan motor cases, and plastic chassis) ; home electronic and commercial electrochemical product components, to which salad oil, tempura oil, or other organic solvents may adhere; and conponents of electrical and electronic equipment used in environments exposed to oil and smoke or organic gases (such as factory environments and construction environments) . It is particularly well-suited for use in conponents subject to strain, and it is therefore extremely useful from an industrial standpoint.

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• Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
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• Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
• Finish Polishing, Edge Sharpening, And Grinding By Specific Grinding Devices (AREA)

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• 1997
  • 1997-11-27 JP JP34084797A patent/JP4364319B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
• 1998
  • 1998-11-27 TW TW87119729A patent/TW432095B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1998-11-27 WO PCT/JP1998/005347 patent/WO1999028388A1/en active Application Filing
  • 1998-11-27 AU AU12614/99A patent/AU1261499A/en not_active Abandoned

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