WO1998056771A2 - Piperazine derivatives and their use as anti-inflammatory agents - Google Patents

Piperazine derivatives and their use as anti-inflammatory agents Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1998056771A2
WO1998056771A2 PCT/EP1998/003503 EP9803503W WO9856771A2 WO 1998056771 A2 WO1998056771 A2 WO 1998056771A2 EP 9803503 W EP9803503 W EP 9803503W WO 9856771 A2 WO9856771 A2 WO 9856771A2
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
alkyl
methyl
carbonyl
glycιnamιdo
fluorobenzyl
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP1998/003503
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English (en)
French (fr)
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WO1998056771A3 (en
Inventor
John G. Bauman
Brad O. Buckman
Ameen F. Ghannam
Joseph E. Hesselgesser
Richard Horuk
Imadul Islam
Meina Liang
Karen B. May
Sean D. Monahan
Michael M. Morissey
Howard P. Ng
Guo Ping Wei
Wei Xu
Wei Zheng
Original Assignee
Schering Aktiengesellschaft
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Publication date
Priority to KR1019997011718A priority Critical patent/KR100549137B1/ko
Priority to SK1713-99A priority patent/SK285162B6/sk
Application filed by Schering Aktiengesellschaft filed Critical Schering Aktiengesellschaft
Priority to JP50161199A priority patent/JP2002503239A/ja
Priority to AU86258/98A priority patent/AU735462B2/en
Priority to CA002293382A priority patent/CA2293382C/en
Priority to EEP200200683A priority patent/EE200200683A/xx
Priority to AT98937467T priority patent/ATE232522T1/de
Priority to DE69811363T priority patent/DE69811363T2/de
Priority to EEP200200682A priority patent/EE200200682A/xx
Priority to IL13239898A priority patent/IL132398A/en
Priority to EP98937467A priority patent/EP0988292B1/en
Priority to EA199901063A priority patent/EA004038B1/ru
Priority to HU0003929A priority patent/HUP0003929A3/hu
Priority to EEP199900565A priority patent/EE04056B1/xx
Priority to DK98937467T priority patent/DK0988292T3/da
Priority to SK79-2005A priority patent/SK285445B6/sk
Priority to EEP200200684A priority patent/EE200200684A/xx
Publication of WO1998056771A2 publication Critical patent/WO1998056771A2/en
Publication of WO1998056771A3 publication Critical patent/WO1998056771A3/en
Priority to IS5258A priority patent/IS2241B/is
Priority to NO19996068A priority patent/NO317343B1/no
Priority to NO20031373A priority patent/NO20031373D0/no

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C07D295/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms
    • C07D295/16—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms acylated on ring nitrogen atoms
    • C07D295/18—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms acylated on ring nitrogen atoms by radicals derived from carboxylic acids, or sulfur or nitrogen analogues thereof
    • C07D295/182—Radicals derived from carboxylic acids
    • C07D295/185—Radicals derived from carboxylic acids from aliphatic carboxylic acids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • C07D215/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinoline or hydrogenated quinoline ring systems
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    • C07D215/16—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinoline or hydrogenated quinoline ring systems having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen atoms or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D215/18—Halogen atoms or nitro radicals
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    • C07D241/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings
    • C07D241/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings not condensed with other rings
    • C07D241/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
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    • C07D241/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings
    • C07D241/36—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D241/38—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atoms
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    • C07D261/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,2-oxazole rings
    • C07D261/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,2-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings
    • C07D261/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,2-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D261/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,2-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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    • C07D295/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms
    • C07D295/16—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms acylated on ring nitrogen atoms
    • C07D295/18—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms acylated on ring nitrogen atoms by radicals derived from carboxylic acids, or sulfur or nitrogen analogues thereof
    • C07D295/182—Radicals derived from carboxylic acids
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    • C07D307/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
    • C07D307/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D307/38—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
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    • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D403/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
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    • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D403/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D405/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D413/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links

Definitions

  • the present invention is directed to piperazine derivatives and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, which inhibit the activity of the chemokines, MIP-1 ⁇ and RANTES, thereby being useful as anti-inflammatory agents It also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing the derivatives or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and methods of their use
  • chemokines An important component of the inflammatory process involves the migration and activation of select populations of leukocytes from the circulation and their accumulation in the affected tissue. While the l ⁇ ea of leukocyte trafficking is not new, it has enjoyed a renaissance recently following the discovery and characterization of the selectin and integnn families of adhesion molecules and the large family of selective chemotatic cytokines known as chemokines Chemokme receptors are expressed on leukocytes and process the signals following the binding of the chemokme whereDy such signals are eventually transduced into migration or activation of the leukocytes towards the source of the chemokme Therefore, by regulating the migration and activation of leukocytes from the peripheral blood to extravascular sites in organs, skin, articulations or connective, tissue, chemokines play a critical role in the maintenance of host defense as well as in the development of the immune response
  • the chemokme family of molecules was divided into two groups the "C-X-C” subfamily and the "C-C” subfamily
  • the characteristic feature of both of these subfamilies is the presence of four cysteine residues in highly conserved positions in the molecules.
  • the cysteine residues are separated by a single ammo acid residue
  • a recent description of a "-C-” chemokme appears to represent a new family of chemokines in that the "- C” chemokme lacks two of the four cysteine residues present in the "C-C” subfamily or the "C- X-C” subfamily.
  • MIP-1 ⁇ macrophage inflammatory prote ⁇ n-1
  • T and B lymphocytes T and B lymphocytes
  • neutrophils neutrophils
  • fibroblasts a member of the "C-C” subfamily of chemokines.
  • MIP-1 ⁇ macrophage inflammatory prote ⁇ n-1
  • a recent study (see Karpus, W.J. ef al., J. Immunol. (1995), Vol. 155, pp. 5003-5010) provides strong in vivo concept validation for a rote of MIP-1 ⁇ in a mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of multiple sclerosis.
  • EAE autoimmune encephalomyelitis
  • Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease mediated by T and B lymphocytes and macrophages, resulting in extensive inflammation and demyelination of white matter in the central nervous system.
  • RANTES is another member of the C-C chemoKine subfamily (the name RANTES is an acronym derived from some of the original ODserveo and predicted characteristics of the protein and its gene Regulated upon Activation Normal I cell Expressed presumed Secreted)
  • RANTES is an acronym derived from some of the original ODserveo and predicted characteristics of the protein and its gene Regulated upon Activation Normal I cell Expressed presumed Secreted
  • RANTES mRNA expression was found in infiltrating mononuclear cells and renal tubular epithelial cells and RANTES itself was found to be bound to the endothelial surface of the mtcrovasculature within the rejecting graft (see Pattison, J. et al . Lancet (1994), Vol. 343, pp. 209-211 and Wie ⁇ ermann, CJ. et al., Curr. Biol. (1993), Vol. 3, pp. 735-739).
  • Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized in part by a memory T lympnocyte and monocyte infiltration, which is believed to be mediated by cnemotactic factors released by inflamed tissues
  • RANTES RANTES in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis
  • EAE models ot multiple sclerosis and that RANTES levels are increased in rneumatoid artnritis and kioney transplant rejection (see, e g , Glabinski, A R et al , Am J Pathol (1997), Vol 150, pp.
  • these chemokines are chemoattractants for T cells and monocytes wnich are the major cell types that are involved in the pathophysiology of these diseases Therefore, any molecule that inhibits the activity of either of these cnemokines would be beneficial in treating these diseases and would therefore be useful as an ant ⁇ - ⁇ n ⁇ ammatory agent
  • Piperazine derivatives of the type similar to the compounds of the invention are known in the literature as being useful for a variety of pharmaceutical indications, particularly as cardiotonic, neurotropic or anti-inflammatory agents
  • published European Patent Application 0 702 010 (Adir) describes certain piperazine derivatives as being useful as central nervous system depressants and in the treatment of Alzheimer's and other diseases of immunological origin, such as arthritis and intestinal pe ⁇ staltism
  • Published European Patent Application 0 655 442 (Fujisawa) describes similar piperazine derivatives as tachykmin antagonists useful in treating inflammatory diseases sucn as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarth ⁇ tis
  • This invention is directed to compounds or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts which inhibit the activity of the chemokines, MIP-1 ⁇ and RANTES and are therefore useful as pharmacological agents for the treatment of inflammatory disorders in humans.
  • this invention provides compounds of the following formula (la):
  • R 1a is one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of oxo, halo, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylaminoalkyl, (cycloalkyialkyl)am ⁇ noalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, formyl, formylaikyl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxyalkenyl, hydroxyatkynyl, (hydroxy)aralkyl, (hydroxy)cycloalkylalkyl, mercaptoalkyl, cyanoalkyl, haloatkylcarbonyiaminoalkyl, (alkoxy)aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aryloxyalkyl, aralkoxyalkyl, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsutfinylalkyl, al
  • R 2 is one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, hydroxysulfonyl, halo, alkyl, mercapto, mercaptoalkyl, alkylthio, alkylsulf yl, alkylsufonyl, alkylthioalkyl, alkvlsulfinylalkyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, haloalkyl, formyl, formylalkyl, nitro, nitroso, cyano.
  • aralkoxy naloalkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, (hydroxyjcycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylamino, cycloalkvlaminoalkyl, (cycloalkylalkyl)am ⁇ no, (cycloalkyalkyl)am ⁇ noalkyl, cyanoalkyl.
  • alkoxycarbonyl aralkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl, arylcarbonyl, arylcarbonylalkyl, aralkylcarbonyl, aralkylcarbonylalkyl, carboxyalkyl.
  • alkoxycaroonylalkyl aralkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkoxyalkylcarbonyloxyalkyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylammocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, monoarylammocarbonyl, monoaralkylammocarbonyl, aminocarbonylalkyl, monoalkylammocarbonylalkyl, dialkylaminocarbonylalkyl, monoarylammocarbonylalkyl, monoaralkylammocarbonylalkyl, amidmo, guanidmo, ureido, monoalkylureido, dialkylureido, ureidoalkyl, monoalkylureidoalkyl.
  • R 3 is a carbocylic ring system substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, hydroxysulfonyl, halo, alkyl, mercapto, mercaptoalkyl, alkylthio, alkylsulfi ⁇ yl, alkylsufonyl, arylsulfonyl, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfinyialkyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxyalkoxy, aryloxy, haloalkyl, formyl, formylalkyl, nitro, nitroso, cyano, aralkoxy, haloalkoxy, aminoaikoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, (hydroxy)cycloalkylalkylalkyl
  • alkylsulfonyl (alkyl)am ⁇ noalkyl, arylsulfonylaminoalkyl, (arylsulfonyl)(alkyl)am ⁇ noalkyl, heterocyclylaminoalkyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbo ⁇ yl, aralkylcarbonyl, (hydroxyalkoxy)carbonyl, carboxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, aralkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkoxyalkylcarbonyloxyalkyl, dialkylaminocarbonyloxyalkyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl, arylcarbonylaikyl, aralkylcaroonylalkyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylammocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, monoarylammocarbonyl, monoaralkylamin
  • R 3 is a heterocyclic ring system substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen hydroxy, halo, alkyl, alkylsufonyl, arylsulfonyl, alkoxy, hydroxyalkoxy, naloalkyl
  • R 4 is -0-, -N(R 7 )-, -C(R 8 ) 2 - or a bond
  • R 5 is an alkylene cnai ⁇ or an alkylidene cnam, or, if R 4 is a bond, R is an alkylidene chain optionally substituted by aryl or -N(R 7 ) 2 ,
  • R 6 is -C(O)-, -C(S)-, -CH 2 - or a bond; each R 7 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl, aralkylcarbonyl, aralkylcarbonylalkyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylammocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, and alkoxycarDonyl; and each R 8 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, ammo, monoalkylamino, dialkylamino, aikylcarbonylammo, cycloalkylcaroonylamino, cycloalkylalkylcarbonylamino, alkoxvcaroonyiamino, alkylsul
  • alkoxycaroonylalkylcarbonylamino (alkylcaroonyl)(alkyl)am ⁇ no, aralkylcarbonyiamino, (aralkylcaroonyl)(alkyl)am ⁇ no.
  • alkylcarbonylammoalkyl cycloalkylcaroonylaminoalkyl, alkoxycaroonylammoalkyl, (alkylcarbonyl)(alkyl)am ⁇ noalkyl, aralkylcaroonylaminoalkyl, heterocyclyicarbonylaminoalkyl, (aralkyicarbonyl)(alkyl)ammoalkyl, arylsulfonylamino, alkylsulfonylammoalkyl, ureido, monoalkylureido, monohaloalkyluretdo.
  • dialkylureido ureidoalkyl, monoalkylureidoalkyl, dialkylureiooalkyl, monohaloalkylureidoalkyl, ammoalkyl, monoalkylaminoalkyl, dialkylammoalkyl.
  • R 3 can not be a heterocyclic ring system containing 4-8 memoers consisting of caroon atoms ano oniv one nitrogen atom, and as a single stereoisomer or a mixture thereof, or a pnarmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
  • this invention provides pnarmaceutical compositions useful in treating an inflammatory disorder in a human in need of sucn treatment, whicn composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (la) as described above, and a pharmaceutically acceptabe excipient
  • this invention provides a method of treating an inflammatory disorder in a numan, which method comprises administering to a human in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (la) as described above
  • this invention provides pharmaceutical compositions useful in treating an inflammatory disorder in a humar in need of such treatment, which composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (lb):
  • R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are the same as described above for compounds of formula (la), and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient
  • this invention provides a method of treating an inflammatory disorder in a numan, which method comprises administering to a human in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (lb) as described above
  • this invention provides compounds of the following formula (lc)
  • R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R° are the same as described aoove for the compounds of formula (la), Y is a pharmaceutically acceptable counte ⁇ on
  • R 1b is one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, oxo, halo, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylaminoalkyl, (cycloalkylalkyl)am ⁇ noalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, formyl, formylalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxyalkenyl, hydroxyalkynyl, (hyoroxy)aralkyl, (hydroxy)cycloalkylalkyl, mercaptoalkyl, cyanoalkyl, haloalkylcaroonyiaminoalkyl, (alkoxy)aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aryloxyalkyl, aralkoxyalkyl, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfiny
  • this invention provides a pharmaceutical composition useful in treating an inflammatory disorder, which composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (lc) as descrioed above, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • this invention provides a metnoo of treating an inflammatory disorder in a numan, which method comprises administration to a numan in need thereof of sucn treatment of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (lc) as described above.
  • this invention provides compounds of the following formula (Id).
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are the same as described above for the compounds of formula (la);
  • R 1 is one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of oxo, halo, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylam oalkyl, (cycloalkylalkyl)am ⁇ noalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alky ⁇ yl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, formyl, formylalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxyalkenyl, hydroxyalkynyl, (hydroxy)aralkyl, (hydroxy)cycloalkylalkyl, mercaptoalkyl, cyanoalkyl, haloalkylcarbonylammoalkyl, (alkoxy)aralkyl.
  • aikoxycaroonylaminoalkyl hydroxyalkylammoalkyl, aryioxyalkylcarbonyioxyaikyl, alkoxyalkylcaroonyioxyalkyl, aralkoxyalkylcarbonyloxyalkyl, alkylcarbonyl. alkylcarbonylalkyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aralkylcarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylammocarbonyl. dialkylaminocarbonyl, monoarylammocarbonyl, monoaralkylaminocaroonyl, carboxyalkyl. alkoxycaroonylalkyl.
  • aralkoxycarbonylalkyl ammocarbonylalkyl, monoalkylaminocarbonylalkyl, dialkylaminocarbonylalkyl, monoarylaminocaroonylalkyl, monoaralkylaminocarponylalkyl. arylsulfonyl, heterocyclyl and heterocyciylalkyl; and R 10 is a heterocyclyl optionally substituted by one or more suostituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, mercapto, halo. al ⁇ yl. alkenyl. alky ⁇ yl.
  • benzylcarbonyl alkylcarbonyl, carboxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylammocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, phenylaminocarbonyl, ammocarbonylalkyl, monoalkylaminocaroo ⁇ ylalkyl, dialkylaminocarbonylalkyl, ureido, monoalkylureido, monophenylureido, and monobenzylureido; as a single stereoisomer or a mixture thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • this invention provides a pnarmaceutical composition useful in treating an inflammatory disorder in a human in need of such treatment, which composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (Id), as described above, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • this invention provides a method of treating an inflammatory disorder in a human, which method comprises administering to a human in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (Id) as described above.
  • Alkyl refers to a straight or brancned chain monovalent or divalent radical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen, containing no unsaturation and having from one to eight carbon atoms, e.g., methyl, ethyl, ⁇ -propyl, 1-methylethyl (/so-propyl), ⁇ -butyl, ⁇ -pentyl, 1 ,1-d ⁇ methylethyl (f-butyl), n-heptyl, and the like
  • Alkylcarbonyl refer to a radical of the formula -C(0)-R 3 where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., acetyl, ethylcarbonyi, n-propyicarbonyl, and the like
  • Alkylcarbonylalkvl refers to a radical of the tormuia -R a -C(O R a where each R a is independently an alkyl radical as defined above e g (acetvl .methyl, 2-(acetvl)ethyl, 4-(ethylcarbonyl)butyl, and the like.
  • Alkylcarbonylammo refers to a radical of the formula -N(H)-C(0)-R a wnere R a is an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., acetylamino, ethylcarbonylamino, ⁇ -propyicarbonylamino and the like.
  • (Alkylcarbonyl)(aikyl)am ⁇ no refers to a radical of the formula -N(R a )-C(0)-R a where each R a is independently an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., ⁇ /-methyl- ⁇ /-acetylam ⁇ no, ⁇ /-ethyl- ⁇ /-(ethylcarbonyl)am ⁇ no, and the like
  • Alkylcarbonylammoalkyl refers to a radical of the formula -R a -N(H)C(0)-R a where each R a is independently an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., acetylaminomethyl, 2-(acetylam ⁇ no)ethyl, 4-(ethylcaroonylam ⁇ no)butyl, and the like
  • (AlkylcarDonyl)(alkyl)am ⁇ noaikyl refers to a radical of the formula -R a -N(R a )-C(O)-R a where each R a is independently an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., ( ⁇ /-methyl- ⁇ /- acetylam ⁇ no)methyl, 2-( ⁇ /-ethyl-/V-(ethylcarbonyl)am ⁇ no)propyl, and the like.
  • Alkylthio refers to a radical of the formula -S-R a where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., methylthio, ethylthio. ⁇ -propylthio, and the like.
  • Alkylsulfinyl refers to a radical of the formula -S(0)R a where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g , methylsulfmyl, ethylsulfmyl, ⁇ -propylsulfinyl, and the like
  • Alkylsulfonyl refers to a radical of the formula -S(0) 2 R a where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above, e g , methylsulfonyl, ethylsulfonyi, n-propylsulfonyl, and the like
  • Alkylthioalkvl refers to a radical of the formula -R a -S-R a where each R a is independently an alkyl radical as defined above, e g methylthiomethyl, 2-methylth ⁇ oethyl, 2-ethylth ⁇ opropyl, and the like
  • Alkylsulfmylalkyl refers to a radical of the formula -R a -S(0)-R a where where each R a is independently an alkyl radical as defined above, e g , methylsulfinylmethyl, 2-methylsulf ⁇ nyiethyl, 2-ethylsulf ⁇ nylpropyl, and the like
  • Alkylsulfonylalkyl refers to a radical of the formula -R a -S(0) 2 -R a where each R a is independently an alkyl radical as defined above, e g methylsulfonyimethyl, 2-methylsulfonylethyl, 2-ethylsuifo ⁇ ylpropyl, and the like
  • Alkylsulfonyiamino refers to a radical of the formula -N(H)-S(0) 2 -R 3 where R a is an alkvi radical as defined above, e g , methylsultonviamino ethylsulfonviamino. iso- propylsulfonylamino, and the iike.
  • Alkylsulfonylammoalkyl refers to a radical of the formula -R a -N(H)-S(0) 2 -R a where each R a is independently an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g , methylsulfonylammomethyl, 2-(ethylsulfonylam ⁇ no)ethyl, 3-(.so-propylsulfonylam ⁇ no)propyl, and the like "(Alkylsulfo ⁇ yl)(alkyl)am ⁇ noalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula -R a -N(R a )-S(0) 2 -R a where each R a is independently an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., (methylsulfonyl)(methyl)am ⁇ nomethyl, 2-((ethylsulfonyl)(methyl)am ⁇ no)ethyl,
  • Alkenyl refers to a straight or branched chain monovalent or divalent radical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen, containing at least one double bond and having from two to eight carbon atoms, e.g., ethenyl, prop-1-enyl, but-1-enyl, pent-1-enyl, penta-1 ,4-d ⁇ enyl, and the like.
  • Alkenylcarbonylamino refers to a radical of the formula -N(H)-C(0)-R c where R c is an alkenyl radical as defined above, e.g., ethenylcarbonylamino, prop-2-enylcarbonylam ⁇ no, but-2- enylcarbonylamino, and the like.
  • Alkynyl refers to a straight or branched chain monovalent or divalent radical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen, containing at least one triple bond and having from two to eight carbon atoms, e.g., ethynyl, prop-1-ynyl, but-1-ynyl, pent-1-ynyl, pent-3-ynyl, and the like
  • Alkoxy refers to a radical of the formula -OR a where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, ⁇ -propoxy, 1 -methylethoxy (/so-propoxy), ⁇ -butoxy, ⁇ -oentoxy 1 ,1 -o ⁇ methylethoxy (f-butoxy), and the like
  • Alkoxycarbonyl refers to a radical of the formula -C(0)OR a wnere R a is an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, ⁇ -propoxycarbonyl, and the like
  • Alkoxycarbonylalkyl refers to a radical of the formula -R a -C(0)OR a where each R a is independently an alkyl radical as defined above, e g , methoxycarDonyimethyl, 2-(ethoxycaroonyl)ethyl, 2-(methoxycarbonyl)propyl, and the like.
  • Alkoxyalkylcaroonyloxyalkyl refers to a radical of the formula -R a -OC(0)-R a -OR a wnere each R a is independently an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g , metnoxymethylcaroonyloxymethyl, 2-(2-(2-(ethoxy)ethvlcarbonyloxy)ethvl)ethyl, 2-(3-(2- (ethoxy)ethylcarbonyioxy)propyl)ethyl, and the like
  • Alkoxycarbonylamino refers to a radical of the formula -N(H)-C(0)-OR a wnere R a is an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., methoxycaroonylamin ⁇ , ethoxycarbonylamino, /sopropoxycarbonylamino, and the like.
  • (Alkoxycarbonyl)(alkyl)am ⁇ no” refers to a radical of the formula -N(R a )(C(0)OR a ) where each R a is independently an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., ⁇ /-methyl-/V- methoxycarbonylammo, A/-ethyl- ⁇ /-ethoxycarbonylam ⁇ no, and the like
  • Alkoxycarbonylaminoalkyl refers to a radical of the formula -R a -N(H)-C(0)-OR a wnere each R a is independently an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., metnoxycarbonylammomethyl, 2-(ethoxycarbonylam ⁇ no)ethyl, /sopropoxycarbonylaminomethyl, and the like.
  • (Alkoxycarbonyl)(alkyl)am ⁇ noalkyl refers to a radical of the formula -R a -
  • R a is independently an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., ⁇ /-methyl- ⁇ -methoxycarbonylam ⁇ nomethyl, 2-( ⁇ /-ethyl- ⁇ /-ethoxycarbonyiam ⁇ no)ethyl, and the like.
  • (Alkoxy )aralkyl refers to an aralkyl radical wherein the alkyl group therein is substituted by an alkoxy radical as defined above, e.g., 2-phenyl-1-methoxyethyl, phenyi(methoxy)methyl,
  • Alkoxyalkylcarbonylamino refers to a radical of the formula -N(H)-C(O)-R a -0-R a where each R a is an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., methoxymethyicarbonylamino, ethoxyethylcarbonylamino, methoxyethylcarbonylamino, and the like.
  • Alkoxycarbonylalkylcarbonylamino refers to a radical of the formula -N(H)-C(0)-R a -C(0)OR a wnere each R a is independently an alkyl radical as defined above, e g ethoxycaroonylmethylcarbonylamino methoxvcaroonyimethylcarbonylammo, (2-ethoxycarbonylethyl)carbonylam ⁇ no, (2-methoxycarbonylethyl)carbonylam ⁇ no, and the like
  • Alkoxycarbonylalkylcarbonylaminoalkyl refers to a radical of the formula -R a -N(H)-C(0)-R a -C(0)OR a where each R a is independently an alkyl radical as defined above e.g., ethoxycarbonylmethylcarbonylammomethyl,
  • (Alkoxycarbo ⁇ ylalkyl)am ⁇ nocarbonyl refers to a radical of the formula -C(0)-N(H)-R a - C(O)-OR a where each R a is independently an alkvl radical as defined above, e g , (methoxycaroonylmethyl)ammocaroonyl, (2-(etnoxvcaroonyl)ethyham ⁇ nocaroonyl (1 - (methoxycarbonyl)ethyl)am ⁇ nocarbonyl, and the like
  • (AlkoxycarDonylalkyl)ure ⁇ doalkyl refers to a radical of the formula -R a -N(H)-C(0)-N(H)- R a -C(0)-OR a where each R a is independently an alkyl radical as defined above and where the nitrogen to which -R a -C(0)-OR a is attached is indicated as "N", e g , (ethoxycarbonylmethyl)ure ⁇ domethyl, (2-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl)ure ⁇ oomethyl, 2-((2- (ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl)ure ⁇ do)ethyl, and the like
  • (Alkoxycarbonylalkylcaroonyl)(alkyl)glyc ⁇ am ⁇ do” refers to a radical of the formula -N(H)-C(O)-CH 2 -N(R a )-C(O)-R a -C(0)-OR a where each R a is independently an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., (methoxycaroonyimethylcarbonyl)(methyl)glyc ⁇ namido, ((2-ethoxycarbonylethyl)carbonyl)(ethyi)glyc ⁇ nam ⁇ do, and the like.
  • (Alkoxyalkylcarbonyl)glyc ⁇ namido refers to a radical of the formula -N(H)-C(0)-CH 2 - N(H)-C(O)-R a -0-R a where each R a is independently an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., (methoxyacetyl)glyc ⁇ nam ⁇ do, (ethoxyacetyl)glyc ⁇ namido, and the like.
  • Alkylene chain refers to straight or branched chain divalent radical consisting solely of carbonyl and hydrogen, containing no unsaturation and having from one to eight carbon atoms, e.g., methylene, ethylene, propylene, ⁇ -butylene, and the like.
  • Alkylidene chain refers to a straight or branched chain unsaturated divalent radical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, having from one to eight caroon atoms, wherein the unsaturation is present only as double oonds and wherein a double bond can exist between the first carbon of the cnain and the rest of the molecule, e.g., ethylidene, propylidene, ⁇ -butylidene, and the like.
  • “Ammo” refers to the radical -NH 2 .
  • “Ammoalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula -R a NH 2 wnere R a is an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., aminomethyl, 2-am ⁇ noethyl, 3-am ⁇ nopropyl, 2-am ⁇ nopropyl, and the like.
  • Am oalkyiamino refers to a radical of the formula -N(H)-R a -NH 2 wnere R a is an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., aminomethylammo, (2-am ⁇ noethyl)am ⁇ no, (2-am ⁇ nopropyl)am ⁇ no, and the like.
  • Am oalkoxy refers to a radical of a formula -OR ⁇ -NH 2 wnere R a is an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., aminomethoxy, 2-am ⁇ noethoxy, 3-am ⁇ nopropoxy, 2-am ⁇ nopropoxy, 4- ammobutoxy, and the like.
  • Aminocarbonyl refers to the radical -C(0)NH 2 .
  • Aminocarbonylglycinamido refers to a radical of the formula -N(H)-C(0)-CH 2 -N(H)- C(0)-NH 2 .
  • (Am ⁇ nocarbonyl)(alkyl)glyc ⁇ namido” refers to a radical of the formula -N(H)-C(0)-CH 2 -N(R a )-C(0)-NH 2 wnere R a is an alkyl radical as defined above and where the nitrogen with the R a substituent is designated as "N” , e.g., (am ⁇ nocarbonyl)( ⁇ '-methyi)glyc ⁇ namido, (am ⁇ nocarbonyl)( ⁇ /'-ethyl)glyc ⁇ nam ⁇ oo, and the like.
  • “Ammocaroonylalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula -R a -C(O)NH 2 where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., aminccaroo ⁇ ylmethyl, 2-(am ⁇ nocarbonyl)ethyl, 2-(am ⁇ nocarbonyl)propyl, and the like.
  • (Am ⁇ nocarbonylalkyl)am ⁇ nocarbonyl refers to a radical of the formula -C(0)-N(H)-R a - C(0)-NH 2 where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g.,
  • (Am ⁇ noalkyl)am ⁇ nocarbonyl refers to a radical of the formula -C(0)-N(H)-R a -NH 2 where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., (am ⁇ nomethyi)am ⁇ nocarbonyl, (2- am ⁇ noethyl)am ⁇ nocaroonyl, (l -am ⁇ noethyl)am ⁇ nocaroonyl, and the like.
  • Aryl refers to a phenyl or naphthyl radical. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the term “aryl” or the prefix “ar-” (such as in “aralkyl”) is meant to include aryl radicals optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, mercapto, halo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, phenyl, phenylalkyl, phenylalkenyl, alkoxy, phenoxy, phenylalkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, formyl, nitro, cyano, amidmo, cycloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, phenoxyalkyl, phenylalkoxyalkyl, am o, monoalkylamino, dialkylammo, monopnenylamino, monophenylalkylam o, ammoalky
  • alkylcarbonyl carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, carooxyalkyl. alkoxycarbonylalkyl. aminocarbonyl, monoalkylammocarbonyl dialkylaminocarbonyl, ammocarbonylalkyl, monoalkylaminocarbonylalkyl, dialkylaminocarbonylalkyl, as defined herein.
  • Arylcarbonyl refers to a radical of the formula -C(0)R b where R b is an aryl radical as defined above, e.g., phenylcarbonyl and naphthalen-2-ylcarbonyl, and the like.
  • Arylcarbonylaikyl refers to a radical of the formula -R a C(0)R b where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above and R b is an aryl radical as defined above, e.g., phenylcarbonylmethyl, 2-(phenylcaroonyl)ethyl, 3-(naphthalen-2-ylcarbonyl)propyl, and the like.
  • Arylcarbonyiaminoalkyl refers to a radical of the formula -R a -N(H)-C(0)-R where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above and R b is an aryl radical as defined above, e.g., (4- methoxyphenyl)carbonylam ⁇ nomethyl, 2-((4-fluorophenyl)carbony!am ⁇ no)ethyl, 1-((4- chlorophenyl)carbonylam ⁇ no)ethyl, and the like.
  • Arylsulfonyl refers to a radical of the formula -S(0) 2 -R b where R b is an aryl radical as defined above, e.g., phenylsulfonyl, (4-chloropnenyl)sulfonyl, (3-n ⁇ trophenyl)sulfonyl, and the like.
  • Arylsulfonylamino refers to a radical of the formula -N(H)-S(0) 2 -R b where R b is an aryl radical as defined above, e.g , phe ⁇ ylsulfonyiammo, (4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyiam ⁇ no, (4- fluorophenyl)sulfonylam ⁇ no, (3-n ⁇ trophenyl)sulfonylam ⁇ no), and the like.
  • Arylsulfonylaminoalkyl refers to a radical of the formula -R a -N(H)-S(0) 2 -R b where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above and R b is an aryl radical as defined above, e.g., phenylsulfonylaminomethyl, (4-chlorophenyl)sulfonylammomethyl, 2-((4- fluoropnenyl)sulfonylamino)ethyl 1 -((3-n ⁇ tropnenyl)sulfonvlam ⁇ no)ethyl, and the like
  • (Arylsulfonyl)(alkyl)am ⁇ noalkyl refers to a radical of the tormula -R a -N(R a )-S(0) 2 -R b where each R a is independently an alkyl radical as defined above and R b is an aryl radical as defined above, e.g., (phenylsulfonyl)(methyl)am ⁇ nomethyl,
  • (Alkoxycarbonylam ⁇ noalkylcarbonyl)glyc ⁇ nam ⁇ do" refers to a radical of the formula -N(H)-C(0)-CH 2 -N(H)-C(0)-N(H)-C(0)-OR a wnere R 3 is an alkyl radical as defined above, e g , (ethoxycarbonyiam ⁇ nocarbonyl)glyc ⁇ nam ⁇ do, (methoxycaroonylammocarbonyl)glyc ⁇ nam ⁇ oo, and the like "Arylcarbonyigiycmamido" refers to a radical of the tormula -N(H)-C(0)-CH 2 -N. H)-C(OV
  • R wnere R b is an aryl radical as defined above e g , pnenyicaroonylgiycinamido (4-fluoro-3- tr ⁇ fluoromethyiphenyl)carbonylglyc ⁇ am ⁇ do, (4-fluoropnenyl)carnonylglycinamido, and the like
  • (Arylcarbonyl)(alkyl)glycinamido” refers to a radical of the formula -N(H)-C(O)-CH 2 -N(R a )-C(O)-R b wnere
  • R a is an alkyl radical as defined above and R b is an aryl radical as defined above and the nitrogen to which the R a radical is attached is designated as " ⁇ T, e.g., (phenylcarbonyl)(-V'-methyl)glyc ⁇ nam ⁇ do, ((4-fluoro-3- t ⁇ fiuoromethylphenyl)carbonyl)(/V'-ethyl)glyc ⁇ nam ⁇ do, ((4-fluorophenyi)caroonyl)( ⁇ /'-methyl)glyc ⁇ nam ⁇ do, and the like
  • Araikyl refers to a radical of the formula -R a R b where R a is an alkyl radical as
  • Alkylcarbonyl refers to a radical of the formula -C(O)-R d where R ⁇ j is an aralkyl radical as defined above, e.g., benzylcarbonyl, 1-(phenyl)ethylcarbonyl, and the like.
  • “Aralkylcarbonylalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula -R a C(0)R d where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above and Rm, is an aralkyl radical as defined above, e.g., benzylcarbonylmethyl, 2-(1-(phenyl)ethylcarbonyl)ethyl, and the like.
  • alkenyl refers to a radical of the formula -R c R where R b is an aryl radical as defined above and R c is an alkenyl radical as defined above, e.g., 3-phenyipropyi ⁇ d-1-enyl, and the like
  • Aryloxy refers to a radical of the formula -OR b wnere R b is an aryl radical as defined above, e.g., phenoxy and naphtnoxy, and the like
  • Alkoxycarbonyl refers to a radical of the formula -C(0)OR d where _ is an aralkyl radical as defined above, e.g., benzyloxycarbonyl, and the like.
  • Alkoxycarbonylalkyl refers to a radical of the formula -R a C(0)OR d wnere
  • R a is an alkyl radical as defined above and R ⁇ is an aralkyl radical as defined above, e.g., benzyloxycarbonylmethyl, 2-(benzyloxycarbonyl)ethyl, 3-(( ⁇ aphthalen-2-yl)oxy)carbonyl)propyl, and the like.
  • Aryloxyalkyl refers to a radical of the formula -R a -OR b wnere R a is an alkyl radical as defined above and R is an aryl radical as defined above e g , phenoxvmethyl 2-(phenoxy)ethyl, 3-(phenoxy)propyl, and the like
  • Aryloxyalkylcarbonyloxyalkyl refers to a radical of the formula -R a -OC.O)-R a -OR b where each R a is independently an alkyl radical as defined above and R is an aryl radical as defined above, e.g., phenoxymethylcarbonyloxymethyl, (2-phenoxvethyl)caroonyloxymethyl 3-((2-phenoxyethyl)carbonyloxy)propyl, and the like.
  • Aralkoxy refers to a radical of the formula -OR d where R d is an aralkyl radical as defined above, e.g., benzyloxy, and the like
  • Alkoxylalkyl refers to a radical of the formula -R ⁇ OR ⁇ wnere
  • R a is an alkyl radical as defined above and R_ is an aralkyl radical as defined above, e.g., benzyloxymethyl, 2-phenylethoxymethyl, and the like.
  • Alkoxyalkylcarbonyloxyalkyl refers to a radical of the formula -R a -OC(0)-R a -OR d where each R a is independently an alkyl radical as defined above and R d is an aralkyl radical as defined above, e.g., benzyloxymethylcarbonyloxymethyl, (2-(phenyl)ethoxymethyl)- carbonyloxymethyl, 2-((2-(phenyl)ethoxymethyl)carbonyloxy)ethyl, and the like.
  • Alkoxyalkyl refers to a radical of the formula -R a OR a where each R a is independently an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., methoxyethyl, ethoxymethyi, propoxymethyl, propoxyethyl, and the like.
  • Aligninamido refers to a radical of the formula -N(H)-C(0)-C(CH 3 )H-NH 2
  • Alanimamidoalkyl refers to a radical of the formula -R a -N(H)-C(0)-C(CH 3 )H-NH 2 where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., alaninamidomethyl, 2-(alan ⁇ nam ⁇ do)ethyl, 1- (alan ⁇ nam ⁇ do)ethyl, 3-(aian ⁇ nam ⁇ do)propyl, and the like
  • Azidoaikyl refers to radical of the tormula -R a -N 3 wnere R a is an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., 2-az ⁇ doethyl, 3-az ⁇ dopropyl, 2-az ⁇ dopropyl 4-az ⁇ dobutyl, and the like
  • Benzyl refers to a radical of the formula -CH 2 -R h where R h is a phenyl radical optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, nitro, cyano, am o, monoalkylamino, dialkylamino, alkylcarbonyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, and aminocarbonyl
  • Benzyicaroonyl refers to a radical of the formula -C(0)-CH 2 -R h where R h is a phenyl radical as defined above, e.g , (4-methoxybenzyl)caroonyl, (3-fluoroDenzyl)carbonyl, and the
  • Carboxy refers to the radical -C(0)OH
  • Carboxyalkyl refers to the radical of the tormula -R 3 -C(0)OH wnere R a is an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., carboxymethyl, 2-carooxyethyl, 3-carooxypropyl, and the like
  • (Carboxyalkyl)am ⁇ nocaroonyl refers to a radical of the formula -C(0)-N(H)-R a -C(0)OH where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above, e g , (carboxymethyl)am ⁇ nocarbonyl, (2- carboxyethyl)am ⁇ nocarbonyl, (l-carboxyethyl)am ⁇ nocarbonyl, and the like.
  • “Carbocyciic ⁇ ng system” refers to a stable 3- to 15-membered ⁇ ng radical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
  • the caroocyclic ring system radical may be a monocyclic, bicyclic or tncyclic ring system, and may include fused or bndged ring systems, and the ring system may be partially or fully saturated or aromatic, and the caroon atoms in the ring system may be optionally oxidized
  • caroocyclic ring system radicals include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclohexyl, norbornane, norbornene, adamantyl, b ⁇ cyclo[2.2.2]octane, phenyl, naphthyl, indenyl, azulenyl, fluorenyl, anthracenyl, and the like.
  • Cycloalkyl refers to a stable 3- to 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic radical which is saturated, and which consist solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclobutyl, cyclohexyl, decalmyl and the like. Unless otherwise stated specifically in the specification, the term “cycloalkyl” is meant to include cycloalkyl radicals which are optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo, hydroxy, ammo, nitro, alkoxy, carboxy, phenyl and alkoxycarbonyl.
  • Cycloalkylalkyl refers to a radical of the formula -R a -R e wnere
  • R a is an alkyl radical as defined above and
  • Rg is a cycloalkvl radical as defined above, e g., cyclopropylmethyl, 2-cyclobutylethyl, 3-cyclohexylpropyl, and the like
  • Cycloalkylamino refers to a radical of the formula -N(H)-R € wnere R e is a cycloalkyl radical as defined above, e.g , cyclopropylamino, cyclobutylammo, cyclohexylar ⁇ ino, and the like
  • Cycloalkyiaminoalkyl refers to a radical of the formula -R a -N(H)-R e where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above and R e is a cycloalkyl radical as defined above, e.g , cyclopropylaminomethyl, 2-(cyclobutylam ⁇ no)ethyl, cyclohexylammomethyl, and the like
  • (Cycloalkylalkyl)am ⁇ no refers to a radical of the formula -N(H)-R a -R e where R a is an alkvl radical as defined above and Re is a cycloalkyl radical as defined above, e.g , (cyclopropylmethyl)am ⁇ no, (2-cvclobutylethyl)am ⁇ no, (3-cyclohexy ⁇ propyl)am ⁇ no, and the like
  • (Cycloalkylalkyl)am ⁇ noalkyl refers to a radical of the formula -R a -N(H)-R a -R e where each R a is independently an alkyl radical as defined above and R e is a cycloalkyl radical as defined above, e.g., (cyciopropylr ⁇ ethyl)am ⁇ nomethyl, 2-((2-cyclobutylethyl)am ⁇ no)ethyl, (3-cyclohexyipropyl)am ⁇ nomethyl, and the like
  • Cycloalkylcarbonyiammo refers to a radical of the formula -C(0)-N(H)-R e wnere R e is a cycloalkyl radical as defined above, e.g., cyciopropylcarbonylamino,
  • Cyctoalkylcarbonylaminoalkyl refers to a radical of the formula -R a -C(0)-N(H)-Re where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above and Re is a cycloalkyl radical as defined above e.g., cyclopropytcarbonylaminomethyl, 2-((2-phenylcyctopropyi)carbonylam ⁇ no)ethyl, 1-(cyclohexytcarbonyiam ⁇ no)ethyl, (3-phenylcyclopentyl)carbonylam ⁇ nomethyl, and the like.
  • Cycloalkylalkylcarbonylamino refers to a radical of the formula -C(0)-N(H)-R a -R e where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above and R e is a cycloalkyl radical as defined above, e.g., (cyclopropylmethyl)carbonylam ⁇ no, ((2-phenylcyclopropyl)methyl)carbonyiam ⁇ no, (2- cyclohexylethyl)carbonyiam ⁇ no, (l-cyclohexylethyl)carbonylam ⁇ no, and the like.
  • Cyano refers to the radical -CN.
  • Cyanoalkyl refers to a radical of the formula -R a CN where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above, cyanomethyl, 2-(cyano)ethyl, 3-(cyano)propyl, and the like.
  • DMF refers to ⁇ .,/V-d ⁇ methylformam ⁇ de.
  • DMSO dimethyisulfoxide
  • Dialkylamino refers to a radical of the formula -N(R a )R a where each R a is independently an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., dimethytamino, methylethylammo, diethytammo, dipropylam o, ethylpropylamino, and the like.
  • Dialkylammoalkyl refers to a radical of the formula -R a -N(R a )R a where each R a is independently an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., dimethylami ⁇ omethyl, methyethylami ⁇ omethyl, 2-diethylam ⁇ noethyl, 3-d ⁇ propylam ⁇ nopropyl, and the like.
  • Dialkylaminocarbonyl refers to a radical of the formula -C(0)N(R a )R a where each R a is independently an alkyl radical as defined above, e g., dimethyiaminocarDonyl, methylethylammocaroonyl, diethytammocaroonyl, dipropylammocarbonyl, ethylpropylaminocarbonyl, and the like.
  • Dialkylaminocarbonylalkyl refers to a radical of the formula -R a -C(0)N(R a )R a where each R a is independently an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., dimethylammocarbonylmethyl, 2-(methyiethylam ⁇ nocarbonyl)ethyl, 3-(d ⁇ ethylam ⁇ nocarbonyl)propyl, 2-(d ⁇ propylam ⁇ ocaroonyl)propyl, and the like.
  • Dialkylaminocarbonyloxyalkyl refers to a radical of the formula -R a -0-C(0)-N(R a )R a where each R a is independently an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g, dimethylaminocarbonyloxymethyl, 2-(methylethylam ⁇ ocarbonyloxy)ethyl, 3- (diethylam ⁇ nocarbonyloxy)propyl, 2-(dipropylam ⁇ nocarbonyloxy)propyl, and the like.
  • Dialkylureido refers to a radical of the formula -N(H)-C(O)-N(R a )(R a ) or a radical of the formula -N(R a )-C(O)-N(R a )H where each R a is independently an alkyl radical as defined above and the attaching nitrogen is designated as "N” and the other nitrogen is designated as "N", e.g., N', ⁇ /'-d ⁇ (methyl)ure ⁇ do, ⁇ /'-methyl- ⁇ /'-ethylur ⁇ ido, ⁇ ', ⁇ /'-d ⁇ (ethyl)ure ⁇ do, N',N'- d ⁇ (propyl)ure ⁇ do, ⁇ /-methyl- ⁇ /'-ethylure ⁇ do, and the like.
  • Diarylureido refers to a radical of the formula -N(H)-C(O)-N(R b )(R b ) or a radical of the formula -N(R b )-C(0)-N(R b )H where each R b is independently an aryl radical as defined above and the attaching nitrogen is designated as "N” and the other nitrogen is designated as "N", e.g., ⁇ /',/V'-d ⁇ (phenyl)ure ⁇ do, ⁇ /'-phenyl- ⁇ /-(3-n ⁇ tro)phenylure ⁇ do, ⁇ T. ⁇ f -d ⁇ (4- methoxyphenyl)ure ⁇ do, ⁇ /', ⁇ /'-d ⁇ (4-chloropnenyl)ure ⁇ do ⁇ -chlorophenyl-/V'-(3- ch!oropnenyl)ure ⁇ do and the like
  • Dialkylureidoalkyl refers to a radical of the tormula -R a -N(H)-C(0)-N(R a )(R a ) or a radical of the formula -R a -N(R a )-C(0)-N(R a )H where each R a is independently an alkyl radical as defined above and the attached nitrogen is designated as "N” and the other nitrogen is designated as "N", e.g., /V',/V'-di(methyl)ureioomethyl, 2-( ⁇ /'-methyl- ⁇ /'-ethylure ⁇ do)ethyl, 1- ( ⁇ /',/V'-d ⁇ (ethyl)ure ⁇ do)ethyl, 3-( ⁇ /', ⁇ /'-d ⁇ (propyl)ure ⁇ do)propyl, 2-( ⁇ /-methyl- ⁇ /'-ethylure ⁇ do)ethyl,
  • Forml refers to the radical -C(O)H
  • Formlalkyl refers to a radical -R 3 -C(0)H wnere R 3 is an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., formylmethyl, 2-(formyl)ethyl, 3-(formyl)propy ⁇ and the like
  • Glycmamido refers to a radical of the formula -N(H)-C(0)-CH 2 -NH 2
  • Glycinamidoalkyl refers to a radical of the formula -R a -N(H)-C(0)-CH 2 -NH 2 wnere R a is an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., glycinamidomethyl, 2-(glyc ⁇ nam ⁇ do)ethyl, 1- (glyc ⁇ nam ⁇ do)ethyl, 3-(glyc ⁇ nam ⁇ do)propyl, and the like "Guanidino” refers to the radical -N(H)-C(NH)-NH 2
  • Halo refers to bromo, chioro, lodo or fluoro
  • Haloalkyl refers to an alkyl radical, as defined above, that is substituted by one or more halo radicals, as defined above, e.g., t ⁇ fluoromethyl, difiuorometnyl, t ⁇ chloromethyl, 2-t ⁇ fluoroethyl, 1 -fluoromethyl-2-fluoroethyl, 3-bromo-2-fluoropropyl, 1-bromomethyl-2-bromoethyl, and the like
  • Haloalkoxy refers to a radical of the formula -OR f wnere R f is an haloalkyl radical as defined above, e.g., t ⁇ fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, t ⁇ chloromethoxy, 2,2,2-tr ⁇ fluoroethoxy, 1-fluoromethyl-2-fluoroethoxy, 3-bromo-2-fluoropropoxy, 1-bromomethyl-2-bromoe
  • Haloalkylcarbonylamino refers to a radical of the formula -N(H)-C(O)-R. where R f is an haloalkyl radical as defined above, e.g., trifluoromethylcarbonylamino, trifluoromethylcarbonylamino, 2-bromoethylcarbonylam ⁇ no, and the like.
  • (Haloalkylcarbonyi)ure ⁇ do refers to a radical of the formula -N(H)-C(0)-N(H)-C(0)-R f where R f is a haloalkyl radical as defined above, e.g., (t ⁇ chloromethylcarbonyl)ure ⁇ do, (3- fluoropropylcarbonyl)ure ⁇ do, and the like.
  • (Haloaikyl)(alkyl)ure ⁇ doalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula -R a -N(R a )-C(0)-N(H)-R f or a a radical of the formula -R a -N(R f )-C(0)-N(H)-R a or a radical of the formula -R a -N(H)-C(0)- N(R a )R f where each R a is independently an alkyl radical as defined above and R f is an haloalkyl radical as defined above and terminal nitrogen is designated as "N” and the other nitrogen is designated as "AT', e.g., /V'-(2-chloroethyl)- ⁇ /-(methyl)ure ⁇ domethyl, and 2-( ⁇ /'-(2- chloroethyl)- ⁇ /-(methyl)ureido)ethyl, and the like.
  • Haloalkylcarbonylammoalkyl refers to a radical of the formula -R a -N(H)-C(0)-R f where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above and R f is an haloalkyl radical as defined above, e.g., t ⁇ fluoromethyicarbonylaminomethyl, 2-(t ⁇ fluoromethvlcaroonylam ⁇ no)ethyl, and the like "Hydroxy” refers to the radical -OH
  • Hydroalkyl refers to a alkyl radical as defined above that is substituted by a hydroxy radical, e.g., hydroxymethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 4-hydroxybutyl, 3-hydroxybutyl, and the like.
  • (Hydroxyalkyl)am ⁇ nocarbonyl refers to a radical of the formula -C(0)-N(H)-R a -OH where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., hydroxymethytaminocarbonyl, (2-hydroxyethyl)am ⁇ nocarbonyl, (l-hydroxyethyl)am ⁇ nocarbonyl, and the like.
  • “Hydroxyalkoxy” refers to a radical of the formula -OR a -OH where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., 2-hydroxyethoxy, 2-hydroxypropoxy, 4-hydroxybutoxy, 3-hydroxybutoxy, and the like.
  • “(Hydroxyalkoxy)carbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula -C(O)-OR a -OH where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., (2-hydroxyethoxy)carbonyl, (2-hydroxypropoxy)carbonyl, (4-hydroxybutoxy)carbonyl, (3-hydroxybutoxy)carbonyl, and the like.
  • (Hydroxy)aralkyP' refers to an aralkyl radical as defined above wherein the alkyl radical therein is substituted by a hydroxy radical, e.g., (phenyl)(hydroxy)methyl, 2-phenyl-1- hydroxyethyl, 2-phenyl-3-hydroxypropyl, and the like.
  • (Hydroxyalkylth ⁇ o)alkyl refers to an alkylthioalkyl radical as defined above that is substituted by an hydroxy radical, e.g., 2-hydroxyethylth ⁇ omethyl, 2-(hydroxymethylth ⁇ o)ethyl, and the like.
  • “Hydroxyalkenyl” refers to an alkenyl radical as defined above that is substituted by a hydroxy radical, e g., 3-hydroxyprop-1-enyl, 4-hydroxybut-1-enyl, 4-hydroxypent-1-enyl, 5-hydroxypenta-1 ,3-d ⁇ enyl, and the like
  • Hydroxyalkynyl refers to an alkynyl radical as defined above that is substituted by a hydroxy radical, e g., 3-hydroxyprop-ynyl, 4-hydroxypent-2-ynyl, 1-hydroxybut-3-ynyl, and the
  • (Hydroxy)cycloalkylalkyl refers to a radical of the formula -R a (OH)-R e where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above and R e is a cycloalkyl radical as defined above and where the OH radical is a substituent on any carbon of the R a radical, e g , 2-cyclopropyl-1-hydroxyethyl, (4-hydroxycyc!ohexyl)methyl, and the like
  • “Hydroxyalkylammoalkyl” refers to a monoalkylaminoalkyl radical as defined below that is substituted by a hydroxy radical, e.g., 2-hydroxyethylam ⁇ nomethyl, 2-(3- hydroxypropylam ⁇ no)ethyi, and the like
  • Heterocyclic ring system refers to a stable 3- to 15-membered ring radical which consists of carbon atoms and from one to five heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur
  • the heterocyclic ring system radical may be a monocyclic, bicyclic or tncyclic ring system, which may include fused or b ⁇ dged ring systems; and the nitrogen, carbon or sulfur atoms in the heterocyclic ring system radical may be optionally oxidized; the nitrogen atom may be optionally quaternized; and the heterocyclic ring system may be partially or fully saturated or aromatic
  • the heterocyclic ring system may be attached to the main structure at any heteroatom or carbon atom which results in the creation of a stable compound Examples of such heterocyclic radicals include, but are not limited to, azepinyl, ac ⁇ dinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzopyranyl, benzopyran
  • Heterocyclylalkyl refers to a radical of the formula -R a R g where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above and R g is a heterocyclyl radical as defined above, e g , indolinylmethyl or imidazolylmethyl, and the like
  • Heterocyclylamino refers to a radical of the formula -N(H)-R g where R g is a heterocyclyl radical as defined above, e.g., oxazol-2-ylam ⁇ no; p ⁇ pe ⁇ d ⁇ n-4-ylam ⁇ no, and the like
  • Heterocyclylaminoalkyl refers to a radical of the formula -R a -N(H)-R g where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above and R g is a heterocyclyl radical as defined above, e.g., oxazol-2- ylaminomethyl, 2-(oxazol-2-ylam ⁇ no)ethyl, p ⁇ perid ⁇ n-4-ylam ⁇ nomethyl, 2-(p ⁇ pe ⁇ d ⁇ n-4- ylam ⁇ no)ethyl, and the like.
  • Heterocyclylcarbonylamino refers to a radical of the formula -N(H)-C(0)-R g where R g is a heterocyclyl radical as defined above, e.g., p ⁇ pe ⁇ d ⁇ n-4-ylcarbonylam ⁇ no, furan-2- ylcarbonylammo, morphot ⁇ n-4-ylcarbonylam ⁇ no, and the like.
  • Heterocyclylcarbonylammoalkyl refers to a radical of the formula -R a -N(H)-C(0)-R g where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above and R g is a heterocyclyl radical as defined above, e.g., p ⁇ per ⁇ d ⁇ n-4-ylcarbonylam ⁇ nomethyl, 2-(furan-2-yicarbonylam ⁇ no)ethyl, 1 -(morphol ⁇ n-4- ytcarbonylam ⁇ no)ethyl, and the like.
  • “Mercapto” refers to the radical -SH.
  • “Mercaptoalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula -R a -SH where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., mercaptomethyl, 2-mercaptoethyl, 3-mercaptopropyl, 2-mercaptobutyl and the like.
  • “Monoalkylamino” refers to a radical of the formula -N(H)R a where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., methylamino, ethylamino, propylami ⁇ o, and the like
  • “Monoalkylaminoalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula -R a -N(H)R a where each R a is independently an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., methylammomethyl, ethylaminomethyl, 2-(propylam ⁇ no)ethyl, and the like.
  • (Monoalkyiamino)aralkyl refers to a radical of the formula -R -N(H)R a where R a is an alkyl radical a defined above and R ⁇ j is an aralkyl radical as defined above, e.g., (methylam ⁇ no)(phenyl)methyl, 1-(ethylam ⁇ no)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl, 2-(isopropyiammo)-3- (3-chlorophenyl)propyl, and the like.
  • “Monoarylamino” refers to a radical of the formula -N(H)R wnere R b is an aryl radical as defined above, e.g., phenylamino, (4-methoxyphenyl)am ⁇ no, (3,4,5-tr ⁇ methoxyphenyl)am ⁇ no and the like.
  • “Monoarylaminoalkyl” refers to a radical fo the formula -R a -N(H)R b where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above and R is an aryl radical as defined above, e.g., phenylaminomethyl, 2-((4-methoxyphenyl)am ⁇ no)ethyl, 3-((3,4,5-t ⁇ methoxyphenyl)am ⁇ no)propyl, and the like.
  • “Monoaralkylamino” refers to a radical of the formula -N(H)R where R d is an aralkyl radical as defined above, e.g., benzylammo, (3,4,5-tr ⁇ methoxybenzyl)am ⁇ no, (4-chlorobenzyl)am ⁇ no,and the like.
  • “Monoaralkylaminoalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula -R a -N(H)R d where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above and R d is an aralkyl radical as defined above, e.g., benzylaminomethyl, (3-phenylpropyl)am ⁇ nomethyl, 2-(benzylam ⁇ no)ethyl, and the like
  • “Monoalkylammocaroonyl” refers to a radical of the formula -C(O)N(H)R a where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g , methylaminocarbonyl, ethylaminocarbonyl, propylaminocarbonyt, and the like.
  • “Monoalkylaminocarbonylalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula -R a -C(0)N(H)R a where each R a is independently an alkyl radical as defined above, e g , methylaminocarbonylmethyl, 2-(ethylam ⁇ nocarbonyl)ethyl, 3-(propylam ⁇ nocarbonyl)propyl, and the like
  • “Monoarylaminocarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula -C(0)N(H)R b where R b is an aryl radical as defined above, e.g., phenylaminocarbonyl, (3,4,5-f ⁇ s(t ⁇ fluoromethoxy)phenyl)- ammocarbonyl, (4-chlorophenyl)am ⁇ nocarbonyl, and the like
  • “Monoarylammocarbonylalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula -R a -C(0)N(H)R b where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above and R b is an aryl radical as defined above, e g , phenylaminocarbonylmethyl, 2-((4-chlorophenyl)am ⁇ nocarbonyl)ethyl, 3-((3,4,5- t ⁇ methoxyphenyl)am ⁇ nocarbonyi)propyl, and the like
  • “Monoaralkylaminocarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula -C(0)N(H)R where R d is an aralkyl radical as defined above, e.g., benzylaminocarbonyl, (3,4,5-f ⁇ s(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)-am ⁇ nocarbonyl, (4-chlorobenzyl)am ⁇ nocarbonyl, and the like
  • “Monoaralkylaminocarbonyialkyl” refers to a radical of the formula -R a -C(0)N(H)R d where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above and ( ⁇ is an aralkyl radical as defined above, e g , benzylaminocarbonylmethyl, 2-((4-chlorobenzyl)am ⁇ nocarbonyl)ethyl, 3-((3,4,5- tr ⁇ methoxybenzyl)am ⁇ nocarbonyl)propyl, and the like "(Monoalkytam ⁇ nocarbonylalkyi)am ⁇ nocarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula
  • each R a is independently an alkyl radical as defined above, e g , (methylam ⁇ nocarbonylmethyl)am ⁇ nocarbonyl,
  • “Monoalkylalaninamido” refers to radical of the formula -N(H)-C(O)-C(CH 3 )H-N(H)R a where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above and the attached nitrogen is designated as “N” and the other nitrogen (having the R a substituent) is designated as "N", e g , N'- methylalanimido, ⁇ /'-ethylalan ⁇ m ⁇ do, and the like
  • “Monoalkylglycinamido” refers to a radical of the formula -N(H)-C(0)-CH 2 -N(H)R a where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above and the attaching nitrogen is designated as “N” and the other nitrogen (having the R a substituent) is designated as "N", e g , ⁇ /'-methylglycmamido N'- ethylglycinamido, and the like
  • (Monoarylam ⁇ nocarbonyl)glyc ⁇ nam ⁇ do) refers to a radical of the formula -N(H)-C(0)-CH 2 -N(H)-C(0)-N(H)R b where R b is an aryl radical as defined above, e g , ((4- phenoxyphenyl)am ⁇ nocarbonyl)glyc ⁇ nam ⁇ do, ((4-chlorophenyl)am ⁇ nocarbonyl)glyc ⁇ nam ⁇ do, (phenylam ⁇ nocarbonyl)glyc ⁇ nam ⁇ do, and the like
  • (Monoarylam ⁇ nocarbonyl)(alkyl)glyc ⁇ nam ⁇ do) refers to a radical of the formula -N(H)-C(0)-CH 2 -N(R a )-C(0)-N(H)R b where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above and R b is an aryl radical as defined above and the nitrogen to which R a is attached is designated as "N" e g , ((4-phenoxyphenyi)am ⁇ ocarbonyl)( ⁇ /'-methyl)glyc ⁇ nam ⁇ do, ((4-chiorophenyl)am ⁇ nocarbonyl)( ⁇ /'-ethyl)glyc ⁇ nam ⁇ do
  • (Monoaralkylam ⁇ nocarbonyl)glyc ⁇ nam ⁇ do) refers to a radical of the formula -N(H)-C(O)-CH 2 -N(H)-C(O)-N(H)R d where R d is an aralkyl radical as defined above, e g , ((4- phenoxybenzyl)am ⁇ nocarbonyl)glyc ⁇ nam ⁇ do, ((4-chlorobenzyl)am ⁇ nocarbonyl)glyc ⁇ nam ⁇ do (benzylam ⁇ nocarbonyl)glyc ⁇ nam ⁇ do, and the like
  • (Monoaralkylam ⁇ nocarbonyl)(alkyl)glyc ⁇ nam ⁇ do) refers to a radical of the formula -N(H)-C(O)-CH 2 -N(R a )-C(O)-N(H)R d where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above and R d is an aralkyl radical as defined above and the nitrogen to which the R a is attached is designated as "N", e g , ((4-phenoxybenzyl)am ⁇ nocarbonyl)(/V'-methyl)glyc ⁇ nam ⁇ do, ((4-chlorobenzyl)am ⁇ nocarbonyl)( ⁇ /'-ethyl)glyc ⁇ nam ⁇ do, (benzyiam ⁇ nocarbonyl)(/V-methyl)glyc ⁇ nam ⁇ do, and the like.
  • “Monoalkylureido” refers to a radical of the formula -N(H)-C(0)-N(H)R a or a radical of the formula -N(R a )-C(O)-NH 2 where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above and the attaching nitrogen is designated as "N” and the other nitrogen is designated as "N", e.g., ⁇ /'-methylure ⁇ do, ⁇ /'-ethylure ⁇ do, ⁇ f-propylureido, ⁇ /-methylure ⁇ do, ⁇ /-ethylure ⁇ do, ⁇ /-propylure ⁇ do, and the like
  • “Monophenyiureido” refers to a radical of the formula -N(H)-C(O)-N(H)R h where R h is a phenyl radical as defined above, and the attaching nitrogen is designated as "N” and the other nitrogen is designated as "N", e g , ⁇ /'-phenyiureido, W-(4-nitrophenyl)ureido, ⁇ /'-(3- chlorophenyl)ure ⁇ do, and the like
  • “Monobenzylureido” refers to a radical of the formula -N(H)-C(0)-N(H)-CH 2 -R h wnere R h is a phenyl radical as defined above, and the attaching nitrogen is designated as "N” and the other nitrogen is designated as "N", e.g., ⁇ f-benzylureido, ⁇ /-(4-n ⁇ trobenzyl)ure ⁇ do, ⁇ /'-(3- chlorobenzyl)ure ⁇ do, and the like.
  • “Monohaloalkylureido” refers to a radical of the formula -N(H)-C(0)-N(H)R f or a radical of the formula -N(R f )-C(O)-NH 2 where R f is a haloalkyl radical as defined above and the attaching nitrogen is designated as "N” and the other nitrogen is designated as "N", e.g., N'- chloromethylureido, ⁇ f-(2,2-d ⁇ fluoroethyl)ure ⁇ do, ⁇ /'-(3-chloropropyl)ure ⁇ do, N- (t ⁇ fluoromethyl)ure ⁇ do, ⁇ /-(pentafluoroethyl)ure ⁇ do, /V-(3- ⁇ odopropyl)ure ⁇ do, and the like "Monoarylureido” refers to a radical of the formula -N(H)-C(0)-N(H)R
  • (Monoalkyl)(monoaryl)ure ⁇ do" refers to a radical of the formula -N(R a )-C(0)-N(R b )H, or a radical of the formula -N(R b )-C(O)-N(R a )H, or a radical of the formula -N(H)-C(0)-N(R a )(R b ) where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above and R is an aryl radical as defined above, and where the attaching nitrogen is designated as "N” and the other nitrogen is designated as "N", e.g , /V-methyl- ⁇ /'-phenylure ⁇ do, /V-phenyl- ⁇ /'-ethylure ⁇ do, /V-methyl- ⁇ /-(4-fluorophenyl)ure ⁇ do, N'- ethyl-/v"-(3-cyanophenyl)ure ⁇ do, and
  • “Monoalkylureidoalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula -R a -N(H)-C(O)-N(H)R a or a radical of the formula -R a -N(R a )-C(0)-NH 2 where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above and the attaching nitrogen is designated as "N” and the other nitrogen is designated as "N", e g , N'- methylureidomethyi, 2-( ⁇ /'-ethylure ⁇ do)ethyl, 1-(/V'-propylure ⁇ do)ethyl, ⁇ /-methylure ⁇ domethyl 2-( ⁇ /-ethylure ⁇ do)ethyl, 1-( ⁇ /-propylure ⁇ do)ethyl, and the like
  • “Monohaloalkylureidoalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula -R a -N(H)-C(0)-N(H)R, or a radical of the formula -R a -N(R f )-C(0)-NH 2 where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above and R f is a haloalkyl radical as defined above and the attaching nitrogen is designated as "N” and the other nitrogen is designated as "N", e.g , ⁇ /'-chloromethylureidomethyl, 2- ( ⁇ /-(2,2-d ⁇ fluoroethyl)ure ⁇ do)ethyl, 1-( ⁇ /'-(3-chloropropyl)ure ⁇ do)ethyl, /V-(t ⁇ fluoromethyl)ure ⁇ domethyI, 2-(/V-(pentafluoroethyl)ure ⁇ do)ethyl, 1 -( ⁇ /-(
  • “Monoarylureidoalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula -R a -N(H)-C(O)-N(H)R b or a radical of the formula -R a -N(R b )-C(0)-NH 2 where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above and R b is an aryl radical as defined above and the attaching nitrogen is designated as "N” and the other nitrogen is designated as "N", e.g , ⁇ /'-phenylureidomethyl, 2-( ⁇ f-(4- methoxyphenyl)ure ⁇ do)ethyl, 1-( ⁇ '-(3-chlorophenyl)ure ⁇ do)ethyl, ⁇ /-phenylure ⁇ domethyl, 2-( ⁇ /-(2- t ⁇ fluoromethylphenyl)ure ⁇ do)ethyl, 1-(/V-(4-chlorophenyl)ureido)eth
  • “Monophenylamino” refers to an ammo radical substituted by a phenyl radical as defined herein "Monophenylalkylamino” refers to an ammo radical substituted by a phenylalkyl group as defined below, e.g., benzylamino, 2-(benzyl)butylam ⁇ no, and the like.
  • “Monophenylaminoalkyl” refers to an alkyl radical as defined above substituted by a monophenylamino group as defined above, e g., (phenylam ⁇ no)methyl, 2-(1- (phenyl)ethylam ⁇ no)ethyl, and the like
  • “Monophenylalkylammoalkyl” refers to an alkyl radical as defined above substituted by a monophenylalkylamino group as defined above, e g , (benzylam ⁇ no)methyl, 2-(2- benzyl)butylam ⁇ no)ethyl, and the like.
  • Niro refers to the radical -NO 2
  • Optional or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event of circumstances may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances in which it does not
  • optionally substituted aryl means that the aryl radical may or may not be substituted and that the description includes both substituted aryl radicals and aryl radicals having no substitution
  • Phenyl refers to the benzene radical optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, nitro, cyano, ammo, monoalkylamino, dialkylammo, alkylcarbonyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, and aminocarbonyl
  • Phenoxy refers to the radical of the formula -OR h where R h is phenyl as defined above
  • Phenylalkyl refers to an alkyl radical as defined above substituted by a phenyl radical, e.g , benzyl, and the like.
  • Phenylalkenyl refers to an alkenyl radical as defined above substituted by a phenyl radical, e.g., 3-phenylprop-2-enyl, and the like
  • Phenylalkoxy refers to a radical of the formula -OR, where R, is a phenylalkyl radical as defined above, e.g., benzyloxy, and the like
  • Phenylalkoxyalkyl refers to an alkyl radical as defined above substituted by a phenylalkoxy radical as defined above, e g , benzyloxymethyl, and the like
  • Phenylcarbonyl refers to a radical of the formula -C(O)-R h where R h is a phenyl radical as defined above, e.g., (4-chlorophenyl)carbonyl, (4-fluorophenyl)carbonyl, and the like
  • Phenylaminocarbonyl refers to a radical of the formula -C(O)-N(H)-R h where R h is a phenyl radical as defined above, e.g , (4-chlorophenyl)am ⁇ nocarbonyl, (4- methoxyphenyi)am ⁇ nocarbonyl, and the like.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable counte ⁇ on” refers to those anions which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the parent compound which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable Examples of such anions may be found in Berge, S M ef al , Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (1977), Vol 66, No 1 , pp 1-19
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” includes both acid and base addition salts
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt” refers to those salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the free bases, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable, and which are formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfu ⁇ c acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and the like, and organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, pyruvic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, succmic acid, fuma ⁇ c acid, tarta ⁇ c acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, mandeiic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid, and the like
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salt” refers to those salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the free acids, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable These salts are prepared from addition of an inorganic
  • “Therapeutically effective amount” refers to that amount of a compound of formula (I) which, when administered to a human in need of such administration, is sufficient to effect treatment, as defined below, for inflammatory disorders which are alleviated by the inhibition of the activity of the chemokines, MIP-1 ⁇ and RANTES, in particular, for inflammatory disorders characterized by migration, accumulation and activation of leukocytes to the affected tissue
  • the amount of a compound of formula (I) which constitutes a "therapeutically effective amount” will vary depending on the compound, the disorder and its severity, and the age of the human to be treated, but can be determined routinely by one of ordinary skill in the art having regard to his own knowledge and to this disclosure
  • “Treating” or “treatment” as used herein cover the treatment of an inflammatory disorder in a human; and include:
  • “Ureidoalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula -R a -N(H)C(0)NH 2 where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., ureidomethyl, 2-(ure ⁇ do)ethyl, 3-(ure ⁇ do)propyl, and the like
  • the compounds of the invention, or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts may have asymmetric carbon atoms in their structure
  • the compounds of the invention and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts may therefore exist as single stereoisomers, racemates, and as mixtures of enantiomers and diastereomers. All such single stereoisomers, racemates and mixtures thereof are intended to be within the scope of this invention.
  • Absolute configuration of certain carbon atoms within the compounds, if known, are indicated by the appropriate absolute descriptor R OT S
  • the descriptor "trans” is used to indicate that the R 1a or the R 1b substituents are on opposite sides of the piperazine plane
  • the descriptor "cis” is used to indicate that the R 1a or the R 1 substituents are on the same side of the piperazine plane
  • the compounds of the invention inhibit the activity of the chemokines MIP-1 ⁇ and RANTES and are therefore useful as anti- infiammatory agents
  • the compounds are useful in treating inflammatory disorders such as multiple sclerosis, leukoencephalopathy, encephalomyelitis, Alzheimer's disease, Guiliian-Barre syndrome, acute cell-mediated renal transplant rejection, allograft rejection, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, u ⁇ caria, angioderma, allergic conjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, drug or insect sting allergy or systemic anaphytaxis
  • inflammatory disorders such as multiple sclerosis, leukoencephalopathy, encephalomyelitis, Alzheimer's disease, Guiliian-Barre syndrome, acute cell-mediated renal transplant rejection, allograft rejection, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, u ⁇ caria, angioderma, allergic conjunctivitis, atopic derma
  • One assay utilizes a microphysiometer, which uses a patented silicon-based light addressable potentiomet ⁇ c sensor to continuously monitor subtle changes in extracellular pH levels. These changes result from the generation of acidic metabolites excreted by living cells into their immediate microenvironment during basal and stimulated conditions. It has been previously demonstrated by microphysiometry that THP-1 cells, which have been shown to express the chemokine receptors, CCR1 and CCR2, respond dose- responsively to their respective chemokines, including MIP-1 , RANTES and MCP-1 (a ligand for CCR2). See, e.g., Hirst, M. ef al., "Chemokine receptors," Journal of NIH Research (1995), Vol. 80.
  • Another assay which may be used to demonstrate the ability of the compounds to inhibit the activity of MIP-1 ⁇ and RANTES is based on the measurement of intracellular Ca 2+ concentrations and/or increases in intracellular [ 3 H] mositol phosphate release from MIP-1 ⁇ and RANTES stimulated cells.
  • Ligand binding to the CCR1 receptor results in G-protein induced activation of phospho pase C, which leads to the conversion of phosphatidyl mositol phosphate to mositol phosphate and diacyglycerol.
  • Inositol phosphate in turn binds to a receptor located at intracellular sites to release Ca 2+ into the cytoplasm
  • the activation of the CCR1 receptor by MIP-1 ⁇ and RANTES and, subsequently, inhibition of the activation by the compounds of the invention can be determined by assaying for an increase in free intracellular Ca 2+ levels. Typically this can be achieved by the use of calcium- sensitive fluorescent probes such as quin-2, fura-2 and ⁇ ndo-1.
  • functional activation or inhibition of the activation of the CCR1 receptor can be measured by quantitation of [ 3 H] mositol phosphate release from the cell pre-labeled with [ 3 H] inositol
  • Standard in vitro binding assays may be employed to demonstrate the affinity of the compounds for the CCR1 receptor (thereby inhibiting the activity of MIP-1 ⁇ and RANTES by competitive binding to the receptor). See, e.g., Neote, K. ef al., Cell (1993), Vol. 72, pp. 415- 425
  • One particular assay employs the use of HEK293 cells which have been stably transfected to express human CCR1 receptor
  • Standard in vivo assays which may be employed to demonstrate the compounds usefulness as anti-inflammatory agents are the animal model for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model for multiple sclerosis and the adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) model for rheumatoid arth ⁇ tis
  • EAE experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
  • AIA adjuvant-induced arthritis
  • Administration of the compounds of the invention, or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, in pure form or in an appropriate pharmaceutical composition can be carried out via any of the accepted modes of administration or agents for serving similar utilities
  • administration can be, for example, orally, nasally, parenterally, topically, transdermally, or rectally, sublmgualiy, intramuscular, subcutaneously, or intravenously in the form of solid, semi-solid, lyophilized powder, or liquid dosage forms, such as for example, tablets, suppositories, pills, soft elastic and hard gelatin capsules, powders, solutions, suspensions, or aerosols, or the like, preferably in unit dosage forms suitable for simple administration of precise dosages
  • the compositions will include a conventional pharmaceutical carrier or excipient and a compound of the invention as the/an active agent, and, in addition, may include other medicinal agents, pharmaceutical agents, carriers, adjuvants, etc Generally, depending on the intended mode of administration, the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions will contain about 1 % to about 99% by weight of a
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable composition containing a compound(s) of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is formed by the incorporation of any of the normally employed excipients
  • excipients include non-toxic and chemically compatible fillers, binders, disintegrants, buffers, preservatives, anti-oxidants, lubricants, flavorings, thickeners, coloring agents, emulsifiers, and the like, for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, pregelatinized starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine, talcum, cellulose ether derivatives, glucose, gelatin, sucrose, citrate, cyciodextrin, propyl gallate, and the like.
  • Such compositions take the form of solutions, suspensions, tablets, pills, capsules, powders, sustained release formulations and the like
  • compositions will take the form of capsule, caplet or tablet and therefore will also contain a diluent such as lactose, sucrose, dicalcium phosphate, and the like; a disintegrant such as croscarmellose sodium or derivatives thereof; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate and the like; and a binder such as a starch, gum acacia, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gelatin, cellulose ether derivatives, and the like.
  • a diluent such as lactose, sucrose, dicalcium phosphate, and the like
  • a disintegrant such as croscarmellose sodium or derivatives thereof
  • a lubricant such as magnesium stearate and the like
  • a binder such as a starch, gum acacia, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gelatin, cellulose ether derivatives, and the like.
  • the compounds of the invention, or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts may also be formulated into a suppository using, for example, about 0.5% to about 50% active ingredient disposed in a carrier that slowly dissolves within the body, e.g., polyoxyethylene glycols and polyethylene glycols (PEG), e.g., PEG 1000 (96%) and PEG 4000 (4%), and propylene glycol.
  • a carrier that slowly dissolves within the body
  • PEG polyoxyethylene glycols and polyethylene glycols
  • PEG polyethylene glycols
  • Liquid pharmaceutically administrabie compositions can, for example, be prepared by dissolving, dispersing, etc., a compound(s) of the invention (about 0.5% to about 20%), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and optional pharmaceutical adjuvants in a carrier, such as, for example, water, saline, aqueous dextrose, aqueous cyciodextrin, glycerol, ethanol and the like, to thereby form a solution or suspension.
  • a carrier such as, for example, water, saline, aqueous dextrose, aqueous cyciodextrin, glycerol, ethanol and the like, to thereby form a solution or suspension.
  • a pharmaceutical composition of the invention may also contain minor amounts of auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents, antioxidants, and the like, such as, for example, citric acid, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanoiamine oleate, butylated hydroxytoluene, etc.
  • auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents, antioxidants, and the like, such as, for example, citric acid, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanoiamine oleate, butylated hydroxytoluene, etc.
  • composition to be administered will, in any event, contain a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for treatment of an inflammatory disorder alleviated by the inhibition of the activity of the chemokines, MIP-1 ⁇ and RANTES.
  • a therapeutically effective daily dose is from about 0.014 mg to about 14 0 mg/kg of body weight per day of a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, preferably, from about 0 14 mg to about 10 0 mg/kg of body weight per day; and most preferably, from about 1 4 mg to about 7 0 mg/kg of body weight per day
  • the dosage range would be from about 1 0 mg to about 1 0 gram per day of a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, preferably from about 10 mg to about 700 mg per day, and
  • One aspect of the invention are the compounds of formula (la) as defined above in the Summary of the Invention Of these compounds, a preferred group of compounds of formula (la) is that group of compounds wherein
  • R 3 is a carbocylic ring system substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, hydroxysulfonyl, halo, alkyl, mercapto mercaptoalkyl, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsufonyl, arylsulfonyl, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsuifinylalkyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxyalkoxy, aryloxy, haloalkyl, formyl formylalkyl, nitro, nitroso, cyano, aralkoxy, haloalkoxy, am oalkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, (hydroxy)cycioalkylalkyl, cycloalkylammo, cycloalkylaminoalkyl, cyano
  • alkoxycarbonylalkyl ure ⁇ doalkyl, glycmamido, monoalkylglycinamido, aminocarbonylgly ⁇ namido, (alkoxyalkylcarbonyl)glyc ⁇ nam ⁇ do, (am ⁇ nocarbonyl)(alkyi)glyc ⁇ nam ⁇ do, (alkoxycarbonylalkylcarbonyl)(alkyl)glyc ⁇ nam ⁇ do, (alkoxycarbonylam ⁇ noalkylcarbonyl)glyc ⁇ nam ⁇ do, arylcarbonylglycinamido, (arytcarbonyl)(alkyl)glyc ⁇ nam ⁇ do, (monoaralkylam ⁇ nocarbonyl)glyc ⁇ namido,
  • R 4 is -O-, -N(R 7 )- or -C(R 8 )-;
  • R 5 is an alkylene chain;
  • R 7 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl, aralkylcarbonyl, aralkylcarbonylalkyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, and alkoxycarbonyl; and each R 8 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, amino, monoalkylamino, dialkylamino, aikylcarbonylammo, cycloalkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkylaikylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylalkylcarbonylamino, (alkylcarbonyl)(alky
  • ureidoalkyl monoalkylureidoalkyl, dialkylureidoalkyl, monohaloalkylureidoalkyl, aminoalkyl, monoalkylaminoalkyl, dialkytaminoalkyl, carboxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, ammocarbonylalkyl, monoalkylaminocarbonylalkyl, and dialkylaminocarbonylalkyl.
  • a preferred class of compounds is that group of compounds wherein: R 4 is -O-; R 5 is methylene; and R 6 is -C(O)-.
  • R 1a is one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycioalkylaminoalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxyalkenyl, hydroxyalkynyl,
  • R 2 is one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and halo;
  • R 3 is phen
  • Preferred compounds within this subclass of compounds are selected from the group consisting of the following compounds: (2S)-1-((4-chlorophenoxy)methyl)carbonyl-2-methyl-4-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperaz ⁇ ne; 1-((phenoxy)methyl)carbonyl-2-ethyl-4-(4-fluorobenzyl)p ⁇ peraz ⁇ ne; 4-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1-((4-chlorophenoxy)methyl)carbonyl-2-ethyipiperaz ⁇ ne;
  • R 1a is one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxyalkenyl, cyanoalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, monoalkylaminoalkyl, azidoalkyl, monoalkylureidoalkyl, aryloxyalkylcarbonyloxyalkyl, and heterocyclylalkyl
  • R 2 is one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, chloro or fluoro
  • R 3 is phenyl substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, halo, alkyl, alkoxy, formyl, nitro, cyano, aminoalkoxy, cycioalkylaminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, (monoalkyiamino)aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, amino
  • aminocarbonyl)(alkyl)glycinamido (alkoxycarbonylalkyicarbonyl)(alkyl)glycinamido, (alkoxycarbonylam ⁇ noalkytcarbonyl)glyc ⁇ nam ⁇ do, arylcarbonylglycinamido, (arylcarbonyl)(alkyl)glyc ⁇ namido, (monoaralkylam ⁇ nocarbonyl)(alkyl)glyc ⁇ nam ⁇ do, (monoarylam ⁇ nocarbonyl)glyc ⁇ nam ⁇ do, (monoarylam ⁇ nocarbonyl)(alkyl)glyc ⁇ nam ⁇ do, alan amido, heterocyclyl and heterocyclylalkyl.
  • Preferred compounds within this group of compounds in this subclass group of compounds are selected from the group consisting of the following compounds: 1-((3,4,5-t ⁇ methoxyphenoxy)methyl)carbonyl-2-methyl-4-(4-fluorobenzyl)p ⁇ peraz ⁇ ne; 1-((4-chlorophenoxy)methyl)carbonyl-2-methyl-4-(4-fluorobenzyl)p ⁇ peraz ⁇ ne; 4-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1-((4-chtorophenoxy)methyl)carbonyl-2-ethylp ⁇ peraz ⁇ ne; (2R)-4-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1-((4-chlorophenoxy)methyl)carbonyl-2-propylp ⁇ peraz ⁇ ne; (2S)-4-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1-((4-chlorophenoxy)methyl)carbonyl-2-propylp ⁇ peraz ⁇ ne; 4-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1-(
  • R 1a IS one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl and hydroxyalkyl;
  • R 2 is one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, chloro or fluoro,
  • R 3 is phenyl substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, alkoxy, formyl, nitro, cycioalkylaminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, am o, aikylcarbonylammo, haloalkylcarbonylammo, alkoxyalkyicarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylalkylcarbonylamino, aikylsulfonylamino.
  • Preferred compounds within this more preferred group of compounds in this subclass group of compounds are selected from the group consisting of the following compounds
  • the most preferred group of compounds within this subclass group of compounds are those compounds wherein R 2 is 4-fluoro and R 3 is phenyl substituted at the 4-pos ⁇ t ⁇ on with chloro and at the 2-pos ⁇ tion by aminocarbonyl, ureido, or glycmamido.; namely, the compounds selected from the group consisting of the following compounds: (2f?,5S)-1-((4-chloro-2-(am ⁇ nocarbonyl)phenoxy)methyl)carbonyl-2,5-d ⁇ methyl-4-(4- fluorobenzyOpiperazine; (frans)-1-((4-chloro-2-(glyc ⁇ namido)phenoxy)methyl)carbonyl-2,5-d ⁇ methyl-4-(4- fluorobenzyOpiperazine;
  • R 5 is methylene
  • R 7 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl, aralkylcarbonyl, aralkylcarbonylalkyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, and alkoxycarbonyl.
  • R a is one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycioalkylaminoalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxyalkenyl, hydroxyalkynyl, (hydroxy)aralkyl, cya ⁇ oalkyl, haloalkylcarbonylaminoalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aralkoxyalkyl, alkylthioalkyl, hydroxyalkylthioalkyl, aminoalkyl, monoalkylaminoalkyl, dialkylammoalkyl, monoarylaminoalkyl, monoaraikylammoalkyl, azidoalkyl, monoalkylureidoalkyl, (alkoxycarbonylalkyl)ure ⁇ doalkyl, hydroxyalkylammoalkyl;
  • R 1a is one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxyalkenyl, cyanoalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, monoalkylaminoalkyl, azidoalkyl, monoalkylureidoalkyl, aryloxyalkylcarbonyloxyalkyl, and heterocyclylalkyl
  • R 2 is one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, chloro or fluoro
  • R 3 is phenyl substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, halo, alkyl, alkoxy, formyl, nitro, cyano, ammoalkoxy, cycioalkylaminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, (monoalkylam ⁇ no)aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, am
  • R 1a is one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl and hydroxyalkyl,
  • R 2 is one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, chloro or fluoro,
  • R 3 is phenyl substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, alkoxy, formyl, nitro, cycioalkylaminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, am o, aikylcarbonylammo, haloalkylcarbonylammo, alkoxyalkylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylalkylcarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, aminoalkyl, monoalkylaminoalkyl, dialkylammoalkyl, (alkylsulfony ⁇ (alkyl)am ⁇ noalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylammocarbonyl, monoarylammocarbonyl, (am ⁇ nocarbonylalkyl)am ⁇ nocarbonyl, (am ⁇ noalkyl)am ⁇ nocarbonyl, hydroxyamidino, urei
  • R 2 is 4-fluoro and R 3 is phenyl substituted at the 4-pos ⁇ t ⁇ on with chloro and optionally substituted at the 2-pos ⁇ t ⁇ on by aminocarbonyl, ureido, or glycmamido
  • Preferred compounds in this group selected from the group consisting of the following compounds-
  • R 5 is methylene
  • each R 8 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, ammo, monoalkylamino, dialkylammo, aikylcarbonylammo, cycloalkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkyialkylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylammo, arylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylalkylcarbonylammo, alkylcarbonylammoalkyl, cycloalkylcarbonylaminoalkyl, alkoxycarbonylaminoalkyl, heterocyclylcarbonylaminoalkyl, arylsulfonylamino, alkylsulfonylaminoalkyl, ureido, monoalkylureido, monohaioalkylureido, ureidoalkyl, monoalkylureidoalkyl, mono
  • R a is one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycioalkylaminoalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxyalkenyl, hydroxyalkynyl,
  • R 2 is one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and halo;
  • R 3 is phenyl optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxyalkoxy, haloalkyl, formyl, nitro, cyano, aminoalkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycioalkylaminoalkyl, aralkyl, hydroxyalkyl, (monoalkylam ⁇ no)aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, ammo, monoalkylamino, dialkylammo, monoaralkylamino, aikylcarbonylammo, alkenylcarbonylamino, cycloalkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, heterocyclylcarbonylamino, haloalkylcarbonyiamino, alkoxyalkylcarbonyiamino, alkoxycarbonylalkylcarbonylamino,
  • R a is one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxyalkenyl, cyanoalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, monoalkylaminoalkyl, azidoalkyl, monoalkylureidoalkyl, aryloxyalkylcarbonyloxyalkyl, and heterocyclylalkyl
  • R 2 is one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, chloro or fluoro
  • R 3 is phenyl substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, halo, alkyl, alkoxy, formyl, nitro, cyano, ammoalkoxy, cycioalkylaminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, (monoalkylam ⁇ no)aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, am
  • R 1a is one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl and hydroxyalkyl;
  • R 2 is one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, chloro or fluoro;
  • R 3 is phenyl substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, alkoxy, formyl, nitro, cycioalkylaminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, am o, aikylcarbonylammo, haloalkylcarbonylamino, alkoxyalkylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylalkylcarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, aminoalkyl, monoalkylaminoalkyl, dialkylammoalkyl, (alkylsulfonyl)(alkyl)am ⁇ noalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylammocarbonyl, monoarylammocarbonyl, (am ⁇ nocarbonylalkyl)am ⁇ nocarbon
  • R 2 is 4-fluoro
  • R 3 is phenyl substituted at the 4-pos ⁇ t ⁇ on with chloro and optionally substituted at the 2-pos ⁇ t ⁇ on by aminocarbonyl, ureido, or glycmamido
  • one R 8 is hydrogen and the other R 8 is selected from the group consisting of ammo, aikylcarbonylammo, cycloalkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkylalkylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylammo, arylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylalkylcarbonylamino, alkylcarbonylammoalkyl, cycloalkylcarbonylaminoal
  • R 3 is a heterocyclic ⁇ ng system substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, alkyl, alkylsufonyl, arylsulfonyl, alkoxy, hydroxyalkoxy, haloalkyl, formyl, nitro, cyano, haloalkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, ammo, monoalkylamino, dialkylammo, monoarylamino, monoaralkylamino aikylcarbonylammo, alkoxycarbonylammo, alkenylcarbonylamino, cycloalkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, haloalkylcarbonylamino, alkoxyalkylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylalkylcarbonylammo, (alkylcarbonyl)(alkyOam ⁇ no
  • R 4 is -0-, -N(R 7 )- or -C(R 8 )-, R 5 is an alkylene chain,
  • R 7 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl, aralkylcarbonyl, aralkylcarbonylalkyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylammocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, and alkoxycarbonyl; and each R 8 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, am o, monoalkylamino, dialkylammo, aikylcarbonylammo, cycloalkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkylalkylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylammo, alkylsulfonylammo, arylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylalkylcarbonylammo, (alkylcarbony ⁇ (al
  • R 5 is methylene; and Of this class of compounds, a preferred subclass group of compounds are those compounds wherein:
  • R 1a is one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycioalkylaminoalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxyalkenyl, hydroxyalkynyl, (hydroxy)aralkyl, cyanoalkyl, haloalkylcarbonylaminoalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aralkoxyalkyl, alkylthioalkyl, hydroxyalkylthioalkyl, ammoalkyl, monoalkylaminoalkyl, dialkylammoalkyl, monoarylaminoalkyl, monoaraikylammoalkyl, azidoalkyl, monoalkylureidoalkyl, (alkoxycarbonylalkyl)ure ⁇ doalkyl, hydroxyalkylammoalkyl, aryloxyaikylcarbonyloxyalkyl,
  • a more preferred group of compounds in this preferred subclass of compounds are those compounds wherein R 3 is benzopyranyl, benzopyranonyl, benzfuranyl, benzofuranonyl, quinolmyl, mdolyl, indolmyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, or benzothienyl
  • a preferred compound in this more preferred group is (frans)-1-((benzo[b]pyran-2-on-7- yloxy)methyl)carbonyl-2,5-d ⁇ methyl-4-(4-fluorobenzyl)p ⁇ peraz ⁇ ne.
  • Another aspect of the invention is a method of treating an inflammatory disorder in a human, which method comprises administering to a human in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (la) as described above
  • a preferred method is the method of treating inflammatory disorders selected from the group consisting of multiple sclerosis, leukoencephalopathy, encephalomyelitis, Alzheimer's disease, Guillian-Barre syndrome, acute cell-mediated renal transplant rejection, allograft rejection, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, u ⁇ caria, angioderma, allergic conjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis allergic contact dermatitis, drug or insect sting allergy and systemic anaphylaxis
  • Another aspect of the invention is a method of treating an inflammatory disorder in a human, which method comprises administering to a human in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (lb) as described in the Summary of the Invention.
  • a preferred method is that method which comprises administering to a human in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (lb) wherein R 3 is a carbocylic ring system substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, hydroxysulfonyl, halo, alkyl, mercapto, mercaptoalkyl, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsufonyl, arylsulfonyl, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfinytalkyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxyalkoxy, aryloxy, haloalkyl, formyl, formylalkyl, nitro, nitroso, cyano, aralkoxy, haloalkoxy, aminoaikoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, (hydroxy
  • R 4 is -0-, -N(R 7 )- or -C(R 8 )-;
  • R 5 is an alkylene chain;
  • R 7 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl, aralkylcarbonyl, aralkylcarbonylalkyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylammocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, and alkoxycarbonyl; and each R 8 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, ammo, monoalkylamino, dialkylammo, aikylcarbonylammo, cycloalkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkylalkylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylammo, arylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylaikylcarbonylamino, (alkylcarbonyl)(
  • the most preferred method is that method which comprises administering to a human in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (lb) wherein-
  • R 2 is one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and halo;
  • R 3 is phenyl optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxyalkoxy, haloalkyl, formyl, nitro, cyano, ammoalkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycioalkylaminoalkyl, aralkyl, hydroxyalkyl, (monoalkylam ⁇ no)aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, ammo, monoalkylamino, dialkylamino, monoaralkylamino, aikylcarbonylammo, alkenylcarbonylamino, cycloalkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, heterocyclylcarbonylammo, haloalkylcarbonylamino, alkoxyalkylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylalkylcarbonylamino,
  • alkylsulfonyl (alkyl)am ⁇ noalkyl, arylsulfonylammoalkyl, (arylsulfony ⁇ (alkyl)am ⁇ noalkyl, heterocyclylaminoalkyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, (hydroxyalkoxy)carbonyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylammocarbonyl, monoarylammocarbonyl, (am ⁇ nocarbonylalkyl)am ⁇ nocarbonyl, (am ⁇ noalkyl)am ⁇ nocarbonyl, (hydroxyalkyl)am ⁇ nocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonylalkyl, hydroxyamidmo, ureido, monoalkylureido, monoarylureido, monoaralkylureido, (monoalkyl)(monoaryl)ure ⁇ do, (haloalkylcarbonyl)ure ⁇
  • method which comprises administering to a human in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (lb) selected from the group consisting of the following compounds 1 -((3,4,5-t ⁇ methoxyphenoxy)methyl)carbonyl-4-(benzyl)p ⁇ peraz ⁇ ne, 1-((3,5-d ⁇ methoxyphenoxy)methyl)carbonyl-4-(4-chlorobenzyl)p ⁇ peraz ⁇ ne, 1-((2-(hydroxymethyl)phenoxy)methyl)carbonyl-4-(4-chlorobenzyl)p ⁇ peraz ⁇ ne, 1-((4- ⁇ odophenoxy)methyl)carbonyl-4-(4-chlorobenzyl)p ⁇ peraz ⁇ ne, 1-((2-methylphenoxy)methyl)carbonyl-4-(4-chlorobenzyl)p ⁇ peraz ⁇ ne, 1 -((4-methylphenoxy)methyl)carbonyl-4-(4-chlorobenzyl)p ⁇ peraz ⁇
  • R 3 is only phenyl
  • R 3 groups including other carbocyciic and heterocyclic ring systems
  • additional reactive groups for example, hydroxy, amino or carboxy groups
  • the protecting groups may then be removed as desired by methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art, for example, by acidic or basic hydrolysis. Such protecting groups and methods are described in detail in Greene, T.W.
  • dimethylpiperazines can be prepared in an asymmetric synthesis according to the method outlined in Mickelson, J.W., Belonga, K.L., Jacobsen, E.J., Journal of Organic Chemistry (1995), Vol. 60, pp. 4177-4123. It should be noted that the only difference in the two groups of compounds covered by formula (la) and formula (lb) as described above in the Summary of the Invention is the required substitution of the piperazine ring in the compounds of formula (la).
  • compounds of formula (Id) may be prepared in a similar manner as those described herein for compounds of formula (la) and (lb).
  • R 1a1 is one or more independently selected R 1a substituents as described above in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (la) (except that R 1a1 can not be ammoalkyl or monoalkylaminoalkyl unless appropriately protected), X is chloro, bromo or lodo; and R 2 is as described above for compounds of formula (la):
  • the compounds of formula (A) and formula (B) are commercially available, e.g., from Aldrich Chemical Co. or Sigma Chemical Co., or may be prepared according to methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the compounds of formula (C) are prepared by treating a compound of formula (A) in an organic solvent, such as methylene chloride, with an equimolar amount of a compound of formula (B). The reaction mixture is stirred for about 10 to 20 hours at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture is then concentrated to afford a residue which is dissolved in an organic solvent. The compound of formula (C) is isolated from the solution by standard isolation techniques, for example, by filtration, concentration and flash column chromatography
  • each R 1a1 is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycioalkylaminoalkyl, (cycloalkylalkyl)am ⁇ noalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, formylalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxyalkenyl, hydroxyalkynyl, (hydroxy)aralkyl, (hydroxy)cycloalkylalkyl, mercaptoalkyl, cyanoalkyl, haloalkylcarbonylaminoalkyl, (alkoxy)aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aryloxyalkyl, aralkoxyalkyl, alkyl
  • compounds of formula (Ga) and formula (Gb) are prepared by first treating a compound of formula (D) in an anhydrous aprotic solvent, such as anhydrous ether, with an equimolar amount of a compound of formula (E) in an anhydrous aprotic solvent, such as anhydrous ether, over a period of time, for example, over a two hour period
  • anhydrous aprotic solvent such as anhydrous ether
  • a solid alkaline metal such as sodium metal
  • a period of time such as over a 3 hour period
  • the resulting mixture is heated to reflux for about 2 to about 4 hours preferably for about 3 hours
  • the compound of formula (Gb) is distilled from the reaction mixture by the addition of water to the reaction mixture
  • the distillate is then treated with an aqueous acid, such as hydrochloric acid, to form the salt of the compound of formula (Gb)
  • the compounds of formula (la) are compounds of the invention and they are prepared as illustrated in the following Reaction Scheme 3 wherein each X is independently chloro or bromo, R 1a1 is one or more independently selected R 1a substituents as described above in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (la) (except that R 1a1 can not contain a primary or secondary amine unless appropriately protected); R , R and R are as described in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (la) (except that R 4 and R 5 can not contain a primary or secondary amine unless adequately protected); and R 3a is one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, hydroxysulfonyl, halo, alkyl, mercapto, mercaptoalkyl, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsufonyl, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfinylaikyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl
  • compounds of formula (la) are prepared by the foregoing Reaction Scheme by first treating a compound of formula (H) in a polar solvent, such as methanol, with an equimolar amount of a compound of formula (J) in an anhydrous polar solvent, such as anhydrous ether. The resulting reaction mixture is stirred at ambient temperature for about 5 minutes to about 24 hours in the presence of an acid-scavenging base, such as t ⁇ ethylamine The compound of formula (K) is then isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques, such as organic phase extraction, evaporation of solvents and purification by flash column chromatography.
  • a polar solvent such as methanol
  • an anhydrous polar solvent such as anhydrous ether
  • a mild base such as t ⁇ ethyiamine and, optionally, a catalytic amount of sodium iodide.
  • the resulting mixture is stirred at ambient temperature for about 1 to 5 days, preferably for about 2 days
  • the compound of formula (la) is then isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques such as filtration, concentration of volatiles and purification by flash column chromatography.
  • the compounds of formula (la) are prepared by first este ⁇ fying a compound of formula (L) by treating the compound with an excess molar amount of a lower alkanol, preferably methanol, in the presence of an acid, preferably hydrochlo ⁇ de gas, at about 0°C to ambient temperature The resulting mixture is then stirred at about 0°C to reflux temperature preferably at ambient temperature, for about 4 hours to about 18 hours The mixture is then concentrated by removal of solvents to produce the compound of formula (M)
  • a compound of formula (P) in a polar aprotic solvent such as anhydrous tetrahydrofuran
  • an acid scavenging mild base such as ⁇ /-methylmorphol ⁇ ne
  • an acid coupling reagent such as isobutylchloroformate
  • the resulting mixture is stirred at about 0°C to ambient temperature for about 15 minutes to about 2 hours, preferably for about 15 minutes at 0°C and then for about an hour at ambient temperature, to form an intermediate active ester of the compound of formula (P)
  • the intermediate is then treated in situ with a compound of formula (O) in anhydrous polar aprotic solvent, such as anhydrous tetrahydrofuran and the resulting mixture is stirred at ambient temperature for about 10 hours to about 24 hours, preferab'y for about 15 hours
  • the compound of formula (Q) is isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques, such as concentration, organic phase separation and purification by flash column chromatography
  • the compound of formula (R) in an anhydrous polar aprotic solvent, such as anhydrous tetrahydrofuran, at about 0°C is treated with a strong reducing agent, such as lithium aluminum hydride
  • a strong reducing agent such as lithium aluminum hydride
  • the resulting mixture is then heated to reflux for about 12 hours to about 24 hours, preferably for about 15 hours
  • the mixture is then cooled to ambient temperature and the reaction quenched with water, followed by aqeous base, preferably aqueous potassium hydroxide
  • the resulting mixture is allowed to stir at ambient temperature for about 30 minutes to an hour
  • the compound of formula (S) is then isolated from the reaction mixture by filtration and concentration
  • a polar aprotic solvent such as methylene chloride
  • the resulting mixture is stirred at ambient temperature for about 15 minutes to about 1 hour, preferably for about 15 minutes
  • the compound of formula (la) is then isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques, such as extraction, concentration and flash column chromatography
  • R 3a is one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, alkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, haloalkyl, formyl, nitro, cyano aralkoxy, haloalkoxy, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aryloxyalkyl, aralkoxyalkyl, ammo, monoalkylamino, dialkylammo, ammoalkyl, monoalkylaminoalkyl, dialkylammo, ammoalkyl, monoalkylaminoalkyl, dialkylammo, ammoalkyl, monoalkylaminoalkyl, dialkylammo, ammoalkyl, monoalkylaminoalkyl, dialkylammo, ammoalkyl, monoalkylamino
  • alkoxycarbonylalkyl)aminocarbonyl (am ⁇ noalkyl)am ⁇ nocarbonyl, (hydroxyalkyl)am ⁇ nocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyloxyalkyl, monoarylureido, monoaralkylureido, monohaloalkylureido, (monoalky ⁇ (monoaryl)ure ⁇ do, diarylureido, (haloalkylcarbonyl)ure ⁇ do, monoarylureidoalkyl, monoaralkylureidoalkyl, monohaloalkylureidoalkyl, (haloalkyl)(alkyl)ure ⁇ doalkyl, (alkoxycarbonylalkyl)ure ⁇ doalkyl, glycmamido, monoalkylglycmamido, (alkoxyalkylcarbonyi)glyc ⁇ nam ⁇ do, aminocarbonylglycina
  • Compounds of formula (U) are commercially available, for example, from Aldrich Chemical Co. or Sigma Chemical Co., or may be prepared according to methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • Compounds of formula (T) may be prepared according to the methods described herein for compounds of formula (C) or for compounds of formula (K), or by acylatmg the compounds of formula (C) as prepared herein by standard methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the compounds of formula (lb) are prepared by the foregoing Reaction
  • R 1b is as described above in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (lc) and formula (Id)
  • R 2a is as described above in the Summary of the Invention for R 2 in compounds of formula (lc) except that R 2a can not be formyl or formylalkyl
  • R 3a is one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen hydroxy, hydroxysulfonyl, halo, alkyl, mercapto, mercaptoalkyl, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsufonyl, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfinylalkyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy,
  • alkoxycarbonyl)(alkyl)am ⁇ noalkyl carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl, arylcarbonyl, arylcarbonylaikyl, aralkylcarbonyl, aralkylcarbonylalkyl, carboxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, aralkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkoxyalkylcarbonyloxyalkyl, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylammocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, monoarylammocarbonyl, monoaralkylaminocarbonyl, ammocarbonylalkyl, monoalkylaminocarbonylalkyl, dialkylaminocarbonylalkyl, monoarylammocarbonylalkyl, monoaralkylammocarbonylalkyl, amidmo, guanidino, urei
  • Compounds of formula (U) and formula (N) are commercially available, for example, from Aldrich Chemical Co. or Sigma Chemical Co., or may be prepared according to methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • Compounds of formula (V) may be prepared according to the method described above for compounds of formula (K) in Reaction Scheme 3
  • compounds of formula (lb) as prepared in the foregoing Reaction Scheme 6 are prepared by first treating a compound of formula (U) in an aprotic solvent, such as dimethylformamide, at about 0°C, with a strong base, such as potassium hexamethyldisilazide, to deprotonate the compound The resulting mixture is stirred for about 20 minutes to an hour, preferably for about 20 minutes, at about 0°C.
  • the P 1 protecting group is then removed from the compound of formula (W) to form a compound of formula (K) by standard amme-deprotectmg procedures, such as treating the compound of formula (W) with a strong acid, such as t ⁇ fluoroacetic acid
  • R 1b is as described above in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (lc) and formula (Id); and R 2 is as described above in the Summary of the invention for the compounds of formula (lb); and R 3a is one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, hydroxysulfonyl, halo, alkyl, mercapto, mercaptoalkyl, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsufonyl, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfmylalkyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, haloalkyl, formyl, formylalkyl, nitro, nitroso, cyano, aralkoxy, haloalkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkylalkyl
  • Compounds of formula (X) are commercially available, for example, from Aldrich Chemical Co. or Sigma Chemical Co., or may be prepared acccordmg to methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • Compounds of formula (C) may be prepared according to methods described herein.
  • the compounds of formula (lb) prepared by this Reaction Scheme are prepared by first treating a compound of formula (X) in an organic solvent, such as toluene, with phosgene for a period of time from about 1 hour to about 24 hours, preferably for about 2 hours, at reflux temperature to form the isocyanate of formula (Y), which is isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques, such as concentration and filtration
  • R 9 Y are commercially available, for example, Aldrich Chemical Co. or Sigma Chemical Co., or may be prepared according to methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • compounds of formula (lc) are prepared by first treating a compound of formula (lb) in an non-polar organic solvent, such as toluene, with an excess molar amount of a compound of formula R 9 Y. The resulting mixture is stirred at ambient temperature for about 1 to 10 days, preferably for about 6 days. The compound of formula (lc) precipitates out of the solution as the quarternary salt and is isolated by standard isolation techniques such as filtration.
  • the counte ⁇ on ⁇ Y may be exchanged with other counte ⁇ ons by methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • an aprotic polar solvent such as methylene chloride
  • the compound may then be dissolved in an anhydrous aprotic solvent, such as dimethylformamide, and treated, in the presence of a mild base, with the appropriate nucleophilic reagent to form compounds of formula (la), formula (lb) or formula (lc), or any appropriately substituted starting material or intermediate thereof, wherein the R a substituent or the R 1b substituent (depending on the nucleophilic reagent utilized) may be selected from the group consisting of heterocyclylalkyl, monoalkylaminoalkyl, dialkylammoalkyl, cycloalkylammo, cyanoalkyl, (cycloalkylalkyl)am ⁇ noalkyi, or hydroxyalkylthioalkyl.
  • an anhydrous aprotic solvent such as dimethylformamide
  • a compound of formula (la), formula (lc), formula (lc), or formula (Id), or any appropriately substituted starting material or intermediate thereof, which contains a hydroxy group, such as hydroxyalkyl, hydroxyalkenyl, hydroxyalkynyl, (hydroxy)aralkyl, (hydroxy)cycloalkylalkyl, hydroxyalkylthioalkyl, and hydroxyalkylammoalkyl, may be treated with a mild oxidizing agent, such as oxalyl chloride, which is dissolved in an inert organic solvent, such as methylene chloride, to which DMSO is added over a period of time at about -60°C to about 0°C, preferably at about -50°C.
  • a mild oxidizing agent such as oxalyl chloride
  • the reaction mixture is stirred at about -60°C to about 0°C for about 15 minutes to about an hour, preferably for about 15 minutes, and then a mild base, such as t ⁇ ethylamine, is added to the mixture.
  • a mild base such as t ⁇ ethylamine
  • the mixture is allowed to gradually warm to ambient temperature, at which point the oxidized compound (i.e., the corresponding aldehyde) of formula (la), formula (lb), or formula (lc) or formula (Id), or any appropriately substituted starting material or intermediate thereof, is isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques.
  • a compound of formula (la), formula (lb), formula (lc) or formula (Id), or any appropriately substituted starting material or intermediate thereof, which contains an aldehyde or a ketone group, such as formyl, alkylcarbonyl or alkylcarbonylalkyl, may be treated with the appropriate organometallic reagent, such as an organomagnesium or organolithium, under standard Grignard synthesis reaction conditions to form the corresponding hydroxy- substituted compounds.
  • organometallic reagent such as an organomagnesium or organolithium
  • a compound of formula (la), formula (lb), formula (lc) or formula (Id), or any appropriately substituted starting material or intermediate thereof, wherein at least one R 1a substituent or at least one R 1b substituent is formyl or formylalkyl, may be reacted with a primary or secondary amine, under the reductive amination conditions as described above for the preparation of the compounds of formula (O) or the compounds of formula (lb) as prepared in Reaction Scheme 6 to form the corresponding compounds of formula (la), formula (lb), formula (lc) or formula (Id), or any appropriately substituted starting material or intermediate thereof, wherein the R a substituent or the R 1b substituent is monoalkylaminoalkyl, dialkylammoalkyl, monoaraikylammoalkyl, or hydroxyalkylammoalkyl Alternatively, a compound of formula (la), formula (lb), formula (lc) or formula (Id), or any appropriately substituted starting material or intermediate thereof,
  • a compound of formula (la), formula (lb), formula (lc) or formula (Id), or any appropriately substituted starting material or intermediate thereof, wherein R 6 is -C(O)- may be reduced to the corresponding compound of formula (la), formula (lb), formula (lc) or formula (Id), or any appropriately substituted starting material or intermediate thereof, wherein R 6 is -CH 2 - by methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art, for example, by the method described above for compounds of formula (S)
  • compounds of formula (la), formula (lb), formula (lc) or formula (Id), or any appropriately substituted starting material or intermediate thereof, wherein R 6 is -C(O)- may be converted to a compound of formula (la), formula (lb), formula (lc) or formula (Id), or any appropriately substituted starting material or intermediate thereof, wherein R 6 is -C(S)- by treatment with Lawesson's Reagent under standard conditions known to those of ordinary skill
  • compounds of formula (la), formula (lb), formula (lc) or formula (Id), or any appropriately substituted starting material or intermediate thereof, which contain an unoxidized sulfur atom may be oxidized with the appropriate sulfur oxidizing agent according to methods known to those skilled in the art, such as using hydrogen peroxide, to produce the corresponding compounds which contain a sulfinyl or a sulfonyl group in place thereof
  • compounds of formula (la), formula (lb), formula (lc) or formula (Id), or any appropriately substituted starting material or intermediate thereof, which contain a carboxy group can be converted to compounds containing the corresponding amide group by first converting the carboxy group into an activated ester or mixed anhydride using, for example isobutyi chloroformate in the presence of a mild base, such as tV-methylmorpholine, in an aprotic solvent, such as THF, and then treating the ester with the appropriately substituted primary or secondard amine in an aprotic solvent, such as THF
  • compounds of formula (la), formula (lb), formula (lc) or formula (Id), or any appropriately substituted starting material or intermediate thereof, which contain a cyano group can be converted to the compounds containing a hydroxyamidino group by reaction with the an hydroxyamme in a polar solvent, such as DMSO The hydroxyamme may be prepared in situ by first treating the hydrochlo ⁇ de salt of the
  • compounds of formula (la), formula (lb), formula (lc) or formula (Id), or any appropriately substituted starting material or intermediate thereof, which contain a -NH 2 group or a -R a -NH 2 group may be converted to compounds containing a corresponding -R a -N(H)- C(0)- group by reacting the compound with appropriately substituted acid halide under standard acylation conditions
  • compounds of formula (la), formula (lb), formula (lc) or formula (id), or any appropriately substituted starting material or intermediate thereof, which contain a acid halide group (-C(O)-X where X is halo) or an activated ester group can be converted to compounds containing the corresponding -C(0)-N(H)- group by reacting the compound with the appropriately substituted primary or secondardy amine under standard acylation or amide bond formation conditions
  • compounds of formula (la), formula (lb), formula (lc) or formula (Id), or any appropriately substituted starting material or intermediate thereof, which contains an primary or secondary amine group can be converted to compounds containing the corresponding aminoalkyl group in a manner similar to the conversion of formula (M) to formula (O) in Reaction Scheme 4
  • the amine is reacted with an appropriately substituted aldehyde to form the intermediate imine, which is then reduced by treatment with an appropriate reducing agent, such as sodium cyanoborohyd ⁇ de
  • compounds of formula (la), formula (lb), formula (lc) or formula (Id), or any appropriately substituted starting material or intermediate thereof, which contain a primary or secondary amine can be converted to the compounds containing the corresponding ureido group by reacting the compound with phosgene in a manner similar to Reaction Scheme 7 above (in an aprotic solvent) to form the corresponding isocyanate, which is then reacted witn the appropriately substituted primary or secondary amine
  • all compounds of the invention that exist in free base form or free acid form may be converted to their pharmaceutically acceptable salts by treatment with the appropriate inorganic or organic acid, or by the appropriate inorganic or organic base Salts of the compounds of the invention can also be converted to the free base form or to the free acid form or to another salt by methods known to those skilled in the art
  • (4-chlorobenzyl)p ⁇ peraz ⁇ ne -((4-(3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)hex-2-yl)phenoxy)methyl)carbonyl-4-(4-chlorobenzyl)p ⁇ peraz ⁇ ne, -(((6-(hydroxysulfonyl)naphthalen-2-yl)oxy)methyl)carbonyl-4-(4-chlorobenzyl)p ⁇ peraz ⁇ ne, -((2-chloro-4-methylphenoxy)methyl)carbonyl-4-(4-chlorobenzyl)p ⁇ peraz ⁇ ne, -((2-bromo-4,5-d ⁇ fluorophenoxy)methyl)carbonyl-4-(4-chlorobenzyl)p ⁇ peraz ⁇ ne, -((2-chloro-4-methoxyphenoxy)methyl)carbonyl-4-(4-chlorobenzyl)p ⁇ peraz ⁇ ne, -((2-methoxy-4-
PCT/EP1998/003503 1997-06-12 1998-06-11 Piperazine derivatives and their use as anti-inflammatory agents WO1998056771A2 (en)

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SK79-2005A SK285445B6 (sk) 1997-06-12 1998-06-11 Piperazínové deriváty, farmaceutické prostriedky obsahujúce tieto zlúčeniny a ich použitie ako protizápalových činidiel
IL13239898A IL132398A (en) 1997-06-12 1998-06-11 History of piparazine and pharmaceutical preparations containing them
JP50161199A JP2002503239A (ja) 1997-06-12 1998-06-11 ピペラジン誘導体及び抗炎症剤としてのそれらの使用
AU86258/98A AU735462B2 (en) 1997-06-12 1998-06-11 Piperazine derivatives and their use as anti-inflammatory agents
CA002293382A CA2293382C (en) 1997-06-12 1998-06-11 Piperazine derivatives and their use as anti-inflammatory agents
EEP200200683A EE200200683A (et) 1997-06-12 1998-06-11 Piperasiini derivaadid ja nende kasutamine põletikuvastaste vahenditena
AT98937467T ATE232522T1 (de) 1997-06-12 1998-06-11 Piperazin-derivate und ihre verwendung als entzündungshemmende mittel
DE69811363T DE69811363T2 (de) 1997-06-12 1998-06-11 Piperazin-derivate und ihre verwendung als entzündungshemmende mittel
EA199901063A EA004038B1 (ru) 1997-06-12 1998-06-11 Пиперазиновые производные и их применение в качестве противовоспалительных агентов
KR1019997011718A KR100549137B1 (ko) 1997-06-12 1998-06-11 피페라진 유도체 및 소염제로서의 그의 용도
EP98937467A EP0988292B1 (en) 1997-06-12 1998-06-11 Piperazine derivatives and their use as anti-inflammatory agents
EEP200200682A EE200200682A (et) 1997-06-12 1998-06-11 Piperasiini derivaadid ja nende kasutamine põletikuvastaste vahenditena
HU0003929A HUP0003929A3 (en) 1997-06-12 1998-06-11 Piperazine derivatives and their use for producing pharmaceutical compositions as anti-inflammatory agents and pharmaceutical compositions containing them
EEP199900565A EE04056B1 (et) 1997-06-12 1998-06-11 Piperasiini derivaadid ja nende kasutamine põletikuvastaste vahenditena
DK98937467T DK0988292T3 (da) 1997-06-12 1998-06-11 Piperazinderivater og deres anvendelse som antiinflammationsmidler
SK1713-99A SK285162B6 (sk) 1997-06-12 1998-06-11 Piperazínové deriváty, farmaceutické prostriedky obsahujúce tieto zlúčeniny a ich použitie ako protizápalových činidiel
EEP200200684A EE200200684A (et) 1997-06-12 1998-06-11 Piperasiini derivaadid ja nende kasutamine põletikuvastaste vahenditena
IS5258A IS2241B (is) 1997-06-12 1999-11-19 Píperasín afleiður og notkun þeirra sem bólgueyðandi miðlar
NO19996068A NO317343B1 (no) 1997-06-12 1999-12-09 Piperazinderivater og deres anvendelse som anti-inflammatoriske midler
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