Classifications

• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
  • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
  • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
  • D04H1/58—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives
  • D04H1/64—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives the bonding agent being applied in wet state, e.g. chemical agents in dispersions or solutions
  • D04H1/645—Impregnation followed by a solidification process
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
  • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
  • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
  • D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
  • D04H1/4209—Inorganic fibres
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
  • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
  • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
  • D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
  • D04H1/4209—Inorganic fibres
  • D04H1/4218—Glass fibres
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
  • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
  • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
  • D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
  • D04H1/4209—Inorganic fibres
  • D04H1/4218—Glass fibres
  • D04H1/4226—Glass fibres characterised by the apparatus for manufacturing the glass fleece
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
  • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
  • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
  • D04H1/58—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives
  • D04H1/593—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives to layered webs
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
  • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
  • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
  • D04H1/58—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives
  • D04H1/64—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives the bonding agent being applied in wet state, e.g. chemical agents in dispersions or solutions
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
  • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
  • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
  • D04H1/58—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives
  • D04H1/64—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives the bonding agent being applied in wet state, e.g. chemical agents in dispersions or solutions
  • D04H1/655—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives the bonding agent being applied in wet state, e.g. chemical agents in dispersions or solutions characterised by the apparatus for applying bonding agents
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
  • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
  • D04H1/70—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of fibres
  • D04H1/74—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of fibres the fibres being orientated, e.g. in parallel (anisotropic fleeces)
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
  • D04H13/00—Other non-woven fabrics

Definitions

• Process and apparatus for the production of a mineral fibreboard This invention relates to a process and apparatus for the production of a mineral fibreboard.
• Various improvements in the production of mineral fibreboards have been disclosed in recent years.
• a substantial improvement to the properties of mineral fibreboards can be obtained, for example, by reorienting the fibres in the production process so that they are aligned predominantly perpendicularly to the large surfaces of the board.
• the compressive strength and the tensile strength perpendicularly to the board plane can be substantially increased as a result.
• Many processes involving length compression also include a significant thickness compression step after the length compression and before the final curing.
• a web is subjected to significant length compression in a plurality of stages and is then subjected to thickness compression at the entry to the curing oven.
• the resultant product has a substantially isotropic fibre orientation.
• a continuous process for the production of a bonded mineral fibreboard having a thickness t from a fleece having a thickness greater than 2t comprising compressing the fleece depthwise, substantially without simultaneous longitudinal compression to a first thickness and to a weight w per unit area, subsequently longitudinally compressing the fleece while the fleece is constrained to a second thickness and thereby producing a longitudinally compressed fleece, transporting the longitudinally compressed fleece to a bonding station (25) and bonding the fleece in the bonding station (25) to form a bonded mineral fibreboard, characterised in that the first thickness is in the range 0.8 to 1.5 t, preferably between 0.9 and 1.3 t, the second thickness is in the range between 1 to 1.3 t, preferably 1 to 1.1 t, the longitudinal compression is conducted continuously or in one or more stages substantially without pleating of the fleece and produces a longitudinally compressed fleece with a weight per unit area of 2 to 10W, and the fleece is constrained against break-out as it is transported between the longitudinal compression stage and bonding stage. Since the first thickness is in the
• the invention also includes processes for the continuous production of a bonded mineral fibre board in which a fibre felt is precompressed in the direction of the thickness to a thickness of 1 to 3 times the thickness of the end product (preferably to substantially the same thickness as the nominal thickness of the end product) and is then subjected to a longitudinal compression by means of at least 2 conveyor pairs driven at different speeds to produce a longitudinally compressed felt and is then bonded at a bonding station (25) to give a bonded mineral fibreboard, characterised in that the thickness of the felt in the longitudinal compression stage and before the bonding station respectively is between approximately 0.9 and 1.3 times the thickness of the end product, the longitudinal compression is effected substantially without thickness compression, the longitudinal compression is effected to approximately 0.5 to 0.1 times the original length, the compression is effected in a continuous compression zone, and the felt is held in order to prevent break-out between the longitudinal compression unit and the bonding station.
• the invention also includes novel apparatus, for instance as defined in the claims.
• the fleece is under significant longitudinal compression, it is liable to buckle-up away from the conveyor by which it is being carried, and so appropriate means have to be applied to constrain the fleece against break-out (ie buckling away from the support) as it is being transported between the longitudinal compression unit and the bonding station.
• These constraining means can be a belt, rollers or other guides that will adequately confine the longitudinal compressed fleece to the desired longitudinal path and prevent significant deviation of the fleece from the desired path.
• the quantity of fibre required to achieve specific physical values can be up to 15 - 25% less.
• the products produced by the new process are therefore much lighter than conventional products having the same physical properties. Since the production costs are substantially related to the quantity of fibre used, significant cost savings can also be achieved with the new process.
• the relatively loose fleece is precompressed to a specific weight w (kg/ ) and then further compressed to the end weight in the longitudinal compression unit, which can also be referred to as an optimisation unit.
• w kg/
• the extraordinarily high compression of the already precompressed fleece to 2 to 10 times, preferably 2 to 6 times, the weight of the precompressed fleece, does not result in practice in any pleating at the fleece surface.
• a multiplication of the weight/unit area of the fleece or felt can be obtained by appropriate longitudinal compression of the fleece with substantially equal spacing of the upper and lower conveyors, for example in accordance with the nominal thickness of the end product.
• the longitudinal compression of the fleece can be achieved in a series of stages, the longitudinal compression of the fleece is preferably effected in one stage, the longitudinally compressed fleece and the bonded board having a weight per unit area of 2 - 6 times, preferably 2.5 - 5 times and most preferably 2.5 - 3.5 times the weight of the precompressed fleece.
• the resulting products have a high compressive strength and good insulation value.
• longitudinal compression is effected by feeding the fleece by a first conveyor device to a second conveyor device, the second conveyor device being driven at a lower speed than the first conveyor device.
• the conveyor device can consist of belt, roller or chain conveyors.
• roller conveyors are used, because the gross microdensities obtainable with these are extremely homogeneous.
• the roller diameter and the spacing between the rollers in the conveying direction or the spacing between the conveyors is preferably such as to render any break-out or pleating of the fleece substantially impossible.
• the distance between two neighbouring rollers is between 1 and approximately 50 mm, advantageously between 2 and 30 mm and most preferably less than 20 mm.
• the permissible roller spacing depends substantially on the fleece density, the degree of longitudinal compression in the compression unit and the thickness of the board for production. With a small roller spacing it is possible to produce products of different thickness and high density.
• the rollers can be individually driven, in a preferred embodiment they are combined to form groups each comprising a plurality of rollers.
• the fleece is stretched in the conveying direction after longitudinal compression.
• the fleece can first be over-compressed, for example by 20 to 40%, with respect to the required density of the end product, and then de-compressed by the stretching. This helps to avoid undesirable pleating of the fleece web.
• the gross microdensity can also be improved. Decompression by stretching can particularly be important in the case of high-density products, e.g. products having a density of more than 140 kg/m3. Compression and decompression operations can also be repeated.
• the fleece may consist of glass wool fibres, rock wool fibres or other synthetic fibres.
• the fleece consists substantially of rock wool fibres or other man-made vitreous fibres and contains non-cured binder.
• the binder content by weight is often between approximately 0.7 and 7%, generally 1 to 4%.
• the binder is preferably curable in a curing oven. Bonding of the fleece can, however, also be effected by needling or felting instead of or in addition to bonding by curing a bonding agent.
• mineral fibres are used of an average length of between approximately 0.3 and 50 mm, preferably between approximately 0.5 and 15 mm and of a thickness of between approximately 1 to 12 ⁇ m, preferably between approximately 3 and 8 ⁇ m.
• mineral fibres of an average length of between approximately 1 and 10 mm, preferably between approximately 2 and 6 mm and of an average thickness between approximately 2 to 10 ⁇ m, preferably between approximately 3 to 6 or 7 ⁇ m can be used.
• the average length of rock wool fibres, which are usually shorter than glass fibres, is as a rule 2 to 4 mm, and the average diameter is 3 to 4 ⁇ m.
• the predominant orientation of the fibres is changed or partially evened out.
• the primary fleece is deposited in layers on the collecting belt by means of a pendulum belt adapted to swing at an angle to the direction of transport.
• the primary fleece is formed by cross-lapping. In this way the fibres are partially re-oriented and the homogeneity (transverse distribution) of the fleece deposited on the collecting belt can be improved.
• 2 to approximately 60 layers are deposited one upon the other. In these conditions a certain reorientation of the fibres is obtained.
• the fleece can, for example, be deflected transversely of the direction of transport, a compression, more particularly longitudinal compression, being simultaneously effected.
• the thickness and longitudinally compressed fleece is divided into two or more sub-webs parallel to the large surfaces, while to prevent any deformation in the thickness direction the sub-webs are each held at the opposite large surfaces. At least one of the webs is compressed in the direction of the thickness and/or longitudinally and the sub-webs are then combined and subsequently bonded. Multi-ply products can be produced by this process.
• the contact surfaces of the sub-webs can be sprayed or impregnated with binder before being combined.
• the combined webs held together by suitable means can be thickness compressed once again.
• the webs are longitudinally compressed before bonding.
• the longitudinal compression can be effected in a ratio of 1.1 : 1 to maximum 2 : 1.
• the contact surfaces can be increased in size by a final longitudinal compression so that the bonding of the sub-webs is improved.
• the novel apparatus may have individually driven rollers, it preferably comprises at least two roller groups of two or more rollers. Preferably, at least approximately 10 to 12 rollers are provided in the compression unit in order to compress the felt.
• the compressed felt can thus be given an advantageous corrugated fibre structure.
• Other advantageous embodiments are defined in the sub-claims.
• the invention also includes a process for the continuous production of a single-ply or multi-ply fibreboard, in which process a fibre felt is subjected to a precompression and, by means of at least two conveyor pairs driven at different speeds, a longitudinal compression or a longitudinal/thickness compression, and then fixed, characterised in that the fibre felt (20) is precompressed to approximately 1 to 3, usually about 1 to 1.5 times the nominal thickness of the finished product and then subjected to a longitudinal/thickness compression operation or just a longitudinal compression operation in an optimisation unit (19) by means of conveyors each having two opposite roller groups each comprising two or more rollers, the longitudinal compression being effected to 0.5 - 0.1 times the original length in a continuous or quasi- continuous compression zone and substantially the nominal thickness of the finished produce being attained in the optimisation unit.
• the invention also includes apparatus for performing the process described above and comprising at least one collecting belt to receive a fibre felt, a precompression stage for compressing a fibre felt, at least two consecutive conveyors driven at different speeds for the longitudinal or longitudinal/thickness compression of the fibre felt and a curing oven for fixing the longitudinally and thickness-compressed fibre-felt, characterised by an optimisation unit (19) comprising conveyors each having two opposite roller groups each comprising two or more rollers, so that during operation a continuous or quasi-continuous compression zone extending over a plurality of rollers or roller groups is obtained.
• the preferred variant wherein the longitudinally compressed fleece is divided into two or more sub-webs at least one of which is then longitudinally compressed before they are recombined is a process of wider applicability and value than being utilised solely as a second stage in the process of the invention described above.
• a continuous process for the production of a twoply or multi-ply bonded mineral fibreboard from a mineral fibre fleece by precompression of the fleece feeding the precompressed fleece to a separating device (41) , separating the fleece by means of the separating device (41) into two or more sub-webs (43, 45), compressing at least one sub-web (45) in the direction of the thickness, followed by combining the sub-webs (43, 45') and transporting the same on to a bonding station (25) in which the fleece is bonded, characterised in that the mineral fibre fleece is longitudinally and/or thickness compressed, (preferably longitudinally compressed) , in a compression unit (19) before the separating device (41) and break-out of the tensioned sub-webs (43, 45) between the compression unit (19) and the bonding station (25) is prevented by constraining means (49, 50, 51, 59, 61, 63, 65).
• a process for the continuous production of a mineral fibre board having two or more layers of different densities by precompressing a fibre felt, feeding the precompressed felt to a separating device (41) , separating the felt into two or more sub-webs (43, 45), compressing at least one sub-web (45) in the direction of the thickness, followed by combining the sub-webs (43, 45') and transporting the same on to a bonding station (25) in which the felt is bonded, characterised in that the fibre felt is longitudinally compressed before the separating device (41) in a compression unit (19) without compression in the direction of the thickness in a continuous compression zone in which the nominal thickness of the product is maintained, and in that break-out of the tensioned sub-webs (43, 45) between the compression unit (19) and the bonding station (25) is prevented by constraining means.
• first transport means (19) for transporting the fleece to a separating device (41), a separating device (41) for separating the fleece into two or more sub-webs (43, 45) means for compressing at least one sub-web (45) in the direction of the thickness, second transport means (23) for subsequently combining the sub-webs (43, 45') and transporting the same on to a bonding station (25) in which the fleece is bonded, a bonding station (25) for bonding the compressed fleece characterised in that the first transport means (19) form a compression unit which comprises at least two conveyor pairs (31, 33, 35, 37) disposed consecutively in the conveying direction, and in that means (49, 50, 51, 59, 61, 63, 65) are provided to prevent break-out of the tensioned subwebs (43, 45) between the compression
• the processes and apparatus of this aspect of the invention differ from known processes and apparatus essentially in that the precompressed web is compressed further in the thickness and/or longitudinal direction, particularly the longitudinal direction, by a compression unit, so that the sub-webs produced can already have relatively high densities and different fibre structures before being split.
• the advantage of this for example, in the case of two-ply boards, is that the lower-density layer, unlike conventional boards, has a better compressive strength and tensile strength perpendicularly to the large surfaces. A specific tensile and compressive strength can therefore be achieved with reduced use of material, particularly a smaller quantity of fibre, compared with the known processes.
• suitable hold-down means and/or conveyors are advantageously provided to hold the fleece webs at the large surfaces.
• At least one of the split sub-webs can be thickness-compressed.
• a higher piercing strength can be obtained in this way.
• the one thickness-compressed sub-web can also be longitudinally compressed. Rolling the reoriented fibres flat by thickness compression may necessitate compensation of the resulting elongation.
• the contact surfaces of the sub-webs can additionally be provided with binder before being combined. In many cases, however, the quantity of binder initially applied to the fibres is already sufficient to achieve a good bond between the sub-webs on curing of the binder.
• Another possibility for improving the bond between the sub-webs is to compress the combined webs in length before curing. By contracting the webs, e.g. in a ratio of 1.1 : 1 to a maximum 2 : 1 it is possible to enlarge the contact surfaces and hence obtain a better bond between the layers.
• One problem in connection with the continuous production of two-ply or multi-ply products may be soiling of the band knife used by the binder adhering to the fibres.
• One advantageous variant of the process therefore proposes continuously cleaning the separating device. This can be effected, for example, by means of a solvent jet, e.g. water, directed to the cutting edge of the band knife.
• the longitudinal compression is effected by passing the fleece through a compression unit comprising a plurality of conveyor pairs disposed consecutively in the direction of conveyance, the speed of at least one conveyor pair being less than that of the preceding conveyor pair.
• the precompressed fleece is longitudinally compressed in at least one stage.
• the spacing of the opposite conveyors of a conveyor pair is set to approximately 0.5 to 0.1 times the spacing of the following conveyors, the conveying path defined by the two conveyor pairs being disposed substantially in alignment and the circumferential speed at least of the directly following pair being less than the circumferential speed of the preceding conveyor pair. In this way it is possible to produce a fleece web having a pleated fibre structure (Fig. 2) .
• the fleece before entry to the compression unit, is already compressed to approximately 0.8 to 1.5 times, preferably 0.9 to 1.3 times the nominal thickness and quite particularly preferably to the approximate nominal thickness of the finished product, so that there is substantially only a longitudinal compression by the conveyors of the compression unit.
• the longitudinal compression can take place in a continuous compression zone in which the nominal thickness of the product is maintained.
• a very homogeneous gross microdensity can be obtained if the fleece is already precompressed to approximately the nominal thickness of the finished product before the compression unit and is then only longitudinally compressed.
• the mineral fibre fleece is advantageously compressed in length by a factor of 2 to 10, preferably by a factor of 2.5 to 5 and quite particularly preferably by a factor of about 2.5 to 3.5. In some cases, for example when the density of the bottom subweb of the finished product is to be less than approximately 100 kg/m3, a simultaneous longitudinal and thickness compression may be indicated.
• the degree of thickness compression is advantageously less than 2 and preferably less than 1.5.
• the conveyors of the compression unit may be conveyor belts
• the conveyors in a particularly preferred embodiment are constructed as roller conveyors.
• rollers have the advantage that the fleece is repeatedly expanded and compressed by the rollers during compression.
• the fibres are uniformly felted and no preferential fibre orientation can be detected (Fig. 11) .
• the random-orientation fibres are partly arranged in a corrugated pattern.
• each roller conveyor comprises in each case two opposite groups of at least two rollers in each case, the rollers of a conveyor each being driven at the same circumferential speed. Since the rollers are combined in groups of at least two rollers, the compression unit and its control are greatly simplified.
• the fleece is stretched in the conveying direction before the separating device. Expanding the fleece can prevent unwanted pleating or breaking-out of the fleece web, e.g. on transition from the compression unit to the separating device.
• the fleece may consist of glass wool, rock wool or other synthetic fibres.
• the fleece consists essentially of rock wool fibres and contains non-cured binder.
• the binder content by weight can be between approximately 0.7 and 4%.
• the binder is preferably curable in a curing oven. Bonding of the fleece can, however, be effected by needling or felting.
• mineral fibres of an average length between approximately 0.3 and 50 mm preferably between approximately 0.5 and 15 mm and of a thickness between approximately 1 to 12 ⁇ m, preferably between approximately 3 and 8 ⁇ m are used.
• mineral fibres of an average length of between approximately 1 and 10 mm preferably between approximately 2 and 6 mm and of an average thickness of between approximately 2 to 10 ⁇ m, preferably between approximately 3 to 7 ⁇ m.
• the average length of rock wool fibres, which are usually shorter than glass fibres, is as a rule 2 to 4 mm and the average diameter is 3 to 4 ⁇ m.
• the predominant orientation of the fibres is changed or partially evened out.
• This can be effected, for example, by means of a spinning member adapted to swing at an angle to the direction of transport, or by means of air curtain.
• the density distribution of the fleece can thus be improved and the fibre orientation changed, this having a favourable effect on the mechanical properties of the resulting products.
• the primary fleece is deposited on the collecting belt in layers by means of a pendulum belt adapted to swing at an angle to the transport direction. In this way the fibres are partially reoriented and the homogeneity (transverse distribution) of the fleece deposited on the collecting belt can be improved.
• 2 to approximately 60 layers, preferably between 2 and 40 to 50 layers, are deposited one above the other. This results in some reorientation of the fibres.
• the fleece can, for example, be deflected transversely of the direction of transport, while a compression, more particularly longitudinal compression, can take place at the same time.
• the present invention also relates to an apparatus according to characterising features of claim 27.
• the apparatus according to the invention is characterised in that an additional compression unit is provided between the precompression stage and the separating device in order to compress the fleece further in the thickness and/or longitudinal direction, more particularly in the longitudinal direction, and reorient the fibres.
• Conveyor belts serve to maintain the fibre structure once obtained and prevent any deflection or break-out of the tensioned fleece.
• At least the separating device and the following hold-down device are adjustable independently of one another perpendicularly to the belt surface in the region of the multi-ply unit, so that the apparatus can be used selectively for the production of singleply or multi-ply products.
• the means for compressing the at least one sub-web comprise at least two independently driven conveyor pairs. In this way the split sub-web can also be compressed in length.
• the conveyor pairs are advantageously roller conveyors, the roller spacing being adjustable. As a result the sub-webs can be compressed both in thickness and in length.
• the bonding station is a curing oven, coolable feed rollers being provided before the said oven.
• the circumferential speeds of the transport means between the separating device and the bonding station and the circumferential speed of the conveyor belts in the oven are individually adjustable so that, for example, compression or decompression can also be effected before the curing oven.
• Fig. 1 shows a mineral wool product produced by thickness compression and having a fibre orientation substantially parallel to the surface.
• Fig. 2 shows a pleated product comprising a majority of fibres disposed perpendicularly to the surfaces.
• Fig. 3 shows a two-ply product, the upper layer of which has increased density.
• Fig. 4 shows a product with substantially homogeneous density and random-orientation fibres.
• Fig. 5 shows a product in which a layer having random- orientation fibres is combined with a layer of increased density.
• Fig. 6 is a simplified view of an apparatus for the production of a single-ply mineral fibreboard a) in a continuous process and in a continuous compression zone respectively and b) in a single-stage process.
• Fig. 7 is a diagram showing the principle of an apparatus for the continuous production of a single-ply or multi-ply mineral fibreboard of different densities; a) in a continuous process and in a continuous compression zone respectively and b) in a single-stage process.
• Fig. 8 is a front elevation of a compression unit in detail.
• Fig. 9 is a side elevation of the compression unit of Fig. 8.
• Fig. 10 is a plan view of the compression unit of Fig. 8.
• Fig. 11 shows the breaking zone of a) a board having a substantially parallel fibre orientation and b) and c) rock wool boards made by the new process and pulled apart perpendicularly to the board plane.
• Fig, 12 is a perspective section through a two-ply board, the fibre structure being shown on an enlarged scale and Fig. 13 is a diagram showing various possible arrangements of four conveyor pairs disposed consecutively in the conveying direction.
• Figs. 1 to 5 illustrate the fibre orientations frequently occurring in softboards.
• Boards having fibres disposed parallel to the surface (Fig. 1) have comparatively poor mechanical properties.
• the fibres are frequently strengthened with binder and the density increased.
• Products having fibres arranged perpendicularly to the surface can be obtained if a board of the kind shown in Fig. 1 is cut into strips, the strips are turned through 90° and are then bundled.
• This type of manufacture is complex and correspondingly uneconomic.
• the fleece is pleated (pleating process, Fig. 2) .
• These products have a substantially better compressive and tensile strength perpendicularly to the board plane than boards of the kind shown in Fig. 1.
• Fig. 3 shows a two-ply product, the top layer of which has an increased density. These products are suitable for applications requiring high tread strength or enhanced surface protection. As a result of the increased density of the top layer the average density can be reduced.
• Fig. 4 shows a product with substantially isotropic fibre orientation with a substantially random fibre orientation.
• Fig. 5 shows a product in which the advantages of increased density of the top layer and of the fibre structure shown in Fig. 4 are combined.
• the object of the invention is particularly further to improve the properties of products of the kind shown in Figs. 4 and 5.
• the 6 for performing the process according to the invention comprises, as considered in the conveying direction F, a precompression stage 17', an optimisation or compression unit 19' adjoining the precompression stage 17' and consisting of two conveyor pairs 30, 32 for compressing the felt or fleece, and also a conveyor belt 40 and a hold-down belt 42 and feed rollers 63, 65 for conveying the compressed fleece to a curing oven 25. Finally, conveyor belts 67, 67' are provided in the curing oven 25 to transport the compressed fleece through the oven and hold the same at the opposite large surfaces during curing of the binder.
• the precompression stage 17' consists of a lower conveyor belt 27 and a pressing belt 29.
• the primary fleece deposited preferably in layers on a collecting belt 15 is precompressed to such an extent that the fleece denoted by reference 20 can be introduced into the compression unit 19'.
• the pressing belt 29 is adjustable as to height.
• the conveyor pairs 30, 32 of the compression unit 19' consist of upper and lower roller groups 30', 30'' and 32', 32" each consisting of six rollers 39.
• the upper and lower roller groups 30', 30''; 32', 32'' each have a separate drive (not shown in detail) so that the conveyors can be driven at different speeds respectively.
• the upper roller group 30', 32' are adjustable as to height, so that the apparatus 11' can be used for the production of products of different thicknesses.
• the distance between the upper and lower roller groups 30', 30"i 32', 32'' is preferably identical.
• the fleece is precompressed in the precompression stage to approximately the nominal thickness of the finished product and then longitudinally compressed with a conveyor spacing corresponding approximately to the nominal thickness of the finished product.
• the conveyor 30 is driven at a first speed and the conveyor 32 at a second speed which is usually not more than half the first speed so that a corresponding longitudinal compression of the fleece 20 results.
• another conveyor could be provided in order to expand the fleece somewhat after longitudinal compression. The latter step can prevent the highly compressed fleece from pleating or breaking out in the upward direction on transport into the curing oven 25.
• the compression unit 19 is followed by a conveyor belt 40 and a hold-down device 42 in order to constrain the compressed fleece 20 against breaking out, ie buckling upwards off the conveyor 40.
• the hold-down device 42 consists of an uncoilable relatively heavy belt which is placed on the conveyed fleece web.
• the belt can be additionally loaded by applied weights.
• Feed rollers 63, 65 are provided before the curing oven 25 and are preferably coolable.
• the distances between the lower and upper roller groups are each set to approximately the nominal thickness of the end product. This has the advantage that once the fibre orientation has been set in the compression unit 19 it is no longer changed.
• the apparatus 11 shown in Fig. 7 differs from that shown in Fig. 6 basically in that the compression unit 19 has four conveyors each with four rollers.
• a multiply unit is also provided which can be used for the production of multi-ply boards and can in principle also be used together with the apparatus 11'.
• the same references are used in the following description as in the description of the apparatus 11'
• the apparatus 11 shown in Fig. 7 for the production of mineral fibre boards comprises essentially, arranged consecutively in the direction of conveyance F, a pendulum belt 13 and a collecting belt 15 for the respective deposition and reception of fibres produced by a fibre production unit (not shown in detail) , and a precompression stage 17 and an optimisation or compression unit 19 for forming a felt or fleece 20 having optimised fibre orientation and homogeneity.
• the compression unit 19 for optimising the compression is followed by an optional multi-ply unit 21 which can be used for the production of multi-ply mineral fibre boards.
• the multi-ply unit 21 is followed by transport means 23 which hold the compressed fleece clamped at the opposite large surfaces and feed the same to a bonding station, e.g. a curing oven 25.
• the above-mentioned fibre production unit serves for the continuous production of fibres by one of the known methods, e.g. the cascade spinning process.
• the fibres produced also termed the "primary fleece" are sprayed (not shown) with a binder and pass by means of a conveyor (not shown) to the pendulum belt 13.
• the latter belt is situated above the collecting belt 15 and swings transversely to the direction of transport of the collecting belt 15.
• a different orientation of the pendulum movement e.g. in the transport direction, is however also possible.
• the primary fleece 26 is deposited as cross-laps, as will be seen from Fig. 7, on the forwardly moving collecting belt 15, depending on the speed of the latter and the frequency of the pendulum movement.
• the precompression stage 17 consists of a lower conveyor belt 27 and a pressing belt 29.
• the latter is adjustable as to height so that the fleece 26 can be precompressed to different degrees.
• the precompression stage 17 provides precompression and a certain homogenisation of the relatively loose fleece 20 before the same is introduced into the optimisation unit 19.
• the two belts 27, 29 preferably have separate independent drives so that they can be operated at different circumferential speeds.
• the optimisation unit 19 consists of a plurality of conveyors or conveyor pairs 31, 33, 35, 37.
• Each pair 31, 33, 35, 37 has a lower and an upper roller group each consisting of four rollers 39.
• the clearance between the individual roller groups 31', 31"; 33', 33"; 35', 35"; 37', 37" is adjustable.
• the roller groups are also adapted to be inclined relatively to one another preferably in the direction of transport. The latter property enables the fleece 20 to be continuously compressed in thickness or be decompressed on passage through a conveyor pair 31, 33, 35, 37.
• the fleece optimisation can be obtained as a result of the possibility of adjusting the distance between the opposite roller groups and their speeds. In this way the product properties can be quite different. Also, because of these adjustment facilities, the fibre structure can be controllably optimised and, for example, undesirable pleating at the fleece surface can be prevented.
• At least the lower and upper roller groups 31" and 31' respectively of the first conveyor pair 31 are adjustable as to height. This enables the fleece to be subjected to bending, as shown in Fig. 7, for example in order to smooth and compact the fleece surface.
• the upper and lower roller groups 31', 31"; 33', 33"; 35', 35"; 37', 37" of the conveyor pairs 31, 33, 35, 37 each have a separate drive not shown in detail in Fig. 7.
• the drives used are preferably infinitely variable within a specific range, so that, for example, the upper and lower roller groups can have different circumferential speeds.
• a slightly higher circumferential speed of the upper roller group is necessary, for example, if the same is disposed, not horizontally, but at an angle to the lower roller group.
• Figs. 8 to 10 show an exemplified embodiment of a compression unit 19 in which the conveyors with the roller groups 31', 31"; 33', 33"; 35', 35"; 37', 37” having the rollers 39 are disposed on a supporting structure 71.
• Chain wheels 115 (Fig. 10) are provided at one end of each of the rollers 39.
• Each four or five rollers 39 are interconnected by drive chains (not shown) and form a roller group.
• a drive 117', 117", 117"', 117"", 118', 118", 118'", 118"”” is provided for each roller group.
• the upper and lower roller groups 31', 31" of the first conveyor pair 31 considered in the direction of conveyance (Fig. 9, arrow F) are vertically adjustable.
• the vertical adjustment of the upper roller group 31' is effected by means of a drive member 81 which drives the spindles 73, 73' via the Cardan shafts 77, 77'.
• a drive member 83 driving the spindles 75, 75' via the Cardan shafts 79, 79' is used for the vertical adjustment of the bottom roller group 31".
• the position of the remaining roller groups is either not adjustable (at the bottom) or adjustable only jointly (at the top) .
• the rear bottom three rollers groups 33", 35", 37" as considered in the direction of conveyance are disposed on a stationary frame 85 while the upper three roller -jroups 33', 35', 37' are disposed on a vertically adjustable frame 87.
• the latter frame 87 is vertically adjustable at the top part of the supporting structure 71.
• Linear guides 93 at the columns 95, 95', 97, 97' provide vertical guidance of the frame 87.
• a drive member 103 which by way of the Cardan shafts 99, 99', 101, 101' drives the spindles 89, 89', 91, 91' arranged in pairs on the supporting structure 71 is provided for vertical adjustment of the frame 87.
• the upper roller groups 33', 35', 37', the last of which has 5 rollers 39, are disposed on support rails 105 pivotally connected to the frame 87 by the pivot 107.
• the front end of the rails 105 as considered in the direction of conveyance is connected to the vertically adjustable frame 87 by another pair of spindles 109, 109'.
• By adjustment of the spindles 109, 109' it is possible to swing the support rails 105 upwardly or downwardly out of the horizontal so that, for example, it is possible to form a path tapering in the direction of conveyance F.
• Fig. 13 shows various possibilities of how four conveyor pairs can be arranged in principle. The adjustments according to Figs. 13b and 13c, however, cannot be made with the compression unit according to Figs. 8 to
• the optimisation unit 19 comprising a plurality of conveyor pairs is followed by the optional multi-ply unit
• separating device 41 for example, a band saw or a band knife, which is shown only in outline in Fig. 7 for separating the compressed fleece 20 into two webs 43 and
• the multi-ply unit 21 also comprises conveyors 47, 49,
• the separating device 41 and following conveyor is preferably adjustable as to height. This enables the fleece emerging from the compression unit 19 to be cut into lower and upper webs 43, 45 of practically any thickness.
• the separating device 41 and the conveyor belt 49 can also be displaced independently of one another and upwardly to an extent such that they are disposed outside the range of transport of the fleece.
• the conveyor belt 49 then serves as a hold-down belt.
• the apparatus 11 can be used optionally for the production of single-ply or multi-ply boards. Basically, a plurality of separating devices and corresponding hold-down belts can be provided to enable boards to be produced with three or even more layers. Also, the distance between the upper and lower rollers is adjustable so that outer layers of different thicknesses can be made.
• the conveyor pairs 53, 54 provided after the conveyors 50, 51 serve for thickness and longitudinal compression of the upper web 45.
• the conveyor pairs 53, 54 preferably comprise rollers S5, which are combined in each case to form upper and lower roller groups with three rollers in each case.
• the conveyor pairs 53, 54 are each drivable at different circumferential speeds so that the elongations which may occur as a result of thickness compression can be compensated by subsequent longitudinal compression. Also, the distance between the upper and lower rollers is adjustable so that outer layers of different thicknesses can be made.
• Conveyor belts, chutes and/or guide plates combine the compressed web 45' with the lower web 43. In most cases a hold-down belt for the highly compressed web 45' can be dispensed with.
• a metering device 57 for a binder is provided in the zone where the webs 43, 45 meet. With this arrangement it is possible to apply binder to the contact surfaces of the upper and/or lower webs 43, 45' so that a better bonding is obtained after curing of the binder. In most cases, particularly if any elongations occurring have been compensated previously, a metering device 57 can also be dispensed with.
• Feed belts 59, 61 and feed rollers 63, 65 press the combined webs 43, 45' together and transport the same into the curing oven 25.
• the circumferential speeds of the feed belts 59, 61 and feed rollers 63, 65 are advantageously individually adjustable so that compression or decompression of the compressed webs 43, 45' can be effected as required.
• At least the feed rollers 63, 65 are preferably coolable.
• Air-permeable conveyor belts 67, 67' are preferably provided in the curing oven 25. The belts 67, 67' hold the webs 43, 45' together during the curing process and thus substantially determine the nominal thickness of the finished boards.
• the belts 67, 67' are vertically adjustable and can thus be adjusted to the fleece thicknesses coming from the multi-ply unit 21 or the compression unit 19.
• the production of the multi-ply board can be carried out as follows: the primary fleece delivered from a collecting chamber (not shown) and provided with binder and, in the case of rock wool fibres usually of a weight of about 200 - 800 g/m2, preferably 200 400 g/m2, with an approximately average thickness of 15 - 20 mm, or frequently up to 75 mm, is fed to the pendulum belt 13. The latter deposits the primary fleece on the continuously advancing collecting belt 15.
• a larger or smaller number of fleece layers is formed on the belt 15 in the vertical direction.
• the number of layers is selected according to the required board properties, e.g. weight, compressive strength etc., of the end product.
• the number of layers also depends on the fibre formulation, i.e. the individual fibre processing stages between the fibre production unit and the curing oven 25. Usually 2 to
• the fibre orientation can be further controllably influenced by changing the direction of the pendulum movement.
• the deposited fleece is subjected to a precompression in the precompression stage 17.
• the precompression is usually such that the fleece can be engaged by the rollers of the first conveyor pair (required nominal thickness plus at maximum approximately 40% of the roller diameter) .
• Some deflection of the fleece after precompression is desirable so that, on entry into the compression unit, sufficient adhesion between the fleece and the rollers is achieved to give the required reorientation of the fibres. Since, in the case of products having a density of less than approximately 80 to 90 kg/m3 the expansion forces prevailing in the fleece during longitudinal compression are much lower, a moderate thickness compression in addition to the longitudinal compression is usually necessary in the production of these products in order to set the required tension and avoid undesirable pleating at the fleece surface.
• the fleece surfaces In the case of doubling, i.e. when the primary fleece is deposited in layers, the fleece surfaces have steps showing to varying degrees. These steps can be at least partially evened out in the precompression stage 17, by driving the upper belt 29 at a slightly higher speed than would be necessary for further transport.
• the partially smoothed fleece can be subjected to further smoothing in the optimisation unit 19.
• the first and second conveyor pairs can be disposed so as to be out of alignment. It is also possible for any other pairs of conveyors to be disposed out of alignment.
• the out-of-alignment arrangement subjects the conveyed fleece 20 to a bending or transverse deflection, which can effect smoothing of the fleece surfaces. The smoothing effect can be enhanced if the second conveyor pair runs somewhat more slowly than the first.
• a longitudinal compression of 2:1 to 6:1 (corresponding to the circumferential speeds of the first and the last conveyor pairs 31 and 37) is effected in the compression unit 19 substantially with a roller spacing corresponding to the nominal thickness of the board being produced (i.e. compaction by longitudinal compression without thickness compression) .
• a longitudinal compression together with simultaneous moderate thickness compression may be advantageous.
• each two conveyor pairs 31, 33 and 35, 37 can be driven jointly by one drive.
• rollers are preferred, because the tendency to pleating at the fleece surfaces is relatively minor, even with a considerable degree of longitudinal compression.
• the fleece can be greatly longitudinally compressed with rollers 39 without appreciable pleating at the fleece surface.
• One possible explanation for this is that there is only a slight adhesion between the rollers and the fleece.
• the rollers also promote the reorientation of the fibres, since the fleece can expand somewhat between the rollers in each case but without pleating.
• the compressed fleece can be separated into two or more webs 43, 45. It is also possible to omit the multi-ply unit or position it outside the conveying path and feed the fleece with the optimised fibre structure to the curing oven direct. Separation of the fleece 20 is effected by a band saw or a band knife in manner known per se.
• the upper web 45 with the optimised fibre structure is then subjected to a thickness and longitudinal compression. In this, the fibres of the upper layer 45 are further compacted by the thickness and subsequent longitudinal compression.
• the thickness-compressed web 45' is then returned to the continuously moving lower web 43.
• the compressed fleece 43, 45', more particularly the web 43 under tension, is guided between the compression stage 19 and the curing oven 25 by the conveyors 47, 49, 59, 61, 63, 65, for example belts, chains or roller systems, preferably conveyor belts, in order to prevent any break-out or bulging.
• the conveyors 47, 49, 59, 61, 63, 65 for example belts, chains or roller systems, preferably conveyor belts, in order to prevent any break-out or bulging.
• the binder in the fleece is cured. Curing of the binder t" es place at temperatures between 180 and 300°C, prefera. * .y at about 200 to 250 ⁇ C.
• the binder also ensures a firm bonding between the two webs
• the contact points thereof can be provided with a solid or liquid adhesive (metering device 57) on the multi-ply unit before being combined.
• the bonding between the two webs 43 and 45' can be improved if the webs are contracted somewhat before the curing oven 25, preferably in a ratio of 1.1:1 to 2:1. Depending on the degree of contraction, this may result in some pleating of the webs.
• the fleece or felt is longitudinally compressed preferably in a single stage.
• the apparatus can also be so operated that a plurality of compression zones or a continuous compression zone form during the compression.
• Example 1
• Substrate thickness About 80 mm Average gross density About 90 kg/m3
• Average fibre length From about 0.5 to 10 mm
• Thickness compression 1.5 : 1.1 : 1
• the weight in boards produced by the new process can be reduced by up to 25 to 40% for otherwise substantially identical mechanical properties.
• the tensile strength perpendicularly to the board plane is greatly improved, this being evident from the highly structured breaking zone (Figs, lib and lie) .
• Products according to the invention can be used for any of the conventional purposes of synthetic fibres, e.g. for boards, webs, used for thermal insulation, fireproofing and fire protection or soundproofing and sound control, or in suitable form in horticulture as a growth medium.

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