Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
  • H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
  • H01M8/0612—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants from carbon-containing material
  • H01M8/0625—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants from carbon-containing material in a modular combined reactor/fuel cell structure
  • H01M8/0631—Reactor construction specially adapted for combination reactor/fuel cell
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J12/00—Chemical processes in general for reacting gaseous media with gaseous media; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
  • B01J12/007—Chemical processes in general for reacting gaseous media with gaseous media; Apparatus specially adapted therefor in the presence of catalytically active bodies, e.g. porous plates
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J15/00—Chemical processes in general for reacting gaseous media with non-particulate solids, e.g. sheet material; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
  • B01J15/005—Chemical processes in general for reacting gaseous media with non-particulate solids, e.g. sheet material; Apparatus specially adapted therefor in the presence of catalytically active bodies, e.g. porous plates
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J16/00—Chemical processes in general for reacting liquids with non- particulate solids, e.g. sheet material; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
  • B01J16/005—Chemical processes in general for reacting liquids with non- particulate solids, e.g. sheet material; Apparatus specially adapted therefor in the presence of catalytically active bodies, e.g. porous plates
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J19/0006—Controlling or regulating processes
  • B01J19/0013—Controlling the temperature of the process
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J19/32—Packing elements in the form of grids or built-up elements for forming a unit or module inside the apparatus for mass or heat transfer
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/50—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their shape or configuration
  • B01J35/56—Foraminous structures having flow-through passages or channels, e.g. grids or three-dimensional monoliths
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
  • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
  • F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
  • F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
  • F28F1/12—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element
  • F28F1/14—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending longitudinally
  • F28F1/22—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending longitudinally the means having portions engaging further tubular elements
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
  • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
  • F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J2219/00049—Controlling or regulating processes
  • B01J2219/00051—Controlling the temperature
  • B01J2219/00074—Controlling the temperature by indirect heating or cooling employing heat exchange fluids
  • B01J2219/00076—Controlling the temperature by indirect heating or cooling employing heat exchange fluids with heat exchange elements inside the reactor
  • B01J2219/00081—Tubes
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J2219/32—Details relating to packing elements in the form of grids or built-up elements for forming a unit of module inside the apparatus for mass or heat transfer
  • B01J2219/322—Basic shape of the elements
  • B01J2219/32203—Sheets
  • B01J2219/32206—Flat sheets
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J2219/32—Details relating to packing elements in the form of grids or built-up elements for forming a unit of module inside the apparatus for mass or heat transfer
  • B01J2219/322—Basic shape of the elements
  • B01J2219/32203—Sheets
  • B01J2219/3221—Corrugated sheets
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J2219/32—Details relating to packing elements in the form of grids or built-up elements for forming a unit of module inside the apparatus for mass or heat transfer
  • B01J2219/322—Basic shape of the elements
  • B01J2219/32203—Sheets
  • B01J2219/32213—Plurality of essentially parallel sheets
  • B01J2219/3222—Plurality of essentially parallel sheets with sheets having corrugations which intersect at an angle different from 90 degrees
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J2219/32—Details relating to packing elements in the form of grids or built-up elements for forming a unit of module inside the apparatus for mass or heat transfer
  • B01J2219/322—Basic shape of the elements
  • B01J2219/32203—Sheets
  • B01J2219/32237—Sheets comprising apertures or perforations
  • B01J2219/32244—Essentially circular apertures
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J2219/32—Details relating to packing elements in the form of grids or built-up elements for forming a unit of module inside the apparatus for mass or heat transfer
  • B01J2219/322—Basic shape of the elements
  • B01J2219/32203—Sheets
  • B01J2219/32255—Other details of the sheets
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J2219/32—Details relating to packing elements in the form of grids or built-up elements for forming a unit of module inside the apparatus for mass or heat transfer
  • B01J2219/324—Composition or microstructure of the elements
  • B01J2219/32408—Metal
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J2219/32—Details relating to packing elements in the form of grids or built-up elements for forming a unit of module inside the apparatus for mass or heat transfer
  • B01J2219/324—Composition or microstructure of the elements
  • B01J2219/32466—Composition or microstructure of the elements comprising catalytically active material
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J2219/32—Details relating to packing elements in the form of grids or built-up elements for forming a unit of module inside the apparatus for mass or heat transfer
  • B01J2219/324—Composition or microstructure of the elements
  • B01J2219/32466—Composition or microstructure of the elements comprising catalytically active material
  • B01J2219/32475—Composition or microstructure of the elements comprising catalytically active material involving heat exchange
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J2219/32—Details relating to packing elements in the form of grids or built-up elements for forming a unit of module inside the apparatus for mass or heat transfer
  • B01J2219/326—Mathematical modelling
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
  • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a catalytic reaction device, a catalytic reaction method, and a catalytic reaction laminate for causing a catalytic reaction by bringing a raw material fluid into contact with a catalytic metal at a predetermined temperature.
• a typical example of such a catalytic reactor is a reformer.
• This reformer converts raw fuels such as natural gas, light oils such as methanol and naphtha, LNG, LPG, and coal gas into hydrogen-rich gas by adding steam and bringing them into contact with catalytic metals at a predetermined temperature.
• a reforming reaction is performed. Since this reforming reaction is an endothermic reaction, energy is supplied to the reformer. Since the catalyst metal itself does not have energy, the raw fuel is heated to an appropriate temperature by a gas pan, a preheater, a superheater (super heater) or the like, and transferred to the reformer.
• the reformer itself needs to be configured as a heat exchanger that heats the pipe containing the catalyst metal by using a heat medium to maintain the catalytic reaction in the reformer.
• the catalytic reactor which is a combination of a reheater or a superheater and a reforming device configured as a heat exchanger, has difficulty in controlling the temperature, has a complicated and large device configuration, requires a long start-up time, and has a heavy load. It has the drawback of poor follow-up to fluctuations.
• a device using electromagnetic induction heating is proposed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 61-275103.
• Bad A conductive material and catalyst particles are mixed in a reforming tube made of a heat insulating material of a conductive material, and a high-frequency current is applied to a conductive coil provided on the outer periphery of the reforming tube, so that a surface of the conductive material is An eddy current is generated and heated to maintain the catalyst particles mixed with the neat substance at a predetermined temperature.
• the above-described catalytic reaction apparatus using electromagnetic induction heating has the following disadvantages. Since this catalyst reaction device heats the randomly arranged catalyst particles themselves or those that come into contact with the catalyst particles by electromagnetic induction, the flow of the fluid along the catalyst particles is necessarily inhomogeneous. As a result, a drift occurs in the reforming tube, which causes a path that is most likely to flow along the catalyst particles, and uniform heating becomes impossible.
• the conductive material particles are included in the catalyst metal or when the catalyst particles and the conductive particles are mixed, the objects to be heated by the electromagnetic induction are electrically randomly arranged. This means that the state heated by electromagnetic induction is not uniform and efficient.
• the applicant stores a regularly formed filler in a fluid passage, and stores the regularly formed filler.
• a heating device that heats materials by electromagnetic induction. This device is only a fluid heating device and does not suggest an optimal combination for applying the catalyst to the filler.
• the present invention has been made to solve the above-mentioned problems, and an object of the present invention is to reduce the size of the device and reduce the startup time by uniformly generating a catalytic reaction using electromagnetic induction heating or the like. It is an object of the present invention to propose an epoch-making catalyst reaction device, a catalyst reaction method, and a catalyst reaction laminate capable of realizing excellent shortening and excellent followability to load fluctuation. Disclosure of the invention
• a coil provided around the fluid passage and through which a high-frequency current is supplied; a high-frequency current generator connected to the coil;
• a laminated body provided in the fluid passage which is formed by joining metal plates of a conductive material so as to be electrically conductive with each other;
• the fluid flowing while diffusing in the storage container causes a catalytic reaction at the same time as the heating by the heat generation of the storage device.
• the fluid flowing in the laminate is substantially uniformly diffused.
• the metal plate that is pneumatically bonded is heated substantially uniformly by electromagnetic induction heating, and the fluid in contact with the metal plate is uniformly heated.
• the predetermined catalytic reaction can proceed efficiently without unevenness.
• a catalytic reaction maintained at a predetermined temperature with a small temperature difference from the fluid can be uniformly generated.
• a large number of regular small flow paths formed between the metal plates of the first embodiment include a first small flow path and a second small flow path that intersect each other, and the first and second small flow paths that intersect each other. It is preferable to be formed so as to include a third small flow path capable of moving between small flow paths.
• the fluid flowing through the heating element in which the metal plates are regularly laminated can be uniformly diffused while being guided through the first to third small flow paths.
• the fluid passing through the heating element is diffused substantially uniformly, the fluid is forcibly brought into uniform contact with the surface of the metal plate, and the catalytic reaction proceeds uniformly.
• the metal plate of the first embodiment is provided with irregularities such as satin finish or embossed surface.
• the thickness of the metal plate forming the laminate of the first embodiment is not less than 30 micron and not more than 1 mm, and the frequency of the high-frequency current supplied to the coil is 15 to 150. Those in the range of KHz are preferred. Thus, if the thickness of the metal plate is not less than 30 ⁇ m and not more than 1 mm, it is easy to apply force, and it is easy to secure a small flow path by processing a waveform or the like to increase a heat transfer area. become. When the frequency used is in the range of 15 KHz to 150 KHz, copper loss of the coil and loss of the switching element can be prevented. In particular, for low-loss frequency bands, use 20 to 7 OKHz.
• the heat transfer area per cubic centimeter of the laminate of the first embodiment is not less than 2.5 square centimeters.
• the heat transfer area per cubic centimeter of the heating element is 2.
• the metal plates are laminated so that the height is 5 cm 2 or more, more preferably 5 cm 2, the heat exchange efficiency is increased.
• the amount of fluid to be heated per square centimeter of the heat transfer area of the laminate of the first embodiment is 0.4 cubic centimeter or less.
• the catalytic reaction method comprises: disposing, in a fluid passage, a laminate in which metal plates made of a conductive material are electrically conductively joined to each other and laminated; Causing a substantially uniform diffusion of the fluid by passing through a number of regular small channels formed in the body; and a high-frequency current flowing through a coil provided around the fluid passage. Heating the metal plate forming the small flow passage substantially uniformly, and heating the fluid passing therethrough while diffusing substantially uniformly in the laminate;
• the fluid is brought into contact with the catalyst metal formed on the metal plate itself or attached to the surface of the metal plate substantially uniformly, and the uniform touch is performed simultaneously with the uniform heating. Causing a medium reaction.
• the catalyst reaction device includes a fluid passage
• a coil provided around the fluid passage, through which a high-frequency current is supplied; a high-frequency current generator connected to the coil;
• An assembly that is disposed in the fluid passage and that is configured to electrically connect conductive materials to each other so as to form a plurality of passages that flow in the axial direction of the fluid passage;
• a dispersing member disposed on at least a fluid inlet side of the assembly, for distributing the fluid to the plurality of flow paths;
• a catalytic reaction is caused to occur in the fluid flowing through the flow path of the assembly at the same time as the heating by the heat generated by the assembly.
• the catalytic reaction method is as follows.
• An assembly is formed in the fluid passage so as to form a plurality of axial flow paths by electrically connecting conductive materials to each other, and a fluid reaching the assembly is disposed on the surface of the fluid passage. Dispersing in the flow path to form a substantially uniform flow in the flow path;
• a uniform flow is formed in the flow path of the assembly, and uniform electromagnetic induction heating and catalytic reaction are performed along the flow.
• the surface area of this assembly can be made moderate, the specific surface area per unit volume of the fluid can be reduced, and the catalytic reaction can be promoted when a certain temperature difference is required between the fluid and the catalytic metal.
• the fluid flowing while diffusing in the laminated body causes a catalytic reaction at the same time as the heat absorption of the heat transfer tube.
• the catalytic reaction method is as follows.
• a heat transfer tube arranged along the small flow passage and fixed so as to cover the metal plate substantially uniformly, heat transfer substantially uniformly between the heat exchanger and a fluid passing therethrough while being substantially uniformly diffused in the stacked body.
• the fluid is brought into contact with the catalyst metal formed on the surface of the metal plate by forming the metal plate itself constituting the laminate, or by uniformly contacting the fluid with the catalyst metal. And a step of causing a uniform catalytic reaction at the same time.
• the catalytic reaction device and the catalytic reaction method of the second embodiment not only the case where magnetic induction is used, but also the uniform heat absorption and the uniform catalytic reaction can be simultaneously performed by using a heat transfer tube.
• a calendar body in which metal plates of a conductive material are electrically connected to each other and are stacked;
• the metal plate itself is formed or a catalyst metal is provided substantially uniformly on the surface of the metal plate.
• FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an apparatus main body of the M-medium reaction device according to the first embodiment
• FIG. 2 is a structural diagram of a heating element
• FIG. 3 shows a temperature distribution of the heating element.
• FIG. 4 is a top view of a catalytic reaction device by electromagnetic induction
• FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view showing a device configuration diagram of the device main body
• FIG. 6 is a plate thickness and thickness diagram.
• FIG. 7 is a graph showing the relationship between the thermal efficiency and the thermal efficiency
• FIG. 7 is a graph showing the relationship between the frequency of the low-frequency current and the thermal efficiency
• FIG. 8 is a graph showing the relationship between the peak height of the heating element and the thermal efficiency.
• FIG. 9 is a graph showing the relationship between the peak height of the heating element and the heat transfer area
• Fig. 10 is a graph showing the relationship between the peak height of the heating element and the water film thickness.
• FIG. 11 is a view showing the main body of the catalytic reaction apparatus according to the second embodiment
• FIG. 12 is a view showing the third embodiment.
• FIG. 13 is a structural diagram of a heat absorber
• FIG. 14 is a system diagram of a fuel cell to which the catalytic reactor of the present invention is applied.
• FIG. 15 is a system diagram of another fuel Oshiike pond to which the catalytic reaction concealment of the present invention is applied.
• FIG. 1 to FIG. 10 relate to a first embodiment of the present invention, in which FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a main part of a catalytic reactor by electromagnetic induction heating, and FIG. 2 is a laminate.
• FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a main part of a catalytic reactor by electromagnetic induction heating
• FIG. 2 is a laminate.
• an apparatus main body 1 of a catalytic reaction apparatus includes a pipe 11 of a non-conductive material for forming a fluid passage, an employment body 12 disposed in the pipe 11, It comprises a coil 13 wound around 11 and catalyst particles 14 attached substantially uniformly to the surface of a metal plate constituting the stack 12.
• FIG. 2 shows the structure of the catalytic reaction laminate 12 incorporated in the apparatus main body 1.
• the first metal plate 31 and the flat second metal plate 32 which are bent in a zigzag mountain shape, are alternately stacked to form a cylindrical laminate 12 as a whole.
• a martensitic stainless steel such as SUS447J1 is used as the material of the first metal plate 31 and the second metal plate 32.
• the peaks (or valleys) 33 of the first metal plate 31 are disposed so as to be inclined at an angle with respect to the central axis 34, and the second metal plate 32 is hollowed out to be adjacent to the first metal plate 31.
• the peaks (or valleys) 3 3 are arranged so as to intersect each other at an angle. Then, at the intersection of the peaks (or valleys) 33 of the overlapping first metal plates 31, the first metal plate 31 and the second metal plate 32 are welded by spot welding, and are electrically connected. It is joined as possible.
• a first small flow path 35 inclined by an angle a is formed between the first metal plate 31 and the second metal plate 32 on the front side, and the second metal plate 32 and the back side are formed.
• a second small flow path 36 is formed between the first metal plate 31 and the second small flow path 36 inclined at the same angle, and the first small flow path 35 and the second small flow path 36 are formed at an angle 2.
• holes 37 as small flow paths for generating turbulent flow of fluid are provided on the surfaces of the first metal plate 31 and the second gold plate 32. I have.
• the surfaces of the first gold deer board 31 and the second metal plate 32 are not smooth, and are provided with extremely small irregularities 38 by satin finishing or embossing. The unevenness 38 is negligibly small compared to the height of the mountain (or valley) 33.
• the catalyst particles 14 of a predetermined total IS are uniformly applied on the plane of the first gold plate 31 and the second gold plate 32.
• the method of applying the catalyst particles 14 includes coating, appending, steaming, and pressing. Either way, the catalyst particles 14 are put apart or put so that the catalyst particles 14 have a substantially equal S per unit surface area of the metal plates 31 and 32.
• the most uniform method of winding the catalyst particles is to form the gold bending plates 31 and 32 themselves with a catalyst metal, which is easy to obtain and inexpensive. This method can be used when metal is also used.
• the temperature distribution is an eyeball shape extending in the longitudinal direction of the first metal plate 31 and the second metal plate 32, and heat is generated more in the center than in the side.
• it is advantageous for heating fluid flowing through Churo.
• a first small flow ⁇ 35 and a second small flow path 36 that intersect are formed in the seed body 12, and diffusion between the periphery and the center is performed. Due to the presence of the hole 37 that forms the third small passage, diffusion in the thickness direction between the first small passage 35 and the second small passage 36 is also performed. Therefore, these small flow paths 35, 36, and 37 generate a macroscopic dispersion, dissipation, and volatilization of the fluid throughout the body 12. In addition, microscopic irregularities on the surface 38 cause microscopic diffusion, emission, and volatilization.
• the flow becomes substantially uniform, and a uniform opportunity of contact between the first metal plate 31 and the second metal plate 32 and the fluid is obtained.
• the result is both uniform heat transfer and uniform catalytic reaction.
• the catalyst particles 14 may be attached only to the portion where the reaction occurs when the temperature of the fluid in the laminate 12 becomes predetermined and the laminates 12 without catalyst particles and the catalyst particles 14 may be attached.
• the eyebrows 12 may be arranged in multiple stages in series with the circumferential direction changed.
• the coil 13 in FIG. 1 is formed by twisting a stranded wire, and is wound around the outer circumference of the pipe 11 or is wound and embedded in the thickness of the pipe 11. .
• the pipe 11 holds the coil 13, partitions the fluid passage, and stores the laminated body 12 in the passage, so it is a non-magnetic material that has corrosion resistance, heat resistance, pressure resistance and Is formed.
• inorganic materials such as ceramics, FRP (fiber reinforced plastic), resin materials such as fluororesins, non-magnetic metals such as stainless steel, etc. are used, but ceramics are most preferred. Good.
• the catalytic reaction device includes a device body 1, a two-degree-of-freedom PID temperature control unit 2, a phase shift control unit 3, a gate driver 4, and a sensorless high-frequency high-frequency inverter unit 5.
• a temperature sensor 17 is provided at the fluid outlet of the apparatus body 1, and the temperature sensor 17 is connected to the temperature controller 2.
• the high-frequency inverter unit 5 includes a rectifying unit 22 for the AC power supply 21, a non-smoothing filter 23, and a high-frequency inverter unit 24.
• the output power and frequency of the high-frequency inverter 24 are controlled by the phase shift controller 3 and the gate driver 14, and the commercial AC power supply 21 is efficiently converted to high-frequency current to be used effectively by electricians. Is done.
• Temperature control unit 2 is a fuzzy 110-degree auto-tuning 2 degrees of freedom PID temperature It is composed of a controller and outputs an output voltage control signal to the phase shift controller 3. As described above, since the temperature sensor 17 for output control is provided at the outlet of the pipe 11, the output can be controlled in consideration of the loss of the impeller 5 and the coil 13.
• the high-frequency inverter 24 uses four switching elements Q1 to Q4.
• a high-frequency inverter 24 includes a series connection of Q1 and Q4 and a series connection of Q3 and Q4 in parallel. They are closely related.
• a heating system composed of a non-metallic pipe 11 on which a coil 13 is wound and a conductive metal laminate 12 can be represented by a transformer circuit model having a large leakage inductance, and is represented by a simple R-L circuit. Can be displayed. If a compensation capacitor C1 is connected in series to this RL circuit, a time-variable circuit system in which the helical circuit constant hardly changes can be obtained.
• the switching elements Q 1 to Q 4 are represented by a circuit in which switches S 1 to S 4 and diodes D 1 to D 4 are connected in parallel, and a SIT (Static Induction Transistor) BS IT MO S FET (Metal-Oxide Semiconductor FET), IGBT, MCT and the like.
• SIT Static Induction Transistor
• BS IT MO S FET Metal-Oxide Semiconductor FET
• switches SI and S4 When the switches SI and S4 are closed, current flows from the point a to the circuit 1) through the load L1, 1 to the point 1) .
• the switches S2 and S3 When the switches S2 and S3 are closed, the load L starts at the point b. A current flows through the circuit reaching point a via R1 and R1. That is, when viewed from the loads 1 and R1, the current flows forward or backward.
• Each of the switches S1 to S4 is driven by a voltage pulse with a duty cycle of less than 50%.
• the voltage drive pulses of switches S1 and S2 are used as reference phase pulses, and the voltage drive pulses of switches S3 and S4 are used as control phase pulses.
• the output voltage can be controlled by PWM (Pu 1 se Width Modulation) by continuously changing the phase difference ⁇ of the voltage drive pulse with the control phase from 0 to 180 '.
• PWM Pul 1 se Width Modulation
• the output power can be continuously changed from 0 to the maximum output determined by the load circuit constant and the operating frequency of the inverter.
• phase-shift PWM method has been described as the power control method, in general, other power control methods include an active PWM rectifier circuit, DC power supply control (PAM method) using a frequency transistor chipper, and variable frequency control. (PFM method), pulse density modulation control (pulse cycle control) (PDM method), etc.
• PFM method pulse density modulation control
• PDM method pulse cycle control
• FIG. 5 shows a specific example of the concealed main unit 1 of the first embodiment that can be directly incorporated into the vibrator.
• the main body 1 is mainly composed of flanges 101, 102, short tubes 103, 104, pipes 11, coils 13, and calendar 1 2 and tubes 105 and 106.
• Reference numeral 2 denotes a temperature control unit
• reference numeral 5 denotes an inverter unit
• reference numeral 17 denotes a temperature sensor.
• the material of the flanges 101, 102 and the short tubes 103, 104 must have corrosion resistance to the various fluids handled by the chemical plant, and the coils 13 Austenitic stainless steel, such as non-magnetic SUS316, is used so as not to be affected by the magnetic flux. Although this austenitic stainless steel is generally considered to be non-magnetic, it is not completely non-magnetic but is slightly affected by magnetic flux.
• Flange 101 and short tube 103 are formed into a flange with a short tube by welding, etc.
• the short pipe 104 is also formed on the flange with the short pipe by welding or the like.
• the same SUS316 socket 111 is fixed to the short pipe 103 located on the outlet side of the fluid 10 mm by welding, etc., and the fitting 112 for attaching the temperature sensor 17 can be screwed in. It is like that. Then, when the holding fittings 113 are screwed into the fitting 112, the temperature sensor 17 can be fixed in a state where the tip of the temperature sensor 17 is positioned near the center of the short tube 103.
• the position of the socket 111 is preferably provided close to the flange 101 so that parts of the temperature sensor such as the fitting 112 do not interfere with the flange 101.
• the flanges 101 and 102 and the short pipes 103 and 104 are not limited to those attached by welding or the like, but may be integrally formed as a short pipe flange.
• the sensor attached to the short pipe 103 is not limited to the temperature sensor, but may be another sensor such as a pressure sensor.
• a laminated body 12 is housed in the center of the pipe 11 in the axial direction, and a coil 13 is wound around the outer periphery of the pipe 11 where the laminated body 12 is located.
• the pive 11 may be a pive with two or more splices due to production restrictions.
• the ends of the pipe 11 and the short pipes 103 and 104 are not directly connected but are connected via pipes 105 and 106.
• High-strength heat-resistant alloys such as Fe—Ni—C0 alloy, are selected as the material for the tubes 105 and 106.
• the coefficient of thermal expansion of ceramics is small, and the coefficient of thermal expansion of austenitic stainless steel is large. Therefore, when ceramic is used for the pipe 11 and austenitic stainless steel is used for the short pipes 103 and 104, and the pipe 11 and the short pipe 103.104 are directly joined, a large thermal stress is generated.
• the thermal expansion coefficient of the pipe 105.106 that is interposed between the pipe 11 and the short pipe 103.104 should be the middle of the thermal expansion coefficient of ceramic and austenitic stainless steel. Select.
• short pipe 10 Bonding between 3, 104 and tube 1D5, 106 and between tube 105, 106 and tube 11 are performed using silver or nickel brazing.
• the tube 106 is straight, but the tube 105 is corrugated and can expand and contract in the axial direction.
• the fluid is heated by the device 1, not only the device main body 1 but also the pipeline extends in the axial direction due to thermal expansion. Therefore, if the main unit 1 is assembled to the pipeline by flange connection, unexpected thermal stress may be generated in the weakest t, part of the main unit 1, and thermal expansion inside the main unit 1 may occur.
• a corrugated tube 106 for escape was installed. With this corrugated tube 106, it is also possible to absorb errors in the production of the pipeline and the device 1 in the axial and axial directions. Further, since the corrugated tube 106 is also bendable, it is possible to absorb a deviation in parallelism between the flanges 101 and 102.
• the laminated body 12 has a diameter D such that an annular gap Rs is formed between the outer peripheral surface and the inner peripheral surface of the pipe 11.
• the laminate 12 is inserted into the pipe 11 so that its axis coincides with the axis of the calendar 12, and is held by the holding member 12 1.
• the diameter D of the laminate 12 is determined by the amount of thermal expansion of the pipe 11 in the radial direction and the amount of thermal expansion of the laminate 12 in the radial direction when the fluid 107 is heated by the apparatus body 1. Is determined so as to have an annular gap Rs between the laminated body 12 and the pipe 11 that is equal to or larger than the thermal expansion difference between them.
• the holding member 1 2 1 is welded to the short pipe 1 D 4 on the inflow side A by welding or the like, and a metal bar 1 2 2 extending in the radial direction is laminated on the tip of the metal bar 1 2 2.
• It is composed of a nonmagnetic holding rod 123 fixed so as to coincide with the axis of the body 12.
• a holding rod 123 made of ceramics or the like, which is excellent in heat resistance and corrosion resistance, extends from the inflow side A to the outflow side B.
• Position 1 2 at the position relative to coil 11 and hold I have.
• Reference numeral 124 denotes a ring-shaped stopper, which is made of ceramic or the like having excellent non-magnetic properties, heat resistance, and corrosion resistance.
• This ring-shaped stopper 124 is fitted into the pipe 11 from the outflow side B of the fluid 107, and the thermal expansion of the laminated body 12 in the axial direction is formed between the ring-shaped stopper 12 and the laminated body 12. It is fixed with a gap Vs equal to or slightly less than the amount. Further, the ring-shaped stobber 124 is located on the laminate 12 across the annular gap Rs from the outflow side B in the radial direction, and is connected to the laminate 12 by thermal expansion of the laminate 12. At the same time, the annular gap Rs is closed from the discharge side B. If the ring stopper 12 24 is provided with a fitting portion 124 a into which the end of the laminated body 12 fits, as in the enlarged portion, the positioning of the stack 12 in the pipe 11 can be achieved. Easier to do.
• the fluid 107 flowing from the pipelines 13 1 and 13 2 into the inflow side A of the apparatus main body 1 flows into the calendar 12 and is heated and flows to the inflow side B, while the fluid 1 Part of 107 flows into the annular gap Rs directly from the inflow side A or from the seed layer body 12, passes through the annular gap Rs, and flows to the inflow side B.
• the stacked body 12 is engaged with the ring-shaped stopper 124 by the thermal expansion in the axial direction, thereby closing the outflow side B of the annular gap Rs, and the fluid 107 is directly moved to the outflow side B.
• the laminated body 12 thermally expands and engages with the ring-shaped stoppers 124 to close the annular gap Rs from the outflow side B. Since the fluid 107 flowing out into the annular gap Rs can flow into the laminated body 12, the fluid 107 can be uniformly heated by the laminated body 12.
• the distances L3 and L4 between the flanges 101 and 102 and the laminated body 12 are determined by the inner diameter of the pipe 11 If D is up to 10 cm, DX is 0.8 times or more, and if the inner diameter D of pipe 11 is 10 cm or more, if it is 8 cm or more, flanges 101 and 102 generate heat. No longer. Further, it is preferable that the distance 1 from the stack 12 to the tubes 105 and 106 and L 2 be 5 cm or more.
• Figure 6 shows the relationship between plate thickness and thermal efficiency.
• the thickness of the metal plate was changed around 50 micron ⁇ by making a heating experiment in the range of 20 to 40 KHz using an eyebrow with a diameter of 10 cm or 5 cm.
• the overall thermal efficiency was measured.
• the material of the metal plate was SUS447J1. According to the figure, when the temperature exceeds 30 micron, the rate of increase in thermal efficiency decreases rapidly, and at 30 micron and above, the thermal efficiency is almost constant at 90% or more.
• Figure 7 shows the relationship between frequency and thermal efficiency.
• the overall thermal efficiency was measured using a laminate with a diameter of 10 cm, a plate thickness of 50 microns, and a mountain-shaped height of 3 mm while changing the frequency.
• the material of the metal plate was SUS447J1. According to the figure, the thermal efficiency gradually decreases in the low frequency region, and rapidly decreases in the high frequency region. It can be seen that the range of 20 to 70 KHz is good for maintaining the thermal efficiency as high as about 90%. However, a practically usable range of a thermal efficiency of 70% or more is a range of 15 to 15 O KHz.
• Figure 8 shows the relationship between the mountain and thermal efficiency.
• the overall thermal efficiency was measured in a frequency range of 20 to 30 KH 2 using a laminate having a diameter of 10 cm and a metal plate having a thickness of 50 mixed with various peaks.
• Figure 9 shows the relationship between the mountain height and the heat transfer area in this case.
• Line A in the figure has the second metal plate, while line B in the diagram has the second metal plate omitted. From FIG. 8, it can be seen that a practically usable material having a thermal efficiency of 70% or more is 11 mm in height, and the heat transfer area per cubic centimeter from line A in FIG. 9 is 2.5. It is more than square centimeter.
• the peak height is 5 mm
• the heat transfer area per cubic centimeter is preferably 5 square centimeters or more.
• FIG. 10 shows the relationship between the mountain height and the water film thickness.
• the average water film thickness of a laminate having a diameter of 10 cm, a plate thickness of 50 microns, and waves having various peaks was examined.
• Line A in the figure has the second metal plate, while line B in the diagram has the second metal plate omitted.
• the water film thickness corresponding to a thermal efficiency of 70% or more shall be 4 mm or less (corresponding to 0.4 cubic centimeters of fluid to be heated per square centimeter of heat transfer area of the laminate).
• the water film thickness is 1 mm (product It is preferable that the heat transfer area of the layer body is equal to or less than 0.1 cubic centimeter of the amount of fluid to be heated per square centimeter).
• FIG. 11 (a) is a vertical sectional view
• FIG. 11 (b) is a horizontal sectional view
• the assembly 79 is formed by joining a large number of small-diameter pipe members 80 extending in the axial direction of the pipe 11 regularly and densely and joining them by welding or metal bonding.
• the space inside the material 8D and between the small-diameter pipe members 80 is used as a fluid flow path.
• the assembly 79 is inserted with the outer periphery of each small diameter pipe member 80 in contact with the inner peripheral surface of the pipe 11.
• a dispersing member 81 for diffusing the flow of the fluid from both ends of the pipe 11 is provided, and the rest has the same configuration as the apparatus main body 1 shown in FIG.
• the cross-section of the assembly 79 assembles the small-diameter pipe members 80 in a regular manner, and these members are not electrically independent, and have a structure that is particularly easy to conduct in the radial direction, the vortex due to electromagnetic induction The generation of electric current occurs over substantially the entire cross section of the assembly 12, and heat generation unevenness in the cross section of the assembly is reduced.
• the fluid After the fluid is evenly dispersed by the dispersion material 81, the fluid flows in the axial direction along a small flow path divided by each small-diameter pipe member 80 of the assembly 12. Only flows. Then, compared to the laminate 12 shown in FIG.
• a small-diameter pipe material 80 whose surface temperature is increased while the pressure loss of the fluid is small while the specific surface area per unit volume is small. Opportunities for the fluid to come into contact with the walls of the separated small flow path are obtained, and the catalytic reaction is promoted.
• a large number of plate members are assembled in place of each small-diameter pipe member 80 so that the cross section has a lattice shape, and the axial direction through which the fluid passes A plurality of small flow paths may be formed.
• an assembly 79 is composed of a large number of small-diameter pipe members 80 as shown in FIG. 11 without using a seed body 12 as shown in FIG. 2 in which metal plates are densely stacked. Then, even if the frequency is 150 kHz or more (150-200 kHz) and the heat transfer area per cubic centimeter of the fluid is 2.5 square centimeters or less, it can be used as a catalytic reactor. Practically available. That is, when the shape of the assembly changes, the frequency that can be input changes, and if a thin-walled vibe is used, heating can be performed even at 15 OKHz or more. Also, depending on the type of the catalyst metal and the reaction fluid, it may be better to have a large temperature difference ⁇ t. In this case, the heat transfer area is set to 2.5 square centimeters or less.
• FIG. 12 is a view showing a part of the catalytic reactor
• FIG. 13 is a structural view of a heat absorber.
• the device main body 40 of the catalytic reaction device shown in FIG. 12 has a heat absorber 41 housed in a pipe 48.
• the heat absorber 41 is provided with heat transfer tubes 44 welded or fixed with metal ⁇ to the peaks (or valleys) 43 of the metal plate 42 bent in a zigzag mountain shape. It has been established.
• As the metal plate 42 a material having high heat transfer coefficient and excellent corrosion resistance to fluid is selected.
• the catalyst particles 45 are applied, adhered, evaporated, pressed, or the like so as to have a substantially uniform distribution on the surface of 42. Further, a hole 46 is formed in the surface of the metal plate 42, and minute unevenness 47 such as satin finish or embossing is applied.
• the heat transfer tubes 44 are for flowing the cooling liquid, and are arranged in a bent state along the peaks (or valleys) 43.
• a predetermined coolant supplied to the heat transfer tube 44, the entire metal plate 42 becomes a substantially uniform heat absorber.
• To reduce the thermal gradient of the coolant in the heat transfer tubes 44 connect the lower bend of the heat transfer tubes 44 to the inlet pipe, and connect the upper bend of the heat transfer tubes 44 to the outlet. It can also be connected to the door.
• Such a metal plate 41 with the heat transfer tubes 44 may be formed in a pile or a metal plate as in the case of the first metal plate 31 where heat transfer tubes are provided instead of the second metal plate 32 in FIG.
• the small channels in the valleys are stacked so as to intersect with each other to form a stacked body 41. Then, it is stored in the pipe 48 as shown in FIG.
• the small flow path along the peak (or valley) 43 of the metal plate 42 in FIG. 13 intersects between the adjacent metal plates 42.
• the fluid is diffused in the thickness direction and the width direction of the laminated body because there is a hole 46 communicating the adjacent metal plates 42.
• the fluid that comes into contact with the metal plate 42 under substantially the same conditions causes substantially the same catalytic reaction in the catalyst particles, and the heat generated at that time is absorbed by the heat transfer tube 44 under substantially the same conditions.
• a substantially uniform catalytic reaction can be generated simply by passing the fluid through the catalytic reactor 40.
• a fuel cell system to which the catalytic reaction device or the catalytic reaction method of the first to third embodiments is applied will be described with reference to FIG.
• the system converts natural gas into hydrogen-rich gas and supplies hydrogen to the phosphoric acid-based fuel cell body. for that reason, Natural gas is passed through a desulfurizer-reformer-transformer in order to cause a predetermined catalytic reaction to reform it into hydrogen rich.
• a desulfurizer is used before the reformer.
• it is reacted with hydrogen at a temperature of 300 to 350 'under a C0-M0-based or Ni-M0-based catalyst, Sulfur compounds are converted to hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) and adsorbed on zinc oxide.
• the hydrogen rich gas from the reformer contains carbon monoxide, which is a catalyst poison for the phosphoric acid-based fuel cell body, the carbon monoxide and water vapor are reacted in the converter to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Change.
• a hot shift of 35 D to 370 ° C. was performed using an iron-chromium catalyst, and the remaining carbon monoxide was removed using a copper-zinc catalyst. 0 0 to 23 (This is to perform the cold shift of the TC. The hot shift and the cold shift are exothermic reactions.
• the processes of the desulfurizer-reformer-transformer-fuel cell body described above involve a catalytic reaction under heating or endotherm. Therefore, a catalyst reaction device of a multitubular heat exchanger type is usually used. Have a process. In the case of a multi-tube heat exchanger, indirect heating using a heat medium results in a complicated and large-sized system, a long startup time, and poor follow-up to load fluctuations.
• FIG. 1 This is a process in which a desulfurizer 51 and a steam generator 52 are connected in parallel, and a reformer 53, a first transformer 54, a second transformer 55, and a fuel cell body 56 are connected in series in this order. . Since the desulfurizer 51 heats natural gas as a raw material to 300 to 350 ° C. under a C0-Mo or Ni—M0 catalyst, the desulfurizer 51 is used. The catalytic reaction apparatus using electromagnetic induction heating shown in FIG. 1 is used for this. Since the steam generator 52 merely heats water, it is possible to use a metal plate shown in FIG.
• each catalytic reactor has a small size, a short start-up time, and a high follow-up ability to load fluctuations.
• the system as a whole can be remarkably reduced in size, the startup time can be shortened, and the tracking performance against load fluctuation can be pursued.
• FIG. 15 shows a process when a methanol reformer 57 is used. If the methanol reforming with steam, is used usually copper-based catalyst is carried out at 2 0 0-3 0 0 1 e C OK g / cm 2 or less low pressure conditions. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 15, the use of the catalytic reaction device of the present invention simplifies the process, and is particularly effective when the device is moved like a vehicle power supply. In the description of the above-described embodiment, the case of the catalytic reaction relating to the endothermic reaction or the exothermic reaction has been described. Equipment and catalytic reaction methods can be used.
• a preheater or a superheater is used to raise the exhaust gas to a predetermined temperature.
• the above-described exothermic type catalytic reactor can be used.
• the above-mentioned endothermic catalytic reaction device can be used as a cooler. That is, exothermic or endothermic does not mean only an exothermic reaction or an endothermic reaction, but the form of exotherm includes mere preheating and overheating, and the form of endothermic includes mere cooling.
• the catalytic reaction apparatus, catalytic reaction method, and laminate for catalytic reaction of the present invention are applicable not only to fuel reforming but also to various reactions performed at high temperatures in chemical blunting. It can be used in a wide range of fields, such as air pollution or environmental protection.

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• 1995
  • 1995-12-19 JP JP7349381A patent/JPH0947664A/ja active Pending
• 1996
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