WO1993025940A1 - Electrophotographic photoreceptor provided with light-receiving layer made of non-single crystal silicon and having columnar structure regions, and manufacturing method therefor - Google Patents
Electrophotographic photoreceptor provided with light-receiving layer made of non-single crystal silicon and having columnar structure regions, and manufacturing method therefor Download PDFInfo
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- WO1993025940A1 WO1993025940A1 PCT/JP1993/000824 JP9300824W WO9325940A1 WO 1993025940 A1 WO1993025940 A1 WO 1993025940A1 JP 9300824 W JP9300824 W JP 9300824W WO 9325940 A1 WO9325940 A1 WO 9325940A1
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- layer
- electrophotographic photoreceptor
- substrate
- columnar structure
- electrophotographic
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
- G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
- G03G5/08—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor characterised by the photoconductive material being inorganic
- G03G5/082—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor characterised by the photoconductive material being inorganic and not being incorporated in a bonding material, e.g. vacuum deposited
- G03G5/08214—Silicon-based
- G03G5/08278—Depositing methods
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
- G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
- G03G5/08—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor characterised by the photoconductive material being inorganic
- G03G5/082—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor characterised by the photoconductive material being inorganic and not being incorporated in a bonding material, e.g. vacuum deposited
- G03G5/08214—Silicon-based
Definitions
- Electrophotographic photoreceptor having photoreceptive layer composed of non-single-crystal silicon having columnar structure region and method of manufacturing the same
- the present invention relates to an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a light receiving layer formed of a non-single-crystal silicon having a columnar structure region on a substrate, and a method of manufacturing the same.
- the material constituting the photoconductive layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor must have high sensitivity, a high S / N ratio, and have absorption spectrum characteristics suitable for the spectrum characteristics of the electromagnetic wave to be irradiated. Properties such as high speed, high dark resistance, excellent mechanical durability, and no pollution to the human body during use are required.
- An electrophotographic photoreceptor using a hydrogenated amorphous silicon, which is a material having these various properties, as a photoconductive layer is described in, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 54-86641. Electrophotographic photoreceptors using such amorphous silicon for the photoconductive layer are currently in practical use.
- JP-A-56-62254 and JP-A-57-119356 show that a hydrogenated amorphous silicon containing a carbon atom is used for an electrophotographic photosensitive member.
- a technology for improving electrophotographic characteristics by using the technology has been disclosed.
- a film forming method for forming an amorphous silicon film constituting such an electrophotographic photoreceptor there are a sputtering method, a method of decomposing a source gas by heat (thermal CVD method), A method of decomposing a source gas by light (photo CVD method) and a method of decomposing a source gas by plasma (plasma CVD method) have been proposed.
- thermal CVD method thermo chemical vapor deposition
- photo CVD method A method of decomposing a source gas by light
- plasma CVD method a method of decomposing a source gas by plasma
- the plasma C.VD method is currently used widely, and various apparatuses have been proposed.
- Microwaves in such a plasma CVD method The so-called micro-wave plasma CVD method using glow discharge decomposition has attracted attention in the industry.
- Microwave plasma CVD has the advantages of higher deposition rate and higher source gas utilization efficiency than other methods.
- An example of a micro-wave plasma CVD technology that takes advantage of these advantages is described in US Pat. No. 4,504,518.
- the technique described in this specification is to obtain a high-quality deposited film at a high deposition rate by a microwave plasma CVD method under a low pressure of 0.1 T0 rr or less.
- an electrode (bias electrode) for controlling a plasma potential is provided in a discharge space, and a desired voltage is applied to the bias electrode to deposit a deposited film.
- a technique for improving the characteristics of a deposited film by forming a deposited film while controlling ion bombardment of the deposited film is disclosed.
- a method of manufacturing an electrophotographic photosensitive member based on such a microwave plasma CVD technique is described in US Pat. No. 5,129,359.
- the method of manufacturing an electrophotographic photoreceptor described in US Pat. No. 5,129,359 is, for example, a longitudinal sectional view of FIG. 6 (A) and a cross-sectional view of FIG. 6 (B). This is performed by a deposited film forming apparatus shown in a plan view.
- reference numeral 61 denotes a reaction vessel, which has a vacuum tight structure.
- 602 is made of a material (for example, quartz glass, aluminum ceramics, etc.) capable of efficiently transmitting the microwave power into the reaction vessel 601 and maintaining vacuum tightness.
- Numeral 603 denotes a waveguide for transmitting microwave power, which comprises a rectangular portion from the microwave power source to the vicinity of the reaction vessel and a cylindrical portion inserted into the reaction vessel.
- the waveguide 603 is connected to a microwave power supply (not shown) via a stub tuner (not shown) and an isolator (not shown).
- 604 indicates an exhaust pipe. One end of the exhaust pipe opens into the reaction vessel 601, and the other end communicates with an exhaust device (not shown).
- Reference numeral 606 denotes a discharge space surrounded by the substrate 605.
- the power supply 6 11 indicates a DC power supply (bias power supply) for applying a DC voltage to the bias electrode 6 12.
- a conventional electrophotographic photosensitive member is manufactured by the film forming apparatus having the above-described configuration in the following manner. First, it evacuated reaction vessel 6 0 1 via the I Ri exhaust pipe 6 0 4 to a vacuum pump (not shown), adjusting the reaction vessel 6 0 1 to less pressure 1 x 1 0- 7 T orr I do. Next, the substrate 605 is heated and maintained at a temperature of about 200 ° C. to about 300 ° C. by the heater 607. Therefore, a source gas such as silane gas, hydrogen gas, or the like is introduced into the reaction vessel 61 through a gas introduction means (not shown).
- a source gas such as silane gas, hydrogen gas, or the like is introduced into the reaction vessel 61 through a gas introduction means (not shown).
- a microwave with a frequency of 2.45 GHz is generated by the microwave power source 608 and reacts via the waveguide 603 and the dielectric window 602. Introduced into container 60 1. Further, a bias voltage is applied to the substrate 605 via the bias electrode 612 from the bias power supply 611 connected to the bias electrode 612 in the discharge space 606. Thus, in the discharge space 606 surrounded by the substrate 605, the source gas is excited and dissociated by the energy of the microwave, and furthermore, the source gas is dissociated from the bias electrode 611 and the substrate 605.
- the deposited film is formed on the surface of the substrate 605 while constantly receiving ion bombardment on the substrate 605 by the electric field therebetween. During this film formation, the substrate 605 is rotated by rotating the rotating shaft 609 by the motor 610.
- the resolution of a copied image is determined not only by the characteristics of the electrophotographic photoreceptor used, but also by processes such as development and fixing. In response to the development of these processes, such as the recent development of fine particles of toner, the electrophotographic photoreceptor is also required to have a resolution exceeding the conventional characteristics.
- the non-single-crystal silicon carbide photoconductive layer contains a very small amount (1 to 95 atomic ppm) of fluorine atoms and further controls the content of oxygen atoms so that the inside of the photoconductive layer can be controlled.
- a light-receiving member that effectively reduces the distortion of the image, suppresses the occurrence of “pocks,” “cracks,” and “ghosts” in the copied image, and also suppresses the occurrence of “spherical protrusions” on the surface of the light-receiving portion layer. It is on the climb.
- This technology is intended to reduce the number of spherical protrusions on the surface of the light receiving layer of the light receiving member, thereby stabilizing and improving copy image quality.
- the present inventors Using this light-receiving member, an original including halftone was continuously copied at a high speed of 50 sheets or more at high speed over a long period of time. As a result, unevenness in sensitivity and reduction in resolution were observed. This is considered to be caused by the spherical protrusion on the surface of the light receiving member.
- Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Nos. Sho 62-84695 and Sho 62-188665 disclose a method for polishing the surface of an electrophotographic photoreceptor so that the thickness of the photoreceptor becomes uneven. Has been disclosed. However, in these publications, the relationship between image defects and surface polishing is not mentioned, and even when high-speed copying is demanded today, high-resolution and high-sensitivity copying can be performed even when the layer thickness unevenness is controlled. It is very difficult to obtain a stable image.
- a main object of the present invention is to provide an improved electrophotographic photoreceptor which does not have the above-described problems such as the occurrence of sensitivity unevenness and a decrease in resolution in a conventional electrophotographic photoreceptor.
- Another object of the present invention is an electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising: a base for an electrophotographic photoreceptor; and a light-receiving layer formed of a non-single-crystal material containing silicon atoms provided on the base.
- the light-receiving layer has a columnar structure region substantially parallel to the layer thickness direction of the layer, based on the nucleus located inside the layer, from 5 / cm 2 to 500 cm 2
- An object of the present invention is to provide an electrophotographic photoreceptor characterized by having an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a density of not less than 1.
- Still another object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing the improved electrophotographic photosensitive member stably with good yield or at low cost by a microwave plasma CVD method.
- the present inventors have solved the above-mentioned problems of the conventional electrophotographic photoreceptor, and have achieved a columnar structure inside a non-single-crystal material (amorphous silicon) constituting a photosensitive layer in order to achieve the above object.
- the area was actively formed and examined.
- the present inventors have summarized that (1) inside a layer formed of a non-single-crystal material formed on a substrate, a region having a columnar structure substantially parallel to the layer thickness direction of the layer.
- the area of the columnar structure does not flow a charge in a direction perpendicular to the layer thickness direction of the layer made of the non-single-crystal material, thereby improving the resolution; (2) the columnar structure; Depending on the area of the structure, the reflection of incident light from the surface of the photoreceptor, the reflection from the interface of the stacked deposited film, or the reflection from the surface of the substrate is dispersed, so that uneven reflection is reduced. To reduce the difference in the amount of water absorbed). ⁇ The present invention has been completed based on the above findings obtained by the present inventors. You. The gist of the present invention is as described below.
- an electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention comprises: a base for an electrophotographic photoreceptor; and a photoreceptive layer provided on the base and formed of a non-single-crystal material containing a silicon atom.
- the light-receiving layer has a region of a columnar structure substantially parallel to the layer thickness direction of the layer starting from a nucleus located inside the layer, and 5 Zcm 2 to 500 regions. It has a density of Z cm 2 .
- the present invention includes a method of manufacturing the electrophotographic photoreceptor having the above configuration.
- a gas containing a silicon atom is introduced into a reaction vessel that can be depressurized, and microwave energy is supplied to the gas, so that the gas is discharged into a discharge space in the reaction vessel.
- a method for producing an electrophotographic photoreceptor by generating plasma and forming a light receiving layer composed of a non-single-crystal material containing silicon atoms on a substrate disposed in the reaction vessel comprising: i) forming a part of the light receiving layer, (ii) stably adhering a plurality of nuclei serving as starting points for forming a columnar structure region to the surface of the formed layer, (iii) said nuclei on the deposited layer surface subjected to steps (i), 5 pieces Z cm 2 to a region of substantially parallel columnar structures in a layer thickness way direction of said layer a plurality of nucleus as a starting point It is characterized in that it is formed at a density of 500 Z cm 2 .
- a plurality of regions having a columnar structure substantially parallel to the layer thickness direction of the layer are arranged inside a layer made of a non-single-crystal material.
- the region of the columnar structure suppresses the flow of electric charges in the direction perpendicular to the thickness direction of the layer made of the non-single-crystal material, thereby eliminating image flow and improving resolution.
- the reflection of the incident light from the surface of the photoconductor, the reflection from the interface of the stacked deposited film, or the reflection from the surface of the base is dispersed by the columnar structure region. This reduces reflection non-uniformity (ie, reduces the difference in light absorption) and consequently reduces sensitivity non-uniformity.
- the improved electrophotographic photoreceptor can be manufactured stably with good yield and at low cost.
- the present inventors have concluded that most of current electrophotographic photoreceptors are configured by laminating a plurality of layers having different functions such as a charge generation function, a charge transport function, a surface protection function, and a charge injection prevention function on a substrate.
- the following findings were obtained. That is, since a plurality of stacked layers have slightly different refractive indices, incident light is reflected at the interface between the layers. In addition to this reflection, reflection from the photoreceptor surface and reflection from the substrate surface also occur. All of these reflected lights interfere with each other due to the difference in their path lengths, and strengthen or cancel each other. Even if the film quality is the same, the light path length varies depending on the photoconductor due to the difference in the layer thickness and the incident angle of light. Depends on body position. This causes uneven reflection and causes unevenness in the sensitivity of the photoconductor.
- the cause of the reduction in resolution of the electrophotographic photoreceptor was examined. However, depending on the electric charge generated in the photosensitive layer at the time of exposure, the electric charge remaining in the unexposed portion causes a flow in the horizontal direction (that is, a flow in a direction perpendicular to the layer thickness direction). This causes a decrease in resolution.
- a deposited film (photoreceptive layer) is formed on the surface of the A1 substrate, and the photoreceptor is formed. Obtained. The deposited film was observed by SEM. Using the obtained photoreceptor, an image was formed, and the electrophotographic characteristics were examined.
- FIGS. 2 (A) and 2 (B) The apparatus shown in FIGS. 2 (A) and 2 (B) was used as a film forming apparatus.
- the equipment shown in FIGS. 2 (A) and 2 (B) is the same as the equipment shown in FIGS. 6 (A) and 6 (B) above, except as noted below.
- Configuration That is, a point where the inlet port 21 13 is provided as a nucleus inlet serving as a starting point of the region of the columnar structure, and a mechanism that revolves in addition to the base body 205 rotation are provided. This is different from the device shown in Figs. 6 (A) and 6 (B).
- reference numeral 201 denotes a reaction vessel
- 202 denotes a microwave power efficiently transmitted into the reaction vessel 201, and is vacuum-tight.
- Microwave introducing dielectric window made of aluminum cer- amic that can hold microwave and 203 is a waveguide for transmitting microwave power.
- the waveguide 203 is connected to a microwave power supply (not shown) via a stub tuner (not shown) and an isolator (not shown).
- 204 is an exhaust pipe having one end opened into the reaction vessel 201 and the other end communicating with an exhaust device (not shown), and 206 is a discharge surrounded by the substrate 205.
- the space 2 1 1 is a DC power supply (bias power supply) for applying a DC voltage to the bias electrode 2 1 2.
- Numeral 214 denotes a seal member
- numeral 216 denotes a revolution plate
- numeral 215 denotes a motor for rotating the revolution plate 216.
- the formation of the light receiving layer was performed as follows. .
- the reaction vessel 2 0 1 of the substrate 2 0 5 made A 1 is disposed is evacuated through the exhaust pipe 2 0 4, the reaction vessel 2 0 1 1 1 0 7 chome 0 1-1
- the heater 205 was energized to heat the substrate 205 to a temperature of 25 ° C.
- the substrate 205 ′ was rotated by the motor 210.
- the substrate 205 was revolved by the motor 215.
- the Si powder having an average particle diameter of 10 zm was reacted with Ar gas at a pressure of 2 ⁇ 10 4 Pa and a flow rate of 100 sccm via the inlet 2 13 for 2 minutes.
- the powder was introduced into a container 201 and sprayed with Si powder on the surface of the substrate 205. Then, through the gas introducing means (not shown), S i H 4 gas, respectively H e gas, CH 4 gas, the S i F 4 gas, 3 5 0 sccm, l OO sccm, 5 0 sccm, 1 sccm was introduced into the reaction vessel 201 at a flow rate of, and the inside of the reaction vessel 201 was adjusted to a pressure of 4.OmTorr. At this point, a microwave with a frequency of 2.45 GHz and a frequency of 1000 W was introduced into the reaction vessel 201 via the waveguide 203 by the microwave power supply 208.
- a bias voltage of 70 V was applied to the bias electrodes 2 12.
- the above-described film forming source gas is excited by the microwave energy and dissociated, and the bias electrode 211 and the substrate 210 are dissociated.
- the amorphous silicon carbide film (a-SiC: H: F) containing hydrogen and fluorine on the substrate 205 is continuously irradiated with an ion bombardment by an electric field of 0.5 m. Formed in thickness.
- the amorphous silicon carbide film thus obtained was cut out from a part of the A1 substrate 205 to prepare a sample for SEM observation, and SEM observation was performed.
- the polishing device shown in Fig. 3 is a type in which an electrophotographic photosensitive member is mounted on a shaft, rotated, and a polishing tape is pressed against the surface of the rotating electrophotographic photosensitive member to perform polishing. . Polishing was performed as follows.
- the polishing unit 302 in the main body 301 of the polishing apparatus is raised and fixed by the clamp 303, and then the electrophotographic photosensitive member 305 is combined with the support base 304 to form the shaft 300. Fixed to 6. Then clamp 3 0 3 The polishing unit 302 was lowered, and the polishing tape 308 was pressed against the electrophotographic photosensitive member 305 by a pressure roller 307.
- the polishing tape 308 a tape obtained by applying silicon carbide powder having an average particle diameter of 8 / m on a polyester film was used.
- the pressing roller 307 used had a surface coated with urethane rubber (JIS hardness: 80).
- the pressure difference panel 309 was adjusted, and the pressure for pressing the polishing tape 308 to the electrophotographic photosensitive member 305 via the pressure roller 307 was applied to the linear pressure of 40 gZ cm.
- the width (hereinafter abbreviated as “two-width”) was 0.5 mm.
- polishing was performed by rotating the motors 310 and 311 whose rotation speeds were variable. Polishing was performed for 5 minutes at a feed rate of the polishing tape 308 of 10 mm min and a rotation speed of the electrophotographic photosensitive member 350 as a member to be polished of 300 mm / sec.
- the photoreceptor thus obtained was mounted on a copier modified from an NP933 copier manufactured by Canon Inc. for experimentation to form an image.
- the manuscript could be copied, but as the copying was repeated, the state of the copied image suddenly deteriorated, making it impossible to recognize the characters on the manuscript.
- the characteristics of the photoreceptor created here are very poor because the adsorption of Si nuclei on the A1 substrate is not stable, and as a result, the deposited film formed on the Si nuclei This is probably because a crack was formed in the steel.
- the Si nucleus was sprayed on the A 1 substrate after slightly depositing ⁇ on the A 1 substrate. That is, the step of dispersing the Si nuclei on the A1 substrate in Experiment 1 was performed in the same manner as in Experiment 1, except that a step of slightly depositing a deposited film on the A1 substrate was performed. Specifically, the procedure was as follows. After evacuation of the inside of the reaction vessel 2.01, the A1 substrate 205 was heated to and maintained at a temperature of 250 ° C. Was.
- amorphous silicon carbide film (a-SiC: H: F) containing hydrogen and fluorine was formed on the substrate 205 with a thickness of 5 // m.
- the power of the microwave power supply 205 was turned off, and the supply of the source gas was stopped.
- the Si powder having an average particle diameter of 10 m was pressed for 2 minutes from the inlet 2 13 together with the pressure 2 X 10 4 Pa and the flow rate 1 0 0 8 (: (::: Into the reaction vessel 201 and sprayed Si powder on a 5 Aim thick amorphous silicon carbide film (a-SiC: H: F).
- the Si powder serving as the nucleus was charged beforehand.
- the Si nuclei were adsorbed on the amorphous silicon carbide film (a-SiC: H: F) using the electric field of both the Si powder and the substrate.
- the film forming operation in this experiment was performed using an improved apparatus for forming a deposited film shown in FIGS. 2 (A) and 2 (B). Specifically, a charger composed of a 0.5 mm diameter tungsten wire is placed in the middle of the inlet port 2 13 and corona discharge is generated by applying a DC voltage to this charger to generate S i The powder was charged.
- a DC bias voltage can be applied to the substrate 205.
- the dispersion of Si nuclei in Experiment 2 was performed by charging the Si particles with a charger and applying a bias voltage to the A1 substrate 205 to use the electric field generated between them.
- the experiment was performed in the same manner as in Experiment 2 except that the experiment was performed. Specifically, we went as follows. After evacuating the inside of the reaction vessel 201 under reduced pressure, the A 1 substrate 2 was heated and maintained at a temperature of 250 ° C.
- amorphous silicon carbide film (a-SiC: H: F) containing hydrogen and fluorine and having a thickness of 5 im is formed on the A1 substrate 205.
- the power of the microwave power supply 205 was turned off, and the supply of the above-mentioned film forming material gas was stopped.
- a DC voltage of 5 kV was applied to a charger provided near the inlet 213 to generate corona discharge to charge the Si powder, and the A1 substrate 205 was charged with -10.
- the Si powder was introduced from the inlet 2 13 together with Ar gas at a pressure of 2 ⁇ 10 4 Pa and a flow rate of 1 000 sccm over a period of 2 minutes.
- FIG. 1 (A) a plurality of electrophotographic photoreceptors having the configuration shown in FIG. 1 (A) were prepared.
- 102 is a substrate
- 04 is a function as a photoconductive layer composed of a non-single crystal (amorphous, microcrystalline, or polycrystalline) having a silicon atom as a base. It is a layer which has.
- 103 is a charge injection blocking layer, and 105 is a surface protective layer.
- 11 denotes a columnar structure, and 11 denotes a core of the columnar structure.
- the deposited film was formed using the apparatus used in Experiment 3 as follows. After evacuating the inside of the reaction vessel 201 under reduced pressure, the A1 base 205 was heated and maintained at a temperature of 250 ° C. A 1 Substrate 205 rotates and revolves, and S i H 4 gas; He gas, B 2 H 6 gas, and N 0 gas are used as the source gases for film formation, respectively, at 350 sccm, l OOO ppm, 1 It was introduced into the reaction vessel 201 at a flow rate of 0 sccm, and the inside of the reaction vessel 201 was adjusted to a pressure of 4.OmTorr. At this point, a microwave with a frequency of 2.45 GHz and 1000 W.
- the microwave power supply 205 After being introduced into 201 and forming an a-SiC: H: F film of 5 ⁇ m, the microwave power supply 205 is turned off, and The supply of the source gas for film formation was stopped. In each case, next, a 5 kV DC voltage was applied to the charger provided near the inlet port 21 13 to generate corona discharge and charge the Si powder, and the A 1 substrate 205 While applying a DC voltage of 100 V, the Si powder was introduced together with Ar gas at a pressure of 2 ⁇ 10 4 Pa and a flow rate of 800 sccm, and a different introduction time from the introduction port 2 13, That is, it was introduced into the reaction vessel 201 for 10 seconds to 5 minutes.
- each of the obtained photoconductors was polished in the same manner as in Experiment 2 using the polishing apparatus shown in FIG.
- Each of the obtained photoreceptors was mounted on a copier modified from an NP933 copier manufactured by Canon Inc. for experimentation, and image formation and evaluation were performed.
- the evaluation results obtained are summarized in Table 2.
- Each evaluation item shown in Table 2 was evaluated according to the following evaluation criteria.
- the photoreceptor surface was divided into nine regions so as to correspond to three equal surfaces in the axial direction and three equal surfaces in the circumferential direction, and the average image density of each region was compared and evaluated.
- An electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention includes: a base for an electrophotographic photoreceptor; and a light receiving layer made of a non-single-crystal material containing a silicon atom provided on the base.
- the light-receiving layer has regions of a columnar structure substantially parallel to the thickness direction of the layer starting from a plurality of nuclei located inside the layer and having a size of 5 / cm 2 to 500 It is characterized by having a density of Z cm 2 .
- a gas containing a silicon atom is introduced into a reaction vessel that can be depressurized, and microwave energy is supplied to the gas, so that the gas is discharged into a discharge space in the reaction vessel.
- a region having a columnar structure substantially parallel to the long direction is formed at a density of 5 / cm 2 to 500 cm 2 .
- FIG. 1 (A) is a diagram schematically showing a cross section of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention.
- 102 is a substrate
- 104 is a photoconductive layer composed of a non-single crystal (amorphous, microcrystalline, or polycrystalline) having a silicon atom as a base. It is a layer having a function.
- 1 10 indicates a columnar structure region
- 1 1 1 indicates a columnar structure nucleus.
- 103 indicates a charge injection blocking layer
- 105 indicates a surface protective layer.
- the charge injection blocking layer 103 and the surface protection layer 105 are not always required, and can be appropriately provided according to the characteristics of the electrophotographic photosensitive member to be obtained.
- FIG. 1 (F) is a diagram showing how light travels when light is incident on a photoconductive layer 104 made of a non-single crystal mainly composed of silicon atoms.
- the columnar structure region 110 and the columnar structure nucleus 111 form an interface in the non-single-crystal layer 104.
- the incident light is repeatedly reflected at the interface between the two, and for example, the refractive index of ⁇ 6 Generates reflected light. Since the reflected lights R 1 to R 6 have different path lengths, they interfere with each other and strengthen or cancel each other, but the presence of the columnar structure region 110 increases the chance of light reflection. This disperses the reflection of the reflected light so that the light does not reinforce or cancel out at a particular location.
- the lateral flow caused by the electric charge generated in the photoconductive layer at the time of exposure being attracted by the electric field of the electric charge remaining in the non-exposed portion causes the columnar structure region '110 to exist. Can be stopped by To
- a non-single crystal 104 having a silicon atom as a base is, for example, 104 ( ⁇ ), 104 ( ⁇ ), A plurality of layers such as 104 (C) can be stacked. Further, as shown in FIG. 1 (C), each of the 103 layer and the 105 layer can be formed by laminating a plurality of different layers.
- Each of the 103 layer and the 105 layer may be, for example, a light absorbing layer for preventing light reflection from the substrate, a charge transporting layer for transporting charges, or a charge generating layer for generating charges, in addition to the above. Functions and the like can be provided.
- the 103 layer serves as a light absorption layer and / or a charge injection blocking layer
- the 105 layer serves as a charge generation layer and / or a surface layer.
- Each of the 103 layer and the 105 layer has a silicon atom as a base material and contains one or more selected from carbon, germanium, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, fluorine, boron, and phosphorus. And non-single-crystal materials including polycrystalline materials.
- the shape of the columnar structure region is preferably a circular shape, an elliptical shape, or a shape similar to a shape in which they are overlapped, when cut horizontally with respect to the photoreceptor surface.
- the cross-sectional shape when cut perpendicular to the photoreceptor surface is preferably rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal, or a combination thereof.
- the size of the columnar structure region is preferably 1 m or more and 300 m or less, more preferably 5 zm or more and 100 // m or less as viewed from the photoreceptor surface side. If it is smaller than this, the effect of the present invention cannot be seen, while if it is larger, the desired electrophotographic properties cannot be exhibited. Density of the columnar structure, the diameter (or major axis) 5 ⁇ M above, 1.0 0 following are 1 cm 2 per 5 or more, 5 0 0 or less, preferred properly 1 0 or more, 3 0 0 or less Optimally, the number is 10 or more and 100 or less. If the density of the columnar structure is lower than these ranges, the effect of the present invention cannot be obtained.
- the nucleus that is the starting point for the generation of the columnar structure region may be any small particle
- crystalline powders such as single crystals and polycrystals containing silicon atoms are particularly preferred.
- non-single crystal powders can also be used
- the starting position of the columnar structure region is optimally 1 m or more, more preferably 3 / zm or more, upward in the layer thickness direction from the lower interface position of the light receiving layer forming the columnar structure region. Is set at 5 m or more.
- a rare gas such as hemisphere, neon, argon, or the like is used.
- Hydrogen gas or a source gas such as silane gas or methane gas is introduced into the reaction vessel and dispersed on the deposited film, and becomes a nucleus on the deposited film by using the electric field of both the substrate and the charged powder.
- a method of attaching the particles is exemplified.
- a method for charging the core particles a method for giving a charge by means such as corona discharge, spark discharge or glow discharge can be exemplified as a desirable method.
- corona discharge for example, a DC voltage of 4 to 8 kV is applied to a charger consisting of a charged wire such as stainless wire or tungsten wire with a diameter of about 0.1 to 0.5 mm, Discharge can be generated.
- the flow rate and blowing pressure of the gas introduced into the reaction vessel together with the core particles vary depending on the size and amount of the powder particles, the area of the target membrane, the spraying time, and the like.
- the flow rate of the gas was 1 0 0 scc rn ⁇ l 0 O slm , preferably a pressure to 1 0 4 Pa ⁇ 1 0 5 P a.
- the intensity of the electric field is preferably set to 1 V / cm to 100 VZcm.
- the non-single-crystal layer 104 containing silicon atoms in the present invention contains not less than 2.0 atomic% and not more than 25 atomic% of carbon atoms with respect to silicon atoms, and further contains fluorine atoms with respect to silicon atoms. Is preferably contained in a content of 2 ppm or more and 90 ppm or less.
- a fluoride such as silicon tetrafluoride (SiF 4 ), (C FJ) or a mixture thereof is used. Gas.
- carbon is contained in the 104 layers, it is contained in an amount of 2 atom% or more and 20 atom% or less, optimally 3 atom% or more and 10 atom% or less based on the amount of silicon atoms in the 104 layer. It is preferable.
- the amount of silicon atoms in the 104 layers should be 2 ppm or more and 90 ppm or less, optimally 3 ppm or more and 80 ppm or less. It is desirable to include it.
- the thickness of the 104 layers is preferably 30% or more and 100% or less, more preferably 50% or more and 100% or less of the total thickness of the deposited film on the substrate. .
- a 104 layer when a 104 layer is formed by a microwave plasma CVD method, it is effective to form a layer while applying a bias voltage in a discharge space, and at least to a substrate.
- An electric field is preferably applied in the direction in which the cations collide.
- the effect of the present invention is significantly reduced.However, when a bias voltage is applied, the voltage of the DC component is set to IV or more, 500 V or less, preferably 5 V or more, It is desirable to set it to 100 V or less.
- the method of forming the 103 layer and the 105 layer can be appropriately selected and used, such as vacuum deposition, sputtering, thermal CVD, and plasma CVD.
- the base material examples include stainless steel, metals such as A 1, Cr, M 0, .Au, In, Nb, Te, V, Ti, Pt, 'Pd, Fe, etc. Alloys or synthetic resins such as polycarbonates whose surfaces are conductively treated, glass, ceramics, paper and the like can be used.
- the shape of the substrate may be arbitrary, but a cylindrical one is most suitable for a method of forming a deposited film that surrounds a discharge space with a plurality of substrates.
- the size of the substrate is not particularly limited, but practically, the diameter is preferably 20 mm or more and 500 mm or less, and the length is preferably 10 mm or more and 100 mm or less.
- the distance between the substrates is preferably lmm or more and 50 mm or less.
- the number of substrates is not particularly limited as long as a discharge space can be formed, but is preferably 3 or more, more preferably 4 or more.
- the non-single-crystal layer containing a silicon atom is particularly preferably an amorphous silicon containing hydrogen or an amorphous material mainly containing silicon containing another atom.
- the total thickness of the deposited film deposited on the substrate is at least 5 m and at most 100 zm, more preferably at least 10 zm and at most 70 m, most preferably at most 1 m. 5 m or more and 50 m or less are desirable.
- a plasma CVD method is particularly desirable. In the case of the plasma CVD method, a DC discharge method, an RF discharge method, a micro-wave discharge method, or the like can be used, but a discharge method using a micro-wave is particularly preferable.
- a base is provided so as to surround the discharge space as shown in Figs. 2 (A) and 2 (B), and at least a waveguide is provided from one end of the base. Therefore, a method of introducing a microwave into the discharge space is desirable.
- the microphone filtering alumina as a material of the dielectric window for the introduction (A 1 2 0 3), aluminum nitride (A 1 N), nitride ball b down (BN), silicon nitride (S i N), silicon carbide (S i C), oxidation silicofluoride-containing (S i 0 2), base oxide Li Li um (B e 0), Teflon, less material loss of poly styrene emissions such as microwave is commonly used Is done.
- the pressure in the discharge space during the formation of the deposited film when DC power or RF power is used as discharge power, is not less than 100 mT orr, not more than 5 T orr, preferably not less than 200 mT orr, 2 Torr or less is preferable.
- a pressure of 0.5 mTorr or more and 10 OmTorr or less, preferably 1 mT0 rr or more and 50 mTorr or less is considered in consideration of discharge stability and uniformity of a deposited film. Desirable.
- Substrate temperature during the deposition film formation may take the 5 0 0 ° C or less, especially in the range 1 5 0 ° C or higher, the following 4 5 0, preferred properly is 2 0 0 ° More than C, less than 400 ° C, optimally more than 230 ° C, less than 350 ° C.
- the heating method of the substrate may be a heating element having a vacuum specification, and more specifically, an electric resistance heating element such as a wound heater of a sheath heater, a plate heater, a ceramic heater, or a halogen lamp. And a heat radiation lamp heating element such as a lamp or an infrared lamp, and a heating element using a liquid or a gas as a heating medium and a heat exchange means.
- a heating element having a vacuum specification and more specifically, an electric resistance heating element such as a wound heater of a sheath heater, a plate heater, a ceramic heater, or a halogen lamp.
- a heat radiation lamp heating element such as a lamp or an infrared lamp
- a heating element using a liquid or a gas as a heating medium and a heat exchange means.
- the surface material of the heating means metals such as stainless steel, nickel, aluminum, and copper, ceramics, and heat-resistant polymer resins can be used.
- a method may be used in which a
- microwave power is used as discharge power, especially when the power is 20 W or more and 2 kW or less, preferably 50 W or more and 1 kW or less.
- the value be 100 W or more and 100 kW or less, preferably 500 W or more and 2 kW or less.
- a polishing tape coated with an abrasive is used. The effect is particularly large when used.
- Suitable abrasive silicas (S i 0 2), alumina (A 1 2 0 3), iron oxide (F e 2 0 3), silicon carbide (S i C), carbon nitride (C 3 N 4), There are fine powders such as cerium oxide (Ce0).
- Ce0 cerium oxide
- the average particle size of the abrasive if the average particle size is too small, the polishing rate will decrease, causing a substantial increase in the polishing time. If the average particle size is too large, the polishing rate will be extremely high, and other than the intended columnar structure Will also be affected. Specifically, it is desirable that the value be l ⁇ m or more and 20 / zm or less.
- the base material on which the fine powder of the abrasive is applied may be any film-shaped base material, such as polyamide, polyester, poly, tan, polyurea, polyolefin, polyolefin.
- Organic polymers such as styrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl fluoride, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyvinylidene cyanide; metal thin films such as stainless steel; paper, etc. .
- organic polymer films are most suitable because they are lightweight and strong, are inexpensive, can be mass-produced, and are resistant to environmental changes.
- any material may be used as the pressure contact roller used in the polishing apparatus.
- the pressure contact roller is harder than necessary, scratches due to the polishing tape will be generated on the electrophotographic photosensitive member as the member to be polished.
- the pressing pressure is not transmitted to the polishing tape, which substantially lowers the polishing rate. Therefore, for example, a material whose surface is coated with a material such as silicon rubber or urethane is desirable.
- a press-contact member curved in a convex shape may be used instead of the press-contact opening.
- a method using an abrasive dispersed in a solvent is also effective.
- fine powders such as Pem (CeO). If the average particle size of the abrasive is too small, the polishing rate will decrease, causing a substantial increase in the polishing time.If the average particle size is too large, the polishing rate will be extremely high, and the desired columnar shape will occur. It affect
- any liquid may be used as long as the abrasive can be dispersed, but water is particularly preferable because of easy handling. It is desirable that the concentration of the abrasive be 5% or more and 50% or less in terms of the deposition ratio in order to optimize fluidity and polishing rate.
- the member for holding the solution in which the abrasive is dispersed may be any member as long as it can hold the solution, but in practice, a fibrous material such as cloth or paper is desirable.
- the shape of the holding member may be any shape, and examples thereof include a roller, a flat shape, and a shape having a curved surface surrounding a cylindrical electrophotographic photosensitive member.
- the nip width is preferably 0.1 mm or more and 100 mm or less.
- the pressing pressure is preferably 1 g / cm 2 or more and 100 g / cm 2 or less.
- the rotation speed of the electrophotographic photoreceptor to be polished is not less than I mmZ sec and not more than 100 mm / sec.
- a polishing time of 10 seconds or more and 60 minutes or less, preferably 1 minute or more and 10 minutes or less is suitable for carrying out the present invention. It is desirable that the cross-sectional structure of the deposited film be observed using an optical microscope or an electron microscope after performing a puff polishing or the like on the cut surface of the photoreceptor as necessary.
- Example 1 the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention and the method for producing the same will be described more specifically with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited to these examples.
- Example 1 the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention and the method for producing the same will be described more specifically with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited to these examples.
- a plurality of types of amorphous silicon-based electrophotographic photosensitive members having a three-layer structure shown in FIG. 1 (A) were produced.
- Each electrophotographic photoreceptor was produced in the same manner as in Experiment 4, except that the conditions for forming the photoconductive layer 104 were partially changed as described below. That is, in each case, only one point is shown in Table 1 for the flow rate of CH 4 during the formation of the 104 layer. pressure 2.
- White spots The evaluation was made based on the number of white spots within the same area of the image sample obtained when the black original was placed on the platen and copied.
- the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention is particularly effective when the carbon layer is contained in the 104 layer in the range of 2.0 to 25 atomic%. It can be seen that it is.
- Example 2
- each electrophotographic photoreceptor has the following conditions for forming the photoconductive layer 104: The same method as in Experiment 4 was used, except that some modifications were made as described above.
- the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention is particularly effective when the fluorine layer is contained in the 104 layer in the range of 2.0 ppm to 90 ppm. This tendency was the same even when the amount of carbon in the 104 layers was changed.
- Example 3
- a plurality of types of amorphous silicon-based electrophotographic photosensitive members having a three-layer structure shown in FIG. 1 (D) were produced.
- the conditions for forming the three layers are as shown in Table 6.
- photoconductors were manufactured by changing the layer thickness of the 104 (B) layer and the 105 layer, and each obtained photoconductor was evaluated.
- the total film thickness of the deposited film constituting the photoreceptor was examined as 20 m, 30 im, and 40 / m.
- the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention is particularly useful when the thickness of the 104 layers is in the range of 30% or more and less than 100% of the total thickness of the deposited film constituting the photoreceptor. You can see that there is. This tendency was the same even when the amounts of carbon and fluorine in the 104 layers were changed.
- Fine line reproducibility An image sample obtained when a normal original consisting of whole characters was placed on a platen and copied on a white background was observed, and it was evaluated whether the fine lines on the image were connected without interruption. However, when there was unevenness in the image at this time, the evaluation was performed in the entire image area, and the result of the worst part was shown.
- Durability The electrophotographic photosensitive member evaluated above was placed in a copying machine, and after 10,000 sheets of paper had passed, the durability was evaluated as follows. ⁇ : Each item is equivalent to the initial value.
- Serviceability 1 Continuous paper durability was performed until cleaning failure due to blade scratches or paper separation failure due to abrasion of the separation claw occurred, and the number of papers passed was compared with the number of service personnel dispatched in the market. .
- ⁇ The number of compensation for other periodic replacement parts was equal to or greater than the number.
- ⁇ Number of sheets that may be called by service personnel other than regular inspection 0
- FIG. 5 using the RF plasma CVD method under the conditions shown in Table 9.
- An amorphous silicon electrophotographic photoreceptor having the structure shown in FIG.
- reference numeral 502 denotes an Al substrate
- 503 denotes a charge injection blocking layer
- 504 denotes a photoconductive layer
- 505 denotes a surface protective layer.
- an amorphous silicon film was formed on the A1 base 705 by using a film-forming apparatus shown in FIG. 7 according to a procedure usually performed to prepare an electrophotographic photosensitive member.
- FIG. 5 using the RF plasma CVD method under the conditions shown in Table 9.
- reference numeral 700 denotes a vacuum vessel
- reference numeral 700 denotes an RF power source
- reference numeral 703 denotes a source gas inlet
- reference numeral 706 denotes a discharge space
- reference numeral 707 denotes a support
- reference numeral 708 denotes an insulator
- 709 is a rotary shaft.
- the surface of the obtained photoreceptor was polished using a polishing apparatus 81 shown in FIG.
- the photoconductor 805 was set on a rotary shaft 806, and rotated by a motor 181.
- the rotating photoconductor 805 was pressed against a polishing cloth 807 coated with a normal neptane solution in which silica powder having a particle size of 2 m was dispersed on the rotating photoconductor 805, and polished for 10 minutes. 8 0 2 is a pressing mechanism.
- the electrophotographic photoreceptor thus obtained was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 4. Table 10 shows the evaluation results.
- Example 5
- an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a four-layer structure shown in FIG. 1 (E) was manufactured under the conditions shown in Table 11 (1).
- the process of spraying Si powder which is the core of columnar structure growth, consists of depositing 104 layers of 5/111 and then applying Si powder with an average particle size of 12 / m to a pressure of 2.5 X 10 4
- the reaction was carried out by introducing Pa into the reaction vessel 201 together with Ar gas at a flow rate of 800 sccm from the introduction port 21 for 2 minutes.
- the detailed procedure was similar to that shown in Experiment 4. Obtained with the electrophotographic photosensitive member, evaluated in the same manner as in Example 4; KoTsuta. As a result, it was confirmed that the material had excellent characteristics as in Example 4.
- a deposited film was formed on the substrate by the same steps as in Example 4. After forming the deposited film, the surface of the photoreceptor was polished using a polishing apparatus shown in FIG.
- the polishing apparatus shown in FIG. 4 is a type in which an electrophotographic photosensitive member is mounted on a shaft and rotated, and polishing is performed by supplying a polishing solution 4 13 to the surface of the rotating electrophotographic photosensitive member. It is.
- the polishing unit 402 in the polishing apparatus main body 401 is lifted up and fixed by the clamp 403, and then the electrophotographic photosensitive member 405 is combined with the support 404 to form the shaft 406. Fixed to.
- the clamp 403 was loosened, the polishing unit 402 was lowered, and the polishing roller 408 was pressed against the electrophotographic photosensitive member 405.
- a cloth was used as a material of the surface of the polishing roller 407.
- the pressure difference panel 4.09 was adjusted, and the pressure at which the polishing roller 407 was pressed against the electrophotographic photosensitive member 405 was 10 g / cm 2, and the “7” width was 10 mm.
- the flow rate of the polishing solution 4 13 using silicon carbide with an average particle size of 8 as the polishing material stored in the upper tank 4 08 was adjusted with the valve 4 14. While dropping, it was dropped on the polishing roller 407 through the injection tube 415. At the same time when the polishing liquid was dropped, the motors 410 and 411 were rotated to perform polishing. Polishing was performed for 5 minutes at a rotation speed of the polishing roller 407 of 1 O mm Zrn in and a rotation speed of the electrophotographic photosensitive member 405 as a member to be polished of 300 mm / sec.
- the electrophotographic photosensitive member that has been polished as described above is washed on its surface with ion-exchanged water to remove the polishing liquid remaining on the surface, and then placed in a drying chamber at a temperature of 40 ° C for 1 hour. The surface was left to remove moisture.
- the electrophotographic photoreceptor thus obtained was evaluated in the same procedure as in Example 4. As a result, as in Example 4, it was confirmed that the electrophotographic photosensitive member was excellent.
- Example 4 Comparative Example 1 Comparative Example 2 Sensitivity unevenness ⁇ XX Resolution ⁇ XX Interference fringes ⁇ XX appears ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ White spot ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ Fine line reproducibility ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ Cleaning property ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ Durability ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ Serviceability ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 1 1
- FIGS. 1 (A) to 1 (E) are schematic views each schematically showing an example of the electrophotographic light-sensitive material of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 (F) is a schematic view schematically showing a light incident path and a reflective path in the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention.
- FIGS. 2 (A) and 1 (B) are schematic views showing an example of a film forming apparatus that can be used to manufacture the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 are schematic diagrams showing a polishing apparatus.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic view schematically showing a conventional electrophotographic photoreceptor.
- 6 (A) and 6 (B) are schematic diagrams showing an example of a microwave plasma CVD apparatus.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram showing an RF plasma CVD apparatus.
- FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram showing a polishing apparatus.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Photoreceptors In Electrophotography (AREA)
- Light Receiving Elements (AREA)
- Solid State Image Pick-Up Elements (AREA)
- Chemical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP93913544A EP0618508B1 (en) | 1992-06-18 | 1993-06-18 | Electrophotographic photoreceptor provided with light-receiving layer made of non-single crystal silicon and having columnar structure regions, and manufacturing method therefor |
DE69308535T DE69308535T2 (de) | 1992-06-18 | 1993-06-18 | Bildempfangsschicht bestehend aus nicht-monokristallinem silizium sowie aus säulenförmigen structurbereichen und dessen verfahren zur herstellung |
US08/196,111 US5624776A (en) | 1992-06-18 | 1993-06-18 | Electrophotographic photosensitive member provided with a light receiving layer composed of a non-single crystal silicon material containing columnar structure regions and process for the production thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP18286392 | 1992-06-18 | ||
JP4/182863 | 1992-06-18 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1993025940A1 true WO1993025940A1 (en) | 1993-12-23 |
Family
ID=16125764
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP1993/000824 WO1993025940A1 (en) | 1992-06-18 | 1993-06-18 | Electrophotographic photoreceptor provided with light-receiving layer made of non-single crystal silicon and having columnar structure regions, and manufacturing method therefor |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5624776A (ja) |
EP (1) | EP0618508B1 (ja) |
AT (1) | ATE149700T1 (ja) |
DE (1) | DE69308535T2 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO1993025940A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6238832B1 (en) * | 1997-12-25 | 2001-05-29 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Electrophotographic photosensitive member |
EP1253473B1 (en) * | 2001-04-24 | 2008-10-22 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Negative-charging electrophotographic photosensitive member |
JP3913123B2 (ja) * | 2001-06-28 | 2007-05-09 | キヤノン株式会社 | 電子写真感光体の製造方法 |
JP4546055B2 (ja) * | 2002-09-24 | 2010-09-15 | キヤノン株式会社 | クリーニングブラシのブラシ密度と静電像の1画素面積の設定方法 |
US6893476B2 (en) * | 2002-12-09 | 2005-05-17 | Dupont Air Products Nanomaterials Llc | Composition and associated methods for chemical mechanical planarization having high selectivity for metal removal |
US8507170B2 (en) * | 2008-07-25 | 2013-08-13 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Image-forming method and image-forming apparatus |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS587149A (ja) * | 1981-07-03 | 1983-01-14 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | 光導電感光体 |
JPS6373263A (ja) * | 1986-09-17 | 1988-04-02 | Toshiba Corp | 電子写真感光体 |
JPS6462660A (en) * | 1987-09-02 | 1989-03-09 | Toshiba Corp | Electrophotographic sensitive body |
Family Cites Families (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4269919A (en) * | 1976-07-13 | 1981-05-26 | Coulter Systems Corporation | Inorganic photoconductive coating, electrophotographic member and sputtering method of making the same |
JPS60140353A (ja) * | 1983-12-28 | 1985-07-25 | Hitachi Ltd | 電子写真感光体 |
JPS6156351A (ja) * | 1984-08-28 | 1986-03-22 | Konishiroku Photo Ind Co Ltd | 感光体 |
JP2505732B2 (ja) * | 1985-02-05 | 1996-06-12 | キヤノン株式会社 | 堆積膜形成法 |
JPS61232466A (ja) * | 1985-04-08 | 1986-10-16 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 電子写真感光体の製造方法 |
US4789646A (en) * | 1987-07-20 | 1988-12-06 | North American Philips Corporation, Signetics Division Company | Method for selective surface treatment of semiconductor structures |
DE3927353A1 (de) * | 1988-08-18 | 1990-05-17 | Canon Kk | Elektrophotographisches bildformierungsmaterial mit photoleitfaehiger schicht, die nichteinkristall-siliziumcarbid aufweist |
JP2867150B2 (ja) * | 1988-11-15 | 1999-03-08 | キヤノン株式会社 | マイクロ波プラズマcvd装置 |
JP2907438B2 (ja) * | 1989-03-17 | 1999-06-21 | 大日本印刷株式会社 | 静電印刷方法 |
JP2811108B2 (ja) * | 1990-03-14 | 1998-10-15 | コニカ株式会社 | 電子写真感光体 |
JP2962851B2 (ja) * | 1990-04-26 | 1999-10-12 | キヤノン株式会社 | 光受容部材 |
JPH0553355A (ja) * | 1991-08-28 | 1993-03-05 | Canon Inc | 電子写真感光体及びその製造方法 |
-
1993
- 1993-06-18 AT AT93913544T patent/ATE149700T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1993-06-18 DE DE69308535T patent/DE69308535T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1993-06-18 WO PCT/JP1993/000824 patent/WO1993025940A1/ja active IP Right Grant
- 1993-06-18 US US08/196,111 patent/US5624776A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1993-06-18 EP EP93913544A patent/EP0618508B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS587149A (ja) * | 1981-07-03 | 1983-01-14 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | 光導電感光体 |
JPS6373263A (ja) * | 1986-09-17 | 1988-04-02 | Toshiba Corp | 電子写真感光体 |
JPS6462660A (en) * | 1987-09-02 | 1989-03-09 | Toshiba Corp | Electrophotographic sensitive body |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US5624776A (en) | 1997-04-29 |
DE69308535D1 (de) | 1997-04-10 |
DE69308535T2 (de) | 1997-09-18 |
EP0618508A4 (en) | 1994-12-07 |
EP0618508B1 (en) | 1997-03-05 |
ATE149700T1 (de) | 1997-03-15 |
EP0618508A1 (en) | 1994-10-05 |
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