US8336651B2 - Charge/discharge control device for secondary battery and hybrid vehicle using the same - Google Patents

Charge/discharge control device for secondary battery and hybrid vehicle using the same Download PDF

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US8336651B2
US8336651B2 US12/375,587 US37558707A US8336651B2 US 8336651 B2 US8336651 B2 US 8336651B2 US 37558707 A US37558707 A US 37558707A US 8336651 B2 US8336651 B2 US 8336651B2
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secondary battery
battery
charge
power
control device
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US12/375,587
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US20100000809A1 (en
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Yuji Nishi
Tomokazu Yamauchi
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Toyota Motor Corp
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Toyota Motor Corp
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    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/12—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries responding to state of charge [SoC]
    • B60L58/13—Maintaining the SoC within a determined range
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/42—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
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    • B60K6/445—Differential gearing distribution type
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    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/12—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries responding to state of charge [SoC]
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    • B60W20/13—Controlling the power contribution of each of the prime movers to meet required power demand in order to stay within battery power input or output limits; in order to prevent overcharging or battery depletion
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    • H02J7/00306—Overdischarge protection
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/62—Hybrid vehicles
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/64—Electric machine technologies in electromobility
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/7072—Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/72—Electric energy management in electromobility

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a charge/discharge control device for a secondary battery and a hybrid vehicle using the same, and more particularly to secondary battery charge/discharge control using a battery model capable of dynamically estimating an internal state of a battery.
  • a power supply system has been used which is configured to be able to supply power to load equipment using a rechargeable secondary battery and charge the secondary battery even during operation of the load equipment as necessary.
  • such power supply systems are mounted on hybrid vehicles, electric vehicles, or the like including electric motors driven by secondary batteries as driving power sources.
  • the vehicle is driven by driving a motor using power stored in the secondary battery.
  • a hybrid vehicle the vehicle is driven by driving a motor using electric power stored in the secondary battery, or the vehicle is driven by driving the motor with the assistance of an engine.
  • a fuel cell vehicle the vehicle is driven by driving a motor using electric power from a fuel cell, or the vehicle is driven by driving the motor using electric power stored in a secondary battery in addition to the electric power from the fuel cell.
  • SOC State Of Charge
  • charge/discharge control is performed in such a manner that excessive charge/discharge is restricted by properly setting inputtable/outputtable power (Win, Wout), which indicates the upper limit values of charging power and discharging power of a secondary battery, according to a battery state.
  • Win, Wout inputtable/outputtable power
  • Patent Document 1 discloses a control configuration in which charging electricity by regenerative braking is restricted according to a battery state during regenerative braking so as to prolong the lifetime of a secondary battery mounted on a vehicle. Specifically, during regenerative braking of the vehicle, the degree of deterioration of the secondary battery due to charge during regenerative braking is predicted, and in addition, the charging electricity during regenerative braking is restricted based on the predicted degree of deterioration.
  • Non Patent Document 1 proposes modeling for estimating a battery state using a battery model of capable of estimating the battery internal electrochemical reaction, for example, in a lithium-ion battery, as a technique of performing charge/discharge control by accurately estimating the remaining capacity (SOC) based on a secondary battery internal state.
  • the present invention is made in order to solve such problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a charge/discharge control device for a secondary battery capable of carrying out charge/discharge control such that the battery performance is maximized, in addition to preventing overcharge and overdischarge, and a hybrid vehicle using the same.
  • a charge/discharge control device for a secondary battery configured to be capable of receiving/transmitting electric power from/to a load
  • the battery state estimation portion is configured to sequentially calculate a state estimation value indicative of a battery state according to a battery model capable of dynamically estimating an internal state of the secondary battery, based on a detection value by a sensor provided for the secondary battery.
  • the input/output-allowed time prediction portion is configured to predict an input/output-allowed time for which the secondary battery can continuously input/output a prescribed power from a present time, based on the state estimation value at present estimated by the battery state estimation portion.
  • the load control portion is configured to generate an operation command for the load such that overcharge and overdischarge of the secondary battery are avoided, based on an operation request to the load, in consideration of the time predicted by the input/output-allowed time prediction portion.
  • a state estimation value at present as calculated by the battery model capable of dynamically estimating the internal state of the secondary battery is used to predict an input/output-allowed time for which charge/discharge can be executed with prescribed power continuously from the present time.
  • the characteristic of the input/output-allowed time with respect to the input/output power can be obtained. Therefore, based on this characteristic, charge/discharge control can be performed in which charge/discharge restriction is set step by step such that overcharge and overdischarge are avoided and the battery performance is maximized.
  • the input/output-allowed time prediction portion is configured to predict the respective input/output-allowed times continuously from a present time, for a plurality of prescribed power.
  • the input/output power-input/output-allowed time characteristic which reflects the internal state of the secondary battery at the present time, is found in detail and is utilized in charge/discharge restriction.
  • the input/output-allowed time prediction portion is configured to be activated every prescribed period to predict, at a time of each activation, an input/output-allowed time during which the secondary battery can input/output the prescribed power continuously from that point of time.
  • charge/discharge control can be performed by sequentially updating the input/output power-input/output-allowed time characteristic every prescribed period thereby appropriately reflecting the internal state of the secondary battery at each point of time.
  • the input/output-allowed time prediction portion is configured to include: a voltage transition prediction portion predicting a transition of an output voltage of the secondary battery in a case where the secondary battery inputs/outputs the prescribed power continuously from a present time; and a time prediction portion predicting a time from the present time to a time at which the output voltage reaches an upper limit voltage or a lower limit voltage of the secondary battery, based on prediction by the voltage transition prediction portion.
  • the time required for the output voltage of the secondary battery to reach the upper limit voltage or the lower limit voltage by continuous charge/discharge of prescribed power can be predicted as an input/output-allowed time, so that charge/discharge control can be executed in such a manner that the secondary battery does not exceed the upper limit voltage or the lower limit voltage.
  • a charge/discharge control device for a secondary battery configured to be capable of receiving/transmitting electric power from/to a load includes: a battery state estimation portion, a deterioration rate prediction portion, and a load control portion.
  • the battery state estimation portion is configured to sequentially calculate a state estimation value indicative of a battery state according to a battery model capable of dynamically estimating an internal state of the secondary battery, based on a detection value by a sensor provided for the secondary battery.
  • the deterioration rate prediction portion is configured to predict a deterioration rate of the secondary battery in a case where the secondary battery inputs/outputs prescribed power continuously from a present time, based on the state estimation value at a present time estimated by the battery state estimation portion.
  • the load control portion is configured to generate an operation command for the load in consideration of the deterioration rate predicted by the deterioration rate prediction portion, based on an operation request to the load.
  • the internal state of the secondary battery is sequentially estimated based on the battery model, and in addition, a predicted deterioration rate in a case where prescribed power is continuously charged/discharged can be found using the state estimation value using the battery model.
  • charge/discharge restriction of the secondary battery can be performed in such a manner that the internal state of the secondary battery at each point of time is appropriately reflected and that consideration is given so that deterioration does not proceed rapidly due to overdischarge or overcharge of the secondary battery.
  • the deterioration rate prediction portion is configured to predict the respective deterioration rates for a plurality of prescribed power.
  • the input/output power-predicted deterioration rate characteristic at the present time which reflects the internal state of the secondary battery at the present time, is found in detail by finding a predicted deterioration rate for prescribed power in multiple cases and is then utilized in charge/discharge restriction.
  • the charge/discharge control device for a secondary battery further includes a deterioration degree estimation portion estimating a deterioration degree or a remaining lifetime of the secondary battery, based on the detection value by the sensor.
  • the load control portion is configured to find a deterioration rate range permissible at a present time, in consideration of the deterioration degree or the remaining lifetime estimated by the deterioration degree estimation portion, and in addition, to generate an operation command for the load with restriction within such a charge/discharge power range of the secondary battery in that the deterioration rate predicted by the deterioration rate prediction portion falls within the deterioration rate range.
  • the permissible range of deterioration rate can be changed based on the deterioration degree or the remaining lifetime of the secondary battery at the present time. Accordingly, charge/discharge restriction of the secondary battery can be performed in which the deterioration degree of the secondary battery at the present time is reflected and consideration is given so that deterioration does not proceed rapidly to shorten the battery life.
  • the secondary battery is formed of a lithium-ion battery, and the state estimation value includes a lithium ion concentration distribution in the interior of the secondary battery.
  • a lithium-ion battery is a control target, whose output characteristic varies depending on the distribution state of lithium ion concentration in the interior of the battery. Therefore, as in the present invention, the charge/discharge control based on estimation of the internal reaction of the battery by the battery model effectively brings about the effect of avoiding overcharge and overdischarge and maximizing the battery performance.
  • a hybrid vehicle includes an internal combustion engine and a motor configured to be capable of generating a driving power of a vehicle, a control device, a secondary battery, and a charge/discharge control device for the secondary battery.
  • the control device is configured to determine a driving power output by each of the internal combustion engine and the motor such that a required driving power for the vehicle as a whole is secured.
  • the charge/discharge control device sequentially calculates a state estimation value indicative of a battery state according to a battery model capable of dynamically estimating an internal state of the secondary battery, based on a detection value by a sensor provided for the secondary battery, and in addition, predicts an input/output-allowed time during which the secondary battery can input/output prescribed power continuously from a present time, based on the state estimation value at present as estimated.
  • control device sets an input/output permissible power of the motor with restriction within such a charge/discharge power range of the secondary battery in that overcharge and overdischarge of the secondary battery are avoided, in consideration of the input/output-allowed time predicted by the charge/discharge control device, and in addition, determines a torque command value of the motor with restriction such that input/output power of the motor falls within a range of the input/output permissible power.
  • the charge/discharge control device is configured to predict the respective input/output-allowed times continuously from a present time, for a plurality of prescribed power. Then, the control device is configured to set input/output permissible power of the motor based on the input/output-allowed time predicted for the plurality of prescribed power.
  • the charge/discharge control device is configured to predict, at every prescribed period, an input/output-allowed time during which the secondary battery can continuously input/output the prescribed power from that point of time.
  • the charge/discharge control device is configured to predict a time from the present time to a time at which the output voltage reaches an upper limit voltage or a lower limit voltage of the secondary battery, in a case where the secondary battery inputs/outputs the prescribed power continuously from a present time, based on the state estimation value at present as estimated, and to predict an input/output-allowed time for which the secondary battery can continuously input/output prescribed power from a present time based on the prediction.
  • a hybrid vehicle in accordance with another aspect of the present invention, includes an internal combustion engine and a motor configured to be capable of generating a driving power of a vehicle, an internal combustion engine and a motor configured to be capable of generating a driving power of a vehicle, a control device, a secondary battery, and a charge/discharge control device for the secondary battery.
  • the control device is configured to determine a driving power output by each of the internal combustion engine and the motor such that a required driving power for the vehicle as a whole is secured.
  • the charge/discharge control device is configured to sequentially calculate a state estimation value indicative of a battery state according to a battery model capable of dynamically estimating an internal state of the secondary battery, based on a detection value by a sensor provided for the secondary battery, and in addition, to predict a deterioration rate of the secondary battery in a case where the secondary battery inputs/outputs prescribed power continuously from a present time, based on the state estimation value at a present time as estimated.
  • control device is configured to set an input/output permissible power of the motor with restriction within such a charge/discharge power range of the secondary battery in that deterioration of the secondary battery does not proceed significantly, based on the deterioration rate predicted by the charge/discharge control device, and in addition, to determine a torque command value of the motor with restriction such that input/output power of the motor falls within a range of the input/output permissible power.
  • the charge/discharge control device is configured to predict the respective deterioration rates for a plurality of prescribed power. Then, the control device is configured to set input/output permissible power of the motor based on the deterioration rate predicted for the plurality of prescribed power.
  • the charge/discharge control device is configured to further estimate a deterioration degree or a remaining lifetime of the secondary battery, based on the detection value by the sensor. Furthermore, the control device is configured to find a deterioration rate range permissible at a present time, in consideration of the deterioration degree or the remaining lifetime estimated by the charge/discharge control device, and in addition, to determine a charge/discharge power range of the secondary battery with restriction such that the predicted deterioration rate falls within the deterioration rate range.
  • the secondary battery is formed of a lithium-ion battery, and the state estimation value includes a lithium ion concentration distribution in the interior of the secondary battery.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a configuration of a power supply system including a secondary battery controlled by a charge/discharge control device for a secondary battery in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic configuration view of the secondary battery.
  • FIG. 3 is a conceptual view illustrating modeling of the secondary battery in a battery model portion.
  • FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a list of variables and constants used in the battery model portion.
  • FIG. 5 is a conceptual diagram illustrating an operational timing of the battery model portion and a behavior prediction portion in the charge/discharge control device for a secondary battery in accordance with the first embodiment.
  • FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating a behavior prediction routine executed by the behavior prediction portion during operation in accordance with the first embodiment.
  • FIG. 7 is a conceptual diagram illustrating the relation between battery output voltage behavior prediction and input/output-allowed time.
  • FIG. 8 is a conceptual diagram showing an exemplary structure of prediction information for use in the charge/discharge control device for a secondary battery in accordance with the first embodiment.
  • FIG. 9 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a functional configuration of the charge/discharge control device for a secondary battery in accordance with the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 10 is a conceptual diagram showing an exemplary structure of prediction information and charge/discharge restriction for use in the charge/discharge control device for a secondary battery in accordance with the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 11 is a flowchart illustrating the secondary battery charge/discharge control in accordance with the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 12 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a functional configuration of the charge/discharge control device for a secondary battery in accordance with a modification of the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 13 is a waveform diagram illustrating a secondary battery operation in a diagnostic mode for deterioration degree estimation.
  • FIG. 14 is a conceptual diagram illustrating an operation of a deterioration degree estimation portion shown in FIG. 12 .
  • FIG. 15 is a conceptual diagram showing an example of online identification of a deterioration management parameter.
  • FIG. 16 is a conceptual diagram showing an exemplary structure of prediction information and charge/discharge restriction for use in the charge/discharge control device for a secondary battery in accordance with the modification of the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 17 is a flowchart illustrating the secondary battery charge/discharge control in accordance with the modification of the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 18 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary configuration of a hybrid vehicle in accordance with the third embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 19 is a flowchart illustrating operational command value setting for a motor generator MG 2 in a hybrid vehicle in which the secondary battery charge/discharge control in accordance with the embodiment is reflected.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a configuration of a power supply system including a secondary battery controlled by a charge/discharge control device for a secondary battery in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • a power supply system 5 includes a secondary battery 10 , a load 20 , a cooling fan 40 for the secondary battery, and a battery ECU 50 and a control device 70 , each formed of an Electronic Control Unit (ECU).
  • ECU Electronic Control Unit
  • Each ECU is typically formed of a microcomputer and a memory (RAM: Random Access Memory, ROM: Read Only Memory, or the like) for executing prescribed sequences and prescribed operations programmed in advance.
  • Battery ECU 50 and control device 70 realize “charge/discharge control device” which carries out charge/discharge restriction as illustrated below.
  • a lithium-ion battery is used as rechargeable secondary battery 10 .
  • Lithium ion batteries are suitably adopted for the present invention, because their output characteristic varies depending on the distribution state of lithium ion concentration in the interior of the battery.
  • Secondary battery 10 is provided with a temperature sensor 30 measuring a battery temperature Tb, a current sensor 32 measuring input/output current Ib (also referred to as battery current Ib hereinafter) of secondary battery 10 , and a voltage sensor 34 measuring a terminal-to-terminal voltage Vb (also referred to as battery output voltage Vb hereinafter) between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
  • a temperature sensor 30 measuring a battery temperature Tb
  • a current sensor 32 measuring input/output current Ib (also referred to as battery current Ib hereinafter) of secondary battery 10
  • a voltage sensor 34 measuring a terminal-to-terminal voltage Vb (also referred to as battery output voltage Vb hereinafter) between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
  • Cooling fan 40 is connected to secondary battery 10 through a coolant passage 41 to supply cooling air 45 as “coolant” to coolant passage 41 .
  • secondary battery 10 is provided with a coolant channel as appropriate so that each cell of secondary battery 10 can be cooled by cooling air 45 supplied through coolant passage 41 .
  • the actuation/termination of cooling fan 40 and the coolant supply rate during operation are controlled by battery ECU 50 .
  • Load 20 is driven by an output voltage from secondary battery 10 . Furthermore, a not-shown power generating and supplying element is provided to be included in load 20 or is provided separately from load 20 , so that secondary battery 10 can be charged by charging current from the power generation/feeding element. Therefore, during discharge of secondary battery 10 , battery current Ib>0, and during charge of secondary battery 10 , battery current Ib ⁇ 0.
  • Battery ECU 50 is configured to include a battery model portion 60 and a behavior prediction portion 65 .
  • each of battery model portion 60 and behavior prediction portion 65 corresponds to a functional block realized by execution of a prescribed program by battery ECU 50 .
  • Battery model portion 60 sequentially calculates a state estimation value indicative of a battery state every prescribed period, in accordance with a battery model capable of dynamically estimating the internal state of secondary battery 10 based on detection values from sensors 30 , 32 , 34 provided for secondary battery 10 .
  • Behavior prediction portion 65 generates and outputs to control device 70 prediction information in a case where secondary battery 10 is continuously charged/discharged with prescribed power, based on a prescribed prediction operation using a state estimation value calculated by battery model portion 60 .
  • this prediction information indicates a predicted input/output-allowed time when certain prescribed power is input (charge) or output (discharge) continuously from the present time.
  • Control device 70 generates an operation command for load 20 , based on an operation request to load 20 , and based on charge/discharge restriction such that overcharge/overdischarge of secondary battery 10 does not occur, in consideration of prediction information from battery ECU 50 .
  • Secondary battery 10 shown in FIG. 1 is configured as a battery pack in which a plurality of battery cells 10 # are connected.
  • each of battery cells 10 # constituting secondary battery 10 includes a negative electrode 12 , a separator 14 , and a positive electrode 15 .
  • Separator 14 is formed by immersing a resin provided between negative electrode 12 and positive electrode 15 in electrolyte.
  • Each of negative electrode 12 and positive electrode 15 is formed of a collection of spherical active materials 18 .
  • active material 18 of negative electrode 12 On the interface of active material 18 of negative electrode 12 , a chemical reaction occurs to emit a lithium ion Li + and an electron e ⁇ .
  • active material 18 of positive electrode 15 On the other hand, on the interface of active material 18 of positive electrode 15 , a chemical reaction occurs to absorb a lithium ion Li + and an electron e ⁇ .
  • Negative electrode 12 is provided with a current collector 13 absorbing electron e ⁇
  • positive electrode 15 is provided with a current collector 16 emitting electron e ⁇
  • Current collector 13 of the negative electrode is typically formed of copper and current collector 16 of the positive electrode is typically formed of aluminum.
  • Current collector 13 is provided with a negative electrode terminal 11 n and current collector 16 is provided with a positive electrode collector 11 p .
  • the transport of lithium ion Li + through separator 14 causes charge/discharge in battery cell 10 # to generate charging current Ib (>0) or discharging current Ib ( ⁇ 0).
  • FIG. 3 is a conceptual diagram illustrating the modeling of the secondary battery in battery model portion 60 .
  • lithium atom Li in active material 18 n becomes lithium ion Li + due to emission of electron e ⁇ and is then emitted to the electrolyte in separator 14 .
  • the lithium ion Li + in the electrolyte is taken in and electron e ⁇ is absorbed. Accordingly, lithium atom Li is taken into the interior of positive electrode active material 18 p .
  • the emission of lithium ion Li + from negative electrode active material 18 n and take-in of lithium ion Li + at positive electrode active material 18 p causes current to flow from positive electrode current collector 16 to negative electrode current collector 13 .
  • lithium ion Li + in the electrolyte is taken in, and in the electrode reaction on the surface of positive electrode active material 18 p , lithium ion Li + is emitted into the electrolyte.
  • the electrode reaction on the surface of active material 18 p , 18 n during charge/discharge, diffusion (radial direction) of lithium ions in the interior of active material 18 p , 18 n , diffusion of lithium ions in electrolyte, and the potential distribution at each part are modeled.
  • the battery model is configured with battery model equations (M1)-(M15).
  • FIG. 4 shows a listing of variables and constants used in the battery model equations (M1)-(M15) below.
  • the variables such as battery temperature T (in the interior of the battery), each potential, and a lithium ion concentration shown in FIG. 4 correspond to “state estimation values” in the present invention.
  • Equations (M1)-(M3) are equations called Butler-Volmer equations, which indicate electrode reaction.
  • equation (M1) exchange current density i 0 is given by a function of a lithium ion concentration at the interface of active material 18 (see Non Patent Document 1 for the details).
  • equation (M2) the detail of ⁇ in equation (M1) is shown, and in equation (M3), the detail of U in equation (M2) is shown.
  • Equations (M4)-(M6) show conservation of lithium ion in the electrolyte.
  • Equation (M5) shows the definition of the effective diffusion coefficient in the electrolyte
  • equation (M6) shows that reaction current j Li is given by the product of active material surface area a s per unit volume of the electrode and transport current density/i n shown in equation (M1).
  • the volume integral for the entire electrode of reaction current j Li corresponds to battery current Ib.
  • Equations (M7) and (M8) show conservation of lithium ion in the solid state.
  • Equation (M7) shows the diffusion equation in spherical active material 18
  • equation (M8) shows active material surface area a s per unit volume of the electrode.
  • equations (M9)-(M11) the equation indicating a potential in the electrolyte is derived from conservation of charge in the electrolyte.
  • Equation (M10) shows effective ion conductivity ⁇ eff
  • equation (M11) shows diffusion conductivity coefficient ⁇ D eff in the electrolyte.
  • ⁇ ( ⁇ eff ⁇ s ) ⁇ j Li 0 (M12)
  • ⁇ eff ⁇ s ⁇ (M13)
  • Equations (M12) and (M13) show the equations for finding a potential in the solid state by conservation of charge in the active material.
  • thermal energy conservation law is expressed. This enables analysis of a local temperature change into the interior of the secondary battery resulting from charge/discharge phenomenon.
  • each variable shown in FIG. 4 namely, the state estimation value of secondary battery 10 is sequentially calculated, so that the temporal change of the battery state reflective of the internal reaction of the secondary battery can be estimated.
  • the lithium ion concentration in each active material 18 p , 18 n is a function of radius r inside the active material and the lithium ion concentration is uniform in the circumferential direction.
  • SOC is found by the number of lithium atoms in negative electrode active material 18 n . Furthermore, estimation of the lithium ion concentration distribution in the interior of active material 18 p , 18 n enables prediction of the battery state reflective of charge/discharge history in the past. For example, even if the present SOC is the same, the output voltage is relatively less likely to be decreased in a case where the current SOC is achieved by charge, followed by discharge than in a case where the current SOC is achieved by discharge, followed by further discharge. Here, prediction of such phenomenon is possible.
  • the lithium ion concentration in negative electrode active material 18 n is relatively high on the surface side immediately after charge, the lithium ion concentration in negative electrode active material 18 n is relatively decreased on the surface side during discharge.
  • the prediction as described above becomes possible, which reflects the lithium ion concentration distribution in the active material.
  • FIG. 5 is a conceptual diagram illustrating an operational timing of the battery model portion and the behavior prediction portion in the charge/discharge control device for a secondary battery in accordance with the first embodiment.
  • battery model portion 60 is operated every prescribed period to sequentially calculate the state estimation value according to the battery model equations described above, based on the detection values from sensors 30 , 32 , 34 . Actually, a difference from the previous estimation calculation is calculated and then the state estimation value is updated. Thus, the state estimation value of the secondary battery is sequentially updated with an initial value as a starting point, based on the detection values from sensors 30 , 32 , 34 indicating the use status of the secondary battery.
  • a behavior prediction routine is executed by behavior prediction portion 65 every prescribed period Tc.
  • This prescribed period Tc is set to be equal to or longer than an operation period of the battery model portion.
  • behavior prediction portion 65 predicts an input/output-allowed time when certain prescribed power is input (charge) or output (discharge) continuously from the present time. Prediction of the input/output-allowed time is executed every prescribed period Tc, in the example in FIG. 5 , at time tb after a lapse of Tc since time ta and at time tc after a lapse of further Tc, using the state estimation values by battery model portion 60 at the respective points of time.
  • FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating the behavior prediction routine executed by behavior prediction portion 65 during operation.
  • the flowchart shown in FIG. 6 is realized as a function of behavior prediction portion 65 shown in FIG. 1 by executing a program stored beforehand in battery ECU 50 every prescribed period (Tc).
  • step S 100 behavior prediction portion 65 obtains the state estimation value at that point of time when it is sequentially estimated according to the battery model equations by battery model portion 60 .
  • the state estimation value to be considered in step S 100 includes SOC, the internal temperature, the lithium ion concentration distribution, the potential distribution at this point of time, and the like.
  • behavior prediction portion 65 predicts the behavior of the battery output voltage at the time when prescribed power is charged or discharged continuously from the present time.
  • a prediction value of battery voltage Vb is calculated according to a model created in advance, in the case where charge/discharge is performed continuously from the present time with the maximum output power Womax to the load, the maximum input power Wimax from the load, and the present input/output power Wc.
  • a prediction value of battery voltage Vb may also be calculated according to the aforementioned model in order to predict the input/output-allowed time.
  • this battery voltage behavior prediction model for example, a simplified version of the aforementioned battery model equations (M1)-(M15) may be used, considering that the input/output power is constant.
  • a function equation may be defined separately, which predicts the battery voltage behavior (for example, dVb/dt: the battery voltage change amount per unit time) using the state estimation value obtained in step S 100 and prescribed power for charge/discharge as variables.
  • the battery voltage behavior prediction model As described above, when the input/output voltage from secondary battery 10 , which is Womax (the maximum output power: discharge), Wimax (the maximum input power: charge) and the present input/output power Wc, is continuously input/output, the time required for battery voltage Vb to reach the lower limit voltage Vmin (during discharge) or to reach the upper limit value Vmax (during charge) is obtained.
  • the required time to reach T 1 -T 3 is the input/output-allowed time predicted when Womax, Wimax and Wc are input/output from secondary battery 10 continuously from the present time.
  • the upper limit voltage Vmax and the lower limit voltage Vmin are determined according to the highest rated voltage and the lowest rated voltage of secondary battery 10 , the operative (guaranteed) voltage of the load, or the like.
  • input/output time T 1 represents the maximum time during which discharge can be performed with the maximum output power Womax continuously without battery voltage Vb decreasing to the lower limit voltage Vmin, from the present time.
  • input/output time T 2 represents the maximum time during which charge can be performed continuously with maximum input power Wimax without battery voltage Vb rising to the upper limit voltage Vmax, from the present time.
  • input/output time T 3 represents the maximum time during which charge/discharge of secondary battery 10 with the present input/output power can be continued from the present time with battery voltage Vb kept within the range from the upper limit voltage Vmax to the lower limit voltage Vmin.
  • behavior prediction portion 65 can predict the input/output-allowed time with respect to prescribed input/output power, at each point of time.
  • the respective input/output-allowed times are predicted, so that the input/output power-input/output-allowed time characteristic can be obtained in the map format.
  • behavior prediction portion 65 predicts the input/output-allowed time by comparison between the battery voltage behavior prediction shown in FIG. 7 and the upper limit voltage Vmax and the lower limit voltage Vmin, in step S 120 . Then, behavior prediction portion 65 obtains the characteristics of input/output power and input/output-allowed time as shown in FIG. 8 and outputs the same as prediction information to control device 70 , in step S 130 .
  • control device 70 in response to an operation request to load 20 , in consideration of characteristics of the input/output power and input/output-allowed time obtained by behavior prediction portion 65 , an operation command for load 20 is generated such that charge/discharge of secondary battery 10 is restricted within the range in which overcharge or overdischarge of the secondary battery is avoided.
  • an operation command for load 20 is generated such that charge/discharge of secondary battery 10 is restricted within the range in which overcharge or overdischarge of the secondary battery is avoided.
  • information indicative of the continuous input/output-allowed time with respect to charging/discharging power rather than merely the outputtable power from secondary battery 10 (discharging power upper limit value) Wout and the inputtable power (charging power upper limit value) Win, it can be expected that such charge/discharge restriction becomes possible in that overcharge and overdischarge are avoided in a foreseeable manner and the battery performance is maximized.
  • the output power from secondary battery 10 is reduced in advance when the continuous input/output-allowed time is short, thereby achieving improved driving comfortability as a result of avoiding shocks during travel and improved fuel efficiency.
  • the output power from secondary battery 10 is increased when the input/output-allowed time is long, thereby achieving improved fuel efficiency.
  • the input/output-allowed time for prescribed power can be predicted every prescribed period. Furthermore, since this behavior prediction is reflected in generating the operation command for load 20 for receiving/supplying power from/to secondary battery 10 , such charge/discharge restriction becomes possible in that overcharge/overdischarge of secondary battery 10 can be avoided reliably.
  • the input/output-allowed time is predicted for the input/output power at multiple stages and is reflected in the operation command for load 20 , so that step-by-step charge/discharge restriction can be performed, as compared with the control configuration in which only the upper limit value of charging/discharging power is simply set, and the secondary battery can be used in such a manner that the battery performance at that point of time can be maximized while overcharge and overdischarge are avoided.
  • battery model portion 60 in FIG. 1 corresponds to “battery state estimation portion” in the present invention
  • behavior prediction portion 65 in FIG. 1 corresponds to “input/output-allowed prediction portion” in the present invention
  • control device 70 corresponds to “load control portion” in the present invention
  • step S 110 in FIG. 6 corresponds to “voltage transition prediction portion” in the present invention
  • step S 120 corresponds to “time prediction portion” in the present invention.
  • FIG. 9 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a functional configuration of the charge/discharge control device for a secondary battery in accordance with the second embodiment.
  • battery ECU 50 includes battery model portion 60 similar to that of the first embodiment and a behavior prediction portion 65 #.
  • Battery model portion 60 dynamically estimates the internal state of secondary battery 10 to sequentially update the state estimation value, similarly to the first embodiment.
  • Behavior prediction portion 65 # evaluates a deterioration rate in a case where secondary battery 10 is continuously charged/discharged with prescribed power, by a prescribed prediction operation using the state estimation value calculated by battery model portion 60 . Then, the characteristics of input/output power and deterioration rate is output as prediction information to control device 70 . Control device 70 generates an operation command for load 20 in consideration of the prediction information (the input/output power-deterioration rate characteristic) from behavior prediction portion 65 #. It is noted that the deterioration rate is a parameter indicating the progress degree of battery deterioration per unit time, and the greater deterioration, rate indicates that battery deterioration is more likely to proceed.
  • behavior prediction portion 65 # finds a predicted deterioration rate in inputting/outputting prescribed power in multiple cases, in the present battery state, within a range from the maximum output power Womax to the maximum input power Wimax.
  • the model equation for predicting a deterioration rate is set in which at least battery temperature T, input/output power Ib, of the state estimation values by battery model portion 60 at that point of time, are reflected. This model equation can be set arbitrarily and therefore the detailed description thereof will be omitted.
  • Behavior prediction portion 65 # executes a behavior prediction routine (not shown) for finding the aforementioned prediction information (the input/output power-deterioration rate characteristic) every prescribed period, in a manner similar to behavior prediction portion 65 of the first embodiment.
  • FIG. 11 is a flowchart illustrating charge/discharge control of secondary battery 10 in accordance with the second embodiment.
  • Charge/discharge control in accordance with the second embodiment is mainly directed to generation of the operation command by control device 70 , which reflects the deterioration rate prediction by battery ECU 50 .
  • control device 70 obtains the charge/discharge conditions (input/output power)—predicted deterioration rate characteristic at present from battery ECU 50 , in step S 200 . Then, control device 70 calculates the upper limit deterioration rate DRmax permissible at the present time such that the integrated value or the mean value of deterioration rates within a certain period falls within a prescribed range, in step S 210 . For example, in a case where a battery operation continues so far under the condition of a great deterioration degree, the upper limit deterioration rate DRmax is set to a relatively low value in order to restrict rapid progress of battery deterioration.
  • control device 70 performs charge/discharge restriction according to the calculated upper limit deterioration rate DRmax.
  • charge/discharge is restricted by restriction on input/output power or by restriction on the battery temperature (upper limit), the upper (lower) limit voltage or the upper (lower) limit SOC.
  • the upper limit output power Wo# and the upper limit input power Wi# at the time when the deterioration rate predicted based on the battery state at the present time reaches the upper limit deterioration rate DRmax are obtained.
  • control device 70 performs charge/discharge restriction by putting restrictions within the charge/discharge restriction range set in step S 210 , for example, by restricting the input/output power range with Wi# set as the upper limit for charge and with Wo# set as the upper limit for discharge, and then generates an operation command for load 20 . Furthermore, in step S 230 , control device 70 obtains and stores the predicted deterioration rate corresponding to the operation command for load 20 set in step S 220 , based on the prediction information shown in FIG. 10 . Accordingly, evaluation of the deterioration rate (the integrated value or the mean value) for a certain period in the next operation is updated.
  • the deterioration rate the integrated value or the mean value
  • the deterioration degree for the use power (input/output power) at each point of time is sequentially predicted based on the internal state estimation of the secondary battery according to the battery model, and then charge/discharge control can be performed with restrictions within such a range in that deterioration of secondary battery 10 does not significantly proceed.
  • first and second embodiments may be combined to perform charge/discharge control of secondary battery 10 , in which both of the input/output-allowed time and the deterioration rate for the input/output power are output as prediction information from battery ECU 50 to control device 70 .
  • the operation command for load 20 is generated by control device 70 such that overcharge and overdischarge and rapid deterioration progress of secondary battery 10 are avoided.
  • FIG. 12 is a block diagram illustrating a functional configuration of the charge/discharge control device for a secondary battery in accordance with a modification of the second embodiment.
  • battery ECU 50 further includes a deterioration degree estimation portion 61 in addition to battery model portion 60 and behavior prediction portion 65 # similar to those of FIG. 9 .
  • Deterioration degree estimation portion 61 has a function of estimating a deterioration state of a battery (SOH: State of Health), so to speak, and estimates a deterioration degree and/or remaining lifetime of secondary battery 10 , based on the detection values Tp, Ib, Vb by sensors 30 , 32 , 34 .
  • the deterioration degree and/or the remaining lifetime of secondary battery 10 as estimated by deterioration degree estimation portion 61 is output to control device 70 (or also to behavior prediction portion 65 #).
  • deterioration degree estimation portion 61 is configured to be able to identify a part of parameters (constants) for use in the battery model, based on the secondary battery behavior in a diagnostic mode operation.
  • a diagnosis operation is performed in such a manner that secondary battery 10 outputs constant current in a pulse form from time t 0 to t 2 .
  • battery voltage Vb gradually recovers after cut-off of pulse current (namely, after time t 2 ), according to output of pulse-like current.
  • Such voltage behavior is sensed by voltage sensor 34 , and battery voltage Vb is input to deterioration degree estimation portion 61 .
  • a diagnostic mode is preferably performed after a prescribed time (about 30 minutes) has passed since the termination of use of the secondary battery and the internal state of the secondary battery has become statistic.
  • exchange current density i 0 can be estimated based on the voltage behavior at a time of pulse-like current output.
  • diffusion coefficient D s at the positive electrode can be estimated based on the voltage behavior after cut-off of pulse current.
  • the parameters referred to as deterioration management parameters X, Y hereinafter) to be identified and the number thereof may be determined arbitrarily.
  • deterioration degree estimation portion 61 identifies parameter values at present for deterioration management parameters X, Y during execution of the aforementioned diagnostic mode.
  • a change of the parameter value corresponding to the degree of use of the secondary battery, namely, the deterioration characteristic is obtained in advance.
  • a use period (time) or a charge/discharge current integrated value is used as the use degree of the secondary battery.
  • a travel distance or a use period can be used as the degree of use of the battery.
  • a deterioration characteristic line 200 is obtained in advance with respect to deterioration management parameter X
  • a deterioration characteristic line 210 is obtained in advance for deterioration management parameter Y.
  • Deterioration degree estimation portion 61 can estimate the deterioration degree of secondary battery 10 at the present time, for the parameter values at the present time found in the foregoing manner, according to a change amount from an initial value and a margin from the limit value.
  • a macroscopic deterioration degree of secondary battery 10 as a whole can be estimated by finding the mean value, the maximum value, the minimum value, or the like of the deterioration degree for each parameter.
  • deterioration degree estimation portion 61 can estimate the remaining lifetime of secondary battery 10 based on the difference between the parameter value at the present time and the above-noted limit value.
  • deterioration degree estimation portion 61 may be configured to operate in parallel with battery model portion 60 to identify the deterioration management parameter online, based on the online detection values (Tb, current Ib, voltage Vb) detected by sensors 30 - 34 during use of secondary battery 10 , without execution of the diagnostic mode as shown in FIG. 13 .
  • Such online parameter identification is enabled according to the kind of deterioration management parameter. For example, as shown in FIG. 15 , by finding the slope of Vb with respect to Ib based on a set of online characteristic points 250 obtained by plotting the relation between battery current Ib and battery voltage Vb, interface direct-current resistance R in the battery model equations can be identified and set as a deterioration management parameter.
  • behavior prediction portion 65 # predicts a deterioration rate of secondary battery 10 for the input/output power based on the internal state of the secondary battery at this point of time and outputs the input/output power-deterioration rate characteristic as prediction information to control device 70 , in a similar manner as shown in FIG. 10 .
  • control device 70 sets the upper limit deterioration rate DRmax permissible at the present time according to the deterioration degree and/or remaining lifetime estimated by deterioration degree estimation portion 61 .
  • the upper limit deterioration rate DRmax is set to a relatively lower value.
  • control device 70 generates an operation command for load 20 with restrictions within a range with Wi# set as the upper limit for charge and with Wo# set as the upper limit for discharge.
  • control device 70 obtains the charge/discharge condition (input/output power) predicted deterioration rate characteristic at present, from battery ECU 50 . Then, control device 70 obtains the deterioration degree and/or remaining lifetime estimated by deterioration degree estimation portion 61 , in step S 202 , and in addition, sets the permissible deterioration rate range (namely, the upper limit deterioration rate DRmax) according to the present deterioration degree and/or remaining lifetime, in step S 204 .
  • the permissible deterioration rate range namely, the upper limit deterioration rate DRmax
  • control device 70 sets the input/output power restriction according to the permissible deterioration rate range set in step S 204 .
  • the upper limit output power Wo# and the upper limit input power Wi# at the time when the deterioration rate predicted based on the battery state at the present time reaches the upper limit deterioration rate DRmax are obtained. It is noted that such setting of input/output power restriction may be executed in behavior prediction portion 65 # and the upper limit output power Wo# and the upper limit input power Wi# may be included in the prediction information and sequentially sent from behavior prediction portion 65 # to control device 70 .
  • control device 70 puts restrictions within the input/output power range set in step S 210 #, more specifically, performs charge/discharge restriction with Wi# set as the upper limit for charge and with Wo# set as the upper limit for discharge and then generates an operation command for load 20 .
  • the deterioration rate permissible at each point of time can be set according to the predicted deterioration degree and/or the estimated remaining lifetime at that point of time.
  • the charge/discharge restriction range is set appropriately according to the deterioration state of the secondary battery, thereby further preventing significant deterioration of the secondary battery and prolonging the lifetime.
  • the first embodiment and the modification of the second embodiment may be combined to perform charge/discharge control of secondary battery 10 , in which both of the input/output-allowed time for the input/output power and the deterioration rate are used as prediction information and, in addition, the prediction deterioration degree and/or the estimated remaining lifetime is taken into consideration.
  • an operation command for load 20 is generated by control device 70 such that overcharge and overdischarge of secondary battery 10 and the shortened battery lifetime resulting from a rapid deterioration progress are avoided.
  • battery model portion 60 in FIGS. 9 , 12 corresponds to “battery state estimation portion” in the present invention
  • behavior prediction portion 65 # in FIGS. 9 , 12 corresponds to “deterioration rate prediction portion” in the present invention
  • control device 70 corresponds to “load control portion” in the present invention.
  • deterioration degree estimation portion 61 in FIG. 12 corresponds to “deterioration degree estimation portion” in the present invention.
  • FIG. 18 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary configuration of a hybrid vehicle in accordance with the third embodiment of the present invention.
  • a hybrid vehicle 500 includes an engine 510 , a traction battery 520 , a battery ECU 525 , an inverter 530 , wheels 540 a , a transaxle 550 , and an electronic control unit (HV-ECU) 590 controlling the entire operation of hybrid vehicle 500 .
  • HV-ECU electronice control unit
  • traction battery 520 and battery ECU 525 respectively correspond to secondary battery 10 and battery ECU 50 ( FIG. 1 ) in the first and second embodiments and the modification of the second embodiment
  • HV-ECU 590 corresponds to control device 70 ( FIG. 1 ) in the first and second embodiments and the modification of the second embodiment
  • motor generators MG 1 and MG 2 correspond to load 20 ( FIG. 1 ) in the first and second embodiments and the modification of the second embodiment.
  • Motor generator MG 2 for vehicle driving power generation mainly serves as a load performing input/output of electric power for traction battery 520 .
  • Traction Engine 510 generates a driving power using combustion energy of fuel such as gasoline as a source.
  • Traction battery 520 supplies direct-current power to a power line 551 .
  • Traction battery 520 is typically formed of a lithium-ion secondary battery and the charge/discharge thereof is controlled by the charge/discharge control device for a secondary battery in accordance with the embodiments of the present invention.
  • Inverter 530 converts the direct-current power supplied from traction battery 520 into alternating-current power, which is then output to a power line 553 .
  • inverter 530 converts alternating-current power supplied to power lines 552 , 553 into direct-current power, which is then output to power line 551 .
  • Transaxle 550 includes a transmission and an axle as an integrated structure and has a power split mechanism 560 , a speed reducer 570 , motor generator MG 1 , and motor generator MG 2 .
  • Power split mechanism 560 can divide the driving power generated by engine 510 into a transmission path to a drive shaft 545 for driving wheels 540 a through speed reducer 570 and a transmission path to motor generator MG 1 .
  • Motor generator MG 1 is rotated by the driving power from engine 510 transmitted through power split mechanism 560 to generate electric power.
  • the generated electric power by motor generator MG 1 is supplied to inverter 530 through power line 552 and used as charging current for traction battery 520 or driving power of motor generator MG 2 .
  • Motor generator MG 2 is rotated and driven by the alternating-current power supplied from inverter 530 to power line 553 .
  • the driving power generated by motor generator MG 2 is transmitted to drive shaft 545 through speed reducer 570 .
  • electromotive force (alternating-current power) created in motor generator MG 2 is supplied to power line 553 .
  • inverter 530 converts the alternating-current power supplied to power line 553 into direct-current power for output to power line 551 , thereby charging traction battery 520 .
  • motor generators MG, MG 2 may function as a generator and as a motor
  • motor generator MG 1 often operates as a generator in general
  • motor generator MG 2 often operates mainly as a motor.
  • HV-ECU 590 controls the entire operation of the equipment and circuitry installed on the vehicle in order to allow hybrid vehicle 500 to be driven according to an instruction by the driver.
  • hybrid vehicle 500 with a combination of the driving power generated by engine 510 and the driving power generated by motor generator MG 2 using the electric energy from traction battery 520 as a source, vehicle operation is performed with improved fuel efficiency.
  • hybrid vehicle 500 runs only with the driving power by motor generator MG 2 basically without starting the engine, in order to avoid a region in which an engine efficiency is bad.
  • the driving power output from engine 510 is split into a driving power for wheels 540 a and a driving power for electric power generation at motor generator MG 1 by power split mechanism 560 .
  • the generated electric power by motor generator MG 1 is used for driving motor generator MG 2 . Therefore, during normal travel, wheels 540 a are driven with the driving power by engine 510 with the assistance of the driving power by motor generator MG 2 .
  • ECU 590 controls the proportion of driving power sharing between engine 510 and motor generator MG 2 .
  • supply power from traction battery 520 is further used to drive the second motor generator MG 2 , thereby further increasing the driving power for wheels 540 a.
  • motor generator MG 2 During deceleration and braking, motor generator MG 2 generates a torque in the opposite direction to rotation of wheels 540 a thereby to function as a generator performing regenerative power generation. Electric power recovered by regenerative power generation of motor generator MG 2 is used to charge traction battery 520 through power line 553 , inverter 530 , and power line 551 . Furthermore, at vehicle stop, engine 510 is automatically stopped.
  • HV-ECU 590 determines the above-noted distribution according to the drive situation, in consideration of the efficiency of engine 510 in terms of fuel efficiency.
  • FIG. 19 is a flowchart illustrating operation command value setting for motor generator MG 2 in hybrid vehicle 500 , which reflects charge/discharge control of a secondary battery in accordance with the present embodiment.
  • the flowchart shown in FIG. 19 is realized by executing a program stored beforehand in HV-ECU 590 every prescribed period.
  • step S 300 HV-ECU 590 calculates a vehicle driving power and a vehicle braking power required for the entire vehicle, depending on the present vehicle speed and a pedal operation by the driver.
  • step S 310 HV-ECU 590 sets an input/output permissible value (electric power) of motor generator MG 2 , corresponding to charge/discharge restriction of traction battery 520 (secondary battery 10 ) set in accordance with the first and second embodiments and the modification of the second embodiment.
  • HV-ECU 590 determines a driving power output share between engine 510 and motor generator MG 2 , considering the input/output permissible value of MG 2 set in step S 310 and the efficiency of hybrid vehicle 500 on the whole, specifically, while giving consideration so that the operation region of engine 510 is an efficient one (step S 320 ). This avoids such an operation of motor generator MG 2 in that traction battery 520 is overcharged or overdischarged (specifically, a power running operation to generate a vehicle driving power or a regenerative braking operation for electric power generation).
  • HV-ECU 590 determines a torque command value for motor generator MG 2 according to the MG 2 output determined in step S 320 .
  • the torque command value for motor generator MG 2 is generally set to a positive torque during power running of generating a vehicle driving power and set to a negative torque during regenerative braking of exerting a vehicle driving power.
  • hybrid vehicle 500 is provided with not-shown hydraulic brakes for the wheels including driving wheels 540 a and is controlled such that a required braking power for the entire vehicle, which is calculated in step S 300 , is secured based on the sum of a braking power generated by the hydraulic brakes and a braking power involving regenerative braking power generation by motor generator MG 2 .
  • a required braking power for the entire vehicle which is calculated in step S 300
  • the braking power for the entire vehicle is secured by not-shown hydraulic brakes.
  • effective recovery of electric power is enabled by a regenerative braking operation performed by motor generator MG 2 within a range of charge restriction on traction battery 520 .
  • a part of functions of HV-ECU 590 realized by the process in steps S 300 -S 330 shown in FIG. 19 as described above corresponds to “control device” in the present invention.
  • motor generator MG 2 for vehicle driving power generation can be operated with charge/discharge control in which overcharge and overdischarge and rapid deterioration progress are avoided and consideration is given so that the battery performance is fully achieved, even for traction battery 520 in such a usage manner that a charge operation and a discharge operation are repeated.
  • the third embodiment an exemplary application to a series/parallel-type hybrid system capable of dividing and transmitting motive power from the engine into the axle (drive shaft) and the generator using a power split mechanism has been described, with attention to the output distribution of the vehicle driving power between the engine and the motor.
  • the application of the present invention is not limited to such a case, and the secondary battery charge/discharge control in accordance with the present invention realized by generation of a load operation command based on behavior prediction may be applied to any equipment or system without any particular limitation of a load.
  • the present invention may also be applied to only one of discharge restriction and charge restriction, for example, in a case where only either power supply from the secondary battery to the load (discharge) or power supply from the load to the secondary battery (charge) is executed.
  • the charge/discharge control device for a secondary battery in accordance with the present invention may typically be applied to charge/discharge control for a secondary battery (for example, lithium-ion battery) mounted on an electric vehicle or a hybrid vehicle.
  • a secondary battery for example, lithium-ion battery

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