Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
  • H01M10/4235—Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
  • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
  • H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
  • H01M50/411—Organic material
  • H01M50/414—Synthetic resins, e.g. thermoplastics or thermosetting resins
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/02—Details
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/04—Construction or manufacture in general
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
  • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
  • H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
  • H01M50/431—Inorganic material
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
  • Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a secondary battery with an improved safety, and, more particularly, to a secondary battery comprising a film (“safety film”) including expansible graphite that generates inflammable gas at a high temperature and polyurethane that causes an endothermic reaction and generates char at a high temperature, the safety film being disposed in the battery.
• a film (“safety film”) including expansible graphite that generates inflammable gas at a high temperature and polyurethane that causes an endothermic reaction and generates char at a high temperature
• a method of mounting an element at the outside of a cell and a method of using a material contained in the cell may be used to prevent the combustion and explosion of a secondary battery due to the overcharge of the secondary battery.
• the use of a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) element and a current interruption device (CID) element using the change in temperature of the battery, a protection circuit using the change in voltage of the battery, and a safety vent using the change in internal pressure of the battery belongs to the former.
• PTC positive temperature coefficient
• CID current interruption device
• the addition of a material that can change physically, chemically, and electrochemically depending upon the change in temperature or voltage of the battery belongs to the latter.
• the elements mounted at the outside of the cell use the temperature, voltage, and internal pressure of the battery, with the result that a secure interception is accomplished. However, an installation process and an installation space are additionally required.
• the CID element is applicable to only a cylindrical battery.
• the elements do not effectively perform a protecting function the battery in connection with tests that require quick response time, such as an internal short circuit, a nail penetration, or a local crush.
• an additive for improving a safety to an electrolyte or electrodes For example, a material that causes electrochemical polymerization under a condition, such as the overdischarge, may be added to the electrolyte such that the polymerization product of the material forms a passivation film on the electrodes upon the overdischarge or solidifies the electrolyte to restrain the abnormal operation of the battery.
• This chemical safety measure does not require an additional process and space, and is applicable to all kinds of batteries. However, the chemical safety measure does not guarantee the reliable operation of the battery. Furthermore, the performance of the battery is lowered due to the addition of the material.
• the present invention has been made to solve the above-mentioned problems, and other technical problems that have yet to be resolved.
• the inventors of the present invention have found that, when a film (“safety film”), including expansible graphite that generates inflammable gas at a high temperature and polyurethane that causes an endothermic reaction and generates char at a high temperature, is mounted in a secondary battery, the safety film can be easily attached the secondary battery without affecting the operating components of the secondary battery, and the secondary battery exhibiting excellent inflammability can be manufactured without deteriorating the efficiency of the secondary battery.
• a film including expansible graphite that generates inflammable gas at a high temperature and polyurethane that causes an endothermic reaction and generates char at a high temperature
• a secondary battery comprising a film (“safety film”) including expansible graphite that generates inflammable gas at a high temperature and polyurethane (PU) that causes an endothermic reaction and generates char at a high temperature, the safety film being disposed in the battery.
• a film including expansible graphite that generates inflammable gas at a high temperature and polyurethane (PU) that causes an endothermic reaction and generates char at a high temperature
• the safety film according to the present invention is a thin member, and therefore, the present invention has advantages in that it is possible to easily apply the safety film to a specific region of the battery, and the size of a space where the safety film is applied is very small.
• the graphite component and the polyurethane component included in the safety film provide effective and perfect inflammability by virtue of the inflammable gas and char generated from the graphite component and the polyurethane component, respectively.
• the graphite component and the polyurethane component may be included in the safety film in various manners.
• the graphite component and the polyurethane component may be added to a substrate film
• the graphite component and the polyurethane component may be coated on the surface of the substrate film
• one of the components for example, the polyurethane component
• the other component for example, the graphite component
• the substrate film is not particularly restricted so long as the substrate film stably supports the expansible graphite and the PU while the substrate film does not cause a chemical reaction in the battery.
• the substrate film may be made of polyolefin-based polymer, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and polybutylene, polyurethane, or polyethylene terephthalate.
• the safety film includes 20 to 50% by weight of expansible graphite and 20 to 50% by weight of PU based on the total weight of the film.
• the contents of, the expansible graphite and the PU are suitable for providing appropriate inflammability and manufacturing the film, it is a matter of course that the contents of the expansible graphite and the PU may be changed depending upon whether the expansible graphite and the PU are added to the substrate film or coated on the surface of the substrate film.
• the safety film is preferably manufactured by adding the expansible graphite to the PU as a substrate film.
• the safety film preferably includes 20 to 50% by weight of the expansible graphite based on the total weight of the safety film including the PU as the substrate film.
• the expansible graphite according to the present invention is a material including acid contained in the layered crystal structure of the graphite.
• the expansible graphite has a property in that the acid contained between the layers of the graphite is evaporated due to an endothermic reaction at a high temperature of 150° C. or more, whereby the graphite rapidly expands up to 300 to 400% of the initial volume of the graphite.
• the expansible graphite discharges inflammable gas according to the evaporation of the acid, and the inflammable gas increases limiting oxygen index (LOI) to fundamentally prevent the combustion of the battery.
• LOI oxygen index
• the graphite itself is a conductive material. For this reason, the graphite does not affect the performance and operation of the battery when the graphite is included in the battery.
• the acid contained in the layered crystal structure of the graphite may be sulfuric acid, nitric acid, or a mixture thereof.
• the specification of the expansible graphite and a method of manufacturing the expansible graphite are well known, and therefore, an additional description thereof will not be given.
• a commercialized expansible graphite has a particle diameter of 150 ⁇ m.
• the expansible graphite according to the present invention has a particle diameter of preferably 5 to 40 ⁇ m, more preferably 10 to 25 ⁇ m.
• the particle diameter of the expansible graphite is too large, the thickness of the safety film is increased.
• the graphite powder coheres with the result that the graphite is not uniformly distributed.
• the PU is a polymer having a urethane structure (—NHCO 2 —) in a molecular chain thereof.
• the PU has properties in that the PU causes an endothermic reaction at a temperature of approximately 200° C., and generates char at a temperature of approximately 400° C., thereby restraining an additional oxidation reaction of the battery.
• the molecular weight of the PU that can be preferably used in the present invention is 10,000 to 50,000.
• the specification of the PU and a method of manufacturing the PU are well known.
• the PU may be manufactured through the reaction between an isocyanate compound (a) including at least two isocyanate groups and an organic compound (b) including at least two isocyanate functional groups.
• the PU may be manufactured by polymerizing the above-mentioned compounds (a) and (b) and an organic compound (c) including one or two isocyanate functional groups and at least one hydrophilic ionic group to compose a polyurethane prepolymer (d) in which isocyanate groups are included at opposite ends thereof and the ionic group is included at a mole ratio of 0.1 to 10 per molecule, and of which the number average molecular weight is 1,000 to 30,000, and chain-extending the polyurethane prepolymer (d).
• PU powder having a particle diameter of 5 to 15 ⁇ m so as to easily manufacture the safety film.
• the particle diameter of the PU powder is too large, the thickness of the safety film is excessively increased, and the strength of the safety film is greatly decreased.
• the PU powder easily coheres with the result that the PU powder is not uniformly distributed.
• the safety film may be simply manufactured.
• the safety film may be manufactured by extruding polymer for a substrate film, expansible graphite, and PU powder.
• the safety film may be manufactured by extruding the expansible graphite and the PU powder.
• the safety film may be manufactured in a liquid phase, the safety film may be manufactured by adding the expansible graphite to the liquid component to form the liquid component into a slurry phase and coating the slurry phase component on the substrate film.
• the above-described methods may be partially jointly used to manufacture the safety film in a composite structure in which the expansible graphite and the PU are contained in the substrate film.
• the thickness of the safety film is not particularly restricted so long as the safety film does not affect the components of the battery when the safety film is attached inside the battery.
• the safety film may be attached inside or outside a case of the battery or to an electrode assembly or a cap assembly of the battery.
• the electrode assembly When the safety film is directly attached to the electrode assembly, for example, the electrode assembly may be constructed in a structure including bicells or full cells, and the safety film may be interposed between the bicells or the full cells.
• a cathode mixture slurry was prepared by adding 95% by weight of LiCoO 2 as a cathode active material, 2.5% by weight of Super-P (a conducting agent), and 2.5% by weight of PVdf (a coupling agent) to N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as a solvent.
• the cathode mixture slurry was coated on an aluminum foil, and was then dried and pressed to manufacture a cathode.
• An anode mixture slurry was prepared by adding 95% by weight of artificial graphite as an anode active material, 2.5% by weight of Super-P (a conducting agent), and 2.5% by weight of PVdf (a coupling agent) to NMP as a solvent.
• the anode mixture slurry was coated on a copper foil, and was then dried and pressed to manufacture an anode.
• 30% by weight of expansible graphite having a particle diameter of 20 ⁇ m and 40% by weight of polyurethane (PU) powder having a particle diameter of 10 ⁇ m were mixed into a polypropylene pallet as a component for a substrate film.
• the mixture was extruded to manufacture a safety film having a thickness of 100 ⁇ m.
• Cell GuardTM was used as a separator.
• the cathode, manufactured as described in Paragraph 1-1, and the anode, manufactured as described in Paragraph 1-2, and the separator were sequentially stacked to manufacture a bicell. In this way, a plurality of bicells were manufactured.
• the safety film, manufactured as described in Paragraph 1-3, was interposed between some of the bicells. Finally, the bicells were mounted in a battery case to manufacture a secondary battery.
• a secondary battery was manufactured in the same manner as Example 1 except that 30% by weight of expansible graphite having a particle diameter of 20 ⁇ m was mixed into PU as a substrate film, and the mixture was extruded to manufacture a safety film.
• a secondary battery was manufactured in the same manner as Example 1 except that a safety film was not used.
• the experiment results revealed that, for the secondary batteries manufactured according to Example 1 and Example 2, the sealed regions of the battery cases of the secondary batteries were separated from each other due to inflammable gas generated from the expansible graphite under the respective overcharge conditions, whereby gas was discharged from the secondary batteries, and char was generated from the polyurethane, whereby an endothermic reaction was caused, and therefore, the safety of the secondary batteries was secured.
• the experiment results revealed that the secondary batteries manufactured according to Comparative example 1 caught fire and exploded.
• the secondary battery according to the present invention has effects in that the safety film can be easily attached to a region of the secondary battery where the operating components of the secondary battery are not affected, and the secondary battery exhibiting excellent inflammability is manufactured without deteriorating the efficiency of the secondary battery.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Electrochemistry (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
• Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
• Secondary Cells (AREA)
• Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)

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• 2006
  • 2006-07-18 KR KR1020060066645A patent/KR20080007693A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
• 2007
  • 2007-07-10 JP JP2007180779A patent/JP4949146B2/ja active Active
  • 2007-07-16 US US11/778,332 patent/US7955724B2/en active Active
  • 2007-07-16 CN CNB2007101364147A patent/CN100539290C/zh active Active

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