US7847518B2 - Power system and method for managing charging state in that power system - Google Patents

Power system and method for managing charging state in that power system Download PDF

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Publication number
US7847518B2
US7847518B2 US12/308,987 US30898707A US7847518B2 US 7847518 B2 US7847518 B2 US 7847518B2 US 30898707 A US30898707 A US 30898707A US 7847518 B2 US7847518 B2 US 7847518B2
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power
vehicles
power generation
charge
generation
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US20090315512A1 (en
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Shinji Ichikawa
Tetsuhiro Ishikawa
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Toyota Motor Corp
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Toyota Motor Corp
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/10—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by engine-driven generators, e.g. generators driven by combustion engines
    • B60L50/16—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by engine-driven generators, e.g. generators driven by combustion engines with provision for separate direct mechanical propulsion
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/60—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by batteries
    • B60L50/61—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by batteries by batteries charged by engine-driven generators, e.g. series hybrid electric vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/30—Constructional details of charging stations
    • B60L53/305—Communication interfaces
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/60—Monitoring or controlling charging stations
    • B60L53/66—Data transfer between charging stations and vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/12—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries responding to state of charge [SoC]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/34—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2310/00—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
    • H02J2310/40—The network being an on-board power network, i.e. within a vehicle
    • H02J2310/48—The network being an on-board power network, i.e. within a vehicle for electric vehicles [EV] or hybrid vehicles [HEV]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/28—Arrangements for balancing of the load in a network by storage of energy
    • H02J3/32—Arrangements for balancing of the load in a network by storage of energy using batteries with converting means
    • H02J3/322—Arrangements for balancing of the load in a network by storage of energy using batteries with converting means the battery being on-board an electric or hybrid vehicle, e.g. vehicle to grid arrangements [V2G], power aggregation, use of the battery for network load balancing, coordinated or cooperative battery charging
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/62—Hybrid vehicles
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/7072—Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02T90/10—Technologies relating to charging of electric vehicles
    • Y02T90/12—Electric charging stations
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02T90/10—Technologies relating to charging of electric vehicles
    • Y02T90/14—Plug-in electric vehicles
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02T90/10—Technologies relating to charging of electric vehicles
    • Y02T90/16—Information or communication technologies improving the operation of electric vehicles
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02T90/10—Technologies relating to charging of electric vehicles
    • Y02T90/16—Information or communication technologies improving the operation of electric vehicles
    • Y02T90/167—Systems integrating technologies related to power network operation and communication or information technologies for supporting the interoperability of electric or hybrid vehicles, i.e. smartgrids as interface for battery charging of electric vehicles [EV] or hybrid vehicles [HEV]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S30/00—Systems supporting specific end-user applications in the sector of transportation
    • Y04S30/10—Systems supporting the interoperability of electric or hybrid vehicles
    • Y04S30/12—Remote or cooperative charging
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S30/00—Systems supporting specific end-user applications in the sector of transportation
    • Y04S30/10—Systems supporting the interoperability of electric or hybrid vehicles
    • Y04S30/14—Details associated with the interoperability, e.g. vehicle recognition, authentication, identification or billing

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a power system including a plurality of vehicles adapted to allow transfer of electric power to/from the outside of the vehicle and, more specifically, the present invention relates to a technique for managing state of charge of an electric storage unit mounted on each vehicle.
  • Such a vehicle is provided with a rechargeable electric storage unit for supplying electric power to an electric motor and for converting kinetic energy to electric energy at the time of regenerative braking and for storing the same.
  • Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2001-008380 discloses a power management system that allows transmission of electric power between a house and a battery mounted on an electric vehicle.
  • Electric vehicles such as represented by hybrid vehicles are rapidly becoming common due in part to lower costs enabled by technical innovation. Along with the widespread use of electric vehicles, it is fully expected that a large number of households own a plurality of electric vehicles.
  • Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2000-209707 discloses a charging plan equipment for electric vehicles for leveling electric power usage and for realizing low running cost, when a plurality of electric vehicles are charged.
  • the charging plan equipment forms a charging plan that makes power load for charging an object closer to desired power load conditions.
  • hybrid vehicles that are most widely commercialized are capable of generating electric power, by receiving driving force from an internal combustion engine, such as an engine. Therefore, when a plurality of hybrid vehicles are electrically connected to each other, it is possible for each hybrid vehicle to receive electric power generated by any of the hybrid vehicles including itself and to charge the electric storage unit of itself.
  • fuel consumption efficiency of an internal combustion engine is known to vary dependent on rotational speed, generated torque and the like. Therefore, even when the same amount of electric power is generated, amount of fuel consumed for generating the electric power may differ in accordance with characteristics of each internal combustion engine.
  • the present invention was made to solve such a problem, and its object is to provide a power system involving a plurality of vehicles each adapted to allow transfer of electric power to/from the outside of the vehicle, allowing efficient management of charging state of the electric storage unit of each vehicle, and to provide a method therefor.
  • the present invention provides a power system, including a plurality of vehicles each adapted to allow transfer of power to/from the outside of the vehicle, and power management means for managing power exchange among the plurality of vehicles.
  • the plurality of vehicles are electrically connected to each other, and the power management means is adapted to allow transmission/reception of information to/from each of the plurality of vehicles.
  • Each of the plurality of vehicles includes a rechargeable electric storage unit, a power generation mechanism capable of generating power by receiving driving force from an engine operated by fuel combustion, state of charge obtaining means for obtaining state of charge of the electric storage unit, state of charge transmitting means for transmitting the obtained state of charge to the power management means, and power generation control means for controlling power generation by the power generation mechanism, in response to a power generation instruction from the power management means.
  • the power management means includes necessary power calculating means for calculating, if there is any electric storage unit that is in a low-charge state, based on the state of charge transmitted from each of the plurality of vehicles, power necessary for charging the electric storage unit that is in the low-charge state, generation power determining means for determining at least one power generation mechanism to be operated for generating the power calculated by the necessary power calculating means, such that amount of fuel consumption by the power generation mechanism as a whole is minimized, and power generation instruction transmitting means for applying the power generation instruction to the vehicle that corresponds to each of the determined power generation mechanisms.
  • the power management means calculates electric power necessary for charging electric storage unit that is in a low-charged state. Then, the electric power generation mechanism to be operated for generating the calculated electric power is determined such that the amount of fuel consumed by the electric power generation mechanism or mechanisms as a whole is minimized. Consequently, it becomes possible to optimally select the electric power generation mechanism to be operated in the whole power system in accordance with the state of electric storage unit. Therefore, efficient use of fuel used for power generation and management of state of charge of the electric storage unit can both be realized.
  • the generation power determining means determines the number of power generation mechanisms to be operated, based on efficiency characteristic obtained in advance, representing correspondence between generation power of each of the power generation mechanisms and fuel consumption efficiency of the engine, such that fuel consumption efficiency of power generation mechanism or mechanisms to be operated as a whole is maximized.
  • the generation power determining means determines generation power to be shared by each of the power generation mechanisms to be operated, based on efficiency characteristic obtained in advance, representing correspondence between generation power of each of the power generation mechanisms and fuel consumption efficiency of the engine, such that fuel consumption efficiency of power generation mechanism or mechanisms to be operated as a whole is maximized.
  • each of the plurality of vehicles further includes identification information transmitting means for transmitting identification information representing itself to the power management means, the identification information transmitting means further includes efficiency characteristic storing means for storing in advance the efficiency characteristic in correspondence with each piece of identification information, and the generation power determining means specifies the efficiency characteristic of each of the plurality of vehicles among the plurality of stored efficiency characteristics, based on the identification information transmitted from each of the plurality of vehicles.
  • the power line is electrically connected, in order to allow power exchange between the plurality of vehicles and a common power load, to the power load, and the power management means further includes load power obtaining means for obtaining load power to be supplied to the power load.
  • Said necessary power calculating means calculates the necessary power by reflecting the load power obtained by the load power obtaining means.
  • the power management means and each of the plurality of vehicles are adapted to transmit/receive information through the power line.
  • At least one of the plurality of vehicles includes first and second rotating electrical machines each formed to include a star-connected stator, and first and second inverters electrically connected to the electric storage unit for driving the first and second rotating electrical machines, respectively, and adapted to perform power exchange to/from the outside of the vehicle, through a first neutral point of the first rotating electrical machine and a second neutral point of the second rotating electrical machine.
  • each of the first and second inverters is capable of executing a switching operation such that a single-phase AC voltage is generated between the first neutral point and the second neutral point.
  • the present invention provides a power system, including a plurality of vehicles each adapted to allow transfer of power to/from the outside of the vehicle, a power line for electrically connecting the plurality of vehicles to each other, and a power management device for managing power exchange among the plurality of vehicles.
  • the power management device is adapted to allow transmission/reception of information to/from each of the plurality of vehicles.
  • Each of the plurality of vehicles includes a rechargeable electric storage unit, a power generation mechanism capable of generating power by receiving driving force from an engine operated by fuel combustion, a state of charge obtaining unit for obtaining state of charge of the electric storage unit, a state of charge transmitting unit for transmitting the obtained state of charge to the power management device, and a power generation control unit for controlling power generation by the power generation mechanism, in response to a power generation instruction from the power management device.
  • the power management device is operative to calculate, if there is any electric storage unit that is in a low-charge state, based on the state of charge transmitted from each of the plurality of vehicles, power necessary for charging the electric storage unit that is in the low-charge states to determine at least one power generation mechanism to be operated for generating the calculated necessary power, such that amount of fuel consumption by the power generation mechanism as a whole is minimized, and to apply the power generation instruction to the vehicle that corresponds to each of the determined power generation mechanisms.
  • the present invention provides, for a plurality of vehicles each including a rechargeable electric storage unit, a method of managing state of charge of the electric storage unit.
  • Each of the plurality of vehicles is adapted to allow transfer of power to/from the outside of the vehicle, electrically connected to each other through a power line, and adapted to allow transmission/reception of information to/from a power management unit, and includes a power generation mechanism capable of generating power, receiving driving force from an engine operated by fuel combustion.
  • the method includes the steps of: for each of the plurality of vehicles, obtaining the state of charge of the corresponding electric storage unit; transmitting the obtained state of charge from each of the plurality of vehicles to the power management unit; calculating, if there is any electric storage unit that is in a low charge state, based on the state of charge transmitted from each of the plurality of vehicles to the power management unit, power necessary for charging the electric storage unit that is in the low charge state; determining, by the power management unit, at least one power generation mechanism to be operated for generating the necessary power, such that total amount of fuel consumption is minimized; applying a power generation instruction from the power management unit, to the vehicle corresponding to each of the determined power generation mechanisms; and controlling power generation by the corresponding power generation mechanism, in response to the power generation instruction, in the vehicle receiving the power generation instruction.
  • the power management unit calculates electric power necessary for charging electric storage unit that is in a low-charge state. Then, the electric power generation mechanism to be operated for generating the calculated electric power is determined such that the amount of fuel consumed by the electric power generation mechanism or mechanisms as a whole is minimized. Consequently, it becomes possible to optimally select the electric power generation mechanism to be operated in the whole power system in accordance with the state of electric storage unit. Therefore, efficient use of fuel used for power generation and management of state of charge of the electric storage unit can both be realized.
  • the number of power generation mechanisms to be operated is determined, based on efficiency characteristic obtained in advance, representing correspondence between generation power of each of the power generation mechanisms and fuel consumption efficiency of the engine, such that fuel consumption efficiency of power generation mechanism or mechanisms to be operated as a whole is maximized.
  • generation power to be shared by each of the power generation mechanisms to be operated is determined, based on efficiency characteristic obtained in advance, representing correspondence between generation power of each of the power generation mechanisms and fuel consumption efficiency of the engine, such that fuel consumption efficiency of power generation mechanism or mechanisms to be operated as a whole is maximized.
  • the method further includes the steps of each of the plurality of vehicles transmitting identification information representing itself to the power management unit; and based on the identification information transmitted from each of the plurality of vehicles, the power management unit specifying the efficiency characteristic of each of the plurality of vehicles, making reference to the plurality of efficiency characteristics stored in advance in correspondence with the identification information.
  • the present invention involves a plurality of vehicles each adapted to allow exchange of electric power to/from the outside of the vehicle, and the state of charge of the electric storage unit in each vehicle can efficiently be managed.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic configuration of a power system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 shows a schematic configuration of a power management device 1 in accordance with the embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 shows a schematic configuration of each of the vehicles in accordance with the embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 4A to 4C illustrate manner of electric power control in the power system in accordance with the embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 shows an overall sequence of the power system in accordance with the embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a block diagram representing a control structure in a control unit in accordance with the embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates contents of a process at a charge/discharge power determining unit.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates contents of a process at a generation power determining unit.
  • FIG. 9 illustrates contents of another process at the generation power determining unit.
  • FIG. 10 is a block diagram representing a control structure in a control unit in accordance with the embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 11 is a flowchart showing process procedure in the power management device in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 12 is a flowchart showing process procedure in each of the vehicles in accordance with the embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 13 shows a schematic configuration of the vehicle in accordance with a modification of the embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 14 represents a zero-phase equivalent circuit of the inverter and the motor generator when a zero-voltage vector is to be generated.
  • the power system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention involves hybrid vehicles 2 - 1 , 2 - 2 , 2 - 3 (hereinafter simply referred to as a “vehicle”), each adapted to allow transfer of electric power to/from the outside of the vehicle.
  • vehicle a vehicle
  • the present invention is applicable to any number of vehicles.
  • Vehicles 2 - 1 , 2 - 2 and 2 - 3 are electrically connected to each other through supply lines ACL 1 , ACL 2 and ACL 3 , respectively. Further, vehicles 2 - 1 , 2 - 2 and 2 - 3 are also electrically connected to a common power load LOAD of a house 100 , and are capable of supplying electric power to power load LOAD.
  • LOAD common power load of a house 100
  • any of the vehicles 2 - 1 , 2 - 2 and 2 - 3 when any of the vehicles 2 - 1 , 2 - 2 and 2 - 3 is referred to without specific distinction, it will be generally referred to as a “vehicle” and if any of supply lines ACL 1 , ACL 2 and ACL 3 is referred to without specific distinction, it will be generally referred to as a “supply line ACL.”
  • each of the vehicles 2 - 1 , 2 - 2 and 2 - 3 is formed to include a rechargeable electric storage unit, and an electric power generation mechanism that can generate electric power by receiving of driving force from the engine that runs on fuel combustion.
  • the power system in accordance with the embodiment of the present invention includes a power management device 1 arranged between supply lines ACL 1 , ACL 2 , ACL 3 and the house 100 .
  • Power management device 1 manages transfer of electric power between each of vehicles 2 - 1 , 2 - 2 and 2 - 3 , and power supply from vehicles 2 - 1 , 2 - 2 and 2 - 3 to power load LOAD. Further, power management device 1 manages state of charge of the electric storage unit in each of vehicles 2 - 1 , 2 - 2 and 2 - 3 .
  • power management unit 1 is configured to be capable of transmitting/receiving information to/from each of the vehicles 2 - 1 , 2 - 2 and 2 - 3 .
  • Power management device 1 calculates, based on the state of charge (hereinafter also referred to as “SOC”) of the electric storage units transmitted from vehicles 2 - 1 , 2 - 2 and 2 - 3 , the electric power necessary for executing charging of the electric storage unit that is in a low-charge state. Further, power management unit 1 determines the electric power generation mechanism to be operated for generating the calculated electric power and transmits a power generation instruction to the vehicle that corresponds to each of the determined electric power generation mechanisms. Then each of the vehicles that received the power generation instruction starts operation of the engine, so as to start generation of prescribed amount of electric power, in accordance with the power generation instruction.
  • SOC state of charge
  • the low-charge state typically refers to a state in which SOC of the electric storage unit is below a prescribed threshold value.
  • power management device 1 monitors the state of electric storage unit of each of the vehicles 2 - 1 , 2 - 2 and 2 - 3 , and if it is necessary to generate power by the electric power generation mechanism, it selects and operates an optimal electric power generation mechanism so that maximum fuel consumption efficiency regarding power generation is attained in the power system as a whole.
  • Power management device 1 and each of the vehicles 2 - 1 , 2 - 2 and 2 - 3 implement transmission/reception of information through power line communication (PLC: hereinafter also referred to as “PLC communication”) through supply lines ACL 1 , ACL 2 and ACL 3 , respectively.
  • PLC power line communication
  • power management device 1 is configured allowing attachment/detachment of supply lines ACL 1 , ACL 2 and ACL 3 of vehicles 2 - 1 , 2 - 2 and 2 - 3 , respectively.
  • a male connector is attached to one end of supply lines ACL 1 , ACL 2 and ACL 3
  • a female connector that fits the male connector is provided on a side surface of power management device 1 .
  • Power management device 1 couples supply lines ACL 1 , ACL 2 and ACL 3 to a common main line ML, and electrically connects to power load LOAD.
  • power management device 1 includes a modem 52 , a main line voltage detecting unit 50 , a main line current detecting unit 54 , and a control unit CPU.
  • Modem 52 transmits/receives information to/from each of the plurality of vehicles electrically connected to each other.
  • modem 52 is connected between main lines ML, modulates an information signal (transmission) applied from the control unit CPU and superposes it on a main line current flowing through the main line ML, and extracts a modulated signal included in the main line current flowing through the main line ML, demodulates the same to an information signal (reception) and outputs it to the control unit CPU.
  • the electric power supplied from vehicles 2 - 1 , 2 - 2 and 2 - 3 to power load LOAD has, by way of example, commercial frequency (e.g. 50 Hz or 60 Hz).
  • Main line voltage detecting unit 50 is connected between main lines ML, detects a voltage supplied to power load LOAD, that is, the main line voltage VML appearing on the main line ML, and outputs the detected value to the control unit CPU.
  • Main line current detecting unit 54 is inserted to one of the main lines ML, detects a current supplied to power load LOAD, that is, main line current IML flowing through the main line ML, and outputs the detected value to the control unit CPU.
  • Control unit CPU is capable of receiving a supply start/end instruction from a user or the like. Control unit CPU manages the electric power supplied from each of the plurality of vehicles to power load LOAD, and manages the state of charge of the electric storage unit of each vehicle.
  • control unit CPU transmits an identification ID inquiry instruction to each vehicle, via modem 52 .
  • Control unit CPU receives the identification ID returned by each of the vehicles, via modem 52 .
  • Control unit CPU obtains characteristics of each vehicle based on the identification ID returned from each of the vehicles, and then, issues an output start instruction to each vehicle. Then, each vehicle starts transfer of electric power.
  • control unit CPU After the start of electric power exchange by each vehicle, control unit CPU receives a state value transmitted from each of the vehicles. The state value at least includes SOC of the corresponding electric storage unit. Then, based on the SOC of each vehicle, control unit CPU determines charge/discharge power of the corresponding storage unit. Further, control unit CPU obtains the load power supplied to power load LOAD, from the main line current IML and main line voltage VML. Further, control unit CPU calculates electric power necessary for executing charging of the electric storage unit that is in a low-charge state, based on the sum of charge/discharge power of electric storage units and the load power.
  • control unit CPU determines an electric power generation mechanism or mechanisms to be operated such that the amount of fuel consumed by the power generation mechanism as a whole is minimized, and transmits a power generation instruction to each of the vehicles that correspond to the determined power generation mechanism or mechanisms. Then, control unit CPU executes the above-described process repeatedly until it receives a supply end instruction.
  • control unit CPU determines the number of electric power generation mechanisms to be operated, so that maximum fuel consumption efficiency can be attained in the overall electric power generation mechanisms in operation, based on predetermined efficiency characteristic that represents correspondence between generated power of each of the electric power generation mechanisms of the vehicles and the fuel consumption efficiency of the engine.
  • control unit CPU determines the generation power to be shared by each of the electric power generation mechanisms to be operated, so that maximum fuel consumption efficiency can be attained in the overall electric power generation mechanisms in operation, based on the efficiency characteristic.
  • FIG. 3 shows a schematic configuration of each of vehicles 2 - 1 , 2 - 2 and 2 - 3 , in accordance with the embodiment of the present invention.
  • the present invention is applicable to any vehicle that includes a rechargeable electric storage unit and an electric power generation mechanism capable of generating electric power, by receiving driving force from an engine.
  • a hybrid vehicle As an example, an implementation by a hybrid vehicle will be described.
  • each of the vehicles 2 - 1 , 2 - 2 and 2 - 3 includes a control unit ECU, an electric storage unit BAT 1 , a converter CONV 1 , inverters INV 1 , INV 2 , INV 3 , motor generators MG 1 and MG 2 , an engine ENG, and a modem 22 .
  • Electric storage unit BAT is configured to allow charging/discharging by the converter CONV.
  • a lithium ion or a nickel hydride secondary battery, or an electric storage such as an electric double layer capacitor may be used as electric storage unit BAT.
  • a battery temperature detecting unit 13 arranged close to electric storage unit BAT detects battery temperature Tbat of electric storage unit BAT, and outputs the detected value to control unit ECU.
  • Battery temperature detecting unit 13 may be configured such that based on results of detection by a plurality of detecting elements arranged corresponding to a plurality of battery cells forming the electric storage unit BAT, a representative value is output by averaging process or the like.
  • Converter CONV is electrically connected to electric storage unit BAT through a positive power line PL and a negative power line NL, and connected to inverters INV 1 , INV 2 and INV 3 through main positive power line MPL and a main negative power line MNL.
  • Converter CONV performs a voltage converting operation (voltage lowering operation or boosting operation) between electric storage unit BAT and main positive and negative lines MPL and MNL, and thereby controls charging/discharging of electric storage unit BAT. Specifically, when electric storage unit BAT is to be charged, converter CONV lowers the voltage between main positive and negative power lines MPL and MNL, and supplies charging current to electric storage unit BAT.
  • converter CONV boosts the discharging voltage of electric storage unit BAT, and supplies discharge current to inverters INV 1 , INV 2 and INV 3 , through main positive and negative power lines MPL and MNL.
  • a battery current detecting unit 10 inserted to positive power line PL detects the charge/discharge current Ibat of electric storage unit BAT, and outputs the detected value to control unit ECU. Further, a battery voltage detecting unit 12 connected between positive power line PL and negative power line NL detects an output voltage Vbat of electric storage unit BAT, and outputs the detected value to control unit ECU.
  • Inverters INV 1 and INV 2 are connected in parallel to main positive power line MPL and main negative power line MNL, and transfer electric power to/from electric storage unit BAT through converter CONV. Specifically, inverters INV 1 and INV 2 are adapted to be capable of converting DC power applied through main positive power line MPL and main negative power line MNL to AC power and thereby driving motor generators MG 1 and MG 2 , respectively. Further, at the time of regenerative braking of the vehicle, for example, inverters INV 1 and INV 2 are capable of converting the AC power generated by motor generators MG 1 and MG 2 and returning the power to electric storage unit BAT.
  • inverters INV 1 and INV 2 are formed of a bridge circuit including three-phase switching elements and, by performing a switching operation (opening/closing circuit) in response to switching commands PWM 1 and PWM 2 received from control unit ECU, generate three-phase AC power, respectively.
  • a supply current detecting unit 14 inserted to main positive power line MPL detects main line current IDC flowing between converter CONV and inverters INV 1 , INV 2 and INV 3 , and outputs the detected value to control unit ECU. Further, a main line voltage detecting unit 16 connected between main positive power line MPL and main negative power line MNL detects a main line voltage VDC, and outputs the result of detection to control unit ECU. Further, between main positive power line MPL and main negative power line MNL, a smoothing capacitor C is connected, which reduces fluctuation component (AC component) involved in the electric power flowing between the converter CONV and inverters INV 1 , INV 2 and INV 3 .
  • AC component fluctuation component
  • Motor generators MG 1 and MG 2 are capable of generating rotation driving force, by receiving AC power supplied from inverters INV 1 and INV 2 , respectively, and capable of generating AC power, by receiving rotation driving force from engine ENG.
  • each of the motor generators MG 1 and MG 2 is a three-phase AC rotating electric machine including a rotor with embedded permanent magnet.
  • Output shafts of motor generators MG 1 and MG 2 are mechanically coupled to engine ENG, via a power split device 6 and a driving shaft 8 .
  • Engine ENG is an internal combustion engine that operates on combustion of fossil fuel such as gasoline.
  • the driving force generated by the engine ENG may be transmitted to wheels (not shown) via a power transmitting unit 7 provided on driving shaft 8 , together with the driving force from motor generators MG 1 and MG 2 . Further, in response to a control signal CTRL from control unit ECU, engine ENG starts and stops operation and changes the state of combustion (rotational speed).
  • each vehicle is connected to power management device 1 through supply line ACL and, therefore, it does not run. Therefore, it is unnecessary to apply the driving force generated by engine ENG to wheels (not shown). Therefore, in the present embodiment, a prescribed switching command PWM 2 is applied to inverter INV 2 , such that driving force of the engine ENG is entirely transmitted to motor generator MG 2 to cause generation of electric power.
  • a prescribed switching command PWM 2 is applied to inverter INV 2 , such that driving force of the engine ENG is entirely transmitted to motor generator MG 2 to cause generation of electric power.
  • motor generators MG 1 and MG 2 can be driven to rotate by the driving force output from engine ENG, only the switching operation of inverter INV 2 corresponding to motor generator MG 2 is rendered effective and, therefore, motor generator MG 2 functions as a power generator.
  • engine ENG, motor generator MG 2 and inverter INV 2 correspond to the “power generation mechanism.”
  • Inverter INV 3 is connected in parallel with inverters INV 1 and INV 2 to main positive line MPL and main negative line MNL, receives a discharge power (DC power) from electric storage unit BAT supplied through converter CONV, and generates AC power to be supplied to power load LOAD ( FIG. 2 ).
  • inverter INV 3 is implemented by a single-phase inverter, to be adaptable to the electric power used in household 100 .
  • Inverter INV 3 transfers electric power to/from the outside of the vehicle, through supply line ACL (positive supply line ACLp and negative supply line ACLn).
  • Supply current detecting unit 18 inserted to positive power line ACLp detects supply current IAC to power load LOAD, and outputs the detected value to control unit ECU. Further, supply voltage detecting unit 20 connected between positive power line ACLp and negative supply line ACLn detects supply voltage VAC to power load LOAD, and outputs the detected value to control unit ECU.
  • Modem 22 is configured to allow transmission/reception of information to/from other vehicles and power management device 1 ( FIGS. 1 and 2 ). Specifically, modem 22 is connected to positive supply line ACLp and negative supply line ACLn, and implements transmission/reception of information by PLC communication through supply lines ACL.
  • control unit ECU Receiving an identification ID inquiry instruction from power management device 1 via modem 22 , control unit ECU returns identification ID of itself. Examples of the identification ID include vehicle line information, model of engine ENG, and capacity of electric storage unit BAT. Thereafter, receiving an output start instruction from power management device 1 via modem 22 , control unit ECU generates a switching command PWM 3 , and starts exchange of electric power to/from the outside of the vehicle.
  • control unit ECU obtains SOC of electric storage unit BAT, and transmits it to power management device 1 via modem 22 . Further, in response to a control instruction transmitted from power management device 1 , control unit ECU controls charge/discharge power Pb of the electric storage unit. If a power generation instruction is included in the control instruction transmitted from power management device 1 , control unit ECU operates engine ENG to generate electric power Pg in accordance with the power generation instruction. Then, control unit ECU executes the above-described process repeatedly until it receives a supply end instruction from power management device 1 .
  • engine ENG, motor generator MG 2 and inverter INV 2 correspond to the “power generation mechanism.”
  • control unit ECU implements the “state of charge obtaining means”, “state of charge transmitting means”, “power generation control means” and “identification information transmitting means.”
  • power management device 1 implements the “power management means”, and control unit CPU implements the “necessary power calculating means”, “generation power determining means”, “power generation instruction transmitting means” and “load power obtaining means.”
  • charge/discharge electric power Pb and generation power Pg are used as values for specific vehicles, they will be used with suffixes, such as Pb 1 , Pb 2 , Pb 3 and Pg 1 , Pg 2 and Pg 3 .
  • FIGS. 4A to 4C power management in the power system in accordance with the embodiment of the present invention will be described.
  • FIG. 4A shows an example in which electric storage unit BAT of every vehicle has sufficiently high SOC.
  • FIG. 4B shows an example in which SOC decreased in the electric storage unit BAT of vehicle 2 - 1 .
  • FIG. 4C shows another example in which SOC decreased in the electric storage unit BAT of vehicle 2 - 1 .
  • every electric storage unit BAT of every vehicle may be discharged and, therefore, power consumption in the power system derives only from the load power Ps of power load LOAD.
  • the load power Ps is shared by vehicles 2 - 1 , 2 - 2 and 2 - 3 .
  • the sum of charge/discharge powers Pb 1 , Pb 2 and Pb 3 (all positive values) shared by vehicles 2 - 1 , 2 - 2 and 2 - 3 equals load power Ps.
  • charge/discharge powers Pb 1 , Pb 2 and Pb 3 will represent charge power or discharge power by a sign. Specifically, charge power corresponds to a positive value and discharge power corresponds to a negative value.
  • generation power Pg 1 generated by the power generation mechanism of vehicle 2 - 1 is used for charging electric storage unit BAT of vehicle 2 - 1 and for supplying electric power to power load LOAD.
  • generation power Pg 3 generated by the power generation mechanism of vehicle 2 - 3 is used for charging electric storage unit BAT of vehicle 2 - 1 and for supplying electric power to power load LOAD.
  • power management device 1 issues an identification ID inquiry instruction to each of the vehicles 2 - 1 , 2 - 2 and 2 - 3 (sequence SQ 10 ).
  • vehicle 2 - 1 transmits an identification ID of itself to power management device 1 (sequence SQ 12 a ).
  • vehicles 2 - 2 and 2 - 3 transmit identification IDs of themselves to power management device 1 (sequences SQ 12 b and SQ 12 c ).
  • power management device 1 obtains characteristics of respective vehicles based on the identification IDs, and applies an output start instruction to each of the vehicles 2 - 1 , 2 - 2 and 2 - 3 (sequence SQ 14 ).
  • each of the vehicles 2 - 1 , 2 - 2 and 2 - 3 starts exchange of electric power (sequences SQ 16 a , SQ 16 b , SQ 16 c ).
  • power management device 1 applies the output start instruction earlier to one of the vehicles 2 - 1 , 2 - 2 and 2 - 3 and after the exchange of electric power starts thereby, applies the output start instruction to remaining vehicles, to establish synchronization with the AC voltage generated by the preceding vehicle.
  • each of the vehicles 2 - 1 , 2 - 2 and 2 - 3 obtains SOC of electric storage unit BAT of itself and transmits it as a state value that additionally includes other necessary information, to power management device 1 (sequences SQ 20 a , SQ 20 b , SQ 20 c ).
  • power management device 1 Based on the SOC of each of the vehicles 2 - 1 , 2 - 2 and 2 - 3 , power management device 1 calculates electric power necessary for executing charging of any electric storage unit that is in the low-charge state, among the electric storage units corresponding to the vehicles 2 - 1 , 2 - 2 and 2 - 3 (sequence SQ 22 ). Power management device 1 determines the power generation mechanism or mechanisms to be operated for generating the calculated electric power, such that the amount of fuel consumption of power generation mechanisms as a whole is minimized.
  • power management device 1 transmits a control instruction including a target charge/discharge power Pb* of the corresponding electric storage unit and a target generation power Pg* (power generation instruction) of the power generation mechanism to be operated, to each of the vehicles 2 - 1 , 2 - 2 and 2 - 3 (sequences SQ 24 a , SQ 24 b , SQ 24 c ).
  • each of the vehicles 2 - 1 , 2 - 2 and 2 - 3 controls the charge/discharge power of electric storage unit BAT so that it matches the instructed target charge/discharge power Pb*. Further, if the received control instruction includes a power generation instruction, each of the vehicles 2 - 1 , 2 - 2 and 2 - 3 operates engine ENG (sequences SQ 26 a , SQ 26 b , SQ 26 c ), and controls generation power of power generation mechanism such that the generated power matches the instructed target generation power Pg*.
  • engine ENG sequences SQ 26 a , SQ 26 b , SQ 26 c
  • sequences SQ 20 a , SQ 20 b , SQ 20 c , sequence SQ 22 , sequences SQ 24 a , SQ 24 b , SQ 24 c and sequences SQ 26 a , SQ 26 b and SQ 26 c are repeated.
  • power management device 1 applies an output end instruction to each of the vehicles 2 - 1 , 2 - 2 and 2 - 3 (sequence SQ 30 ).
  • each of the vehicles 2 - 1 , 2 - 2 and 2 - 3 stops exchange of electric power (sequences SQ 32 a , SQ 32 b , SQ 32 c ).
  • each of the vehicles 2 - 1 , 2 - 2 and 2 - 3 notifies power management device 1 of the stop of power exchange (sequences SQ 34 a , SQ 34 b , SQ 34 c ). In this manner, a series of operations is completed.
  • control unit CPU includes a communication control unit 30 , an input unit 32 , a load power obtaining unit 36 , a necessary power calculating unit 44 , a generation power determining unit 40 , and an efficiency characteristics storage unit 42 .
  • necessary power calculating unit 44 includes a charge/discharge power determining unit 34 and a total generation power calculating unit 38 .
  • Communication control unit 30 is an interface with modem 52 ( FIG. 2 ), and processes information transmitted/received to/from each of the vehicles. Specifically, receiving the supply start instruction from input unit 32 , communication control unit 30 transmits the identification ID inquiry instruction to each vehicle via modem 52 . Thereafter, communication control unit 30 transmits the output start instruction to each vehicle via modem 52 .
  • communication control unit 30 applies SOC of each vehicle received via modem 52 to charge/discharge power determining unit 34 , and applies identification ID of each vehicle received via modem 52 to generation power determining unit 40 . Further, communication control unit 30 transmits target charge/discharge powers Pb 1 *, Pb 2 * and Pb 3 * applied from charge/discharge power determining unit 34 to corresponding vehicles and transmits target generation powers Pg 1 *, Pg 2 * and Pg 3 * applied from generation power determining unit 40 to corresponding vehicles. Further, receiving a supply end instruction from input unit 32 , communication control unit 30 transmits an output end instruction to each vehicle, via modem 52 .
  • Input unit 32 periodically monitors whether there is an input of supply start/end instruction, and if there is an input of either instruction, applies the input to communication control unit 30 .
  • necessary power calculating unit 44 calculates electric power necessary for charging the electric storage unit that is in the low-charge state.
  • charge/discharge power generating unit 34 determines target charge/discharge powers Pb 1 *, Pb 2 * and Pb 3 * of respective vehicles, based on SOC 1 , SOC 2 and SOC 3 received from vehicles 2 - 1 , 2 - 2 and 2 - 3 .
  • each of the target charge/discharge powers Pb 1 *, Pb 2 * and Pb 3 * represents a charge power (positive value) or a discharge power (negative value), dependent on the appended sign (positive or negative).
  • charge/discharge power determining unit 34 determines the target charge/discharge power Pb* to a prescribed positive value, and if the corresponding SOC represents the low-charge state, it determines the target charge/discharge power Pb* to a prescribed negative value. Then, charge/discharge power determining unit 34 applies the determined target charge/discharge powers Pb 1 *, Pb 2 * and Pb 3 * to communication control unit 30 and total generation power calculating unit 38 .
  • Total generation power calculating unit 38 subtracts the load power Ps applied from load power obtaining unit 36 from the sum of target charge/discharge powers Pb 1 *, Pb 2 * and Pb 3 *. Specifically, total generation power calculating unit 38 calculates the power ⁇ Pg* necessary for charging the electric storage unit BAT that is in the low-charge state, taking into account the load power supplied to power load LOAD. Then, total generation power calculating unit 38 applies the calculated power ⁇ Pg* to generation power determining unit 40 .
  • generation power determining unit 40 specifies efficiency characteristic obtained in advance, which indicates correspondence between generation power of the power generation mechanism and the fuel consumption efficiency of the engine in each vehicle, in accordance with identification ID 1 , identification ID 2 and identification ID 3 received from vehicles 2 - 1 , 2 - 2 and 2 - 3 , respectively.
  • Generation power determining unit 40 determines target generation powers Pg 1 *, Pg 2 * and Pg 3 * for sharing the power ⁇ Pg* such that the fuel consumption efficiency of operated power generation mechanisms as a whole is minimized, based on the efficiency characteristic of each vehicle. For the power generation mechanism that need not generate power, generation power determining unit 40 sets the corresponding target generation power to zero. Then, generation power determining unit 40 applies the determined target generation powers Pg 1 *, Pg 2 * and Pg 3 * to communication control unit 30 .
  • Efficiency characteristics storage unit 42 stores a plurality of efficiency characteristics corresponding to the identification IDs. Receiving an identification ID from generation power determining unit 40 , efficiency characteristics storage unit 42 extracts the efficiency characteristic that corresponds to the identification ID from the stored plurality of efficiency characteristics, and applies it to generation power determining unit 40 . By way of example, efficiency characteristics storage unit 42 stores the efficiency characteristics in the form of a map.
  • charge/discharge power determining unit 34 stores the charge/discharge amount characteristic such as shown in FIG. 7 .
  • the charge/discharge amount characteristic represents correspondence between the SOC of electric storage unit BAT and the determined target charge/discharge power Pb*.
  • a charge/discharge amount characteristic that has history characteristic is defined. Specifically, if the SOC of electric storage unit BAT becomes lower than a lower threshold value Thl, the electric storage unit BAT is determined to be in the low-charge state, and the determination of low-charge state is maintained until the SOC increases to an upper threshold value Thh.
  • the charge/discharge power of the corresponding electric storage unit BAT is set to a prescribed negative value (charge power). If it is not determined to be the low-charge state, that is, when SOC of the electric storage unit BAT is sufficiently large, the target charge/discharge power Pb* of the corresponding electric storage unit BAT is set to a prescribed positive value (discharge power).
  • discharge power a prescribed negative value
  • the target charge/discharge power Pb* of the corresponding electric storage unit BAT is set to a prescribed positive value (discharge power).
  • the target charge/discharge power Pb* of each electric storage BAT may be determined as needed at each time point, within the range of target charge/discharge power defined by the charge/discharge amount characteristic as shown in FIG. 7 .
  • generation power determining unit 40 determines such efficiency characteristic as shown in FIG. 8 , based on the identification ID of each vehicle.
  • the efficiency characteristic defines correspondence between the generation power Pg and fuel consumption efficiency of engine ENG in each power generation mechanism.
  • generation power determining unit 40 determines a power generation mechanism or mechanisms to be operated, such that the amount of fuel consumption by the power generation mechanism or mechanisms as a whole is minimized.
  • generation power determining unit 40 determines the number of power generation mechanisms to be operated, so that fuel consumption efficiency of the operated power generation mechanism or mechanisms as a whole is maximized.
  • the power ⁇ Pg* necessary for charging the electric storage unit BAT that is in the low-charge state is divided by the number of power generation mechanisms (for example, 2 or 3), and in each case, the fuel consumption efficiency corresponding to the generation power Pg shared by each power generation mechanism is calculated. If two power generation mechanisms are to be operated, each power generation mechanism bears ⁇ Pg*/2 and, therefore, fuel consumption efficiency ⁇ (1 ⁇ 2) is obtained. If three power generation mechanisms are to be operated, each power generation mechanism bears ⁇ Pg*/3 and, therefore, fuel consumption efficiency ⁇ (1 ⁇ 3) is obtained. According to the efficiency characteristic shown in FIG.
  • generation power determining unit 40 determines that two power generation mechanisms should be operated and transmits power generation instruction to any two of the vehicles.
  • generation power determining unit 40 determines the number of power generation mechanisms to be operated, so that the fuel consumption efficiency of the operated power generation mechanisms as a whole is maximized.
  • the target generation power Pg* of each vehicle may be determined by various methods other than the processes shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 .
  • the target generation power Pg* of each vehicle may be determined by numerical calculation so that fuel consumption efficiency related to power generation is maximized, by applying Linear Programming method (LP method), with the characteristic efficiency of each vehicle used as object function.
  • LP method Linear Programming method
  • control unit ECU in accordance with the embodiment of the present invention includes a communication control unit 60 , an SOC obtaining unit 62 , PI control units 64 , 68 , an adding unit 76 , and a power generation control unit 74 .
  • power generation control unit 74 includes a switching command generating unit 72 and an engine control unit 70 .
  • Communication control unit 60 is an interface with modem 22 ( FIG. 3 ), and it processes information transmitted/received to/from power management device 1 . Specifically, receiving identification ID inquiry instruction via modem 22 , it transmits the identification ID representing itself to power management device 1 . Thereafter, receiving the target charge/discharge power Pb* via modem 22 , communication control unit 60 applies it to PI control unit 64 and adding unit 76 , and receiving target generation power Pg*, applies it to switching command generating unit 72 and engine control unit 70 . Further, communication control unit 60 transmits SOC applied from SOC obtaining unit 62 to power management device 1 .
  • SOC obtaining unit 62 obtains SOC of electric storage unit BAT based on battery temperature Tbat, output voltage Vbat and charge/discharge current Ibat, and applies it to communication control unit 60 .
  • SOC obtaining unit 62 for obtaining SOC of electric storage unit BAT known technique may be used.
  • the state of charge can be detected successively by adding tentative SOC calculated from the relation between output voltage Vbat appeared when the electric storage unit BAT is in an open-circuit state (open circuit voltage value) and the battery temperature Tbat, to a correction SOC calculated from an integrated value of charge/discharge current Ibat.
  • PI control unit 64 generates a switching command PWC for controlling converter CONV such that the charge/discharge power of corresponding electric storage unit BAT matches the target charge/discharge power Pb* applied from communication control unit 60 .
  • PI control unit 64 calculates actual value of charge/discharge power of electric storage unit BAT from the product of main line current IDC and main line voltage VDC, and in accordance with the deviation between the calculated actual value of charge/discharge power and the target charge/discharge value Pb*, generates the switching command PWC.
  • PI control unit 64 is formed to include at least a proportional element (P) and an integral element (I).
  • Power generation control unit 74 generates a switching command PWM 2 for controlling inverter INV 2 and a control signal CTRL for controlling engine ENG, so that the power generated by the corresponding power generation mechanism matches the target generation power Pg* applied from communication control unit 60 .
  • engine control unit 70 stores predetermined operation point characteristic representing correspondence between driving force (generation power Pg) generated by engine ENG and the rotational speed of engine ENG. Based on the operation point characteristic, engine control unit 70 determines the rotational speed (operation point) of engine ENG that corresponds to the target generation power Pg* applied from communication control unit 60 , and generates the control signal CNRL. Further, switching command generating unit 72 generates the switching command PWM 2 for controlling inverter INV 2 such that motor generator MG 2 that rotates receiving the driving force of engine ENG can generate the electric power matching the target generation power Pg*.
  • Adding unit 76 adds target charge/discharge power Pb* applied from communication control unit 60 to target generation power Pg*, to generate target power to be exchanged by the vehicle(s), and applies it to PI control unit 68 .
  • PI control unit 68 generates switching command PWM 3 for controlling inverter INV 3 , for controlling electric power to be exchanged to/from the outside of the vehicle. Specifically, PI control unit 68 calculates the electric power (actual value) transferred to/from the outside of the vehicle from the product of supply current IAC and supply voltage VAC, and in accordance with the deviation between the calculated exchange power and the target power to be exchanged (target charge/discharge power Pb*+target generation power Pg*), generates switching command PWM 3 .
  • PI control unit 68 is formed to include at least a proportional element and an integral element.
  • Control unit CPU determines whether a supply start instruction has been received from the outside or not (step S 100 ). If the supply start instruction has not been received (NO at step S 100 ), control unit CPU waits for the supply start instruction (step S 100 ).
  • control unit CPU transmits an identification ID inquiry instruction to each of the vehicles electrically connected to each other (step S 102 ). Then, control unit CPU waits for a prescribed time period to receive the identification ID from each vehicle (step S 104 ). Receiving the identification ID from each vehicle, control unit CPU transmits an output start instruction to each of the vehicles (step S 106 ). Then, control unit CPU specifies efficiency characteristic of each vehicle, based on the identification ID of each vehicle.
  • control unit CPU waits for a prescribed time period to receive SOC from each vehicle (step S 110 ).
  • control unit CPU determines the target charge/discharge power Pb* of each vehicle, based on the SOC of each vehicle (step S 112 ). Further, control unit CPU obtains load power Ps supplied to power load LOAD (step S 114 ). Then, control unit CPU calculates, from the difference between the sum of the determined target charge/discharge power Pb* of each vehicle and the load power Ps, the power ⁇ Pg* necessary for charging the electric storage unit BAT that is in the low-charge state (step S 116 ). Then, control unit CPU determines the target generation power Pg* of each vehicle, to share the power ⁇ Pg*, such that the fuel consumption efficiency of the power generation mechanism or mechanisms to be operated as a whole is maximized (step S 118 ).
  • control unit CPU transmits the target charge/discharge power Pb* of each vehicle determined at step S 112 and target generation power Pg* of each vehicle determined at step S 118 , to corresponding vehicles (step S 120 ).
  • control unit CPU determines whether a supply end instruction has been received from the outside or not (step S 122 ). If the supply end instruction has not been received (NO at step S 122 ), control unit CPU repeatedly executes steps 110 to S 122 described above.
  • control unit CPU transmits an output end instruction to every vehicle (step S 124 ). Then, control unit CPU waits for a prescribed time period to receive a stop notification from each vehicle (step S 126 ). When the stop notifications from all vehicles are received, control unit CPU ends the process.
  • Control unit ECU determines whether an identification ID inquiry instruction has been received from power management device 1 or not (step S 200 ). If the identification ID inquiry instruction has not been received (NO at step S 200 ), control unit ECU waits for the identification ID inquiry instruction (step S 200 ).
  • control unit ECU transmits the identification ID representing itself to power management device 1 (step S 202 ). Then, control unit ECU waits for a prescribed time period to receive an output start instruction from power management device 1 (step S 204 ). Receiving the output start instruction from power management device 1 , control unit ECU operates inverter INV 3 , and starts exchange of electric power (step S 206 ).
  • control unit ECU waits for a prescribed time period to receive the target charge/discharge power Pb* and target generation power Pg* from power management device 1 (step S 208 ).
  • control unit ECU controls converter CONV such that the charge/discharge power Pb of electric storage unit BAT matches the target charge/discharge power Pb* (step S 210 ).
  • control unit ECU determines whether the target generation power Pg* is zero or not (step S 212 ). If the target generation power Pg* is not zero (NO at step S 212 ), control unit ECU operates engine ENG and controls inverter INV 2 such that the generated power Pg of power generation mechanism matches the target generation power Pg* (step S 214 ).
  • control unit ECU maintains engine ENG in the stopped state (step S 216 ).
  • control unit ECU obtains SOC of the corresponding electric storage unit BAT (step S 218 ). Then, control unit ECU transmits the obtained SOC of electric storage unit BAT to power management device 1 (step S 220 ).
  • control unit ECU determines whether an output end instruction has been received from power management device 1 or not (step S 222 ). If the output end instruction has not been received (NO at step S 222 ), control unit ECU repeatedly executes steps S 208 to S 222 described above.
  • control unit ECU stops inverter INV 3 and stops power exchange (step S 224 ). Then, control unit ECU transmits a notification that power exchange has stopped to power management device 1 (step S 226 ), and ends the process.
  • power management device 1 calculates the power necessary for charging the electric storage unit BAT that is in the low-charge state. Then, the power generation mechanism or mechanisms to be operated to generate the calculated power are determined such that the amount of fuel consumption by the power generation mechanism or mechanisms as a whole is minimized. Accordingly, it becomes possible to optimally select the power generation mechanism or mechanisms to be operated in the power system as a whole, in accordance with the state of electric storage unit BAT. Therefore, efficient use of fuel for power generation and management of state of charge of the electric storage unit can both be realized, and thus, a power system that can efficiently manage the state of charge of electric storage unit in each vehicle can be provided.
  • the vehicle in accordance with the modification of the present embodiment corresponds to the configuration of FIG. 3 , in which inverter INV 3 is removed, and connection of positive supply line ACLp and negative supply line ACLn is changed to a neutral point N 1 of motor generator MG 1 and neutral point N 2 of motor generator MG 2 , respectively.
  • motor generators MG 1 and MG 2 are three-phase AC rotating machines having rotors in which permanent magnets are embedded. Further, in the modification of the embodiment of the present invention, motor generators MG 1 and MG 2 include stators with Y-connected (star-connected) three-phase coils. In the Y-connection, the node at which coils are connected to each other corresponds to the neutral point N 1 or N 2 of motor generators MG 1 or MG 2 .
  • inverters INV 1 and INV 2 are formed of bridge circuits including switching elements of three phases.
  • inverters INV 1 and INV 2 each include three switching elements on the upper arm side (positive side) and three switching elements on the lower arm side (negative side).
  • three-phase AC power is to be generated from inverter INV 1 or INV 2 , one of the switching elements on the upper arm side and one of the switching elements on the lower arm side are switched with time and driven to the on-state.
  • respective phase voltages come to be equal to each other and, therefore, a zero voltage vector with the neutral point being the reference can be defined.
  • FIG. 14 is a zero-phase equivalent circuit of inverters INV 1 and INV 2 and motor generators MG 1 and MG 2 , when the zero voltage vector is generated.
  • inverters INV 1 and INV 2 executes an operation mode that generates the zero-voltage vector as described above
  • the three switching elements TR on the upper arm side of inverter INV 1 will be collectively represented as upper arm ARM 1 p
  • the three switching elements TR on the lower arm side of inverter INV 1 will be collectively represented as lower arm ARM 1 n
  • the three switching elements on the upper arm side of inverter INV 2 will be collectively represented as upper arm ARM 2 p
  • the three switching elements on the lower arm side of inverter INV 2 will be collectively represented as lower arm ARM 2 n.
  • the zero-phase equivalent circuit shown in FIG. 14 may be regarded as a single-phase inverter that converts the DC power supplied through main positive power line MPL and main negative power line MNL to a single-phase AC power and outputs the converted single-phase AC power from neutral points N 1 and N 2 through positive supply line ACLp and negative supply line ACLn.
  • a power system consisting solely of hybrid vehicles has been illustrated.
  • a configuration may be possible in which vehicles of different types such as hybrid vehicles and fuel cell vehicles are included in a common power system.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
  • Supply And Distribution Of Alternating Current (AREA)
US12/308,987 2006-08-04 2007-07-04 Power system and method for managing charging state in that power system Active 2028-01-07 US7847518B2 (en)

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JP2006213260A JP4487989B2 (ja) 2006-08-04 2006-08-04 電力システムおよびその電力システムにおいて充電状態を管理する方法
PCT/JP2007/063774 WO2008015886A1 (fr) 2006-08-04 2007-07-04 Système de puissance et procédé de gestion d'un état de charge de ce système de puissance

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US9041348B2 (en) 2009-08-31 2015-05-26 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Electric power supply system and electric power supply method
US10343539B2 (en) * 2015-08-31 2019-07-09 Nichicon Corporation Power supply device for supplying electricity to a load utilizing electric power of a storage-battery-equipped vehicle

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US8873646B2 (en) 2009-10-30 2014-10-28 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Method and devices for establishing communication between a first station and a second station
US10124691B1 (en) 2010-06-02 2018-11-13 Bryan Marc Failing Energy transfer with vehicles
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US8725330B2 (en) 2010-06-02 2014-05-13 Bryan Marc Failing Increasing vehicle security
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WO2008015886A1 (fr) 2008-02-07
EP2048762B1 (fr) 2018-06-06
US20090315512A1 (en) 2009-12-24
EP2048762A1 (fr) 2009-04-15
AU2007279825A1 (en) 2008-02-07
CN101501957B (zh) 2011-07-13
KR101042381B1 (ko) 2011-06-17
AU2007279825B2 (en) 2010-09-09
KR20090046919A (ko) 2009-05-11
CN101501957A (zh) 2009-08-05
EP2048762A4 (fr) 2017-08-16
JP2008043040A (ja) 2008-02-21

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