US3860457A - A ductile iron and method of making it - Google Patents

A ductile iron and method of making it Download PDF

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Publication number
US3860457A
US3860457A US377035A US37703573A US3860457A US 3860457 A US3860457 A US 3860457A US 377035 A US377035 A US 377035A US 37703573 A US37703573 A US 37703573A US 3860457 A US3860457 A US 3860457A
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United States
Prior art keywords
ductile iron
weight
molybdenium
iron
bainite
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Expired - Lifetime
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US377035A
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English (en)
Inventor
Jouko Vourinen
Yrjo Ingman
Matti Johansson
Martti Kurkinen
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Kymmene Oy
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Kymin Osakeyhtio Kymmene AB
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Priority claimed from FI199672A external-priority patent/FI49732C/sv
Application filed by Kymin Osakeyhtio Kymmene AB filed Critical Kymin Osakeyhtio Kymmene AB
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C37/00—Cast-iron alloys
    • C22C37/04—Cast-iron alloys containing spheroidal graphite

Definitions

  • said iron UNITED STATES PATENTS contains molybdenium 0.15 0.22 by weight and 2,324,322 7/1943 Reese et a1.
  • 148/35 X less than 0.2 by weight of tin and/or less than 1.0 2,485,760 /1949 Millis et al across 75/123 CB by weight of copper.
  • the present invention relates to a ductile iron alloyed with molybdenium and manganese and which has, after an isothermal heat treatment, a bainitic microstructure with a considerable amount of retained austenite.
  • Ductile iron is generally used unalloyed or alloyed in various ways, and with, for example, a ferrite, ferritepearlite, pearlite, annealed martensite, or bainitic microstructure.
  • the most essential characteristic of the ductile iron according to the present invention is its bainitic microstructure in combination with a considerable amount of retained austenite.
  • FIG. 1 shows an example of such a ductile iron; the S-curves are indicated by solid lines and the curve which illustrates the cooling of the piece by a broken line in the time-temperature coordiate system.
  • a bainitizing process in which pieces manufactured from unalloyed ductile iron are heattreated isothermally.
  • the cast piece is reheated to the austenitization temperature after the casting process and is then cooled rapidly in a hot bath at an appropriate temperature.
  • the piece is kept in the bath and thereby at a constant temperature until the bainite reaction has taken place, whereafter the piece is cooled to room temperature.
  • the S-curves according to this process are indicated by solid lines and the curve illustrating the cooling of the piece by a broken line in a time-temperature coordiate system.
  • the present invention provides a ductile iron of the character described, which comprises as alloying elements molybdenium 0.10 0.26 by weight and manganese 0.3 1.4 by weight and possibly also an alloying'element which promotes the formation of a pearlitic micro-structure during the casting and thereby accelerates the austenization and which consists of nickel in an amount of less than 2.5 by weight and at least one of the elements tin and copper.
  • the ductile iron and its bainitization process according to the present invention can be applied to both thick and thin castings. In this process, the alloying ratios need not be changed according to the wall thickness of the casting.
  • This ductile iron is rather mildly alloyed so that the alloying elements do not raise its price very much.
  • the retained austenite present in this ductile iron in addition to bainite, gives it toughness and makes it capable of being hardened by machining.
  • Hardening by machining creates a compression stress at the surface and thereby increases the fatigue strength. Its elongation at rupture is great.
  • the ductile iron according to the invention contains the conventional amounts of carbon, silicon, phosphorus, sulphur, and magnesium, and as actual alloying elements, molybdenium 0.10 0.26 preferably 0.15 0.22 and manganese 0.3 1.4
  • a ductile iron so alloyed is as such suitable for isothermal bainitization. If an amount of 0.03 0.2 of tin, 0.3 1.0 of copper, or 0.5 2.5 of nickel is also added to the alloy, a pearlitic micro-structure is obtained in the piece in as cast condition, and when this structure is reheated to the austenitization temperature, itbecomcs austenitized considerably faster than a micro-structure which contains free ferrite, and thereby the heattreatment period is shortened. Tin, copper and nickel have a similar effect on the pearlite formation and therefore they can entirely or partly replace each other; for example, a one-third batch of each of the three additives can be used.
  • a ductile iron according to the invention, bainitized isothermally, is an excellent raw material for gears, especially when the teeth cannot be finishedor are not worth finishing by grinding.
  • An example of such a case is gears with inside teeth. It is also applicable to all kinds of machine elements exposed to fatigue stress loads. Examples of such machine elements are, in addition to gears, gear shafts, sprockets, support wheels or rolls which are to roll against a hard surface, cams, crankshafts, support rings, and various parts subject to wear and tear, such as friction plates.
  • FIG. 1 shows, in time-temperature diagram, some characteristical curves for a highly alloyed ductile iron belonging to the prior art
  • FIG. 2 shows corresponding curves for a known unalloyed ductile iron
  • FIG. 3 shows corresponding curves for a ductile iron according to the present invention.
  • a ductile iron piece according to the invention is manufactured, for example, in the following manner: A disk-shaped blank with a diameter of 150 mm and a thickness of mm is cast from a melt which contains as alloying elements carbon (C) 3.5 3.7 silicon (Si) 2.1 2.4 manganese (Mn) 0.50 0.55 molybdenium (M0) 0.2 0.22 and copper (Cu) 0.7 0.8 and a conventional amount of magnesium.
  • the blank is allowed to cool freely, or its treatment is continued while it is hot.
  • the blank is transferred to a furnace with a temperature of 900C. In the furnace, the micro-structure of the blank is transformed into austenite.
  • the blank After an austenitization of 2 hours, the blank is quenched into a salt bath at a temperature of 370C.
  • the quantity of the bath is 200 kg and it contains 1 part of sodium nitrate (NaNO and 1 part of potassium nitrate (KNO).
  • the bath has been provided with a agitation device and with a thermostat.
  • the test piece is kept in the bath from minutes to 4 hours, depending on the desired amount of bainite.
  • the blank is removed from the bath and allowed to cool freely. Thereafter, the blank contains, for example, bainite about 50 by vol., austenite about 40 by vol., and graphite about 10 by vol.
  • a suitable amount of retained austenite is -50 by vol.
  • a ductile iron containing less austenite is not capable of being work hardened by machining and a ductile iron containing more austenite is not strong enough.
  • FIG. 3 The isothermal heat-treatment of a ductile iron according to the invention is illustrated in FIG. 3 in a time-temperature coordinate system.
  • the solid lines indicate the S-curves of the ductile iron.
  • the broken line indicates the cooling curve of the piece.
  • An isothermally bainitized blank, cast from a ductile iron alloyed according to the invention, is of a very even qualityand suitable for machining. It has been verified by tensile strength tests that its elongation, when a tensile strength of 1 10 kp/mm is used, is about 10 which is high when compared to the respective value of a highly alloyed bainitic ductile iron or a quenched and tempered ductile iron of the same strength.
  • the tensile strength and elongation of some bainitized ductile irons having an alloy ratio according to the present invention are as follows:
  • the retained austenite in a ductile iron according to the invention makes it capable of being hardened by machining and thereby capable of enduring a very fatiguing load.
  • a bending fatigue test with a turned and polished test bar of 12 mm gives a value of 50 kp/mm which is high compared to the respective values of other ductile iron.
  • a bending fatigue test with a notch bar of 12 mm into which there has been turned a groove with an angle of 60 and with a bottom rounding radius of 1.0 mm gives a value of 40 kplmm which is high even when compared to steels.
  • the ratio of the values obtained from fatigue tests with the same SG- iron i.e., the ratio of the smooth bar value 50 kp/mm to the value 40 kp/mm of the notched bar, namely, 1.25, called the notch effect, is very low.
  • Rolling fatigue tests with a ductile iron according to the invention gave the following values.
  • the composition of the SG-iron used in the test was: C 3.66 Si 2.24 Mn 0.54 Mo 0.22 Cu 0.78 P 0.02 and S 0.008 It was heat-treated so that the micro-structure contained bainite about 53 by vol., austenite about 37 by ml, and graphite about 10 by vol.
  • the Hertzian contact stress was determined in a rotary fatigue test and was comparable to the values given in DIN 3990 El 9.
  • the counter gear was case-hardened steel (DIN 1720, 15CrNi6) with surface hardeners 58-68 HRC.
  • a ductile iron especially applicable to machine elements exposed to fatigue stresses containing as alloying elements molybdenium 0.10-0.26 per cent by weight and manganese 0.3-1.4 per cent by weight and having a microstructure of isothermal bainite and 20 to' 50% by volume of retained austenite enabling work hardening of the ductile iron in use when exposed to said fatigue stresses or by machining.
  • a ductile iron as in claim 1 containing tin up to 0.2% by weight.
  • a ductile iron as in claim 1 containing copper up to 1.0% by weight.
  • a method of producing an austenitic-bainitic ductile iron comprising austenitizing a ductile iron containing as alloying elements molybdenium 0.10-0.26 per cent by weight and manganese 0.3-l.4 per cent by weight by heating it to the austenitization temperature and austenitizing it, then quenching it in a hot bath to form isothermal bainite, and cooling it further when the bainitic ductile iron so transformed still contains 20 to 50% by volume of retained austenite.
  • a method as in claim 5 including machining the ductile iron before quenching it.
  • a machine element constructed of the ductile iron ofclaiml.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
US377035A 1972-07-12 1973-07-06 A ductile iron and method of making it Expired - Lifetime US3860457A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FI199772 1972-07-12
FI199672A FI49732C (sv) 1972-07-12 1972-07-12 Legerat segjärn.

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US3860457A true US3860457A (en) 1975-01-14

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JP (1) JPS553422B2 (sv)
CA (1) CA1016372A (sv)
CH (1) CH606461A5 (sv)
DE (1) DE2334992C2 (sv)
DK (1) DK143415C (sv)
FR (1) FR2192184B1 (sv)
GB (1) GB1417435A (sv)
NL (1) NL7309637A (sv)
NO (1) NO132764C (sv)
SE (1) SE396093C (sv)

Cited By (33)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4018632A (en) * 1976-03-12 1977-04-19 Chrysler Corporation Machinable powder metal parts
US4096002A (en) * 1974-09-25 1978-06-20 Riken Piston Ring Industrial Co. Ltd. High duty ductile cast iron with superplasticity and its heat treatment methods
US4222793A (en) * 1979-03-06 1980-09-16 General Motors Corporation High stress nodular iron gears and method of making same
US4448610A (en) * 1982-03-01 1984-05-15 Pont-A-Mousson S.A. Centrifugally cast tube of spheroidal graphite cast-iron and its method of manufacture
US4541878A (en) * 1982-12-02 1985-09-17 Horst Muhlberger Cast iron with spheroidal graphite and austenitic-bainitic mixed structure
US4596606A (en) * 1984-09-04 1986-06-24 Ford Motor Company Method of making CG iron
US4619713A (en) * 1983-02-25 1986-10-28 Hitachi Metals, Ltd. Method of producing nodular graphite cast iron
US4737199A (en) * 1985-12-23 1988-04-12 Ford Motor Company Machinable ductile or semiductile cast iron and method
US4880477A (en) * 1988-06-14 1989-11-14 Textron, Inc. Process of making an austempered ductile iron article
EP0374116A1 (en) * 1988-12-13 1990-06-20 Sandvik Aktiebolag Roll ring, comprising cemented carbide and cast iron, and method for manufacture of the same
US4964344A (en) * 1989-04-28 1990-10-23 Mid-West Conveyor Company, Inc. Side link pusher dog with lubrication passage
US4981081A (en) * 1989-05-24 1991-01-01 Mid-West Conveyor Company, Inc. Center link pusher dog for power and free conveyors
US5028281A (en) * 1988-06-14 1991-07-02 Textron, Inc. Camshaft
US5044056A (en) * 1988-12-13 1991-09-03 Sandvik Ab Roll ring comprising a ring of cemented carbide metallurgically bonded to a cast iron body
US5082507A (en) * 1990-10-26 1992-01-21 Curry Gregory T Austempered ductile iron gear and method of making it
US5167067A (en) * 1988-12-13 1992-12-01 Sandvik Ab Method of making a roll with a composite roll ring of cemented carbide and cast iron
US5246510A (en) * 1992-06-01 1993-09-21 Applied Process Method for producing a selectively surface hardened cast iron part
US5248289A (en) * 1989-12-13 1993-09-28 Sandvik Ab Cast iron roll with one or more cemented carbide roll rings metallurgically bonded thereto
US5359772A (en) * 1989-12-13 1994-11-01 Sandvik Ab Method for manufacture of a roll ring comprising cemented carbide and cast iron
US5865385A (en) * 1997-02-21 1999-02-02 Arnett; Charles R. Comminuting media comprising martensitic/austenitic steel containing retained work-transformable austenite
FR2800752A1 (fr) * 1999-11-10 2001-05-11 Mecanique Franc De Procede de fabrication d'une fonte a graphite spheroidal brute de coulee bainitique
EP1344839A1 (en) * 2002-01-18 2003-09-17 Ing.Firman Allan Persson HAB Alloyed nodular cast iron
US20040013219A1 (en) * 2002-05-21 2004-01-22 Duke University Recirculating target and method for producing radionuclide
US20040074460A1 (en) * 2002-10-18 2004-04-22 Dhruva Mandal Valve lifter body
US20040112173A1 (en) * 2001-01-24 2004-06-17 Paritosh Maulik Sintered ferrous material contaning copper
US20050000314A1 (en) * 2002-10-18 2005-01-06 Dhruva Mandal Roller follower body
US20050063852A1 (en) * 2001-12-12 2005-03-24 Takeshi Hida Screw compressor and method of manufacturing rotor for the same
CN100366758C (zh) * 2004-12-02 2008-02-06 张志祥 球墨铸铁曲轴等温淬火的方法
US20090104367A1 (en) * 2005-02-17 2009-04-23 Tritron Gmbh & Co.Kg Pretreatment and/or precoating of nonabsorbent substrates and/or nonabsorbent support materials
US20100006189A1 (en) * 2006-12-16 2010-01-14 Indexator Ab Austempered ductile iron, method for producing this and component compri
US20100278293A1 (en) * 2009-05-01 2010-11-04 Matthew Hughes Stokely Particle beam target with improved heat transfer and related apparatus and methods
US20110247581A1 (en) * 2008-11-19 2011-10-13 Trieschmann Joerg Gear and balance shaft for a piston engine
CN111304525A (zh) * 2018-12-11 2020-06-19 现代自动车株式会社 用于连续可变气门正时系统的凸轮件的制造方法及凸轮件

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FI56699C (fi) * 1976-10-05 1980-03-10 Kymin Oy Kymmene Ab Maskinelement av segjaern foer kraftoeverfoering medelst friktion
FI780026A (fi) * 1978-01-05 1979-07-06 Ovako Oy Kisellegerat staol
DE2853870A1 (de) * 1978-12-13 1980-07-03 Schmidt Gmbh Karl Gusseisen mit kugelgraphit mit austenitisch-bainitischem mischgefuege
JPS55164055A (en) * 1979-06-08 1980-12-20 Toyota Motor Corp Spherical graphite cast iron for surface quenching
CH653706A5 (de) * 1981-05-21 1986-01-15 Fischer Ag Georg Verfahren und vorrichtung zur abschnittsweisen waermebehandlung von bauteilen aus eisenwerkstoffen.
CH648350A5 (de) * 1981-12-03 1985-03-15 Fischer Ag Georg Verfahren zum isothermen bainitisieren von werkstuecken aus eisenwerkstoffen.
JPS59129730A (ja) * 1983-01-18 1984-07-26 Toyota Motor Corp 高強度クランクシャフトの製造方法
JPS60121253A (ja) * 1983-12-05 1985-06-28 Nissan Motor Co Ltd 球状黒鉛鋳鉄
JPS60184659A (ja) * 1984-03-02 1985-09-20 Toyota Motor Corp 高強度高靭性球状黒鉛鋳鉄
JPS60197841A (ja) * 1984-03-19 1985-10-07 Nissan Motor Co Ltd 球状黒鉛鋳鉄
JP2672293B2 (ja) * 1984-08-30 1997-11-05 日立金属株式会社 機械的性質に優れた球状黒鉛鋳鉄
JPS61136657A (ja) * 1984-12-05 1986-06-24 Ngk Insulators Ltd プラスチツク成形用鋳造金型
US4666533A (en) * 1985-09-05 1987-05-19 Ford Motor Company Hardenable cast iron and the method of making cast iron

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US2485760A (en) * 1947-03-22 1949-10-25 Int Nickel Co Cast ferrous alloy
US3549431A (en) * 1965-07-27 1970-12-22 Renault Method of production of cast-iron parts with a high coefficient of thermal expansion
US3549430A (en) * 1967-11-14 1970-12-22 Int Nickel Co Bainitic ductile iron having high strength and toughness

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DE1121639B (de) * 1956-03-16 1962-01-11 Renault Verfahren zur Herstellung von in Kokille gegossenen, hoechstens 25 mm dicken Gusseisenstuecken sehr hoher Zaehigkeit
DE1178451B (de) * 1957-06-06 1964-09-24 Goetzewerke Verfahren zur Herstellung von Unrund-Kolben-ringen hoher Biege- und Verschleissfestigkeit
FR1286077A (fr) * 1961-01-20 1962-03-02 Renault Acier et traitement pour l'obtention de pièces à coefficient de dilatation thermique élevé

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2324322A (en) * 1940-05-30 1943-07-13 Int Nickel Co High quality cast iron
US2485760A (en) * 1947-03-22 1949-10-25 Int Nickel Co Cast ferrous alloy
US3549431A (en) * 1965-07-27 1970-12-22 Renault Method of production of cast-iron parts with a high coefficient of thermal expansion
US3549430A (en) * 1967-11-14 1970-12-22 Int Nickel Co Bainitic ductile iron having high strength and toughness

Cited By (45)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4096002A (en) * 1974-09-25 1978-06-20 Riken Piston Ring Industrial Co. Ltd. High duty ductile cast iron with superplasticity and its heat treatment methods
US4018632A (en) * 1976-03-12 1977-04-19 Chrysler Corporation Machinable powder metal parts
US4222793A (en) * 1979-03-06 1980-09-16 General Motors Corporation High stress nodular iron gears and method of making same
US4448610A (en) * 1982-03-01 1984-05-15 Pont-A-Mousson S.A. Centrifugally cast tube of spheroidal graphite cast-iron and its method of manufacture
US4541878A (en) * 1982-12-02 1985-09-17 Horst Muhlberger Cast iron with spheroidal graphite and austenitic-bainitic mixed structure
US4619713A (en) * 1983-02-25 1986-10-28 Hitachi Metals, Ltd. Method of producing nodular graphite cast iron
US4596606A (en) * 1984-09-04 1986-06-24 Ford Motor Company Method of making CG iron
US4737199A (en) * 1985-12-23 1988-04-12 Ford Motor Company Machinable ductile or semiductile cast iron and method
US4880477A (en) * 1988-06-14 1989-11-14 Textron, Inc. Process of making an austempered ductile iron article
US5028281A (en) * 1988-06-14 1991-07-02 Textron, Inc. Camshaft
AU615125B2 (en) * 1988-12-13 1991-09-19 Sandvik Ab Roll ring, comprising cemented carbide and cast iron, and method for manufacture of the same.
EP0374116A1 (en) * 1988-12-13 1990-06-20 Sandvik Aktiebolag Roll ring, comprising cemented carbide and cast iron, and method for manufacture of the same
US5167067A (en) * 1988-12-13 1992-12-01 Sandvik Ab Method of making a roll with a composite roll ring of cemented carbide and cast iron
US5044056A (en) * 1988-12-13 1991-09-03 Sandvik Ab Roll ring comprising a ring of cemented carbide metallurgically bonded to a cast iron body
US4964344A (en) * 1989-04-28 1990-10-23 Mid-West Conveyor Company, Inc. Side link pusher dog with lubrication passage
US4981081A (en) * 1989-05-24 1991-01-01 Mid-West Conveyor Company, Inc. Center link pusher dog for power and free conveyors
US5248289A (en) * 1989-12-13 1993-09-28 Sandvik Ab Cast iron roll with one or more cemented carbide roll rings metallurgically bonded thereto
US5359772A (en) * 1989-12-13 1994-11-01 Sandvik Ab Method for manufacture of a roll ring comprising cemented carbide and cast iron
US5082507A (en) * 1990-10-26 1992-01-21 Curry Gregory T Austempered ductile iron gear and method of making it
US5246510A (en) * 1992-06-01 1993-09-21 Applied Process Method for producing a selectively surface hardened cast iron part
US5865385A (en) * 1997-02-21 1999-02-02 Arnett; Charles R. Comminuting media comprising martensitic/austenitic steel containing retained work-transformable austenite
US6080247A (en) * 1997-02-21 2000-06-27 Gs Technologies Operating Company Comminuting media comprising martensitic/austenitic steel containing retained work-transformable austenite
FR2800752A1 (fr) * 1999-11-10 2001-05-11 Mecanique Franc De Procede de fabrication d'une fonte a graphite spheroidal brute de coulee bainitique
EP1099768A1 (fr) * 1999-11-10 2001-05-16 Françoise de Mécanique Procédé de fabrication d'une fonte a graphite spheroidal brute de coulee bainitique
US20040112173A1 (en) * 2001-01-24 2004-06-17 Paritosh Maulik Sintered ferrous material contaning copper
US20050063852A1 (en) * 2001-12-12 2005-03-24 Takeshi Hida Screw compressor and method of manufacturing rotor for the same
EP1344839A1 (en) * 2002-01-18 2003-09-17 Ing.Firman Allan Persson HAB Alloyed nodular cast iron
US20040013219A1 (en) * 2002-05-21 2004-01-22 Duke University Recirculating target and method for producing radionuclide
US7200198B2 (en) * 2002-05-21 2007-04-03 Duke University Recirculating target and method for producing radionuclide
US20070217561A1 (en) * 2002-05-21 2007-09-20 Duke University Recirculating target and method for producing radionuclide
US20040074460A1 (en) * 2002-10-18 2004-04-22 Dhruva Mandal Valve lifter body
US20050000314A1 (en) * 2002-10-18 2005-01-06 Dhruva Mandal Roller follower body
CN100366758C (zh) * 2004-12-02 2008-02-06 张志祥 球墨铸铁曲轴等温淬火的方法
US20090104367A1 (en) * 2005-02-17 2009-04-23 Tritron Gmbh & Co.Kg Pretreatment and/or precoating of nonabsorbent substrates and/or nonabsorbent support materials
US7758922B2 (en) 2005-02-17 2010-07-20 Tritron Gmbh & Co. Kg Pretreatment and/or precoating of nonabsorbent substrates and/or nonabsorbent support materials
US20100006189A1 (en) * 2006-12-16 2010-01-14 Indexator Ab Austempered ductile iron, method for producing this and component compri
US20100111662A1 (en) * 2006-12-16 2010-05-06 Indexator Ab Method for manufacturing at least part of a device for an earthmoving or materials-handling machine using austempered ductile iron
US8192561B2 (en) 2006-12-16 2012-06-05 Indexator Group Ab Method for manufacturing at least part of a device for an earthmoving or materials-handling machine using austempered ductile iron and its named product
US20110247581A1 (en) * 2008-11-19 2011-10-13 Trieschmann Joerg Gear and balance shaft for a piston engine
US8561589B2 (en) * 2008-11-19 2013-10-22 Mitec Automotive Ag Gear and balance shaft for a piston engine
US20100278293A1 (en) * 2009-05-01 2010-11-04 Matthew Hughes Stokely Particle beam target with improved heat transfer and related apparatus and methods
US8670513B2 (en) 2009-05-01 2014-03-11 Bti Targetry, Llc Particle beam target with improved heat transfer and related apparatus and methods
CN111304525A (zh) * 2018-12-11 2020-06-19 现代自动车株式会社 用于连续可变气门正时系统的凸轮件的制造方法及凸轮件
US11441204B2 (en) * 2018-12-11 2022-09-13 Hyundai Motor Company Method of manufacturing cam piece for continuously variable valve duration and cam piece manufactured therefrom
CN111304525B (zh) * 2018-12-11 2023-08-18 现代自动车株式会社 用于连续可变气门正时系统的凸轮件的制造方法及凸轮件

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JPS4953115A (sv) 1974-05-23
DE2334992A1 (de) 1974-02-07
NO132764C (sv) 1975-12-29
SE396093C (sv) 1981-03-23
CA1016372A (en) 1977-08-30
NL7309637A (sv) 1974-01-15
FR2192184B1 (sv) 1977-09-09
CH606461A5 (sv) 1978-10-31
DE2334992C2 (de) 1984-08-16
JPS553422B2 (sv) 1980-01-25
FR2192184A1 (sv) 1974-02-08
DK143415B (da) 1981-08-17
DK143415C (da) 1981-12-21
SE396093B (sv) 1977-09-05
GB1417435A (en) 1975-12-10
NO132764B (sv) 1975-09-22

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