US20170298091A1 - Mixed Bed Ion Exchange Adsorber - Google Patents

Mixed Bed Ion Exchange Adsorber Download PDF

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US20170298091A1
US20170298091A1 US15/521,428 US201515521428A US2017298091A1 US 20170298091 A1 US20170298091 A1 US 20170298091A1 US 201515521428 A US201515521428 A US 201515521428A US 2017298091 A1 US2017298091 A1 US 2017298091A1
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chromatography
fibers
media
exchange
chromatography media
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Matthew T. Stone
John P. Amara
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EMD Millipore Corp
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EMD Millipore Corp
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K1/00—General methods for the preparation of peptides, i.e. processes for the organic chemical preparation of peptides or proteins of any length
    • C07K1/14—Extraction; Separation; Purification
    • C07K1/16—Extraction; Separation; Purification by chromatography
    • C07K1/20—Partition-, reverse-phase or hydrophobic interaction chromatography
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D15/00—Separating processes involving the treatment of liquids with solid sorbents; Apparatus therefor
    • B01D15/08—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography
    • B01D15/26—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography characterised by the separation mechanism
    • B01D15/38—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography characterised by the separation mechanism involving specific interaction not covered by one or more of groups B01D15/265 - B01D15/36
    • B01D15/3804—Affinity chromatography
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D63/00—Apparatus in general for separation processes using semi-permeable membranes
    • B01D63/02—Hollow fibre modules
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K1/00—General methods for the preparation of peptides, i.e. processes for the organic chemical preparation of peptides or proteins of any length
    • C07K1/14—Extraction; Separation; Purification
    • C07K1/16—Extraction; Separation; Purification by chromatography
    • C07K1/18—Ion-exchange chromatography
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K1/00—General methods for the preparation of peptides, i.e. processes for the organic chemical preparation of peptides or proteins of any length
    • C07K1/14—Extraction; Separation; Purification
    • C07K1/36—Extraction; Separation; Purification by a combination of two or more processes of different types
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2311/00—Details relating to membrane separation process operations and control
    • B01D2311/26—Further operations combined with membrane separation processes
    • B01D2311/2626—Absorption or adsorption

Definitions

  • the present invention refers to new species of an ion exchange adsorber which is suitable for the separation of host cell proteins (HCPs), antibody fragments and low molecular weight substances from solutions containing antibodies.
  • the invention especially refers to a process for purifying biological samples by separating biomolecules of interest and impurities, comprising steps of contacting a sample with said chromatography media consisting of fibers, said fibers having imparted thereon functionality enabling ion exchange chromatography and/or hydrophobic interaction.
  • mAbs monoclonal antibodies
  • DSP includes one or two bind-elute chromatography purification steps followed by one or two flow-through polishing steps ( FIG. 1 , standard mAb purification scheme).
  • Typical downstream purification processes employ packed columns filled with porous bead-based chromatography media or membrane-based devices. These unit operations are employed in series and each are targeted towards clearing a particular impurity in either a flow-through polishing or a bind/elute capture mode.
  • One of the primary objectives of the polishing media is to reduce the concentration of HCP down to ⁇ 10 ppm (in reference to mAb concentration).
  • the commercial scale purification of various therapeutic biomolecules is currently accomplished using bead-based chromatography resins.
  • Biopharmaceutical manufacturers most commonly use simple anion-exchange (AEX) chromatography media in this flow-through polishing step.
  • AEX media is employed to remove acidic HCP, DNA, endotoxins, and viruses. However, it is often less effective in removing positively charged impurities, such as basic HCP, product aggregates and fragments.
  • Monoclonal antibodies continue to gain importance as therapeutic and diagnostic agents.
  • the process of screening hybridoma libraries for candidate mABs is both time consuming and labor intensive. Once a hybridoma cell line expressing a suitable mAB is established, a purification methodology must be developed to produce sufficient mAB for further characterization.
  • a traditional method for purifying involves using Protein A or Protein G affinity chromatography, as well as ion exchange chromatography.
  • the purified antibody is desalted and exchanged into a biological buffer using dialysis. The entire process typically requires several days to complete and can be particularly onerous if multiple mABs are to be evaluated in parallel.
  • polishing adsorbers have been developed recently, which show greater capacities and affinities allowing them to remove a broader range of impurities.
  • These adsorbers include so-called “mixed-mode” ligands, both anion (AEX) (e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 7,714,112) and cation exchange (CEX) materials (e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 7,385,040).
  • AEX anion
  • CEX cation exchange
  • the applied bead-based adsorbers demonstrate a high porosity and large surface areas that provide materials with sufficient adsorptive capacities for the batch processing of biomolecules at production scales (e.g., 10,000 liters). From patent literature numerous examples are known of such bead-based media used in mixed bed stationary phases for this technical application.
  • JP 01-10178 (Asahi Chem. Ind. CO LTD., also published as JP 2660261B2) a multifunctional module is disclosed which comprises a combination of AEX and CEX porous hollow fiber membranes for the purpose of removing cations, anions and fine particles within a single device.
  • Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. has developed a multi-media affinity column (U.S. Pat. No. 8,053,565 B) comprising a layering of an affinity chromatography media above a second type of chromatography media in a single column so that the second lower chromatography media will capture any leached affinity ligands from the upper affinity chromatography media during the process of eluting the affinity bound protein of interest.
  • a multi-media affinity column U.S. Pat. No. 8,053,565 B
  • Promega Corp. (U.S. Pat. No. 6,270,970 A) has developed a mixed bed solid phase for the isolation of nucleic acids from an impure mixture. Each of the comprising two phases has the capacity to bind and release the target nucleic acid under different solution conditions.
  • an electro-deionization module is disclosed, wherein the ion-exchange means is comprised of an assembly of a fabric of anion exchange fibers and a fabric of cation exchange fibers which are placed in a face to face relationship.
  • Mixed-bed chromatography employs two or more different adsorbent media that are combined together in a single device. It allows a variety of different interactions applied to be used for analysis and purification of protein solutions within a single device.
  • Rassi and Horváth demonstrated that a mixed-bed column composed of AEX-resin and CEX resin gave similar separation of proteins as two separate columns linked in series (el Rassi, Z.; Harváth, C.; “Tandem columns and mixed-bed columns in high-performance liquid chromatography of proteins”; J. Chrom. 1986, 359, 255-264). Using these systems, they were able to resolve a mixture of several different proteins that would elute simultaneously when only a single resin was employed.
  • Separation materials like chromatography resins typically present a spherical structure that enables an efficient column packing with minimal flow non-uniformities.
  • the interstitial spaces between the beads provide flow channels for convective transport through the chromatography column. This enables chromatography columns to be run with large bed depths at a high linear velocity with a minimal pressure drop.
  • the combination of these factors enables chromatography resins to present the required efficiency, high permeability, and sufficient binding capacity that are required for the large-scale purification of biomolecules.
  • Chromatography media typically has a very high cost (>$1000/L) and significant quantities are required for large scale production columns.
  • biopharmaceutical manufacturers recycle chromatography resins hundreds of times. Each of these regeneration cycles consumes substantial quantities of media, and each step incurs additional costs associated with the validation of each cleaning, sterilization, and column packing operation.
  • particulates within the fiber matrix, the particulates often are porous and possessing a native adsorptive functionality; examples being activated carbon and silica gel.
  • DSP The current downstream process
  • adsorbent media can be specifically tuned to target the particular mixture of impurities present in a given feed. This is challenging to accomplish with resin- and membrane-based adsorbent media.
  • the process for purifying a biological sample disclosed here by separating a biomolecule of interest and impurities comprises the steps of contacting the sample with a chromatography media consisting of fibers, said fibers having imparted thereon functionality enabling ion exchange chromatography and/or hydrophobic interaction and comprises steps of washing either to remove unbound species or to extract said biomolecule of interest.
  • a process for purifying a sample comprising a biomolecule of interest and impurities in general comprises the steps of
  • step b) the applied sample is contacted with a first chromatography media comprising fibers, said fibers having imparted functionality enabling anion-exchange chromatography, and wherein in step e) chromatography media are used comprising fibers having functionality enabling hydrophobic interaction chromatography.
  • this process can also be carried out in a modified form, wherein in step b) said sample is contacted with a first chromatography media comprising fibers, said fibers having imparted functionality enabling cation-exchange chromatography, and wherein in step e) chromatography media are used comprising fibers having functionality enabling hydrophobic interaction chromatography.
  • step b) chromatography media are used comprising fibers having functionality enabling hydrophobic interaction chromatography, and in step e) said ion-exchange chromatography is anion-exchange chromatography or cation-exchange chromatography.
  • step e) chromatography media are used comprising fibers having functionality enabling anion-exchange chromatography and that said second chromatography media in step e) is cation-exchange chromatography or vice versa.
  • the second chromatography media comprising fibers having imparted thereon functionality enabling ion exchange chromatography may be either cation-exchange chromatography or anion-exchange chromatography.
  • the present invention also relates to a housing comprising a packed bed of fibers; said packed bed having a first layer and a second layer, said first layer comprising fibers having imparted thereon functionality enabling ion-exchange chromatography, and said second layer comprising fibers having imparted thereon functionality enabling hydrophobic interaction chromatography.
  • Said ion-exchange chromatography may be anion-exchange chromatography or cation-exchange chromatography.
  • the housing in a special embodiment of the housing according to the invention it comprises a packed bed of fibers; said packed bed having a first layer and a second layer, said first layer comprising fibers having imparted thereon functionality enabling hydrophobic interaction chromatography, and said second layer comprising fibers having imparted thereon functionality enabling ion-exchange chromatography.
  • Said ion-exchange chromatography may be anion-exchange chromatography or cation-exchange chromatography.
  • the housing comprises a packed bed of fibers; said packed bed having a mixture of a first chromatography media and a second chromatography media, said first chromatography media comprising fibers having imparted thereon functionality enabling hydrophobic interaction chromatography, and said second chromatography media comprising fibers having imparted thereon functionality enabling ion-exchange chromatography.
  • the comprising ion-exchange chromatography may be anion-exchange chromatography or cation-exchange chromatography.
  • the inventive process for purifying a sample comprising a biomolecule of interest and impurities may also be carried out by contacting a sample, with a first chromatography media comprising fibers, said first fibers having imparted thereon functionality enabling ion-exchange chromatography and contacting it with a second chromatography media comprising fibers, said second fibers also having imparted thereon functionality enabling ion-exchange chromatography.
  • the first chromatography media are cation-exchange fibers and said second chromatography media are anion-exchange fibers.
  • said first chromatography media are anion-exchange fibers and said second chromatography media are cation-exchange fibers.
  • the chromatography media in this process is selected so that said first functionality enables purification in a flow-through mode and said second functionality enables purification in a flow-through mode.
  • it is selected so that said first functionality enables purification in a bind/elute mode and said second functionality enables purification in a bind/elute mode. If it proves to be advantageous for the purification, the process can however also be modified such that said first functionality enables purification in a flow-through mode and said second functionality enables purification in a bind/elute mode.
  • the inventive process for purifying a sample comprising a biomolecule of interest and impurities may also be carried out by contacting a sample, with a first chromatography media comprising fibers, said first fibers having imparted thereon functionality enabling ion-exchange chromatography and a second chromatography media comprising fibers, said second fibers having imparted thereon functionality enabling hydrophobic interaction chromatography.
  • the first chromatography media are cation-exchange fibers and said second chromatography media are hydrophobic interaction chromatography fibers. Otherwise, if the biomolecule of interest it requires said first chromatography media are anion-exchange fibers and said second chromatography media are hydrophobic interaction chromatography fibers.
  • the chromatography media may be chosen, wherein said first functionality enables purification in a bind/elute mode and said second functionality enables purification in a bind/elute mode.
  • chromatography media may be chosen such that the first functionality enables purification in a flow-through mode and said second functionality enables purification in a bind/elute mode.
  • said first chromatography media and said second chromatography media is arranged in a mixture of variously functionalized fibers, or said first chromatography media and said second chromatography media are arranged in layers. Corresponding embodiments of layered chromatography media are described in more detail below.
  • the chromatography media disclosed is derived from a shaped or porous fiber having high surface areas.
  • the shaped fiber presents a fibrillated or ridged structure.
  • An example of the high surface area fiber in accordance with certain embodiments is “winged” fibers, commercially available from Allasso Industries, Inc. (Raleigh, N.C.). Suitable fibers, which may be winged or highly porous, present a surface area of approximately 1 to 14 square meters per gram.
  • fibrous materials are derivatized in a method adding surface pendant functional groups that provide cation-exchange or anion-exchange functionalities, for example, to the high surface area fibers.
  • This pendant functionality is useful for the ion-exchange chromatographic purification of biomolecules, such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs).
  • Chromatographic exchanger materials disclosed here comprise nonwoven polymer fibers with high surface areas at least in the range of 1-14 m 2 /g, which in turn comprise functional groups at their surfaces, namely at least anion exchanging groups, cation exchanging groups or groups with hydrophobic interaction functionalities, and wherein the functional groups may be mixed or as such be attached to the surface of the same fiber and whereby fibers differently functionalized may be combined or mixed with each other.
  • the material of the invention is an ion exchange material which is either an anion exchanger or a cation exchange adsorber.
  • the functionalized chromatographic exchanger material may comprise hydrophobic interaction functionalities either on the surfaces of the same fibers which are already functionalized by ionic groups or on the surfaces of separate fibers.
  • chromatographic exchanger materials of the present invention may comprise fibers having different functionalities or may comprise a mixture of fibers having different functionalities.
  • the materials of the present invention are blended together to present an evenly distributed mixture of the different functional groups within the chromatographic media.
  • the composition of the chromatographic media can be controlled by altering the relative amounts of the two different types of fiber for a specific application. For instance, a chromatographic media composed of 50% anion exchanger fibers (AEX fibers) and 50% cation exchanger fibers (CEX fibers) could be created for a specific application. In another instance, a chromatographic media composed of the 25% AEX fibers and 75% CEX fibers could be created to address the specific separation needs of a different application.
  • AEX fibers anion exchanger fibers
  • CEX fibers 50% cation exchanger fibers
  • the materials of the present invention have a layered structure, wherein the different layers can be made of the same fibers or wherein each layer may have a different functionality.
  • layers may follow each other having different functionalities. These layers may follow each other in a special sequence, optionally for several times or layers with the same functionality are repeated in direct succession for several times to generate a desired layer thickness.
  • Fibers forming the chromatographic exchanger materials are fibers with high surface areas in the range of 1-14 m 2 /g, which are based either on lightweight winged fibers having eight to 32 deep channels or on highly porous fibers.
  • the winged fibers may be made by coextrusion forming the core features from eight to 32 deep channels between uniform, straight-edged wings.
  • Highly porous fibers can also be used as chromatographic exchanger materials.
  • fibers having a length ranging from 0.5 mm to 5 cm are used for the inventive chromatographic exchanger materials.
  • chromatographic exchanger materials according to the invention are composed of fibers having a length ranging from 0.5 mm to 2.5 cm.
  • chromatographic exchanger materials comprising fibers having a length ranging from 0.5 mm to 2 mm.
  • the chromatographic exchanger materials comprise fibers made of a polymer selected from the group polystyrene, polycarbonate, poly(ethyleneoxide), polyester, polypropylene, methyl, methacrylate, (hydroxyethylmethacrylate, poly(propyleneglycol)monomethacrylate, (phenyl)methacrylate, ((n-butyl)methacrylate, (n-hexyl)methacrylate, polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polyamide.
  • a polymer selected from the group polystyrene, polycarbonate, poly(ethyleneoxide), polyester, polypropylene, methyl, methacrylate, (hydroxyethylmethacrylate, poly(propyleneglycol)monomethacrylate, (phenyl)methacrylate, ((n-butyl)methacrylate, (n-hexyl)methacrylate, polybutylene terephthal
  • chromatographic exchanger materials By means of the chromatographic exchanger materials disclosed here new devices can be produced having significantly improved properties in separation and purification processes of biological fluids. Corresponding devices are therefore also subject of the present invention.
  • devices are particularly suitable comprising chromatographic exchanger materials, wherein the fibers are made of polyamide, polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polypropylene (PP), especially fibers, which are derivatized with acrylic monomers.
  • the acrylic monomers may be selected from the group 2-hydroxylethyl methacrylate (HEMA), acrylamide, acrylic acid, acrylonitrile, methyl methacrylate and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA).
  • these acrylic monomers can be used for the derivatization as such or in a combination thereof.
  • corresponding devices wherein the fibers are derivatized with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) or with a combination of 2-hydroxylethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA).
  • GMA glycidyl methacrylate
  • HEMA 2-hydroxylethyl methacrylate
  • GMA 2-hydroxylethyl methacrylate
  • GMA 2-hydroxylethyl methacrylate
  • GMA 2-hydroxylethyl methacrylate
  • GMA 2-hydroxylethyl methacrylate
  • GMA 2-hydroxylethyl methacrylate
  • GMA 2-hydroxylethyl methacrylate
  • GMA 2-hydroxylethyl methacrylate
  • GMA 2-hydroxylethyl methacrylate
  • GMA 2-hydroxylethyl methacrylate
  • GMA 2-hydroxylethyl methacryl
  • the new devices may be produced using quite inexpensive fibers and processes, they can be made as disposable devices.
  • the object of the invention is also a method for separating a target agent from a biological sample, which comprises the steps of:
  • This method is especially suitable for separation processes wherein target agents are proteins, peptides, lipids, DNA molecule, RNA molecule, an organic molecule, an inorganic molecule, cells, viruses, bacteria, toxins or a prion.
  • the chromatography media as described above may be derived from a shaped fiber. It has been found, that in certain embodiments, the shaped fiber presents a fibrillated or ridged structure. These ridges can greatly increase the surface area of the fibers when compared to ordinary fibers. Thus, high surface area is obtained without reducing fiber diameter, which typically results in a significant decrease in bed permeability and a corresponding reduction in flow rate.
  • high surface area fibers are “winged” fibers, commercially available from Allasso Industries, Inc. (Raleigh, N.C.; Allasso Winged FiberTM). These fibers are made of Nylon and very lightweight and have the same total surface area in the range of 1 to 14 square meters per gram. These fibers comprise a shaped core polymer and a sacrificial polymer that are coextruded through a specially designed spinpack. The core features from eight to 32 deep channels between uniform, straight-edged wings. The sheath polymer fills the channels during fiber formation and is dissolved during finishing of the final product.
  • chromatographic purification of biomolecules such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can be processed under simplified conditions but with improved results when a mixed functionality of this fiber material is utilized, which includes both ionic and hydrophobic interactions.
  • Allasso Winged Fibers made from nylon are applicable but also other fibers showing high surface areas in the range of at least 1 to 14 square meters per gram may be used.
  • highly porous fibers may also be applied.
  • Such fibers are disclosed by S. Megelski et al. in Macromolecules 2002, 35, 8456-8466 and are spun from polystyrene, polycarbonate or poly(ethyleneoxide).
  • polyester polypropylene (PP), methyl methacrylate, (hydroxyethylmethacrylate, poly(propyleneglycol)monomethacrylate, (phenyl)methacrylate, ((n-butyl)methacrylate, (n-hexyl)methacrylate), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polyamide
  • PP polypropylene
  • PBT methyl methacrylate
  • PBT poly(propyleneglycol)monomethacrylate
  • PBT polybutylene terephthalate
  • PET polyethylene terephthalate
  • a preferred group of fibers is made of polyamide, polypropylene, polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) or polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
  • both the AEX fiber and the CEX fiber media are blended and packed into a single device. This format is advantageous in terms of its operational simplicity and the potential for process template compression by this approach.
  • Fiber media of this type are useful for a so-called “tandem chromatography”, where only one chromatography column is provided and two different types of fiber chromatography media are arranged in discrete layers within this chromatography column.
  • This special arrangement is suitable for an application where a monoclonal antibody feed stream is purified by bind/elute purification using a CEX fiber media arranged in a first layer, followed by elution and a subsequent purification by hydrophobic interaction chromatography with the described HIC fiber media arranged in a second layer within the same chromatography column or other suitable devices.
  • HCP host cell protein
  • a mixed-bed chromatography device composed of AEX functionalized fiber media and CEX functionalized fiber media is highly efficient for the flow-through removal of residual HCP from an antibody elution.
  • the mixed fiber bed allows both positive and negatively charged HCP to be removed.
  • the relative low cost of functionalized fibers allows them to be used as a single-use, disposable application.
  • the layering of the surface-modified chromatography media into discrete bands within a housing, a single chromatography column or other suitable chromatography device leads to improved separation and purification results.
  • the “layering” is accomplished by first applying a media to the column and compressing the media to a higher density to form the lower layer of media. A second layer can be subsequently applied to the column and the media compressed to a higher density to form the upper layer. Finally, the layered media can be compressed to a third, highest density by installation of the upper flow distribution header on the chromatography column or other suitable chromatography device.
  • a single column comprising a layered column comprising two types of fiber based chromatography media with different ligands, a CEX ligand (for example as disclosed in Example 3) and a hydrophobic interaction chromatography ligand (for example as disclosed in Example 6), which provides two orthogonal modes of separation.
  • a layered media column is disclosed for “tandem chromatography” that provides a first layer of CEX fiber media that is situated on top of a second layer of a HIC fiber media.
  • This format can be utilized for example in the purification of a monoclonal antibody process stream by first applying the post-protein A elution pool (mAb feed) onto the top of the layered column.
  • the mAb feed is at a low conductivity (typically 3 mS/cm) and has a pH of 5 after adjustment with appropriate buffer system ( FIG. 2 ).
  • This mAb feed solution is loaded onto the column and first encounters the CEX fiber media layer, where the mAb binds to the fiber media by an ion exchange interaction. The fiber media is washed with an appropriate buffer to clear any unbound HCP, DNA or other impurities. After washing, an elution buffer of a high conductivity (30-1000) mS/cm, pH 5) is applied to the column to elute the mAb from the CEX layer.
  • the mAb As the eluted mAb travels into the zone of the column occupied by the HIC fiber media, the mAb binds to the HIC media by a hydrophobic interaction (due to the high ionic strength of the buffer used for elution from CEX media layer). The fiber media is again washed with an appropriate high ionic strength buffer to clear any unbound HCP or other impurities from the HIC fiber media portion of the column. Finally, an elution buffer of a low ionic strength (3 mS/cm, pH 5) is applied to the column to elute the mAb from the HIC layer.
  • the isolated mAb product after this step has a low conductivity and requires only a minor pH adjustment for subsequent AEX-based polishing operations.
  • FIG. 2 shows the schematic flow of the separation process described above, which is an example of mAb purification by tandem chromatography (CEX media and HIC) including the steps:
  • the eluted mAb is ready for a subsequent AEX polishing operation without a need for dilution to reduce the solution conductivity.
  • the solution described here provides an inexpensive separation process for mAB, comprising a disposable format and which may be carried out at low material costs.
  • different process steps which had to be carried out in different columns and filtering devices under repeated reduction of the amount of liquid and adjusting the pH value and the conductivity, are compressed to a procedure carried out in a single column wherein a convective transport of substrate to binding sites takes place.
  • the surface functionalization of the high surface area fibers can also be accomplished by a two step process.
  • a suitable functionalization process is grafting polymerization as disclosed in WO 2012/015908 A. This functionalization begins with the attachment of pendant allyl groups to the fiber surface, for example to the surface of winged fibers made of Nylon6, a polyamide. Here the fibers are treated with allyl glycidyl ether in the presence of aqueous sodium hydroxide at 50° for 12 hours.
  • This first step of the functionalization of the fiber surface can be carried out as disclosed in the aforementioned patent application or under changed conditions by different suitable monomers, like epichlorohydrin, or (meth)acrylic glycidyl esters.
  • the pendant allyl groups serve then as anchoring sites on the fiber surface as attachment points for the pendant acrylamide polymer functionality.
  • Conditions for the solution polymerization of acrylamide monomers are provided, and the pendant allyl groups on the fiber surface attach to the growing polymer chains in solution.
  • the allyl-functionalized fibers may be subsequently treated with an aqueous solution of 2-acrylimido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid, N,N-dimethylacrylamide and ammonium persulfate at about 80° C. for about 4 hours. Upon heating to this temperature, persulfate decomposition initiates a free radical polymerization of the acrylic monomers.
  • a cation exchanger which comprises sulfonic acid groups.
  • the pendant allyl groups on the fiber surface may serve as attachment points for the pendant acrylic polymer functionality and the acrylic polymer is covalently attached to the fiber surface.
  • Ceric ion redox grafting polymerizations may also be employed for the surface modification of the high surface area fibers.
  • the acid may be HNO 3 and Ce(VI) ions are provided by a salt like (ammonium cerium(IV) nitrate). In this case the reaction time is much shorter and the temperature lower.
  • ceric ion redox grafting reaction is processed according to Mino and Kaizerman [Mino, G., Kaizerman, S. J. Polymer Science 31, 242-243 (1958) and J. Polymer Science 38, 393-401 (1959)], which is done in an aqueous nitric acid solution.
  • This reaction can be carried out with monomers, which are soluble in aqueous solutions. If not water-soluble monomers are to be used, the solubility can be improved by suitable solubilizers, such as dioxane or tetrahydrofuran.
  • the surface functionalized fibers for example modified with poly(glycidyl methacrylate) can be converted into an anion exchanger by simply mixing the functionalized fibers with a solution of 50 wt % trimethylamine (aq.) in methanol.
  • ionogenic (ionizable) charge-carrying (cationic or anionic) group examples are —OH and/or —CO— and/or —NH and/or —SO 3 ⁇ and/or —SO 4 ⁇ and/or —PO 4 ⁇ and/or —SO 2 Cl and/or —NH 4 + and/or —CONH and/or —CHO and/or —COOH and/or —COO ⁇ and/or —SH.
  • suitable functional groups for the anion exchange chromatography are for example quaternary ammonium groups, like quaternary hydroxypropyldiethylaminoethyl-, quaternary trimethylaminoethyl-, or diethylaminoethyl groups.
  • the anion exchangers can be classified as strong, medium or weak base anion exchanger.
  • the applied fibers are functionalized as cation exchangers with acidic groups.
  • Suitable functional groups for the cation exchange chromatography are for example sulfomethyl-, sulfopropyl-, or carboxymethyl groups.
  • Groups suitable for hydrophobic interaction chromatography are for example alkyl and aryl ligands like ether and methyl ligands, which provide weak interactions with proteins, or butyl or octyl ligands, phenyl, or other aryl ligands which show more intense interactions.
  • Substitution of at least one hydrogen atom with a functional group can indirectly be made via a methylene, ethylene, propylene or butylenes bridge or a corresponding alkoxy or aryl.
  • the functional groups can be bound to the surface of the applied fibers by means of suitable graft polymers.
  • the graft-polymerization is carried out according to known methods in presence of suitable initiators, which may be redox initiators such as ceric (IV) ion (ceric ammonium nitrate: (NH 4 ) 2 Ce(NO 3 ) 6 ), cerium (IV) sulphate, ceric ammonium sulfate, iron(II)-hydrogen peroxide (Fe 2+ —H 2 O 2 : Fenton reagent), cobalt (III) acetylacetonate complex salts, Co (II)-potassium monopersulfate, sodium sulfite-ammonium persulfate or free radical generators such as azobisisobutyronitrile (C 8 H 12 N 4 : AIBN), potassium persulfate (K 2 S 2 O 8 : KPS), ammonium persulfate ((NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 : APS), and benzoyl peroxide (C 14 H 10 O 4
  • graft-polymerization can be processed using acidic monomers like acrylic acid and methacrylic acid of a suitable ceric (IV) salt. If such monomeric acids are combined, even in a relatively low ratio, with neutral monomers such as methyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate and acrylonitrile grafting on a fiber takes place quite readily.
  • the resulting graft copolymer is a weak acidic, high-capacity, cation exchanger.
  • RAFT reversible-addition fragmentation transfer polymerization
  • hydrophobic groups are introduced into the generated tentacles:
  • Suitable fibers for the production of separation materials according to the present invention may be of any length and diameter and are preferably cut or staple fibers or a non-woven fabric. They need not be bonded together as an integrated structure but can serve effectively as individual discrete entities. They may be in the form of a continuous length such as thread or monofilament of indeterminate length or they may be formed into shorter individual fibers such as by chopping fibrous materials (e.g., staple fibers) or as non-woven or woven fabrics, cutting the continuous length fiber into individual pieces, formed by a crystalline growth method and the like.
  • the fibers are made of a thermoplastic polymer, such as polypropylene, polyester, polyethylene, polyamide, thermoplastic urethanes, polystyrenes, co-polyesters, or liquid crystalline polymers.
  • Fibers which are preferably used for the purpose described here having a length which is much greater than the widest dimensions of the fiber cross-section, and which do not form a compact body.
  • these fibers Preferably have a length in the range of some millimeters to several centimeters.
  • the fibers used have a length ranging from 0.5 mm to 5 cm, more suitable are corresponding fibers having a length ranging from 0.5 mm to 2.5 cm.
  • Particularly well suited are fibers having a length in the range from about 0.5 mm to 2 mm.
  • the fiber has a cross-sectional length of from about 1 ⁇ m to about 100 ⁇ m and a cross-sectional width of from about 1 ⁇ m to about 100 ⁇ m.
  • One suitable fiber has a cross-sectional length of about 20 ⁇ m and a cross-sectional width of about 10 ⁇ m.
  • the fibers have a cross-sectional length of about 10-20 ⁇ m.
  • the fiber cross-section is generally winged-shaped, with a main body region defining a substantially longitudinal axis, and a plurality of projections extending radially outwardly from the main body region.
  • the projections form an array of co-linear channels that extend along the length of the fiber, typically 20-30 such channels per fiber.
  • the length of the projections is shorter than the length of the main body region.
  • the fiber cross-section is generally winged-shaped, with a middle region comprising a longitudinal axis that runs down the center of the fiber and having a plurality of projections that extend from the middle region.
  • a plurality of the projections extends generally radially from the middle region.
  • a plurality of channels is defined by the projections.
  • Suitable channel widths between projections range from about 200 to about 1000 nanometers.
  • Suitable fibers are disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2008/0105612, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • Fibers with surface areas ranging from at least 1 m 2 /g to about 14 m 2 /g or even more are suitable.
  • fibers are used having surface areas in this range, but also fibers having much higher surface areas may be applied for the preparation of separation materials according to the invention.
  • Suitable fibers include porous fibers, such as those described in U.S. provisional application 62/044,630, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • Porous fibers may have high surface areas, but it is essential that the pores are of sizes that allow to be functionalized by graft polymerization, whereby, however, the effectiveness and accessibility is not restricted in later separation processes. Furthermore, it is important that these porous fibers in application having necessary stability, so that they are suitable for use in compressed chromatography column.
  • the fibers can readily be packed under compression into a device or container with appropriate ports and dimensions so that no packing is required by the user as the product arrives ready for service.
  • the fibers also can be used in a pre-formed bed format such as nonwoven sheetstock material created by a spunbond (continuous filament) or wet-laid (cut fiber) process, common in the nonwovens industry. Suitable preformed fiber formats include sheets, mats, webs, monoliths, etc.
  • the shaped fiber media offers certain advantages over porous chromatographic beads by nature of its morphology.
  • the rate limiting step in the separation process is penetration of the adsorbate (solute) into the depths of porous beads as controlled by diffusion; for macromolecules such as proteins, this diffusional transport can be relatively slow.
  • the binding sites are mainly exposed on the exterior of the fibers and therefore are easily accessed by adsorbate molecules in the flow stream.
  • the rapid transport offered by this approach allows for short residence time (high flow velocity), thereby enabling rapid cycling of the media by means such as simulated moving bed systems.
  • speed of processing is a critical parameter in the production of biologies, fiber-based chromatographic media as described herein has particular process advantages over conventional bead-based media.
  • a suitable column packing density of between about 0.1-0.4 g/ml, preferably about 0.32 g/ml, at a bed height of 1-5 cm will provide sufficient flow uniformity for acceptable performance in a chromatographic evaluation.
  • the surface functionalized fiber media of the embodiments disclosed herein show a high permeability in a packed bed format.
  • a particular advantage of this new surface functionalized fiber media described here is its versatility. Depending on the used fibers and on their derivatization, separation and purification of a variety of target molecules is possible, for example proteins, especially protein A, peptides, lipids, DNA molecule, RNA molecule, organic molecules, inorganic molecule, cells, viruses, bacteria, toxins or a prion. Especially in separation processes that are applied to biological fluids, the properties of the materials described herein prove to be particularly advantageous and effective.
  • FIG. 1 A standard mAb purification scheme is shown, which employs DSP including a bind-elute chromatography purification step followed by a flow-through polishing step.
  • FIG. 2 A schematic flow scheme of the separation process is shown of a mAb purification by tandem chromatography (CEX media and HIC) including the steps:
  • FIG. 3 shows HCP clearance from the mAb04 Protein A feed after flow through purification in the form of bar charts, where the described media from example 5 are used (AEX fiber, CEX fiber, and a blend of both AEX and CEX media).
  • FIG. 4 Modified surface of the winged nylon fiber media with a selection of reactive methacrylic monomers ((hydroxyethyl)methacrylate, poly(propyleneglycol)-monomethacrylate, (phenyl)methacrylate, (n-butyl)methacrylate, (n-hexyl)methacrylate)) in presence of 0.4 M cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate.
  • reactive methacrylic monomers ((hydroxyethyl)methacrylate, poly(propyleneglycol)-monomethacrylate, (phenyl)methacrylate, (n-butyl)methacrylate, (n-hexyl)methacrylate)) in presence of 0.4 M cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate.
  • Table 1 Characteristics of columns packed with either AEX fibers, CEX fibers or a blend of both AEX and CEX fibers in view of bed depth and column volume, pressure and flowrate, permeability and velocity.
  • Table 2 Flow-through purification data for mAb04 using AEX fiber media, CEX fiber media and blended AEX/CEX fiber media columns in view of the characteristics, flow through, loading of mAb on fibers, recovery of mAb, HCP concentration and LRV of HCP.
  • % data are % by weight or mol %, with the exception of ratios, which are shown in volume data, such as, for example, eluents, for the preparation of which solvents in certain volume ratios are used in a mixture.
  • the damp GMA functionalized fibers from example 1 are added into a 2 L bottle together with water (500 ml) and a solution of 50 wt % trimethylamine (aq.) in methanol (500 ml). The mixture is agitated for 18 hours at room temperature. Then the fiber solids are subsequently washed with a solution of 0.2 M ascorbic acid in 0.5 M sulphuric acid (3 ⁇ 400 ml), DI water (3 ⁇ 400 ml), 1M sodium hydroxide solution (3 ⁇ 400 ml), DI water (3 ⁇ 400 ml) and ethanol (1 ⁇ 400 ml). Subsequently, the material is placed in an oven to dry at 40° C. for 48 hours.
  • the fiber solids from each bottle are washed with DI water (3 ⁇ 300 ml), 0.2 M ascorbic acid in 0.5 M sulphuric acid (3 ⁇ 300 ml), DI water (3 ⁇ 300 ml), 1M sodium hydroxide solution (3 ⁇ 300 ml), DI water 3 ⁇ 300 ml) and ethanol (1 ⁇ 300 ml).
  • the prepared material is then placed in an oven to dry at 40° C.
  • Fiber bed permeability is assessed by flowing 25 mM Tris pH 8 buffer through the column at a flow rate of 2.0 ml/min and measuring the column pressure drop by means of an electric pressure transducer. Fiber bed permeability values are also provided in Table 1.
  • a cell culture of mAb04 was clarified and then captured at a concentration of 7.2. mg/ml using Protein A column chromatography.
  • the pH of the mAb04 Protein A elution was then adjusted to pH 5 with Tris base for storage and then filtered through a Stericup-GP 0.22 ⁇ m Millipore ExpressPLUS membrane (1 L, catalogue number: SCGPU02RE, Millipore Corp. Billerica, Mass., 01821, USA).
  • the pH of the solution was adjusted to pH 7.0 with Tris base just prior to use.
  • the resulting solution was then filtered through a Stericup-GP 0.22 mm Millipore Express PLUS membrane (1 L, catalogue number SCGPU02RE, Millipore Corp. Billerica, Mass., 01821, USA).
  • the first 1 ml column consisted of AEX fibers functionalized with quaternary ammonium ligands from example 2 (lot ID # JA7654-163B).
  • the second 1 ml column consisted of CEX fibers functionalized with sulfonate ligands from example 3 (lot ID# JA7654-131).
  • the third 1 ml column consisted of a blend of equal quantities of AEX fibers functionalized with quaternary ammonium ligands from example 2 (JA7654-163B) and CEX fibers functionalized with sulfonate ligands from example 3 (JA7654-131), see example 4.
  • the three columns are equilibrated with a buffer solution (25 mM Tris at pH 7).
  • HCP host cell protein
  • IgG concentration is measured using an Agilent HPLC system equipped with a Poros® A Protein A analytical column. Results are summarized in Table 3 and FIG. 3 .
  • the results of the experiment show that combining the mixed bed column containing the AEX and CEX fiber gave greater HCP removal with a log removal value (LRV) of approximately 1.6 LRV. This greatly exceeds the approximately 0.9 LRV of HCP observed for the column containing only the AEX fibers and the approximately 0.6 LRV of HCP observed for the column that contained only the CEX fibers.
  • the greater amount of HCP removed by the column with a blend of both fibers is likely due to the fact that it has two different ligands which are able to adsorb HCP with different characteristics.
  • the AEX functionalized fibers are able to bind to impurities that have negatively charged regions on their surfaces, which is typical for proteins with lower isoelectric points.
  • the CEX functionalized fibers are able to bind impurities that have positively charged regions on their surface, which is typical of proteins with higher isoelectric points.
  • FIG. 3 shows HCP clearance from the mAb04 Protein A feed after flow through purification using the described media from example 5.
  • hydrophobic interaction chromatography media described in the text above can be prepared by using the fiber surface modification procedures described in examples 1 and 3 and a methacrylate monomer or other polymerizable functionality selected from a group comprising
  • ceric ion redox polymerization procedure described in examples 1 and 3 can be used to directly modify the surface of the Allasso nylon fiber media with reactive methacrylic monomers disclosed in this example. (see FIG. 4 ) After grafting polymerization and suitable washing procedures (also described in examples 1 and 3), the fiber media now displays an appropriate hydrophobic ligand functionality for hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC). The media is now ready to be loaded into a chromatography column or other device for the tandem chromatography application described in the text above.
  • HIC hydrophobic interaction chromatography
  • FIG. 4 Selection of HIC ligands suitable for fiber media of the present invention and process for attachment to the surface of the Allasso nylon fiber media.
  • a methacrylate monomer selected from the group comprising: (hydroxyethyl)methacrylate, poly(propyleneglycol)monoethacrylate, (phenyl)methacrylate, (n-butyl)methacrylate, (n-hexyl)meth
  • HEMA Hydroxyethylmethacrylate
  • water 232.5 ml
  • Allasso nylon fibers Winged FiberTM
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KR102162753B1 (ko) 2020-10-07
US11236125B2 (en) 2022-02-01
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CA2966515C (fr) 2021-04-27
JP2018501222A (ja) 2018-01-18
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KR20170075769A (ko) 2017-07-03
CN107001410A (zh) 2017-08-01

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