US20120142766A1 - Substituted 1,3-dioxanes and their uses - Google Patents

Substituted 1,3-dioxanes and their uses Download PDF

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Publication number
US20120142766A1
US20120142766A1 US12/523,844 US52384408A US2012142766A1 US 20120142766 A1 US20120142766 A1 US 20120142766A1 US 52384408 A US52384408 A US 52384408A US 2012142766 A1 US2012142766 A1 US 2012142766A1
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compound
compounds
alkyl
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aryl
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Alexandra Santana Sorensen
Jean-Philippe Meyer
Peteris Alberts
Mainkar S. Prathama
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Evolva Holding SA
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Evolva AG
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Priority to US12/523,844 priority Critical patent/US20120142766A1/en
Priority claimed from PCT/US2008/051522 external-priority patent/WO2008089462A2/en
Assigned to EVOLVA SA reassignment EVOLVA SA ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MEYER, JEAN-PHILIPPE, SORENSEN, ALEXANDRA SANTANA, ALBERTS, PETERIS, MAINKAR, PRATHAMA S.
Publication of US20120142766A1 publication Critical patent/US20120142766A1/en
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    • C07D319/06—1,3-Dioxanes; Hydrogenated 1,3-dioxanes not condensed with other rings
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Definitions

  • the invention relates to compounds containing the 1,3-dioxane moiety, compositions comprising the compounds, and methods of using the compounds and compositions for the modulation of thromboxane A2 and/or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors.
  • the compounds and compositions are useful for treating or modulating disease in which thromboxane A2 and/or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors may be involved, symptoms of such disease, or the effect of other physiological events mediated by thromboxane A2 and/or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors.
  • Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are nuclear hormone receptors. PPAR receptors activate transcription by binding to elements of DNA sequences, known as peroxisome proliferator response elements (PPRE), in the form of a heterodimer with retinoid X receptors (known as RxRs).
  • PPRE peroxisome proliferator response elements
  • RxRs retinoid X receptors
  • PPAR-alpha Three sub-types of human PPAR have been identified and described: PPAR-alpha, PPAR-gamma and PPAR-delta (or NUCI).
  • PPAR-alpha is mainly expressed in the liver, while PPAR-delta is ubiquitous.
  • PPAR-gamma is involved in regulating the differentiation of adipocytes, where it is highly expressed. It also has a key role in systemic lipid homeostasis.
  • a number of compounds that modulate the activity of PPARs have been identified including thiazolidinedi
  • PPARs are closely involved in a wide array of diseases or pathological conditions which are associated with cells expressing these nuclear receptors. More specifically, PPARs are useful as drug target in methods for reducing blood glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels and are accordingly explored for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and other disorders related to Syndrome X (also designated “the metabolic syndrome) (WO 97/25042, WO 97/10813, WO 97/28149; see also Kaplan et al., 2001, J Cardiovasc Risk, 8, 211-7) including obesity and atherosclerosis (Duez et al., 2001, J. Cardiovasc.
  • PPARs have been shown to be potential targets for the treatment of certain inflammatory diseases such as cutaneous disorders (see Smith et al., 2001, J. Cutan. Med. Surg., 5, 231-43), gastrointestinal diseases (WO 98/43081) or renal diseases including glomerulonephritis, glomerulosclerosis, nephrotic syndrome and hypertensive nephrosclerosis.
  • PPARs are useful for improving cognitive functions in neurologic diseases (Landreth and Heneka, 2001, Neurobiol Aging, 22, 937-44) or in dementia, for treating psoriasis, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) or for preventing and treating bone loss, e.g. osteoporosis (see for example U.S. Pat. No. 5,981,586 or U.S. Pat. No. 6,291,496).
  • PPARs are exciting targets for the development of therapeutic compounds.
  • the responses observed in the context of the various methods for treating and/or preventing diseases or pathological conditions are encouraging, for example, the thiazolidinedione, TZD, class of medications (e.g., rosiglitazone or pioglitazone) unambiguously plays a critical role in improving insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes (see Cheng lai and Levine, 2000, Heart Dis., 2, 326-333), they are not fully satisfactory treatments because of the occurrence of numerous serious undesirable side effects (for example, weigh gain, hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, haemodilution, liver toxicity and oedema; see Haskins et al., 2001, Arch Toxicol., 75, 425-438; Yamamoto et al., 2001, Life Sci., 70, 471-482; Scheen, 2001, Diabetes Metab., 27, 305-313; Gale, 2001, Lancet, 357, 1870-1875; Forman et al.
  • thromboxane receptor is involved in blood platelet aggregation and has been implicated in vasoconstriction, as well as in bronchial and tracheal smooth muscle constriction.
  • European patent application, Publication No. 94239; European patent application, Publication No. 0 266 980 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,895,962 name certain 4-phenyl-1,3-dioxan-5-ylalkenoic acid derivatives and describe their potential utility as thromboxane receptor antagonists.
  • thromboxane A2 and/or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors that can block the disease pathologies and/or symptoms resulting from their aberrant activity has generated much interest.
  • additional compounds for modulating thromboxane A2 and/or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) and treatment and prevention of diseases associated with them are needed.
  • the present invention provides compounds having the 1,3-dioxane moiety, compositions comprising the compounds, methods and intermediates useful for synthesizing the compounds and methods of using the compounds, including in the treatment and/or prevention of diseases mediated by thromboxane A2 and/or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR).
  • thromboxane A2 and/or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR).
  • PPAR peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
  • the compounds of the invention generally comprise a biologically active 1,3-dioxane compound that is substituted at the oxygen atom of one or more phenol or carboxyl groups with a progroup RP.
  • the progroup generally includes a group or moiety that is metabolized under the conditions of use to yield the active 1,3-dioxane drug.
  • the compounds of the invention are potent modulators of thromboxane A2 and/or PPAR. Accordingly, in still another aspect, the present invention provides methods of using the compounds as any of the PPAR agonists, thromboxane A2 (TP) receptor antagonists, thromboxane synthase (TS) inhibitors comprising contacting a receptor with an effective amount of a compound or composition of the invention effective for modulation.
  • the methods can be practiced either in vitro or in vivo, and can be used as a therapeutic approach towards the treatment and/or prevention of diseases such as treatment of neoplasia including cancer and metastasis, and in the treatment and prevention of other diseases associated with thromboxane A2 and/or PPAR.
  • Compounds of the present invention are useful for, but not limited to, the prevention or treatment of cancer and related diseases.
  • the compounds of the invention have thromboxane A2 inhibitory and/or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors activation activity, therefore, the compounds of the invention can be useful in therapy as antineoplasia agents.
  • Compounds of the invention can be useful for the treatment of management of obesity, diabetes and the commonly associated disorders such as cardiovascular and hepatic disease.
  • the compounds of this invention can act as inhibitors of thromboxane A2 and/or activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR), and thus be effective in the treatment of diseases associated with these receptors.
  • PPAR peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
  • These compounds may for example be useful in the treatment or prevention of a clinical condition selected from the group consisting of the metabolic syndrome, obesity, insulin resistance, pre-diabetes, diabetes, dyslipidemia, autoimmune disease such as multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, asthma and ulcerative colitis, cancer such as liposarcoma, neuroblastoma, bladder, breast, colon, lung, pancreas and prostate; inflammation, infections, AIDS and wound healing.
  • a clinical condition selected from the group consisting of the metabolic syndrome, obesity, insulin resistance, pre-diabetes, diabetes, dyslipidemia, autoimmune disease such as multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, atopic dermatiti
  • these compound may for example be useful in the treatment or prevention of a clinical condition is selected from the group consisting of myocardial infarction, thrombosis, thrombotic disorders, pulmonary hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, peripheral arterial disease, lower limb circulation, pulmonary embolism, thrombus formation, stent-triggered thrombus formation, hyperplasia, stent-triggered hyperplasia, septic shock, preeclampsia, asthma, allergic rhinitis, tumour angiogenesis and metastasis.
  • the present invention provides compounds containing the 1,3-dioxane moiety, and compositions comprising the compounds.
  • the compounds have the general structure shown below:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 can be independently selected to be hydrogen, halo, haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, alkoxyl, aryloxyl, aralkoxyl, alkylcarbamido, arylcarbamido, amino, alkylamino, arylamino, dialkylamino, diarylamino, arylalkylamino, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, sulfo, alkylsulfonylamido, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, alkylsulfinyl, arylsulfinyl or heteroaryl.
  • novel compounds have the structure of formula (II):
  • R 1 , R 2 , and R 4 can be independently selected as described above.
  • the aryl group is phenyl, phenol, anisol, aniline, pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, thiophene, furan, imidazole, benzimidazole, or pyrazole.
  • the Ar group is phenyl, phenol, or o-, m-, p-methoxyphenyl.
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (IV):
  • X is a direct bond, O, S, NR 8 , (CR 9 R 10 ) m , O(CR 9 R 10 ) m , or (CR 9 R 10 ) m O, wherein R 8 , R 9 and R 10 can be independently selected from H, OH, lower alkyl, phenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or together form an oxo; n can be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; m can be an integer between 0 and 10; and R 6 can be H, OH, halogen, alkoxyl, or alkyl, and R 7 can be selected from the group consisting of straight or branched, saturated or unsaturated alkyl, alkynyl, allyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, each of which can optionally be singly or multiply substituted with a substitutent.
  • the compounds and compositions can be used in methods for the inhibition of
  • the present invention provides methods of treating and/or preventing cancer.
  • the methods generally involve administering to a subject that has cancer or that is at risk of developing cancer an amount of a compound or composition of the invention effective to treat or prevent the disease.
  • the method may be practiced in animals or in humans.
  • Alkyl by itself or as part of another substituent, refers to a saturated or unsaturated, branched, straight-chain or cyclic monovalent hydrocarbon radical derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent alkane, alkene or alkyne.
  • Typical alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl; ethyls such as ethanyl, ethenyl, ethynyl; propyls such as propan-1-yl, propan-2-yl, cyclopropan-1-yl, prop-1-en-1-yl, prop-1-en-2-yl, prop-2-en-1-yl (allyl), cycloprop-1-en-1-yl; cycloprop-2-en-1-yl, prop-1-yn-1-yl, prop-2-yn-1-yl, etc.; butyls such as butan-1-yl, butan-2-yl, 2-methyl-propan-1-yl, 2-methyl-propan-2-yl, cyclobutan-1-yl, but-1-en-1-yl, but-1-en-2-yl, 2-methyl-prop-1-en-1-yl, but-2-en-2-yl, buta-1,
  • alkyl is specifically intended to include groups having any degree or level of saturation, i.e., groups having exclusively single carbon-carbon bonds, groups having one or more double carbon-carbon bonds, groups having one or more triple carbon-carbon bonds and groups having mixtures of single, double and triple carbon-carbon bonds. Where a specific level of saturation is intended, the expressions “alkanyl,” “alkenyl,” and “alkynyl” are used.
  • an alkyl group comprises from 1 to 15 carbon atoms (C 1 -C 15 alkyl), more preferably from 1 to 10 carbon atoms (C 1 -C 10 alkyl) and even more preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms (C 1 -C 6 alkyl or lower alkyl).
  • alkanyl by itself or as part of another substituent, refers to a saturated branched, straight-chain or cyclic alkyl radical derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent alkane.
  • Typical alkanyl groups include, but are not limited to, methanyl; ethanyl; propanyls such as propan-1-yl, propan-2-yl(isopropyl), cyclopropan-1-yl, etc.; butanyls such as butan-1-yl, butan-2-yl(sec-butyl), 2-methyl-propan-1-yl(isobutyl), 2-methyl-propan-2-yl(t-butyl), cyclobutan-1-yl; pentanyls, such as pent-1-yl, pent-2-yl, pent-3-yl, cyclopent-1-yl; hexanyls, such as hexan-1-yl, hex
  • Alkenyl by itself or as part of another substituent, refers to an unsaturated branched, straight-chain or cyclic alkyl radical having at least one carbon-carbon double bond derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent alkene.
  • the group may be in either the cis or trans conformation about the double bond(s).
  • Typical alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl; propenyls such as prop-1-en-1-yl, prop-1-en-2-yl, prop-2-en-1-yl(allyl), prop-2-en-2-yl, cycloprop-1-en-1-yl; cycloprop-2-en-1-yl; butenyls such as but-1-en-1-yl, but-1-en-2-yl, 2-methyl-prop-1-en-1-yl, but-2-en-1-yl, but-2-en-1-yl, but-2-en-2-yl, buta-1,3-dien-1-yl, buta-1,3-dien-2-yl, cyclobut-1-en-1-yl, cyclobut-1-en-3-yl, cyclobuta-1,3-dien-1-yl, etc.; and the like.
  • Alkynyl by itself or as part of another substituent refers to an unsaturated branched, straight-chain or cyclic alkyl radical having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent alkyne.
  • Typical alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl; propynyls such as prop-1-yn-1-yl, prop-2-yn-1-yl, etc.; butynyls such as but-1-yn-1-yl, but-1-yn-3-yl, but-3-yn-1-yl, etc.; and the like.
  • Alkyldiyl by itself or as part of another substituent refers to a saturated or unsaturated, branched, straight-chain or cyclic divalent hydrocarbon group derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from each of two different carbon atoms of a parent alkane, alkene or alkyne, or by the removal of two hydrogen atoms from a single carbon atom of a parent alkane, alkene or alkyne.
  • the two monovalent radical centers or each valency of the divalent radical center can form bonds with the same or different atoms.
  • Typical alkyldiyl groups include, but are not limited to, methandiyl; ethyldiyls such as ethan-1,1-diyl, ethan-1,2-diyl, ethen-1,1-diyl, ethen-1,2-diyl; propyldiyls such as propan-1,1-diyl, propan-1,2-diyl, propan-2,2-diyl, propan-1,3-diyl, cyclopropan-1,1-diyl, cyclopropan-1,2-diyl, prop-1-en-1,1-diyl, prop-1-en-1,2-diyl, prop-2-en-1,2-diyl, prop-1-en-1,3-diyl, cycloprop-1-en-1,2-diyl, cycloprop-2-en-1,2-diyl, cycloprop-2-en-1,2-d
  • alkyldiyl group comprises from 1 to 6 carbon atoms (C1-C6 alkyldiyl).
  • saturated acyclic alkanyldiyl groups in which the radical centers are at the terminal carbons e.g., methandiyl(methano); ethan-1,2-diyl(ethano); propan-1,3-diyl (propano); butan-1,4-diyl(butano); and the like (also referred to as alkylenos, defined infra).
  • Alkoxy by itself or as part of another substituent, refers to a radical of the formula —OR, where R is an alkyl or cycloalkyl group as defined herein.
  • Representative examples alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, tert-butoxy, cyclopropyloxy, cyclopentyloxy, cyclohexyloxy and the like.
  • Aryl by itself or as part of another substituent, refers to a monovalent aromatic hydrocarbon group derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent aromatic ring system, as defined herein.
  • Typical aryl groups include, but are not limited to, groups derived from aceanthrylene, acenaphthylene, acephenanthrylene, anthracene, azulene, benzene, chrysene, coronene, fluoranthene, fluorene, hexacene, hexaphene, hexylene, as-indacene, s-indacene, indane, indene, naphthalene, octacene, octaphene, octalene, ovalene, penta-2,4-diene, pentacene, pentalene, pentaphene, perylene, phenalene, phen
  • an aryl group comprises from 6 to 20 carbon atoms (C 6 -C 20 aryl), more preferably from 6 to 15 carbon atoms (C 6 -C 15 aryl) and even more preferably from 6 to 10 carbon atoms (C 6 -C 10 aryl).
  • Aryloxy by itself or as part of another substituent, refers to a radical of the formula —O-aryl, where aryl is as defined herein.
  • Aryloxycarbonyl by itself or as part of another substituent, refers to a radical of the formula —C(O)—O-aryl, where aryl is as defined herein.
  • Compounds of the invention refers to compounds encompassed by the various descriptions and structural formulae disclosed herein.
  • the compounds of the invention may be identified by either their chemical structure and/or chemical name. When the chemical structure and chemical name conflict, the chemical structure is determinative of the identity of the compound.
  • the compounds of the invention may contain one or more chiral centers and/or double bonds and therefore may exist as stereoisomers, such as double-bond isomers (i.e., geometric isomers), rotamers, enantiomers or diastereomers.
  • the chemical structures depicted herein encompass all possible configurations at those chiral centers including the stereoisomerically pure form (e.g., geometrically pure, enantiomerically pure or diastereomerically pure) and enantiomeric and stereoisomeric mixtures, with the exception that when only one enantiomer is specified, the structure includes the other enantiomer as well.
  • Enantiomeric and stereoisomeric mixtures can be resolved into their component enantiomers or stereoisomers using separation techniques or chiral synthesis techniques well known to the skilled artisan.
  • the compounds of the invention may also exist in several tautomeric forms including the enol form, the keto form and mixtures thereof.
  • the compounds of the invention may also include isotopically labeled compounds where one or more atoms have an atomic mass different from the atomic mass conventionally found in nature.
  • isotopes that may be incorporated into the compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to, 2 H, 3 H, 11 C, 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 18 O, 17 O, 31 P, 32 P, 35 S, 18 F and 36 Cl.
  • Compounds of the invention may exist in unsolvated forms as well as solvated forms, including hydrated forms and as N-oxides. In general, the hydrated, solvated and N-oxide forms are within the scope of the present invention.
  • Certain compounds of the present invention may exist in multiple crystalline or amorphous forms. In general, all physical forms are equivalent for the uses contemplated by the present invention and are intended to be within the scope of the present invention.
  • Cycloalkyl by itself or as part of another substituent, refers to a saturated or unsaturated cyclic alkyl radical, as defined herein. Where a specific level of saturation is intended, the nomenclature “cycloalkanyl” or “cycloalkenyl” is used.
  • Typical cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, groups derived from cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane, and the like.
  • the cycloalkyl group comprises from 3 to 10 ring atoms (C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl) and more preferably from 3 to 7 ring atoms (C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl).
  • Cycloheteroalkyl by itself or as part of another substituent, refers to a saturated or unsaturated cyclic alkyl radical in which one or more carbon atoms (and optionally any associated hydrogen atoms) are independently replaced with the same or different heteroatom.
  • Typical heteroatoms to replace the carbon atom(s) include, but are not limited to, N, P, O, S, Si, etc. Where a specific level of saturation is intended, the nomenclature “cycloheteroalkanyl” or “cycloheteroalkenyl” is used.
  • Typical cycloheteroalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, groups derived from epoxides, azirines, thiiranes, imidazolidine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, pyrazolidine, pyrrolidone, quinuclidine, and the like.
  • the cycloheteroalkyl group comprises from 3 to 10 ring atoms (3-10 membered cycloheteroalkyl) and more preferably from 5 to 7 ring atoms (5-7 membered cycloheteroalkyl).
  • Halogen or “Halo,” by themselves or as part of another substituent, refer to a fluoro, chloro, bromo and/or iodo radical.
  • Haloalkyl by itself or as part of another substituent, refers to an alkyl group as defined herein in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms is replaced with a halo group.
  • haloalkyl is specifically meant to include monohaloalkyls, dihaloalkyls, trihaloalkyls, etc. up to perhaloalkyls.
  • the halo groups substituting a haloalkyl can be the same, or they can be different.
  • (C 1 -C 2 ) haloalkyl includes 1-fluoromethyl, 1-fluoro-2-chloroethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 1-fluoroethyl, 1,1-difluoroethyl, 1,2-difluoroethyl, 1,1,1-trifluoroethyl, perfluoroethyl, etc.
  • Haloalkyloxy by itself or as part of another substituent, refers to a group of the formula —O-haloalkyl, where haloalkyl is as defined herein.
  • Heteroaryl by itself or as part of another substituent, refers to a monovalent heteroaromatic radical derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single atom of a parent heteroaromatic ring systems, as defined herein.
  • Typical heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, groups derived from acridine, ⁇ -carboline, chromane, chromene, cinnoline, furan, imidazole, indazole, indole, indoline, indolizine, isobenzofuran, isochromene, isoindole, isoindoline, isoquinoline, isothiazole, isoxazole, naphthyridine, oxadiazole, oxazole, perimidine, phenanthridine, phenanthroline, phenazine, phthalazine, pteridine, purine, pyran, pyrazine, pyrazole,
  • the heteroaryl group comprises from 5 to 20 ring atoms (5-20 membered heteroaryl), more preferably from 5 to 10 ring atoms (5-10 membered heteroaryl).
  • Preferred heteroaryl groups are those derived from furan, thiophene, pyrrole, benzothiophene, benzofuran, benzimidazole, indole, pyridine, pyrazole, quinoline, imidazole, oxazole, isoxazole and pyrazine.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a salt of a compound of the invention which is made with counterions understood in the art to be generally acceptable for pharmaceutical uses and which possesses the desired pharmacological activity of the parent compound.
  • Such salts include: (1) acid addition salts, formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like; or formed with organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1,2-ethane-disulfonic acid, 2-hydroxy
  • salts of amino acids such as arginates and the like, and salts of organic acids like glucurmic or galactunoric acids and the like (see, e.g., Berge et al., 1977 , J. Pharm. Sci. 66:1-19).
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle” refers to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient or carrier with which a compound of the invention is administered.
  • Protecting group refers to a group of atoms that, when attached to a reactive functional group in a molecule, mask, reduce or prevent the reactivity of the functional group. Typically, a protecting group may be selectively removed as desired during the course of a synthesis. Examples of protecting groups can be found in Greene and Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, 3 rd Ed., 1999, John Wiley & Sons, NY and Harrison et al., Compendium of Synthetic Organic Methods , Vols. 1-8, 1971-1996, John Wiley & Sons, NY.
  • Representative amino protecting groups include, but are not limited to, formyl, acetyl, trifluoroacetyl, benzyl, benzyloxycarbonyl (“CBZ”), tert-butoxycarbonyl (“Boc”), trimethylsilyl (“TMS”), 2-trimethylsilyl-ethanesulfonyl (“SES”), trityl and substituted trityl groups, allyloxycarbonyl, 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (“FMOC”), nitro-veratryloxycarbonyl (“NVOC”) and the like.
  • hydroxyl protecting groups include, but are not limited to, those where the hydroxyl group is either acylated (e.g., methyl and ethyl esters, acetate or propionate groups or glycol esters) or alkylated such as benzyl and trityl ethers, as well as alkyl ethers, tetrahydropyranyl ethers, trialkylsilyl ethers (e.g., TMS or TIPPS groups) and allyl ethers.
  • acylated e.g., methyl and ethyl esters, acetate or propionate groups or glycol esters
  • alkylated such as benzyl and trityl ethers, as well as alkyl ethers, tetrahydropyranyl ethers, trialkylsilyl ethers (e.g., TMS or TIPPS groups) and allyl ethers.
  • Prodrug refers to a derivative of an active compound (drug) that undergoes a transformation under the conditions of use, such as within the body, to release an active drug.
  • Prodrugs are frequently, but not necessarily, pharmacologically inactive until converted into the active drug.
  • Prodrugs are typically obtained by masking a functional group in the drug believed to be in part required for activity with a progroup (defined below) to form a promoiety or “progroup” which undergoes a transformation, such as cleavage, under the specified conditions of use to release the functional group, and hence the active drug.
  • the cleavage of the promoiety may proceed spontaneously, such as by way of a hydrolysis reaction, or it may be catalyzed or induced by another agent, such as by an enzyme, by light, by acid, or by a change of or exposure to a physical or environmental parameter, such as a change of temperature, or combination thereof.
  • the agent may be endogenous to the conditions of use, such as an enzyme present in the cells to which the prodrug is administered or the acidic conditions of the stomach, or it may be supplied exogenously.
  • progroups suitable for masking functional groups in active compounds to yield prodrugs are well-known in the art.
  • a hydroxyl functional group may be masked as a sulfonate, ester or carbonate promoiety, which may be hydrolyzed in vitro to provide the hydroxyl group.
  • An amino functional group may be masked as an amide, imine, phosphinyl, phosphonyl, phosphoryl or sulfenyl promoiety, which may be hydrolyzed in vivo to provide the amino group.
  • a carboxyl group may be masked as an ester (including silyl esters and thioesters), amide or hydrazide promoiety, which may be hydrolyzed in vivo to provide the carboxyl group.
  • ester including silyl esters and thioesters
  • amide or hydrazide promoiety which may be hydrolyzed in vivo to provide the carboxyl group.
  • suitable progroups and their respective promoieties will be apparent to those of skill in the art.
  • “Substituted,” when used to modify a specified group or radical, means that one or more hydrogen atoms of the specified group or radical are each, independently of one another, replaced with the same or different substituent(s).
  • Substituent groups useful for substituting saturated carbon atoms in the specified group or radical include, but are not limited to —R a , halo, —O ⁇ , ⁇ O, —OR b , —SR b , —S ⁇ , ⁇ S, —NR c R c , ⁇ NR b , ⁇ N—OR b , trihalomethyl, —CF 3 , —CN, —OCN, —SCN, —NO, —NO 2 , ⁇ N 2 , —N 3 , —S(O) 2 R b , —S(O) 2 O ⁇ , —(CH 2 ) 0-4 S(O) 2 OR b , —OS(O) 2 R
  • the term “subject” encompasses mammals and non-mammals.
  • mammals include, but are not limited to, any member of the Mammalian class: humans, non-human primates such as chimpanzees, and other apes and monkey species; farm animals such as cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine; domestic animals such as rabbits, dogs, and cats; laboratory animals including rodents, such as rats, mice and guinea pigs, and the like.
  • non-mammals include, but are not limited to, birds, fish and the like. The term does not denote a particular age or gender.
  • the terms “treat” or “treatment” are used interchangeably and are meant to indicate a postponement of development of a disease and/or a reduction in the severity of such symptoms that will or are expected to develop, where the disease is associated with the functioning of a thromboxane A2 or PPAR receptor.
  • the terms further include ameliorating existing symptoms, preventing additional symptoms, and ameliorating or preventing the underlying metabolic causes of symptoms.
  • the compounds of the present invention may be used to modulate the activity of thromboxane A2 and/or PPAR.
  • the compounds can be PPAR agonists, TP receptor antagonists, or TS inhibitors.
  • inhibition and reduction of activity of the receptors refers to a lower level of the measured activity relative to a control experiment in which the cells or the subjects are not treated with the test compound.
  • the inhibition or reduction in the measured activity is at least a 10% reduction or inhibition.
  • reduction or inhibition of the measured activity of at least 20%, 50%, 75%, 90% or 100%, or any number in between, may be preferred for particular applications.
  • an activating activity would be an increase of activity of at least about 10%, 20%, 25%, 30% or 50%, or higher, may be preferred for particular applications.
  • 1,3-dioxane moiety containing compounds such as the various 1,3-dioxane compounds described in international application Serial No. PCT/US07/60724, filed Jan. 18, 2007.
  • the invention provides novel compounds containing the 1,3-dioxane moiety, and compositions comprising the compounds.
  • the compounds of the invention have the formula (I):
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 can be independently selected to be hydrogen, halo, haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, alkoxyl, aryloxyl, aralkoxyl, alkylcarbamido, arylcarbamido, amino, alkylamino, arylamino, dialkylamino, diarylamino, arylalkylamino, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, sulfo, alkylsulfonylamido, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, alkylsulfinyl, arylsulfinyl or heteroaryl.
  • novel compounds have the structure of formula (II):
  • R 1 , R 2 , and R 4 can be independently selected as described above.
  • the aryl group is phenyl, phenol, anisol, aniline, pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, thiophene, furan, imidazole, benzimidazole, or pyrazole.
  • the Ar group is phenyl, phenol, or o-, m-, p-methoxyphenyl.
  • novel compounds have the structure of formula (III):
  • R 1 and R 2 can be independently selected as described above.
  • R 5 can be H, OH, alkoxy, alkyl, or halogen, and R 4 is preferably an alkyl or an alkynyl group containing from 1 to 15 carbon atoms and optionally terminated by one or more substitutents selected from halo, cyano, nitro, alkoxy, ester, carboxylic acid, primary amine, secondary amine, or an amide.
  • the aromatic ring can be singly or multiply substituted with R 5 can be H, OH, cyano, nitro, or alkoxy.
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (IV):
  • X is a direct bond, O, S, NR 8 , (CR 9 R 10 ) m , O(CR 9 R 10 ) m , or (CR 9 R 10 ) m O, wherein R 8 , R 9 and R 10 can be independently selected from H, OH, lower alkyl, phenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or together form an oxo; n can be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; m can be an integer between 0 and 10; and R 6 can be H, OH, halogen, alkoxyl, or alkyl, and R 7 can be selected from the group consisting of straight or branched, saturated or unsaturated alkyl, alkynyl, allyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, each of which can optionally be singly or multiply substituted with a substitutent.
  • the substitutent can be H, —R a , halo, —O ⁇ , ⁇ O, —OR b , —SR b , —S ⁇ , ⁇ S, —NR c R c , ⁇ NR b , ⁇ N—OR b , trihalomethyl, —CF 3 , —CN, —OCN, —SCN, —NO, —NO 2 , ⁇ N 2 , —N 3 , —S(O) 2 R b , —S(O) 2 O ⁇ , —(CH 2 ) 0-4 S(O) 2 OR b , —OS(O) 2 R b , —OS(O) 2 O ⁇ , —OS(O) 2 OR b , —P(O)(O ⁇ ) 2 , —P(O)(OR b )(O ⁇ ), —P(O)(OR b )(
  • X 1 is selected from 2-chloro, 3-chloro, 2-cyano, 4-cyano, 3-nitro and 4-nitro.
  • the compounds of the invention described herein may include functional groups that can be masked with progroups to create prodrugs.
  • Such prodrugs are usually, but need not be, pharmacologically inactive until converted into their active drug form.
  • any available functional moiety may be masked with a progroup to yield a prodrug.
  • Myriad progroups suitable for masking such functional groups to yield promoieties that are cleavable under the desired conditions of use are known in the art.
  • the compounds of the invention that have a functional group that can be derivatized can be used for the synthesis of prodrugs.
  • exemplary prodrugs of the compounds of the invention include:
  • prodrugs specifically tailored for selected modes of administration can be obtained.
  • the progroup can also be designed to impart the prodrug with other properties, such as, for example, improved passive intestinal absorption, improved transport-mediated intestinal absorption, protection against fast metabolism (slow-release prodrugs), tissue-selective delivery, passive enrichment in target tissues, targeting-specific transporters, etc.
  • a prodrug can comprise an ester formed by the replacement of the hydrogen atom of the acid group with a group including, but not limited to, groups such as for example (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 12 )alkanoyloxymethyl, 1-(alkanoyloxy)ethyl having from 4 to 9 carbon atoms, 1-methyl-1-(alkanoyloxy)-ethyl having from 5 to 10 carbon atoms, alkoxycarbonyloxymethyl having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms, 1-(alkoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl having from 4 to 7 carbon atoms, 1-methyl-1-(alkoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl having from 5 to 8 carbon atoms, N-(alkoxycarbonyl)aminomethyl having from 3 to 9 carbon atoms, 1-(N(alkoxycarbonyl)amino)ethyl having from 4
  • the prodrug may also be a compound wherein an —COOH group has reacted with a saccharide to form an ester, the saccahride preferably being a mono- or disaccharide, more preferably, a monosaccharide, even more preferably glycose.
  • the phenol group can be converted to phosphate esters, alkyl esters, or derivatized using polyethylene glycol (PEG), alkyloxycarbonykloxymethyl (AOCOM), or as a sterically hindered alkoxycarbonyloxymethyl, as illustrated below.
  • the compounds and intermediates described herein can be synthesized via a variety of different synthetic routes using commercially available starting materials and/or starting materials prepared by conventional synthetic methods. Suitable exemplary methods that may be routinely used and/or adapted to synthesize active 1,3-dioxane compounds can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,895,962, and international application Serial No. PCT/US07/60724 filed on Jan. 18, 2007.
  • the 1,3-dioxane compounds can further be used as starting materials to synthesize the prodrugs.
  • the synthetic procedures described herein can include various purifications, such as column chromatography, flash chromatography, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), recrystallization, distillation, high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the like.
  • various techniques well known in the chemical arts for the identification and quantification of chemical reaction products such as proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H and 13 C NMR), infrared and ultraviolet spectroscopy (IR and UV), X-ray crystallography, elemental analysis (EA), HPLC and mass spectroscopy (MS) can be used as well.
  • Methods of protection and deprotection, purification and identification and quantification are well known in the chemical arts.
  • the isomer can be separated and characterized.
  • the coupling of aldehydes with the isopropylidene compound can be catalyzed using 0.5 equivalents of camphorsulfonic acid in DCM.
  • the remaining steps shown in Scheme 2 can be carried out as shown, and the product mixture obtained at the end of the synthetic method can washed with sodium bicarbonate.
  • the use of camphorsulfonic acid in DCM and sodium bicarbonate wash procedure results in less than 5% of the unwanted isomer being synthesized.
  • the use of camphorsulfonic acid can thus decrease the quantity of the unwanted isomer formed in the coupling of aldehydes with the isopropylidene compound.
  • Compounds of the present invention are useful for, but not limited to, the prevention or treatment of cancer and related diseases.
  • the compounds of the invention have thromboxane A2 and/or PPAR modulation activity.
  • the compounds of the invention are useful in therapy for obesity, diabetes, cancer, inflammation, AIDS, metabolic syndrome, obesity, pre-diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia and the commonly associated disorders such as cardiovascular and hepatic disease agents.
  • the compounds of the invention are useful for treating or preventing a clinical condition that is a PPAR-mediated disease or condition in an individual in need thereof.
  • the clinical condition can be diabetes, cancer, inflammation, AIDS, metabolic syndrome, obesity, pre-diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia.
  • the composition can be used for the treatment of clinical condition associated with thromboxane that can be myocardial infarction, thrombosis, thrombotic disorders, pulmonary hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, peripheral arterial disease, lower limb circulation, pulmonary embolism, thrombus formation, stent-triggered thrombus formation, stent-triggered hyperplasia, septic shock, preeclampsia, asthma, allergic rhinitis, tumour angiogenesis and metastasis
  • thromboxane can be myocardial infarction, thrombosis, thrombotic disorders, pulmonary hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, peripheral arterial disease, lower limb circulation, pulmonary embolism, thrombus formation, stent-triggered thrombus formation, stent-triggered hyperplasia, septic shock, preeclampsia, asthma, allergic rhinitis
  • Preferred compounds of the invention are any of the compounds described herein above that are PPAR modulators, in particular PPARgamma selective modulators (full or partial agonists or antagonists, preferably agonists), TP receptor antagonists or TS inhibitors, or compounds exhibiting two or more of these properties.
  • PPAR modulators in particular PPARgamma selective modulators (full or partial agonists or antagonists, preferably agonists), TP receptor antagonists or TS inhibitors, or compounds exhibiting two or more of these properties.
  • PPARgamma selective modulators full or partial agonists or antagonists, preferably agonists
  • TP receptor antagonists or TS inhibitors or compounds exhibiting two or more of these properties.
  • the present inventors believe compounds that are TP receptor antagonists and TS inhibitors are particularly desirable as this leads to increased PGI2 levels which inhibits platelet aggregation and acts as a potent vasodilator.
  • Agonists and antagonists are characterized by their binding affinities, dictating potency/EC 50 /IC 50 values, and by the level of activity, which is attained in the presence of saturating levels of the compounds, i.e. efficacy.
  • a partial agonist/partial antagonist is also characterized by its binding affinity, and efficacy.
  • a partial agonist/partial antagonist of PPAR is unable to fully activate the cognate PPAR and can in a competitive manner displace a full agonist from the receptor and thereby diminish the level of transactivation.
  • Full and partial agonists of PPAR furthermore may recruit different complements of cofactors, and the nature of the cofactors recruited to a given PPAR subtype may profoundly influence the pattern of genes activated by a given agonist.
  • the ligand-binding pockets of the PPARs are large compared with other nuclear receptors, and this may in part explain the large variety of compounds that are able to bind to and activate the PPARs.
  • several natural and synthetic ligands exhibit a great degree of selectivity, and the most selective ligands today differ by more than 3 orders of magnitude with regard to the concentration needed to activate the individual PPAR subtypes.
  • SPPARMs selective PPAR modulators
  • Partial agonists or antagonists partial agonists or antagonists
  • This class of ligand comprises partial agonists/antagonists that upon binding to the PPAR(s) introduce different conformations leading to recruitment of different sets of coactivators.
  • a SPPARM would be able to activate only a subset of PPAR target genes thereby possibly promoting specific expression of a desirable set of genes.
  • the compounds according to the present invention are partial PPAR agonists.
  • PPAR modulating activity can be easily determined by any number of methods known in the art or adaptations thereof.
  • PPAR modulating activity may be determined by an in vitro transactivation assay known in the art, such as, for example, by using transactivation assay for determining PPARgamma modulating activity.
  • transactivation assay for determining PPARgamma modulating activity.
  • any number of possible constructs can be used, such as using different DNA binding domains to activate transcription or different reporter genes (for example, fluorescent proteins, beta-galactosidase, peroxidase, luciferase, or the like).
  • the construct preferably encodes said PPAR or a ligand binding domain thereof.
  • PPAR Upon activation of PPAR (i.e., in the presence of a PPAR agonist or partial agonist), PPAR transactivates the reporter construct, optionally in a quantitative manner.
  • PPAR modulators may also be identified using a reporter gene comprising a first nucleic acid operably under control of a second nucleic acid comprising at least one PPRE.
  • the first nucleic acid preferably encodes a reporter protein, such as a fluorescent protein, beta-galactosidase, peroxidase, luciferase, or the like.
  • Said reporter construct should be inserted into a cell expressing one or more PPARs, such as PPARgamma and/or delta.
  • PPAR agonists can thus be identified as compounds capable of activating transcription of the first nucleic acid.
  • the compounds and compositions of the present invention are PPAR and/or PPAR LBD partial agonists, and more particularly, the compounds and compositions of the present invention are PPARgamma and/or PPARgamma LBD partial agonists.
  • PPAR LBD refers to the ligand binding domain of PPAR.
  • a drug that produces less than the possible maximal effect i.e. the maximal effect produced by a full agonist, or reference molecule
  • a partial agonist A drug that produces less than the possible maximal effect (i.e. the maximal effect produced by a full agonist, or reference molecule) is called a partial agonist.
  • the compounds of the invention are selective for activation of PPAR.
  • the compound does not significantly activate RxR and/or RxR LBD transactivation, preferably RxR transcription is less than 2 times background levels, such as less than 1.5 times background levels, for example approximately equal to or less than background level.
  • RxR transactivation may be determined by an RxR transactivation assay. Background level is transactivation in the absence of an added ligand.
  • preferred PPAR modulators are PPAR modulators wherein administration of said PPAR modulator to an individual in a dosage in the range of 10 to 100 mg/kg, such as in the range of 30 to 70 mg/kg, for example in the range of 50 to 60 mg/kg, such as 53 mg/kg does not result in a significant increase in one or more, preferably at least 2, such as at least 3, for example all 4 of the following biological entities: Hematocrit, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatases (ALP) in said individual.
  • significant increase is meant an increase of more than 30%, for example of more than 20%, such as of more than 10%, for example of more than 5%.
  • All aforementioned individuals in this section may be any individual, such as an individual in need of administration of a PPAR modulator, for example a human being suffering from one or more of the PPAR related clinical conditions mentioned herein elsewhere.
  • the individual may also be a laboratory test animal, for example a mouse. All aforementioned decreases and increases in this section are in general determined in relation to the values obtained in similar individuals to which said PPAR modulator has not been administered.
  • preferred compounds are compounds which are predicted to have low in vivo occurrence of undesirable side effects.
  • the preferred compounds of the invention are capable of binding the thromboxane receptor (TP), such as capable of binding Thromboxane receptor in human recombinant HEK-293 cells.
  • the compounds of the invention are capable of binding the thromboxane receptor with an IC 50 of less than 100 nM, more preferably less than 50 nM, even more preferably less than 30 nM, for example less than 20 nm, such as less than 10 nM, for example less than 5 nM, for example less than 1 nM are preferred.
  • compounds of the invention capable of binding the thromboxane receptor with a Ki of less than 100 nM, more preferably less than 50 nM, even more preferably less than 20 nM, such as less than 10 nM, for example less than 5 nM, for example less than 1 nM are preferred.
  • aforementioned IC 50 and Ki are determined by methods known in the art.
  • the preferred PPAR/TP modulators according to the invention which are antagonists of TP receptors are useful in treatment of a clinical condition characterized by one or more of increased platelet aggregation, increased vasoconstriction and increased bronchoconstriction, myocardial infarction, thrombosis, thrombotic disorders, pulmonary hypertension, atherosclerosis, IgA nephropathies, hepatorenal syndrome, diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, diabetic retinopathy, peripheral arterial disease, lower limb circulation, pulmonary embolism, thrombus formation, hyperplasia, septic shock, preeclampsia, asthma, allergic rhinitis, tumour angiogenesis and metastasis, stent-triggered thrombus formation, stent induced restenosis and stent-triggered hyperplasia.
  • the compounds of the invention are inhibitors (ie reduce) of Thromboxane Synthase (TS) activity.
  • Thromboxane is involved in control of platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction and bronchoconstriction and thus inhibition of Thromboxane Synthase may also be useful in treatment of a clinical condition characterised by one or more of increased platelet aggregation, increased vasoconstriction and increased bronchoconstriction.
  • Thromboxane Synthase activity may be determined by any useful method known to the skilled person.
  • Very preferred compounds of the invention are capable of inhibiting Thromboxane synthase by at least 30%, preferably at least 40%, such as at least 50% at a concentration of 10 ⁇ M using the human platelet thromboxane synthase assay.
  • a method of inhibiting thromboxane synthase by administering an effective amount of a compound of the invention is also provided.
  • Preferred compounds of the invention are capable of inhibiting platelet aggregation.
  • compounds capable of inhibiting platelet aggregation that is, in conditions of increased platelet aggregation the compound would normalize platelet aggregation by at least 20%, preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 50%, yet more preferably at least 80%, for example at least 90%, such as at least 94%, for example at least 95%, such as at least 97%, for example approximately 100%, such as 100% at a concentration of in the range of 0.01 to 100 ⁇ M, preferably in the range of 1 to 30 ⁇ M, for example approximately 1 ⁇ M, such as approximately 8 ⁇ M, for example approximately 16 ⁇ M, such as approximately 30 ⁇ M, for example 1 ⁇ M, such as 8 ⁇ M, for example 16 ⁇ M or such as 30 ⁇ M.
  • these compounds are also useful for veterinary treatment of companion animals, exotic animals and farm animals, including mammals, rodents, and the like. More preferred animals include horses, dogs, and cats.
  • the compounds of the present invention include the pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof.
  • the present invention relates to methods of treatment of clinical conditions comprising administration of above-mentioned compounds preferably any of the PPAR agonists, TP receptor antagonists, TS inhibitors mentioned above, as well as to uses of said compounds for preparation of a medicament for treatment of a clinical condition.
  • the clinical condition may in one embodiment be an eating disorder such as anorexia nervosa (also abbreviated “anorexia” herein) or bulimia.
  • anorexia nervosa also abbreviated “anorexia” herein
  • bulimia also abbreviated “bulimia”.
  • the invention relates to methods for treating insulin resistance by administering any of the compounds described herein above.
  • the invention also relates to use of any of said compounds for preparation of a medicament for the treatment of insulin resistance.
  • the invention relates to methods for increasing insulin sensitivity by administration of said compounds, as well as to use of said compounds for the preparation of a medicament for increasing insulin sensitivity.
  • Acute and transient disorders in insulin sensitivity such as those that may occur following trauma, surgery, or myocardial infarction, may be treated as taught herein.
  • Insulin resistance is involved in a number of clinical conditions. Insulin resistance is manifested by the diminished ability of insulin to exert its biological action across a broad range of concentrations. During early stages of insulin resistance, the body secretes abnormally high amounts of insulin to compensate for this defect. Even though blood insulin levels are chronically high, the impaired metabolic response of active muscle cells to insulin make them unable to take up glucose effectively. It is now increasingly being recognized that insulin resistance and resulting hyperinsulinemia may contribute to several clinical conditions, for example to the metabolic syndrome (also designated syndrome X). The metabolic syndrome is characterized by a first insulin-resistant stage which causes hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia and reduced glucose tolerance. Patients with the metabolic syndrome have been shown to be at an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease and/or type II diabetes and may be treated with the compounds of the invention.
  • Insulin resistance may lead to excessive insulin and glucose levels in the blood. Excess insulin may increase sodium retention by the kidneys, thus the methods of the invention may be employed for decreasing sodium retention by the kidneys. Elevated glucose levels may damage blood vessels and kidneys. Thus, the compounds of the invention may be employed to prevent damage to blood vessels and kidneys.
  • the clinical condition is an inflammatory disorder mediated by PPARgamma.
  • PPARgamma plays a role in the manifestation of the condition.
  • PPARgamma is considered not to play a role in inflammation associated with neutrophil activation, such as acute inflammations.
  • agonists of PPARgamma may be effective anti-inflammatory drugs by directly associating with and inhibiting NF ⁇ B-mediated transcription and thus modulating various inflammatory reactions, such as, for example, the enzyme paths of inducible nitrous oxide synthase (NOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) (Pineda-Torra, I. et al., 1999, Curr. Opinion in Lipidology, 10, 151-9).
  • NOS inducible nitrous oxide synthase
  • COX-2 cyclooxygenase-2
  • the inflammatory disorder may be acute or chronic, such as ocular inflammation (J Biol. Chem. 2000 Jan. 28; 275(4):2837-44) or dry eye disease (J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2003 December; 19(6):579-87), for example.
  • Illustrative examples of chronic inflammatory disorder include inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, or Crohn's disease.
  • the chronic inflammatory disorder may also be arthritis, notably rheumatoid arthritis and polyarthritis.
  • the chronic inflammatory disorder could also be an inflammatory skin disease, notably acne vulgaris, atopic dermatitis, cutaneous disorders with barrier dysfunction, cutaneous effects of aging or psoriasis, in particular psoriasis.
  • the chronic inflammatory disorder may also be an inflammatory neurodegenerative disease, such as multiple sclerosis or Alzheimer's disease.
  • the clinical condition may also be gastrointestinal diseases and renal diseases, including glomerulonephritis, glomerulosclerosis, nephritic syndrome, and hypertensive nephrosclerosis.
  • the clinical condition is a cancer responsive to activation of PPARgamma.
  • the clinical condition may for example be a disorder characterized by aberrant cell growth of PPAR-responsive cells such as hyperplastic or neoplastic disorders arising in adipose tissue, such as adipose cell tumors, e.g., lipomas, fibrolipomas, lipoblastomas, lipomatosis, hibemomas, hemangiomas, and/or liposarcomas.
  • adipose cell tumors e.g., lipomas, fibrolipomas, lipoblastomas, lipomatosis, hibemomas, hemangiomas, and/or liposarcomas.
  • certain cancers of prostate, stomach, lung and pancreas have been demonstrated to be responsive to treatment with PPARgamma agonists.
  • cancers of a given type may not be responsive.
  • loss-of-function mutations of PPARgamma frequently occur in cancer and such cancers will in general not be responsive.
  • the cancer expresses functional PPARgamma.
  • the clinical condition may also be an infection, such as a viral infection, notably AIDS or infection by HIV or infection by the hepatitis C virus.
  • a viral infection notably AIDS or infection by HIV or infection by the hepatitis C virus.
  • the PPAR ligands of the invention may be useful for improving cognitive functions in neurologic diseases or in dementia or for treating polycystic ovarian syndrome or for preventing and treating bone loss, e.g., osteoporosis.
  • the clinical condition may also be a liver disease, notably infection by the hepatitis C virus, or fatty liver, liver inflammation, liver lesions, liver cirrhosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, or post-hepatic cancer, whether or not associated with a hepatitis C virus infection, but preferably responsive to PPAR modulation.
  • the clinical condition may also be Marfan syndrome.
  • PPARdelta has been associated with lipid metabolism disorders and wound healing, in particular epidermal wound healing (Soon Tan et al., 2004, Expert Opinion in Molecular Targets, 39).
  • the clinical condition may also be wound healing, including epidermal wound healing.
  • the invention also relates to use of the compounds of the invention (preferably any of the PPAR modulators described above for preparation of a medicament for the simultaneous treatment and/or prevention of obesity and diabetes.
  • diabetes is preferably diabetes type II or an individual at risk of acquiring diabetes, for example, an individual suffering from the metabolic syndrome described herein above. Said individual at risk of getting obese, may, for example, be an individual under medical treatment with an anti-diabetic compound having the side-effect of weight gain.
  • the invention also relates to use of any of the compounds described above, and preferred compounds referred to herein, for the preparation of a medicament for treatment or prevention, preferably treatment of a clinical condition associated with thromboxane in an individual in need thereof.
  • the clinical condition may be a clinical condition characterized by increased platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction and/or bronchioconstriction.
  • the clinical condition may, for example, be selected from the group consisting of myocardial infarction, thrombosis, thrombotic disorders, stent triggered thrombus formation, stent induced restenosis, stent-triggered hyperplasia, pulmonary hypertension, atherosclerosis, familial hypercholesterolemia, Kawasaki disease, ventricular septal defects, IgA nephropathies, hepatorenal syndrome, hepatic fibrosis, diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, diabetic retinopathy, peripheral arterial disease, lower limb circulation, pulmonary embolism, thrombus formation, hyperplasia, septic shock, preeclampsia, asthma, rhinitis, allergic rhinitis, tumour angiogenesis and metastasis.
  • the clinical condition related to thromboxane may also be selected from the group consisting of myocardial infarction, angina, unstable angina, stroke, transient cerebral vascular ischemia, migraine, atheroschlerosis, microangiopathy, hypertension, blood clotting defects, warfarin sparing situations (e.g., prior to surgery), pulmonary embolism, bronchial asthma, bronchitis, chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, dyspnoea and emphysema.
  • the clinical condition is selected from the group consisting of thrombosis, pulmonary hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, retardation of renal damage (in particular in diabetic patients), retinopathy, peripheral arterial disease, lower limb circulation, thrombus formation, stent triggered thrombus formation, stent induced restenosis, stent-triggered hyperplasia, hyperplasia, septic shock, preeclampsia, rhinitis, allergic rhinitis, tumour angiogenesis and metastasis, preferably from the group consisting of thrombosis, pulmonary hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, peripheral arterial disease, lower limb circulation, thrombus formation and hyperplasia.
  • the individual may be any individual suffering from or at risk of contracting any of the aforementioned clinical conditions associated with TP, preferably the individual is a human being suffering from or at risk of contracting any of the aforementioned clinical conditions associated with TP, even more preferably said individual is a human being suffering from diabetes in addition to suffering from or being at risk of contracting any of the aforementioned clinical conditions associated with TP.
  • the invention relates to treatment of thrombosis in an individual, who has already thrombosis, suffered one or more thrombotic events, or is suffering from one or more thrombotic events, said method comprising administration of any of the compounds described above to said individual
  • the invention also relates to use of any of the specific compounds described above for the preparation of a medicament for treatment or prevention of a clinical condition.
  • the clinical condition may be selected from the group consisting of the metabolic syndrome, dislipidemia, obesity, diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance or any of the conditions related to insulin resistance described above, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, coronary artery restenosis, autoimmune diseases (such as asthmas, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, topical dermatitis, and ulcerative colititis), cancer, inflammation, wound healing, lipid metabolism disorders, liver disease (such as infection by the hepatitis C virus, or fatty liver, liver inflammation, liver lesions, liver cirrhosis or post-hepatic cancer whether or not associated with a hepatitis C virus infection), gastrointestinal or renal disease (such as glomerulonephritis, glomerulosclerosis, nephritic syndrome, or hypertensive nephrosclerosis), infection (in particular viral infection), cognitive function disorders (such as
  • Cancer may be any cancer, for example any of the following: carcinomas, sarcomas, osteosarcoma, leukemias, and lymphomas; tumor angiogenesis and metastasis; skeletal dysplasia; hepatic disorders; and hematopoietic and/or myeloproliferative disorders.
  • Exemplary disorders include, but are not limited to, fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, synovioma, mesothelioma, Ewing's tumor, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, colon carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinomas, cystadenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma, bile duct carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma, embryonal
  • Cardiovascular diseases may, for example, be atherogenesis, atherosclerosis or atherosclerotic disorders, vascular restinosis, cardiomyopathy, or myocardial fibrosis. or any of the cardiovascular diseases mentioned above.
  • the inflammation may be, for example, a chronic inflammation, preferably any of the chronic inflammations mentioned herein above.
  • Diabetes mellitus refers to a disease process derived from multiple causative factors and characterized by elevated levels of glucose in blood, or hyperglycemia. Uncontrolled hyperglycemia is associated with increased and premature morbidity and mortality. At least two types of diabetes mellitus have been identified: (i) Type I diabetes, or Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM), which is the result of a complete lack of insulin, the hormone that regulates glucose utilization under normal physiological conditions, and (ii) the Type II diabetes, or Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM). NIDDM is a complex disease derived from multiple causative factors, which can be addressed in some cases by increasing circulating insulin levels.
  • IDDM Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
  • the compounds of the invention and/or compositions thereof find particular use in the treatment and/or prevention diseases in animals and humans caused by thromboxane A2 and/or PPARs.
  • the compounds When used in this context, the compounds may be administered per se, but are typically formulated and administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition.
  • the exact composition will depend upon, among other things, the method of administration and will apparent to those of skill in the art. A wide variety of suitable pharmaceutical compositions are described, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20 th ed., 2001).
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier as used herein is meant one or more compatible solid or liquid delivery systems have innocuous physiological reactions when administered to a subject.
  • Some examples include but are not limited to starches, sugars, cellulose and its derivatives, powdered tragacanth, malt, gelatin, collagen, talc, stearic acids, magnesium stearate, calcium sulfate, vegetable oils, polyols, agar, alginic acids, pyrogen free water, isotonic saline, phosphate buffer, and other suitable non-toxic substances used in pharmaceutical formulations.
  • Other excipients such as wetting agents and lubricants, tableting agents, stabilizers, anti-oxidants, and preservatives are also contemplated.
  • compositions may take a form suitable for virtually any mode of administration, including, for example, topical, ocular, oral, buccal, systemic, nasal, injection, transdermal, rectal, vaginal, etc., or a form suitable for administration by inhalation or insufflation.
  • Formulations suitable for oral administration can consist of (a) liquid solutions, such as an effective amount of the active compound suspended in diluents, such as water, saline or PEG 400; (b) capsules, sachets or tablets, each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient, as liquids, solids, granules or gelatin; (c) suspensions in an appropriate liquid; and (d) suitable emulsions.
  • liquid solutions such as an effective amount of the active compound suspended in diluents, such as water, saline or PEG 400
  • capsules, sachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient, as liquids, solids, granules or gelatin
  • suspensions in an appropriate liquid such as water, saline or PEG 400
  • Tablet forms can include one or more of lactose, sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol, calcium phosphates, corn starch, potato starch, microcrystalline cellulose, gelatin, colloidal silicon dioxide, talc, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, and other excipients, colorants, fillers, binders, diluents, buffering agents, moistening agents, preservatives, flavoring agents, dyes, disintegrating agents, and pharmaceutically compatible carriers.
  • Lozenge forms can comprise the active ingredient in a flavor, e.g., sucrose, as well as pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin or sucrose and acacia emulsions, gels, and the like containing, in addition to the active ingredient, carriers known in the art.
  • a flavor e.g., sucrose
  • an inert base such as gelatin and glycerin or sucrose and acacia emulsions, gels, and the like containing, in addition to the active ingredient, carriers known in the art.
  • Aerosol formulations i.e., they can be “nebulized”) to be administered via inhalation. Aerosol formulations can be placed into pressurized acceptable propellants, such as dichlorodifluoromethane, propane, nitrogen, and the like.
  • Suitable formulations for rectal administration include, for example, suppositories, which consist of the packaged nucleic acid with a suppository base.
  • Suitable suppository bases include natural or synthetic triglycerides or paraffin hydrocarbons.
  • gelatin rectal capsules which consist of a combination of the compound of choice with a base, including, for example, liquid triglycerides, polyethylene glycols, and paraffin hydrocarbons.
  • Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous, isotonic sterile injection solutions, which can contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, and solutes that render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient, and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions that can include suspending agents, solubilizers, thickening agents, stabilizers, and preservatives.
  • compositions can be administered, for example, by intravenous infusion, orally, topically, intraperitoneally, intravesically or intrathecally.
  • a specific example of a suitable solution formulation may comprise from about 0.5-100 mg/ml compound and about 1000 mg/ml propylene glycol in water.
  • Another specific example of a suitable solution formulation may comprise from about 0.5-100 mg/ml compound and from about 800-1000 mg/ml polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) in water.
  • a specific example of a suitable suspension formulation may include from about 0.5-30 mg/ml compound and one or more excipents selected from the group consisting of: about 200 mg/ml ethanol, about 1000 mg/ml vegetable oil (e.g., corn oil), about 600-1000 mg/ml fruit juice (e.g., grapefruit juice), about 400-800 mg/ml milk, about 0.1 mg/ml carboxymethylcellulose (or microcrystalline cellulose), about 0.5 mg/ml benzyl alcohol (or a combination of benzyl alcohol and benzalkonium chloride) and about 40-50 mM buffer, pH 7 (e.g., phosphate buffer, acetate buffer or citrate buffer or, alternatively 5% dextrose may be used in place of the buffer) in water.
  • excipents selected from the group consisting of: about 200 mg/ml ethanol, about 1000 mg/ml vegetable oil (e.g., corn oil), about 600-1000 mg/ml fruit juice (e.g., grapefruit juice
  • a specific example of a suitable liposome suspension formulation may comprise from about 0.5-30 mg/ml compound, about 100-200 mg/ml lecithin (or other phospholipid or mixture of phospholipids) and optionally about 5 mg/ml cholesterol in water.
  • formulations of compounds can be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose sealed containers, such as ampules and vials.
  • Injection solutions and suspensions can be prepared from sterile powders, granules, and tablets of the kind previously described.
  • the pharmaceutical preparation is preferably in unit dosage form.
  • the preparation is subdivided into unit doses containing appropriate quantities of the active component.
  • the unit dosage form can be a packaged preparation, the package containing discrete quantities of preparation, such as packeted tablets, capsules, and powders in vials or ampoules.
  • the unit dosage form can be a capsule, tablet, cachet, or lozenge itself, or it can be the appropriate number of any of these in packaged form.
  • the composition can, if desired, also contain other compatible therapeutic agents, discussed in more detail, below.
  • the compounds utilized in the pharmaceutical method of the invention are administered to patients at dosage levels suitable to achieve therapeutic benefit.
  • therapeutic benefit is meant that the administration of compound leads to a beneficial effect in the patient over time.
  • Initial dosages suitable for administration to humans may be determined from in vitro assays or animal models.
  • an initial dosage may be formulated to achieve a serum concentration that includes the IC 50 of the particular compound being administered, as measured in an in vitro assay.
  • an initial dosage for humans may be based upon dosages found to be effective in animal models of the disease.
  • the initial dosage may be in the range of about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 200 mg/kg/day, or about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 100 mg/kg/day, or about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 50 mg/kg/day, or about 1 mg/kg/day to about 25 mg/kg/day, can also be used.
  • the dosages may be varied depending upon the requirements of the patient, the severity of the condition being treated, and the compound being employed.
  • the size of the dose also will be determined by the existence, nature, and extent of any adverse side-effects that accompany the administration of a particular compound in a particular patient. Determination of the proper dosage for a particular situation is within the skill of the practitioner. Generally, treatment is initiated with smaller dosages which are less than the optimum dose of the compound. Thereafter, the dosage is increased by small increments until the optimum effect under circumstances is reached. For convenience, the total daily dosage may be divided and administered in portions during the day, if desired.
  • the compounds of the invention and/or compositions thereof can be used in combination therapy with at least one other therapeutic agent.
  • a compound of the invention and/or composition thereof and the therapeutic agent can act additively or, more preferably, synergistically.
  • the compounds of the invention can be administered as the sole active pharmaceutical agent, they can also be used in combination with one or more compounds of the invention or other agents.
  • the therapeutic agents can be formulated as separate compositions that are administered at the same time or sequentially at different times, or the therapeutic agents can be given as a single composition.
  • Co-administration of a compound of the present invention and another pharmaceutical agent is intended to embrace administration of each agent in a sequential manner in a regimen that will provide beneficial effects of the drug combination, and is intended as well to embrace co-administration of these agents in a substantially simultaneous manner, such as in a single capsule having a fixed ratio of these active agents or in multiple, separate capsules for each agent.
  • Combination therapy includes administration of a single pharmaceutical dosage composition, which contains a compound of the present invention and one or more additional active agents, as well as administration of a compound of the present invention and each active agent in its own separate pharmaceutical dosage.
  • a compound of the present invention and an insulin secretogogue such as sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, biguanides, meglitinides, insulin or ⁇ -glucosidase inhibitors can be administered to the patient together in a single oral dosage composition such as a capsule or tablet, or each agent administered in separate oral dosages.
  • a compound of the present invention and one or more additional active agents can be administered at essentially the same time, i.e., concurrently or at separately staggered times, i.e., sequentially; combination therapy is understood to include all these regimens.
  • the present compounds can also be used in co-therapies with other anti-neoplastic agents, such as kinase inhibitors including p38 inhibitors and CDK inhibitors, TNF inhibitors, metallomatrix proteases inhibitors (MMP), EGFR inhibitors such as Iressa, KDR inhibitors, COX-2 inhibitors including celecoxib, rofecoxib, parecoxib, valdecoxib, and etoricoxib, NSAID's, SOD mimics or ⁇ v ⁇ 3 inhibitors.
  • kinase inhibitors including p38 inhibitors and CDK inhibitors
  • TNF inhibitors metallomatrix proteases inhibitors (MMP)
  • MMP metallomatrix proteases inhibitors
  • EGFR inhibitors such as Iressa
  • KDR inhibitors such as Iressa
  • KDR inhibitors such as IL-2
  • COX-2 inhibitors including celecoxib, rofecoxib, parecoxib,
  • the diol 25 26 g (88 mmol) was dissolved in 260 mL dimethoxypropane and 26 mg p-TsOH was added. The mixture was allowed to stir at ambient temperature overnight.
  • the product acetonide 26 was purified by stirring with hexane. Yield: 25 g (75 mmol), 85%.
  • Ethanethiol 16.7 g was added to a mixture of NaH 21.5 g in 375 mL DMPU. The mixture was heated to 80° C., and allowed to cool to ambient temperature. Then, racemic acetonide (26, 15 g) dissolved in 75 mL DMPU was added to the suspension of EtSH/NaH. The mixture was heated at 130° C. for 2 h. The reaction mixture was then poured into ice-water and extracted with DCM. Yield: 16.5 g (crude).
  • Compound 4 shown in Table 1 was synthesized using the method of Example 1. HPLC showed that the compound had greater than 99% purity, and the mass spectra corresponded with the molecular ion and the fragmentation pattern expected for compound 4.
  • Non-Specific Ligand 1 ⁇ M SQ-29548
  • Thromboxane receptor Platelet aggregation binding Human recombinant Thromboxane synthase Human Rabbit HEK-293 cells Human platelet Inhibition IC 50 Inhibition (%) at Inhibition IC 50 Ki Inhibition Compound- (%) at (nM) 10 ⁇ M 30 ⁇ M (%) at 10 ⁇ M (nM) (nM) (%) at 5 ⁇ M IC 50 (nM)
  • TP Thromboxane receptor
  • This example demonstrates the inhibition of Thromboxane Synthase (TS) by compound 3 and its enantiomers and compounds 1, 4 and 10.
  • TS Thromboxane Synthase
  • This example demonstrates inhibition of Platelet Aggregation by compounds 1, 4 and 10.
  • the compounds were prepared according to Examples 1, 2, and 4.
  • This example demonstrates an effect of compounds 1, 4, 10 and C (an active enantiomer of compound A) on arterial thrombosis in a mouse model.
  • the compounds were prepared according to Examples 1, 2, and 4.
  • Compound A (racemate) is commercially available and can be separated into its respective enantiomers.
  • the solutions are diluted 3.3-fold in saline and 100 ⁇ l/25 g is injected.
  • the above-mentioned doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg of compound correspond to final doses of 30 and 100 mg/kg.
  • PEG is very hygroscopic and that DMSO affects platelet aggregation ex vivo at very low concentration. For i.v. injection in mice this does not appear to be a preferred solvent.
  • a soluble salt of the drug is provided (potassium salt of compound C), diluted in saline.
  • 100 ⁇ l/25 g is injected i.v. in the tail vein (dose of 100 mg/kg).
  • the arterial thrombosis model is performed essentially as described by Nagai et al. (Nagai N, Lijnen H R, Van Hoef B, Hoylaerts M F, Van Vlijmen B J M. Nutritionally induced obesity reduces the arterial thrombotic tendency of Factor V Leiden mice. Thromb. Haemost, (published on-line; doi: 10.1160/TH07-04-0306). Briefly, a small piece of tissue paper saturated with a 5% FeCl 3 solution is deposited on the isolated femoral artery of the mice for 2 min, followed by extensive washing with saline (application starts at about 10 min after i.v. injection).
  • Blood flow in the hind paws is monitored using a scanning laser Doppler flow meter and digitized images are collected during 30 min at 15 s intervals (starting 1 min after arresting FeCl 3 treatment). The flow in each image is expressed as a percentage of that at the contralateral side, and data are averaged for all 120 images to determine total flow. The same analysis is performed for 10 min intervals (which gives essentially the same information as the area under the curve). The occlusion time is recorded as the first image that showed 0% flow. Flow before treatment is recorded as 100%, and that in occluded arteries as 0%. At the end of the experiment, blood is collected on 0.01M citrate by heart puncture for determination of blood cell counts. Plasma is prepared by centrifugation and stored at ⁇ 20° C. for determination of drug levels.
  • mice A total of about 60 mice are used in this study, of which 4 in the preliminary experiments to optimize the administration scheme.
  • Binding Assay Ligand Concentration: [3H]-rosiglitazone 10 nM
  • Non Specific Binding rosiglitazone (10 ⁇ M)
  • control specific binding ((measured specific binding/control specific binding) ⁇ 100) obtained in the presence of the test compounds.
  • IC 50 values concentration causing a half-maximal inhibition of control specific binding
  • PPARgamma agonists also produce a physiological effect in cellular assays, expected of a PPARgamma agonist, namely an effect on glucose uptake.
  • Glucose uptake assays are important to establish the suitability of a compound for the treatment of insulin resistance.
  • glucose uptake is measured in 3T3-L1 adipocytes cultured in 96-well plates.
  • cells are treated with either vehicle, positive control (Avandia) or test compound. 48 hours later the ability of adipocytes to take up glucose in response to insulin is determined.
  • Cells are washed with serum-free DMEM+antibiotics and incubated in the same medium at 37° C. for 2 hours. Cells are then washed and subsequently incubated in Krebs-Ringer-Hepes (KRP) buffer for 30 min at 37° C.
  • KRP Krebs-Ringer-Hepes
  • insulin is added to the cells to a final concentration of 10 nM and cells are then incubated at 37° C.
  • Glucose uptake is initiated by the addition of KRP buffer supplemented with 10 mM [ 14 C] 2-deoxy-D-glucose. After further incubation for 15 min at 37° C., glucose uptake is terminated by addition of a large surplus of cold glucose and three rapid washes of ice-cold PBS. Cells are then lysed and 14 C-radioactivity determined by scintillation counting.
  • This Example demonstrates the in vivo effect of compounds on serum glucose levels.
  • mice 52 male KKA y mice are obtained commercially (e.g., from Clea Japan) at an age of 6 weeks and put on a high fat diet upon arrival. Individual mice were housed in IVC Type II cages during both the acclimatization and the experimental phase. Both food (high fat diet) and water are supplied ad libitum.
  • mice were randomized into treatment groups according to their 4-h fasting blood glucose.
  • Gamma irradiated high fat diet is commercially available (e.g., Research Diets, Inc. New Brunswick, N.J. (Product # D12266BI)).
  • Glucose is measured either in whole blood using the Glucotrend stick (Roche Diagnostics Art #28050) or in serum (see below)
  • Blood is collected into heparin containing glass capillaries which are subsequently centrifuged in a “Haematokrit 24” centrifuge (Hettich) at 15′200 ⁇ g for 10 minutes at room temperature to obtain the hematocrit value.
  • the following serum parameters are determined on a COBAS INTEGRA 800 auto analyzer (Roche Diagnostics, Switzerland) using the reagents and protocols provided by the supplier.
  • Glucose (Ordering # 04404483190) Cholesterol (Ordering # 03039773190) Triglycerides (Ordering # 20767107322) HDL (Ordering # 04399803190) AST (Ordering # 20764949322) ALT (Ordering # 20764957322) ALP (Ordering # 03333752190)
  • mice On Day 12, the number of mice are 10 (vehicle), 14 (Compound 3), 14 (Compound 13), 14 ((Z)-6-((2S,4S,5R)-2-(2-chlorophenyl)-4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3-dioxan-5-yl)hex-4-enoic acid, 53 mg/kg) and 10 (rosiglitazone).
  • Circulating glucose is one of the primary measurements made in the clinic for diagnosis of diabetes because it reflects the actual levels.
  • the main aim of a glucose-lowering compound is to lower circulating glucose.
  • Fructosamines which are formed from glycosylated blood proteins, and HbA1c (glycosylated hemoglobin) reflect the integrated circulating glucose levels over a prolonged period of time.
  • Blood proteins are glycosylated irreversibly in a non-enzymatic manner. Due to the shorter life span of serum proteins as compared to erythrocytes fructosamine is considered to be the shorter range parameter.
  • HbA1c levels re decreased by the positive control (Rosiglitazone) and by (Z)-6-((2S,4S,5R)-2-(2-chlorophenyl)-4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3-dioxan-5-yl)hex-4-enoic acid, compound 3 and 13; fructosamine levels are not influenced under the conditions tested.
  • PPAR- ⁇ agonists are known not to have an immediate onset, but to require some time to onset, 2-3 weeks in humans, and even longer time to reach maximal effect.
  • the glucose levels may have been of lower magnitude, and not for a long enough period, to have a uniform impact on HbA1c and fructosamine levels. This is overcome by prolonged administration.
  • Insulin is a hormone that increases glucose uptake from the circulation into tissues such as muscle, fat, and adipose.
  • the KKA y mouse is a hyperinsulinemic model, i.e. it is not deficient in insulin.
  • TG triglycerides
  • FFA free fatty acids
  • HDL low high density lipoprotein
  • mice Body weight of the mice was measured since one of the side effects of thioglitazones (on market PPAR agonists) is increased body weight in the mouse and human. Moreover, decreased body weight is an indication of side effects.
  • Heart weight is also measured:
  • An increase in hematocrit might indicate a tendency of dehydration, i.e. decrease in water intake.
  • AST aspartate aminotransferase
  • ALT alanine aminotransferase
  • ALP alkaline phosphatases

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