US20110160398A1 - Biocompatible, biodegradable, water-absorbent hybrid material - Google Patents

Biocompatible, biodegradable, water-absorbent hybrid material Download PDF

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US20110160398A1
US20110160398A1 US10/591,386 US59138605A US2011160398A1 US 20110160398 A1 US20110160398 A1 US 20110160398A1 US 59138605 A US59138605 A US 59138605A US 2011160398 A1 US2011160398 A1 US 2011160398A1
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polymer
water
reaction
natural
synthetic polymer
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Mircea Dan Bucevschi
Monica Colt
Mendy Axeirad
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Exotech Bio Solutions Ltd
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Priority to US12/399,847 priority patent/US8378022B2/en
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L15/00—Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, bandages, dressings or absorbent pads
    • A61L15/16—Bandages, dressings or absorbent pads for physiological fluids such as urine or blood, e.g. sanitary towels, tampons
    • A61L15/42—Use of materials characterised by their function or physical properties
    • A61L15/60—Liquid-swellable gel-forming materials, e.g. super-absorbents

Definitions

  • the present invention relates, generally, to composite materials that behave as hydrogels and to the methods for the preparation of such materials.
  • aqueous media Materials that absorb water and aqueous media, including fluids secreted or eliminated by the human body are known. These materials are generally polymers based in the form of powders, granules, microparticles, films or fibers. Upon contact with aqueous liquid systems, they swell by absorbing the liquid phase in their structure, without dissolving it. When the swelling reaches equilibrium there is obtaining a gel, which frequently is called “hydrogel”. If the water absorbency is more than 100 g water/g dried polymer the material is also called “superabsorbent” polymer.
  • Personal hygienic products for example baby diapers, adult incontinence products, feminine hygiene products, and the like
  • hydrogels as superabsorbent polymers, in which the water- or aqueous media-absorbing material must have a high absorbance, both in free state and under pressure (with special reference to urine, menstrual fluid, human lactation or perspiration), to be biocompatible and to have the possibility to biodegrade, after use, by depositing the used products in landfill, which present biological activity (Bucholz F. L., Graham A. T., “Modern Superabsorbent Polymer Technology”, John Wiley & Sons Inc. 1998).
  • biodegradability is considered the property of a material the chemico-morphological structure of which is modified in a destructive manner (degradation), after interaction with media that contain microorganisms or biologically active combinations of substances generated by microorganisms, without participation or helped by none type of auxiliary with chemical degradation effect, which then favourize the biochemical process.
  • degradation a complex process called “biodegradation”.
  • biodegradation tests can be classified having in view the following criteria: 1) the factor's type with action of biodegradation: microorganisms; enzymes; 2) the type of medium which contain factor of biodegradation; environment: soil, water and air; living organisms: human and animal bodies; 3) the parameter used to evaluate the biodegradation: structural parameters (Volke-Sepulveda T., Favela-Torres E., Manzur-Guzman A., Limon-Gonzalez M., Trejo-Quintero G.—in J.
  • biodegradation process can generate three different levels of structure's modification of a substance (Perrone C.—Poliplasti 398/399-ian/febr. 1991, 66): a) primary biodegradation, characterized through that it is alter only a part from chemical structure, that means it is maintain the principal chain of the polymer and it is modified only some functional groups.
  • the material maintain its volume, eventually the mass too but it can't be identified by specifically physico-chemical methods; b) partial biodegradation, characterized through that it is loosed the material integrity of substance, carried out by fragmentation of the volume in the same time with disappearance of an appreciable mass from the initial one. In fact, from the material entity remain in the biological medium only secondary products, in gaseous, liquid or solid state (that can be in their turn pollutant factors); c) complete biodegradation, characterized through that the initial material entity disappears from biological medium as a result of the advanced fragmentation of molecules followed by the favoring of complete chemical degradation or/and their digestion by the microorganisms.
  • hydrogels including superabsorbent polymers, which are purported to be biodegradable: (U.S. Pat. No. 4,944,734; U.S. Pat. No. 4,952,550; U.S. Pat. No. 4,959,341; U.S. Pat. No. 5,190,533; U.S. Pat. No. 5,417,997; U.S. Pat. No. 6,444,653), but in all cases the absorbency is inferior versus the traditional synthetic materials.
  • Biocompatibility is accepted to be a notion by whom is understanding a sum of biochemical characteristics which a material possess that make to be accepted by the living organisms (human, animals and plants), as an integral part of them, without resulting in spontaneous or in time the manifestation of a repulsive or toxical phenomenon in the form of inflammation, infections and others (Black J., “Biological Performance of Materials: Fundamentals of Biocompatibility”, 2d ed. M. Dekker, N.Y., 1992).
  • the standards that have guided biocompatibility testing are the Tripartite Guidance; the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 10993 standards, which are known as the Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices and remain under development internationally; and FDA blue book memorandum.
  • a material is more biocompatible with a living organism the more similar the material to the organism's own biopolymers with which the material comes into contact.
  • water- and aqueous media-absorbent materials presently known having advanced biocompatibility (even totally) intended to be in contact with human body are those that contain collagenic biopolymers: native collagen, solubilized collagen, gelatin and even collagen hydrolysate (Hoffman A. S., Daly C. H., “Biology of Collagen”, Viidik Vunst J. Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1980; Ward A. G., Courts A., “The Science and Technology of Gelatin”, Academic Press N.Y., 1977 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,376,375 U.S. Pat. No. 5,292,802; U.S. Pat. No. 5,945,101; U.S. Pat. No. 6,071,447 and others).
  • a hydrogel using a new type of composite material based on natural polymer and synthetic polymer.
  • a water-absorbing hybrid material comprising amphoteric polymeric composite materials.
  • a water-absorbing material able to biodegrade in natural medium after its using in hygienic products.
  • a superabsorbent material containing biopolymers that confer biocompatibility on contact with human body.
  • a new method of synthesis and processing for the new water-absorbing material based on a reaction mass as aqueous paste type, exclusively constituted from water and substances, partial or integral soluble in water, and having water as unique variable component in the material balance of the main flow sheet.
  • the technology to obtain the new water and aqueous media absorbing material is integral ecological (non-pollutant raw materials and is not generated secondary products and neither pollutant waste) and lead to granular solids with reduced energy consumption.
  • FIG. 1 Device of piston type for swelling and profiling used for rheological characterization of water-absorbing hybrid material (WAHM) hydrogels
  • FIG. 2 The variation of storage modulus G′ [Pa] depending on radian speed (angular frequency) ⁇ [rad/sec] for samples of reaction mass from Experiment 1 at different time intervals of polymer-polymer intercoupling.
  • FIG. 3 Model of three-dimensional structure of polymer-polymer intercoupling reaction product between reactant A and reactant B.
  • FIG. 4 Absorbency (g/g) versus suction (mbar) for WAHM-8 and ALCOSORB 400 in distillate water (DW) and tap water (TW)
  • the water-absorbing hybrid material is a composite material.
  • the WAHM is biocompatible and/or biodegradable.
  • composite material refers to a macromolecular product having a three-dimensional configuration, with intermolecular covalent and/or ionic and/or hydrogen bonds formed by polymer-polymer intercoupling reactions.
  • the composite material also includes a one or more macromolecular products or other compounds providing special properties, such as biologically active compounds (i.e. drugs, stimulators, inhibitors, or anticoagulants, odorants, emollients, fertilizers, pesticides and others) when used in potential applications of the water-absorbing material.
  • biologically active compounds i.e. drugs, stimulators, inhibitors, or anticoagulants, odorants, emollients, fertilizers, pesticides and others
  • the composite material is formed from two polymers, one designated “reactant A” and the other designated “reactant B”.
  • Reactant A represents biopolymers.
  • the structure of the biopolymers that enables to undergo polymer-polymer intercoupling reactions is the presence of certain free chemical functional groups, symbolized “u”, that are: —OH; —SH; —NH 2 and —COOH.
  • biopolymers are proteins of animal or vegetable origin.
  • reactant A is a biopolymer or derivatives thereof mentioned above which is soluble in water or aqueous solutions and has an average molecular weight not less than 20,000 Da and not more than 300,000 Da.
  • reactant A is an “amphoteric reactant”, i.e. it has chemical functions groups which dissociate in water to form both anions and cations and can undergo polymer-polymer intercoupling reactions.
  • the presence of dissociable chemical functions groups does not exclude the optional presence of non-ionizable functional groups.
  • the biopolymers have primary amino functions, with a functionality “f NH2 ” of at least 0.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 moles NH 2 /g and carboxylic functions, with a functionality “f cooH ” of at least 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 moles COOH/g, with isoelectric point (IEP) not less than 2.5 and not more than 10.5.
  • the amphoteric biopolymers are selected from: collagen, collagenic biopolymers (atelocollagen, solubilized collagen, gelatin and collagen hydrolysate) obtained from terrestrial and marine resources and derivatives of those, -alfa-keratose, gama-keratose, keratin hydrolysate and derivatives, elastin and derivatives, fibrin and derivatives, fibroin and derivatives, ovalbumin, bovine serumalbumine and albumine derivatives, casein and its derivatives, soybean protein and its derivatives.
  • collagen collagenic biopolymers (atelocollagen, solubilized collagen, gelatin and collagen hydrolysate) obtained from terrestrial and marine resources and derivatives of those, -alfa-keratose, gama-keratose, keratin hydrolysate and derivatives, elastin and derivatives, fibrin and derivatives, fibroin and derivatives, ovalbumin, bovine serumalbumine and albumine derivatives, casein and its derivatives
  • protein derivatives refers to proteins chemically modified by acylation reactions.
  • the acylation may be effected using known methods.
  • the modifying agent is a carbonylic compound.
  • Useful modifying agents include anhydrides and acid chlorides. Examples of anhydrides are phthalic anhydride; maleic anhydride; citraconic anhydride; itaconic anhydride; succinic anhydride. Examples of acid chlorides are: benzoyl chloride, benzenesulfonyl chloride and butyrylchloride.
  • the chemical functions' content that belong to modifying agent and that are found on protein derivatives are not less than 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 moles/g and not more than 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 moles/g, for example between 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 moles/g and 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 moles/g.
  • the biopolymers are proteinaceous biopolymers and their derivatives accepted by pharmaceutical industry and which are commercially available, such as: collagen and collagenic biopolymers (gelatin, collagen hydrolysates), keratin hydrolysates, fibrin, casein or soybean protein.
  • the biopolymer is gelatin (food grade or pharmaceutical grade), obtained from specific resources (hides, tendons and other types of conjunctive tissues).
  • the reactant B which leads to forming the polymeric composite material after the polymer-polymer intercoupling with “reactant A” is a synthetic polymer.
  • it is a reactive linear or branched synthetic copolymer, obtained either via single stage chemical processing, such as polymerization, polycondensation, etc.
  • it is obtained via a two stage polyreaction process, followed by chemical modification (known as “polymer-analogous transformations”).
  • the reactivity of reactant B enabling it to undergo polymer-polymer intercoupling is due to certain types of functional groups, one of which is a reactive chemical function, symbolized by “r”, in comparison with free chemical functions of the biopolymers, as well as a non-reactive chemical function, symbolized by “n”, which generally do not react with covalent bonds.
  • the reactive synthetic copolymers have an average molecular weight not less than 10,000 Da and not more than 500,000 Da.
  • the reactive synthetic copolymers have reactive chemical functions in the form of reactive substituents, symbolized as “R-r”, and no n-reactive substituents, symbolized as “R-n”, where:
  • R is a chemical group attached by one or more covalent bonds to the atoms of the backbone or the branches of the backbone of the synthetic polymers.
  • R may itself
  • a reactive or non-reactive chemical function and may contain another group, known as a “spacer”, which is interposed between the chemical function and the chain that is anchored to this one.
  • spacers are —CO—-O— and —(CH 2 ) n — with n equal from 1 to 4.
  • polymers with groups that intervene in the chemical process by ionic mechanism are used.
  • the reactive chemical functions may be unaccompanied by secondary products, with the occasion of a covalent bond's forming.
  • ionogen reactive chemical functional groups are represented by —CO- ⁇ -W— and —CO—NH—CO—, such as: maleic anhydride, itaconic anhydride, citraconic anhydride, 2-octenylsuccinic anhydride and respectively, the adequate imides.
  • the anhydride is maleic anhydride or itaconic anhydride.
  • non-reactive substituents are: hydrogen, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbonate residues with 1 to 20 carbon atoms, non-activated esteric groups, etheric, iminic or non-activated halogenated derivatives.
  • the non-reactive substituent may be represented by atomic groups, as such, or only part of these, that represent polar chemical functions, for instance hydroxyl, amino, amido or carboxylic groups.
  • non-reactive substituents are attached to the backbone of the copolymer, that represent monomer residues.
  • the monomers, carrying the non-reactive substituents are selected from: styrene, alpha-methylstyrene, alkylated styrenes such as ethylstyrene or tert-butylstyrene, vinyl-toluene, vinyl esters of saturated C 1 -C 4 -carboxylic acids such as vinyl formate, vinyl acetate or vinyl propionate, alkyl vinyl ethers with at least 2 carbon atoms in the alkyl group, such as ethyl vinyl ether or butyl vinyl ether, acrylate or methacrylate esters such as 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, t-butyl acrylate, hexy
  • esters of monoethylenically unsaturated C 3 -C 6 -carboxylic acids i.e. esters of monohydric C 1 -C 8 -alcohols and acrylic acid, methacrylic acid or maleic acid, monoesters of maleic acid, i.e. monomethyl maleate, and hydroxyalkyl esters of said monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, i.e.
  • N-vinyllactams such as N-vinylpyrrolidone or N-vinylcaprolactam, acrylic and methacrylic esters of alkoxylated monohydric saturated alcohols, vinyl pyridine and vinyl morpholine, N-vinylformamide, dialkyldiallylammonium halides such as dimethyldiallylammonium chloride, diethyldiallylammonium chloride, allylpiperidinium bromide, N-vinylimidazoles such as N-vinylimidazole, 1-vinyl-2-methylimidazole and N-vinylimidazolines such as N-vinylimidazoline, 1-vinyl-2-methylimidazoline, 1-vinyl-2-ethylim
  • the monomers are selected from ethylene, propene, styrene, isobutylene, vinyl acetate, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, acrylamide, vinylether, N-vinylpyrrolidone, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and maleic acid.
  • the non-reactive substituent may be a reactive chemical function which is consumed before the polymer-polymer intercoupling reaction is completed by a “special combination”, using known methods of coupling.
  • reactant B in accordance with ionogen reactive chemical functions, symbolized by “f r B ”, is not less than 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 moles “r”/g and not more than 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 moles “r”/g.
  • the reactive synthetic polymers are accepted by the pharmaceutical industry and are commercially available.
  • the ionogen reactive chemical function are: poly (ethylene-alt-maleic anhydride), poly(ethylene-graft-maleic anhydride), poly(isobutylene-co-maleic anhydride), poly(isoprene-graft-maleic anhydride), poly(maleic anhydride-co-1-octadecene), poly(propylene-graft-maleic anhydride), poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride), etc.
  • polymer-polymer intercoupling refers to the chemical process of forming covalent bonds, which occur between a number of polymers with different macromolecular structure, through chemical functions that every polymer possesses and without the intervention of any micromolecular substance, such as a crosslinking agent or coupling agent.
  • a polymer-polymer intercoupling reaction is exemplified schematically in Scheme 1 for a system formed from two reactants, polymer A and polymer B.
  • polymer-polymer intercoupling between reactant A and reactant B occurs by a chemical process in water.
  • chemical process in water refers to the fact that the synthesis of three-dimensional structure of water absorbent hybrid material occurs in water, by using reactants as solutions or suspensions, for their preparing has been exclusively used water.
  • a chemical process in water of polymer-polymer intercoupling includes three stages:
  • a suitable amount of solid biopolymer may be dissolved in a volume of water with a conductivity less than 10 ⁇ S and a temperature of 60° C., by mixing the two components in adequate ratios to obtain solutions with concentration not less than 1% and not more than 20%, preferably between 2% and 10%.
  • This solution with concentration and temperature specified being represented as R1.
  • a quantity of solid reactive polymer B, as powder or granules, may be suspended in water with conductivity less than 10 ⁇ S, by mixing the two components in adequate ratio to obtain a solid-liquid dispersion with a concentration in solid not less than 5% and not more than 35%, for example between 15% and 25%.
  • This aqueous dispersion is called “water dispersion WD-1”.
  • the water dispersion of reactive polymer B, WD-1, is stirred for 0.5 hours at a room temperature. In the end, the solid phase is separated by filtration at vacuum. The wet solid is washed for 3 times with a quantity of water, which represents a mass of 3 to 5 times higher than the initial quantity of reactive polymer B used for its preparation. It is obtained a wet solid symbolized by “WS”.
  • This solid WS is introduced into a blender to which is added a quantity of water, to obtain a new solid-liquid aqueous dispersion with a concentration of solid of not less than 20% and not more than 50%, for example between 30% and 40%.
  • This aqueous dispersion is called “water dispersion WD-2”.
  • the water dispersion WD-2 is mixed at room temperature for not less than 5 minutes and not more than 25 minutes, for example between 10 and 20 minutes, at a speed not less than 1000 rpm and not more than 5000 rpm, preferably between 2500 rpm and 3500 rpm.
  • the resultant aqueous dispersion is represented as R2.
  • a suitable amount of base is dissolved in a volume of water with conductivity less than 10 ⁇ S, by mixing the two components in adequate ratios to obtain solutions with concentration not less than 5% and not more than 35%, for example between 10 and 20%.
  • the resulting solution represents reactant R3.
  • the base may be, for example, lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, lithium carbonate, lithium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate and ammonium bicarbonate. They can be used individually or as a mixture.
  • the mixture of reactant R1 and reactant R2 is mixed not less than 10 minutes and not more than 40 minutes, preferably between 15 minutes and 25 minutes, at a temperature not less than 15° C. and not more than 75° C., for example between 35° C. and 55° C. Then is added the whole quantity of reactant R3 in adequate ratio not less than 1% and not more than 25%, for example between 5% and 20% of dried base based on dried mixture of polymer A and polymer B. The mixing continues not less than 1 hour and not more than 12 hours, for example between 3 hours and 8 hours, at temperature of reaction mass before the reactant R3 was added.
  • reaction mass When the mixing is stopped the reaction mass has an aspect of a granular transparent hydrogel and is very elastic.
  • the reaction mass obtained in the kneader is profiling with screw extruder, having the same constructive characteristics with device called “meat chopper”, as a bundle of rods with 40 . . . 100 mm in diameter.
  • the hydrogel rods are laid on metallic framework covered with screen from polyester with mesh of 250 microns.
  • the frameworks are introduced in a circulating warm air oven for drying the hydrogel by evaporation.
  • the water evaporation occurs in warm-air current at a temperature not less than 40° C. and not more than 100° C., for example between 50° C. and 90° C. and a speed of air circulation of 0.5-1.5 m/s.
  • the water evaporation process (drying) is ended when the solid mass as rods type achieve a humidity content not less than 3% and not more than 15%, for example between 7% and 12%.
  • the mass of rods that comes out of oven is ground in a mill with cones, adjusted to obtain granules with equivalent diameter of particles included between 150 microns and 2500 microns.
  • the granular mass is then cooled at ambient temperature, collected in polyethylene bags and is deposited in conditioning rooms with air circulation at temperature of 25 ⁇ 5° C. and relative humidity of 55 ⁇ 10% for a period of time not less than 24 hours and not more than 96 hours, for example between 48 hours and 72 hours.
  • the conditioned granular mass representing water absorbent hybrid material (WAHM) is packed in polyethylene bags, that after their filling are closed by sealing.
  • WAHM water absorbent hybrid material
  • the percent moisture values reported herein are defined as the percent weight loss of a 10 g sample of ground resin in a circulating air oven at 105° C. over 3 hours. Additional weight loss during pre-treatment was measured by difference.
  • an empty tea-bag is weighed at analytical balance and the weight obtained is called “W E ”. Then is introduced in aqueous medium with temperature of 37° C., where it is maintained for 60 minutes. In the end the tea-bag is removed from medium; hang up axially the tea-bag for 15 minutes in order to drain the excess water media and then is weighed at analytical balance, obtaining the weight “W A ”. It has been effectuated 5 samples with empty tea-bags, and is calculated the average weight of aqueous medium kept by tea bag and is called “W t ”, with relation:
  • FAC WAHM 1/3 ⁇ [(FAC) s ], [g/g]
  • the test is effectuated with a plastic sample cup.
  • the sample cup consist of a plastic cylinder having 1 inch inside diameter and an outside diameter of 1.25 inch.
  • an 100 mesh polyester cloth On the end of sample cup is applied an 100 mesh polyester cloth, which was fixed on the tube's wall with a cable ties, that it immobilized very good the plastic screen (which was very well stretch).
  • the sample cup with WAHM sample and weight is weighed (W d,aul ).
  • the sample cup is placed in a Petri dish, with diameter of 60 mm, that contain 70-80 grams of medium with temperature of 37° C., and which is immersed in a thermostatic water bath (JULABO-Eco Temp TW8) at the same temperature, to begin the test.
  • JULABO-Eco Temp TW8 a thermostatic water bath
  • Any excess aqueous media on the polyester screen of the sample cup is removed by gently blotting with a paper towel (the weight should still be in the sample cup during blotting). This blotting continue by moving the sample cup to a new area of the dry paper towel until no visible water mark is made on the towel.
  • the sample cup containing swollen WAHM and weight is weighed (W w,aul ).
  • W p,aul 1/5 ⁇ ( W A,aul ⁇ W E,aul )
  • AUL WAHM ⁇ X 1/3 ⁇ [(AUL ⁇ X ) s ], [g/g]
  • the aqueous media used has been the same with those was mentioned at free absorbency capacity analysis.
  • the tea-bag with the sample of material that was swelled in salt solution (FAC in salt solution) is centrifuged at 250 g for 3 minutes.
  • the amount of liquid retained by the WAHM is determined by weighing the centrifuged tea bag (W c ), and CRC is calculated with relation:
  • the gel rigidity, E has been evaluated from the rheological experiments of Oscillation Frequency Sweep type, with the rheometer RheoStress 1 from ThermoHaake company with a plate-plate sensor system PP35.
  • the polyethylene foil is changed with a polyester cloth of 100 mesh and is fixed on cylinder with the rubber ring (2). Then, is moving the piston (4) till the layer of hydrogel formed is in contact with polyester cloth (1). Further, the device of piston type is rotated in vertical plane with 180° and is putted in a glass funnel with the purposes to drain the excess of the swelling liquid (saline solution) from the hydrogel layer. After that, is putted on the superior part of the piston (4) a weight of 200 g with purposes to filling the free volume which was remained in the space of cylinder between the nylon cloth and piston with the hydrogel mass and in the same time to realize a reduced draining of the liquid hold back between the swelling particles.
  • the experimental data have been processed with the software RheoWinPro from ThermoHaake company. Three specific values are evaluated at a testing of Oscillation Frequency Sweep type.
  • the experimental points corresponding to the G′ curve have been fitted in connection with the rheological model. After the fitting, is obtained the value for gel rigidity, GR, [kPa].
  • “Rheological Evaluation” meant to evaluate the intensity of biodegradation process that puts in evidence the variation of Gel Rigidity of WAHM hydrogel versus the interaction time with a proteolytic enzyme's solution and the result expressed as Relative Gel Rigidity (RGR), [%], versus the value of the same theological parameter corresponding to the material which has not suffered an enzymatic attack.
  • RGR Relative Gel Rigidity
  • RGR relative gel rigidity
  • E (37° C.) (h) Gel Rigidity, [kPa] of the sample with Pepsin at temperature of 37° C., that belonging to “biodegradation test series”
  • E (4° C.) (h) Gel Rigidity, [kPa] of the sample with Pepsin at temperature of 4° C., that belonging to “blank series” (h)—time of maintaining of sample at the specified temperature, [hours]
  • SAPs' particles 0.2 g have been putted in a tea bag (used for determination of Free Absorbency) for free swelling and the assemble weighted at analytical balance is immersed in 500 ml liquid (of different water types) for 2 hours. Then the bag is removed from the swelling liquid and is hang up axially to drain the excess liquid. After 15 minutes the bag with hydrogel is weighted and is calculated the free absorbency that was expressed in g/g.
  • Aqueous dispersion of reactive polymer B, WD-1 is stirred 0.5 hours at room temperature and the solid phase is separated by filtration at vacuum. The wet solid is washed of 3 times with 2 liter water each time. It is obtained 3.2 kg wet solid (WS) of polymer B. Further, is introduced in a blender of 5 liter, WS of polymer B and 1.3 kg water. The aqueous dispersion WD-2 is mixed at room temperature for 15 minutes, at a speed of 3500 rpm. Is resulted 4 kg aqueous dispersion, which contain 31% solid phase of reactive polymer B, represents the reactive R2.
  • the variation mode for storage modulus of reaction mass versus angular speed and reaction time presented in FIG. 2 illustrates the mixture transformation from an entity material of fluid type (suspensions, corresponding to samples S-0; S-15 and S-30) in a material of gel type (S-60; S-120 and S-180).
  • the gel state is established gradually after 60 minutes and is accentuated after 2 hours of intercoupling reaction (Nijenhuis K., “Thermoreversible Networks-Viscoelastic Properties and Structure of Gels”, Advances in Polymer Science, 130, 1-252, 1997).
  • hydrogel mass is profiling with screw extruder, having the same constructive characteristics with device called “meat chopper”, as a bundle of rods with 40 . . . 50 mm in diameter.
  • About 1.5 kg of rods from the quantity of hydrogel was lay on metallic framework covered with screen from polyester with mesh of 100 microns (6 frameworks). These 6 frameworks are introduced in laboratory air circulation oven (Model UT12 HERAEUS from Kendro Laboratory Products Germany) for drying by water evaporation from wet material.
  • the water evaporation occurred in warm-air current at 85° C., at a speed of air circulation of 1 m/s, for 2.5 hours, controlling from 30 in 30 minutes the humidity content from material, by gravimetrical method, with Moisture analyzer (Model SMO 01 from BOECO GERMANY).
  • the granular mass with particles bigger than 125 microns is collected in polyethylene bags and is deposited in conditioning room with air circulation at temperature of 25 ⁇ 5° C. and relative humidity of 65%, for 48 hours.
  • WAHM-1 water absorbent hybrid material
  • the reactant R1 is represented by 2 kg solution of gelatin type A, 300 Bloom, from swine (Aldrich, catalog no. 27, 160-8), with concentration of 20%
  • reactant R3 is represented by 2.1 kg KOH solution. It is obtained 2.14 kg water absorbing hybrid material (WAHM-2).
  • the reactant R1 is represented by 2.2 kg solution of gelatin type B, 225 Bloom from calf skin (Aldrich, catalog no. 27, 162-4) with concentration of 30%;
  • the reactant R3 is represented by 1.5 kg LiOH solution with concentration of 15%;
  • the drying of reaction mass is done at 50° C., for 5 hours, when is obtained a solid material with humidity content of 7.63%. It is obtained 2.07 kg water absorbing hybrid material (WAHM-4)
  • the hydrogel mass is profiling with screw extruder, as a bundle of rods with 40 . . . 50 mm in diameter.
  • About 1.5 kg of rods from the quantity of hydrogel was laid on metallic framework covered with screen from polyester with mesh of 100 microns (6 frameworks).
  • These 6 frameworks are introduced in laboratory air circulation oven (Model UT12 HERAEUS from Kendro Laboratory Products Germany) for drying by water evaporation from wet material. The water evaporation occurred in warm-air current at 60° C., at a speed of air circulation of 1.6 m/s, for 4 hours, controlling from 30 in 30 minutes the humidity content from material.
  • the granular mass with particles bigger than 125 microns is collected in polyethylene bags and is deposited in conditioning room with air circulation at temperature of 25 ⁇ 5° C. and relative humidity of 45%, for 72 hours.
  • WAHM-5 water absorbent hybrid material
  • the reactant R1 is represented by 2.3 kg solution of gelatin type A, 225 Bloom from calf skin (Aldrich, catalog no. 27, 162-4) chemically modified with benzoyl chloride (ACROS, catalog no. 10575);
  • the reactant R3 is represented by 2.4 kg of NH 4 OH solution with concentration of 10%; the drying of mass reaction is done at 75° C., for 3 hours, when is obtained a solid material with humidity content of 10.12%. Is obtained 2.68 kg water absorbing hybrid material (WAHM-6)
  • Aqueous dispersion of reactive polymer B, WD-1 is stirred 0.5 hours at room temperature and the solid phase is separated by filtration at vacuum. The wet solid is washed of 3 times with 2 liter water each time. It is obtained 6.2 kg wet solid (WS) of polymer B. Further, is introduced in a blender of 5 liter, WS of polymer B and 1.3 kg water. The aqueous dispersion WD-2 is mixed at room temperature for 15 minutes, at a speed of 3500 rpm. Is resulted 7.5 kg aqueous dispersion, which contain 25% solid phase of reactive polymer B, represents the reactive R2.
  • hydrogel mass is profiling with screw extruder, having the same constructive characteristics with device called “meat chopper”, as a bundle of rods with 90 . . . 100 mm in diameter.
  • About 1.5 kg of rods from the quantity of hydrogel was lay on metallic framework covered with screen from polyester with mesh of 100 microns (6 frameworks). These 6 frameworks are introduced in laboratory air circulation oven (Model UT12 HERAEUS from Kendro Laboratory Products Germany) for drying by water evaporation from wet material.
  • the water evaporation occurred in warm-air current at 75° C., at a speed of air circulation of 1 m/s, for 3.5 hours, controlling from 30 in 30 minutes the humidity content from material, by gravimetrical method, with Moisture analyzer (Model SMO 01 from BOECO GERMANY).
  • the granular mass with particles bigger than 250 microns is collected in polyethylene bags and is deposited in conditioning room with air circulation at temperature of 25 ⁇ 5° C. and relative humidity of 65%, for 48 hours.
  • WAHM-1 water absorbent hybrid material

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  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
  • Other Resins Obtained By Reactions Not Involving Carbon-To-Carbon Unsaturated Bonds (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
  • Biological Depolymerization Polymers (AREA)
US10/591,386 2004-03-02 2005-03-01 Biocompatible, biodegradable, water-absorbent hybrid material Abandoned US20110160398A1 (en)

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