US20100184868A1 - Fortification of nutritional products with olive extracts containing hydroxytyrosol and hydroxytyrosol fortified nutritional products. - Google Patents

Fortification of nutritional products with olive extracts containing hydroxytyrosol and hydroxytyrosol fortified nutritional products. Download PDF

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US20100184868A1
US20100184868A1 US12/669,840 US66984008A US2010184868A1 US 20100184868 A1 US20100184868 A1 US 20100184868A1 US 66984008 A US66984008 A US 66984008A US 2010184868 A1 US2010184868 A1 US 2010184868A1
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oil
olive
hydroxytyrosol
diet
fortified
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Jose A. Lópes Más
Sergio A. Streitenberger
Marcos Peñalver Mellado
Pedro Martínez Ortiz
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Probelte Pharma SA
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23D—EDIBLE OILS OR FATS, e.g. MARGARINES, SHORTENINGS, COOKING OILS
    • A23D7/00—Edible oil or fat compositions containing an aqueous phase, e.g. margarines
    • A23D7/005—Edible oil or fat compositions containing an aqueous phase, e.g. margarines characterised by ingredients other than fatty acid triglycerides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P39/00—General protective or antinoxious agents
    • A61P39/06—Free radical scavengers or antioxidants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/12—Antihypertensives
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23D—EDIBLE OILS OR FATS, e.g. MARGARINES, SHORTENINGS, COOKING OILS
    • A23D7/00—Edible oil or fat compositions containing an aqueous phase, e.g. margarines
    • A23D7/005—Edible oil or fat compositions containing an aqueous phase, e.g. margarines characterised by ingredients other than fatty acid triglycerides
    • A23D7/0056—Spread compositions
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23D—EDIBLE OILS OR FATS, e.g. MARGARINES, SHORTENINGS, COOKING OILS
    • A23D9/00—Other edible oils or fats, e.g. shortenings, cooking oils
    • A23D9/007—Other edible oils or fats, e.g. shortenings, cooking oils characterised by ingredients other than fatty acid triglycerides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
    • A23L33/105—Plant extracts, their artificial duplicates or their derivatives
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
    • A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/045—Hydroxy compounds, e.g. alcohols; Salts thereof, e.g. alcoholates
    • A61K31/05—Phenols
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
    • A61K36/63—Oleaceae (Olive family), e.g. jasmine, lilac or ash tree
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
    • C11B5/00—Preserving by using additives, e.g. anti-oxidants
    • C11B5/0021—Preserving by using additives, e.g. anti-oxidants containing oxygen
    • C11B5/0035—Phenols; Their halogenated and aminated derivates, their salts, their esters with carboxylic acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
    • C11B5/00—Preserving by using additives, e.g. anti-oxidants
    • C11B5/0085—Substances of natural origin of unknown constitution, f.i. plant extracts

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to fortification of nutritional products with olive extracts containing hydroxytyrosol; it also relates to hydroxytyrosol fortified nutritional products and to the use of both olive extracts and the nutritional products fortified with olive extracts for medical use, in particular for prevention or treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), plaque build-up in the arteries, arterial hypertension, and metabolic syndrome.
  • CVD cardiovascular diseases
  • olive extract derived from olive fruit or olive oil extraction residues is added to an edible oil and through this oil, to nutritional products, which results in an increase of the level of hydroxytyrosol. More particularly, the invention relates to the fortification of edible oil-containing products to be used as a source of hydroxytyrosol for preventing or treating cardiovascular diseases, plaque build-up in the arteries, arterial hypertension, and metabolic syndrome, thanks to the nutritional supply of a hydroxytyrosol rich and purified composition.
  • CVD cardiovascular disease
  • Total costs of CVD is amount to 169 billion euros, of which 105 billion euros are for treating CVD in the European Union and 64 billion euros are due to lost productivity and the cost of informal care.
  • Plaque builds up in the arteries also called atherosclerosis is the main cause of CVD and the most frequent cause of CHD.
  • Atherosclerotic plaque builds up in the arteries is a common disorder of the arteries. It occurs when fat, cholesterol, and other substances build up in the walls of arteries and form hard substances called plaque.
  • plaque deposits can make the artery narrow and less flexible. This makes it harder for blood to flow. If the coronary arteries become narrow, blood flow to the heart can slow down or stop, causing chest pain (stable angina), shortness of breath, heart attack, and other symptoms.
  • Pieces of plaque can break apart and move through the bloodstream. This is a common cause of heart attack and stroke. Blood clots can also form around the plaque deposits. Clots block blood flow. If the clot moves into the heart, lungs, or brain, it can cause a stroke, heart attack, or pulmonary embolism.
  • Olive oil the principal fat component of the Mediterranean diet, has been associated with a lower incidence of CHD (De Lorgeril et al., 1999; Hertog et al., 1993; Mattson and Grundy, 1985) and certain cancers (d'Amicis and Farchi, 1999; Braga et al., 1998; Trichopoulou et al., 1995; Martin-Moreno et al., 1994).
  • Health benefits of olive oil consumption in preventing LDL oxidation would be linked both to its antioxidant and to its high monounsaturated fatty acids content (Nicola ⁇ few et al., 1998).
  • Virgin olive oil phenolic compounds have strong antioxidant properties that protect olive oil from oxidation (Visioli et al., 1998; Papadopoulos and Boskou, 1991), and in addition they have shown positive health benefits (Owen et al., 2000; Manna et al., 1999).
  • Some of the most representative phenolic compounds in virgin olive oil are hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol and some of their derivatives, which are extracted from the olive fruit during olive oil production (Brenes et al., 1999).
  • Hydroxytyrosol is present in olive oil and has the following formula:
  • Oleuropein the phenolic compound that makes the fruit of the olive bitter, is water-soluble rather than fat-soluble, so it get poorly transferred into the oil when the fruit is pressed, thus ranging average content of oleuropein from 1 ppb to 11 ppm in extra virgin and virgin olive oils.
  • Oleuropein is present in olive oil and has the following formula:
  • oleuropein related compounds are more oil soluble than oleuropein itself, and do end up at a higher content in the oil, in the form of isomer (or isomers) of oleuropein aglycon (e.g: aldehydic form of oleuropein aglycon, AOA), and dialdehydic form of elenolic acid linked to hydroxytyrosol or tyrosol, respectively named 3,4-DHPEA-EDA and p-HPEA-EDA, that are the olive polyphenols mainly responsible for the bitter taste according to Gutierrez-Rosales and co-authors, J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51, 6021-6025.
  • isomer (or isomers) of oleuropein aglycon e.g: aldehydic form of oleuropein aglycon, AOA
  • Oleuropein aglycon e.g: aldehydic form of oleuropein aglycon
  • olive oil has the following formula:
  • any way set up in order to increase antioxidant capacity using techniques based on fortification of olive oil with olive polyphenols should not alter oils natural organoleptic characteristics, nor increase the amount of the bitter tasting olive polyphenols, otherwise incurring with the subsequent alteration of organoleptic properties of the oil, thus causing non-pleasant taste due to excessive bitterness, pungency and/or astringency, and subsequently causing rejection from many consumers.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,942,890 discloses a method of fortifying food products adding to such products solid matter derived from olive fruits, resulting in an increase of the level of antioxidants, particularly of olive polyphenols.
  • This process requires the incubation during a certain time of the food product to be fortified, e.g. a vegetable oil, with solid matter derived from olives which have not been subjected to a debittering treatment, and then separating the solid from the oil by filtration.
  • the main problem connected with this process is associated with alteration of organoleptic properties of the vegetable oil, causing non-pleasant taste when excessive bitterness and/or astringency are produced in relation when oil increases its contents of polyphenols. According to the inventors, this alteration could be avoided particularly when the final product obtained is produced adding as much a 2.5% of olive solid matter that makes extra virgin olive oils increase olive polyphenols from 145 ppm to 530 ppm as maximum.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,162,480 discloses a method of fortifying vegetable oil with antioxidants.
  • Non-debittered olives are soaked from 1 to 30 days in vegetable oil, resulting in an increase of the level of antioxidants, particularly of olive polyphenols.
  • adding 10% non-debittered olives from Toscane were slowly stirred for 30 days with Toscane extra virgin olive oil, that makes extra virgin olive oils increase olive polyphenols from 420 ppm to 591 ppm, being this the maximum increase allowed according the invention.
  • This method is substantially the same as the well known one used to preserve olives in olive oil, apart from the stirring.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,746,706 discloses a method of fortifying food compositions (spreads, vinaigrette and tomato sauce), where such compositions containing 20-100 wt % of an aqueous phase characterized by an enhanced content of tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol in aqueous phase being at least 15 ppm. Nevertheless, this method is scarcely effective: none of the patent examples shows that the prepared food compositions reach concentrations in the water phase higher than 50 ppm for hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol together.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,361,803 discloses (ex. 13) a method characterized by using an olive extract produced according ex. 4 to allow an enhancement of antioxidant activity in an oil. Nevertheless, the antioxidant capacity of the control sample, 0.18 mM Trolox equivalent per gram, was only enhanced approximately three times by the method of the invention, 0.53 mM Trolox equivalent per gram.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,361,803 requires the use of organic solvents, particularly polar solvents, in order to produce an olive extract containing hydroxytyrosol with an acceptable purity grade.
  • organic solvents particularly polar solvents
  • Polar aqueous solvents are selected among methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile or acetone
  • polar organic solvents are selected, for example, among esters, amides, dimethyl sulfoxide, dioxane, DMF and their mixtures.
  • organic solvents for example methanol that is a toxic solvent, is inconvenient, particularly when the final product obtained is to be used in the alimentary field.
  • IT 01326553 discloses a fortified olive oil obtained by addition of extracts deriving from olive leaves or vegetation water to olive oil.
  • the extracts are rich in all types of polyphenols, i.e. they have a low purity of hydroxytyrosol. In fact extracts from leaves contain almost no hydroxytyrosol.
  • the problem of this patent and of the previously disclosed patents mainly resides in the low amount of free hydroxytyrosol with respect to the total amount of polyphenols: the lower the amount of hydroxytyrosol with respect to other polyphenols, the higher is the bitterness (i.e. the bitter taste) of the fortified product for the same amount of free hydroxytyrosol in the oil.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,998,641 relates to a process of increasing the general content of polyphenols in olive oil without increasing the bitter taste.
  • olive oil is emulsified with a water solution containing polyphenols and a debittering enzyme (e.g beta-glucosidase from almonds purchased from Sigma (ex. 1)). Water is then removed by evaporation or ultrafiltration to avoid loss of those resulting polyphenols that are soluble in water and insoluble in oil.
  • the problem of this method is that it is very long (at least 24 hours according to the examples and up to 100 hours) and that all the products of the enzymatic reaction, including oleuropein aglycon and sugars, remain in the oil.
  • the above mentioned techniques are either too long or too complex, or too harsh for alimentary field, or all of the above; in addition the amount of hydroxytyrosol that can be incorporated in the edible oil without having too much bitter taste, pungent intensity or sugar and by-products content, and without losing aromatic volatile compounds, is too low to effectively protect LDL against oxidative modification to any important extent.
  • Another aim of the present invention is to provide fortified edible oil and/or oil-containing food products that, even though characterized by a high of content of hydroxytyrosol, are in the form of a stable and durable emulsion.
  • an aim of the present invention is to provide fortified edible oil and/or oil-containing food products characterized by a high amount of very pure hydroxytyrosol. Such aims are achieved by means of the present invention that provides fortified edible oil and/or oil-containing products with olive extracts.
  • An aspect of the invention relates to a process for preparing an olive extract rich in the antioxidant hydroxytyrosol.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to a process for preparing the fortified oil and/or oil-containing products with olive extract, which comprises the following steps:
  • an aspect of the invention relates to a nutritional product, comprising at least 30 ppm of hydroxytyrosol, preferably from 30 ppm to 30000 ppm of hydroxytyrosol.
  • the nutritional product is, for example in the form of a dietary supplement consisting in an encapsulated fortified edible oil, as soft gel capsules containing an homogenized emulsion, preferably a microemulsion
  • the hydroxytyrosol content is within the range of 300 to 30000 ppm, preferably 500 to 3000 ppm.
  • the K225 value of a fortified oil according to the invention is 0.28 or less and preferably is 0.25 or less.
  • the content of AOA of said fortified oil is less than 120 ppm, preferably less than 85 ppm and more preferably less than 55.
  • the nutritional product according to the present invention and comprising the mentioned added olive extract shows improved antioxidant capacity.
  • a fourth aspect of the invention relates to the use of the nutritional products, fortified oil and/or oil-containing products, in the prevention or treatment of cardiovascular diseases, plaque build-up in the arteries, arterial hypertension, and metabolic syndrome.
  • the first aspect of the invention relates to the preparation of an olive extract rich in the antioxidant hydroxytyrosol in a very pure form.
  • the problem met was to enhance the incorporation of the hydrophilic hydroxytyrosol in oil; this problem was solved by means of the present invention that makes use of a process of extraction of hydroxytyrosol in absence of solvents and able to provide a final olive extract, rich in hydroxytyrosol and characterized by a very high purity degree, with respect of by-products, sugars and salts.
  • residues of the extraction of olive oil or pomaces could be used as starting material for hydroxytyrosol extraction. This process is described in co-pending patent applications EP-A-07001791 filed 26 Jan. 2007 and PCT/IB2008/000173 filed on 28 Jan. 2008 in the name of the present applicant, and is hereto incorporated by reference.
  • olive fruits are used as starting material for the production of olive extract, preferably green olives and more preferably whole green olives are used.
  • the extraction residues or whole olive fruits or crushed olive fruits are homogenized/mixed with demineralised water.
  • the acidic hydrolysis in water of this mixture carried out at a temperature comprised within 20° C. and 140° C., preferably within 70° C. and 140° C. and more preferably in a continuous sterilization system at a temperature within 110° C. to 140° C.
  • the pH of the acidified mixture that undergoes the hydrolysis is within the range of 1.0 to 6.0.
  • the mixture after the hydrolysis is clarified by physical methods known in the art, e.g. by filtering and/or centrifuging, to remove the whole olive fruits or the suspended solids from the hydrolysed product, and to obtain a clarified solution substantially free of solids in suspension.
  • the above steps are followed by the steps of loading the product thus obtained in at least one chromatographic column of a resin selected from acid activated anion exchange resins, and adsorbent non-ionic resins and of eluting the products retained in said chromatographic columns with water.
  • the liquid product is concentrated e.g. by reverse osmosis concentration.
  • the resulting liquid product is brought in another embodiment to a solid form, by spray drying, with carriers such as maltodextrines.
  • the olive extract thus obtained is very rich in hydroxytyrosol and has a low content of starting products as well as of by-products, and in general, has a very low content in sugars and in salts.
  • the extracts obtainable according to the above mentioned process may be either in liquid or solid form and are characterized by having a hydroxytyrosol content of at least 0.5% (w/w) and a purity of at least 40%, and preferably a content of at least 10% and a purity of at least 80% and more preferably a content of at least 35% and a purity of at least 90% (as determined by HPLC peak area measured at 280 nm).
  • the hydroxytyrosol containing liquid product (olive extract in the liquid form) obtainable according to the invention has a hydroxytyrosol content of at least 35% (w/w) or even more preferably of at least 45% (w/w), a purity of at least 90% (by HPLC 280 nm) and a total phenols content of at least 35%.
  • the hydroxytyrosol containing solid product (olive extract in the solid form) obtainable according to the invention has a hydroxytyrosol content of at least 20% (w/w), a purity of at least 90% (by HPLC 280 nm) and a total phenols content of at least 20%.
  • the hydroxytyrosol containing solid product has a hydroxytyrosol content of at least 40% (w/w), and a purity of at least 90% (by HPLC 280 nm)
  • the green olive extracts of the invention are preferred to the extracts of residues of olive oil production in view of their greater amount of hydroxytyrosol and of the reduced content of hydroxymethylfurfural.
  • These extracts can be employed in cardiovascular diseases, plaque build-up in the arteries, arterial hypertension, and metabolic syndrome prevention or treatment. Also they could be employed in the preparation of dietary supplement.
  • a second aspect of the invention relates to a process for preparing the fortified oil and/or oil-containing products with olive extract, i.e. for preparing so-called functional food.
  • First step consists in the selection of the appropriated olive extract.
  • an olive extract in liquid form is selected.
  • Such olive extract has a hydroxytyrosol content of at least 35% (w/w) or even more preferably of at least 45% (w/w) and a purity of at least 90% (by HPLC 280 nm) and a total phenol content of at least 35%.
  • the use of such olive extracts is preferred for the fortification of oils due to the fact that a stable emulsion of the olive extract could be prepared without significant increase of the residual water present in the oil due to the little amount of olive extract needed to reach the desired antioxidant capacity in the fortified oil.
  • the olive extract according to the present invention having a high content of hydroxytyrosol, a low content of undesired by-products (e.g. AOA, 3,4-DHPEA-EDA and p-HPEA-EDA) and being substantially free from sugars and salts, gives stable emulsions when incorporated into the oil to be fortified.
  • a high content of hydroxytyrosol for example not less than 35% (w/w)
  • small amounts of the olive extract are suitable for obtaining a fortified oil characterized by an high content of hydroxytyrosol.
  • the resulting fortified oils therefore contain at least 30 ppm of hydroxytyrosol, and retain organoleptic properties that are no adversely affected.
  • an olive extract in powder form is selected.
  • Such olive extract has a hydroxytyrosol content of at least 20% (w/w).
  • Suitable carriers are e.g. maltodextrines, lactose, caseinates, and etcetera.
  • the use of such olive extracts is preferred for the fortification of oil-containing products comprising at least a 10% of water, due to the fact that such powder is easily handled and completely dissolved in such nutritional products in the range employed to reach the desired antioxidant capacity in the oil-containing products.
  • Second step consists in incorporating the olive extract selected with the oil and/or oil-containing products.
  • the incorporation of the olive extract to the nutritional product is obtained by mixture and homogenisation according to the technological process of each product.
  • Fortification of oil consists in incorporating the olive extract during its technological preparation.
  • olive extract in liquid form is added in the weight ratio desired to the oil and completely mixed, under controlled parameters of temperature and agitation; then it is necessary to let the product settle to remove the water-based olive extract in excess.
  • any known method such as, for example, conventional decantation.
  • several consecutive conventional decantation steps are normal to eliminate residual water, and in a natural way the olive antioxidant could be incorporated to the oil just before the last decantation step normally done during its production.
  • the water phase decanted from the oil phase usually contains some hydroxytyrosol and is therefore recovered for further use.
  • an olive extract in liquid form is added to the oil, premixed under inert atmosphere (i.e. nitrogen atmosphere) according to controlled parameters of temperature and agitation.
  • the product is feed into a homogenizer operating according to a double stage homogenization procedure, the first stage being carried out at a pressure value comprised between 200 and 700 bar and the second stage being carried out maintaining the pressure between 30 and 50 bar.
  • the homogenization of the pre-emulsion allows to obtain a stable emulsion.
  • pure hydroxytyrosol is added to water and the resulting solution is mixed and homogenised with oil to transfer hydroxytyrosol to the oil phase.
  • natural extracts according to the invention are used, so as to avoid any trace of organic solvents in the final product, especially in view of their use in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, plaque build-up in the arteries, arterial hypertension, and metabolic syndrome.
  • Fortification of solid oil-containing products consists in incorporating and mixing the olive extract during its technological preparation.
  • the process for the preparation of the oil containing product is characterized in that it contains: a) the presence of an oil phase, which comprises edible oil and/or edible fat and optionally further lipophilic constituents b) an emulsification step, which comprises the addition to a) of an emulsifier under controlled agitation and temperature ranges c) the presence of an aqueous phase, which contains water and, optionally further hydrophilic constituents; the weight ratio of the oil phase to the aqueous phase being in the range from 9:1 to 1:9.
  • Olive extract powder is added in the weight ratio desired to the water phase (c) and completely dissolved, under very controlled parameters of temperature and agitation, straight afterwards the oil phase (a), to which emulsifier was previously incorporated is added to the water phase (c) in order to create a stable o/w matrix.
  • a third aspect of the invention relates to a nutritional product, to which hydroxytyrosol, preferably in the form of the olive extract defined above, has been incorporated producing fortified oil and/or oil-containing products.
  • nutritional product it is meant any food product, edible product, or dietary supplement that is an edible oil or that contains at least an edible oil.
  • the nutritional products of the invention preferably comprise a concentration of the olive extract of the invention ranging from 0.01% to 93% (w/w). A more preferred range comprise from 0.01% to 30% (w/w) of the olive extract of the invention.
  • Nutritional products that are edible oils containing this amount of added olive extract can be for example:
  • Another more preferred range comprises from 0.05% to 35% (w/w) of the olive extract of the invention.
  • Nutritional products, that contain at least an edible oil, containing the above amount of added olive extract can be, for example: oil-containing products such as margarine, mayonnaise, garlic mayonnaise, gazpacho soup, spreadable sauces, salad dressings, to name a few, technologically modified derivatives of the above mentioned oil-containing products or mixtures of two or more of the same could be used for its fortification.
  • a fourth aspect of the invention relates to the use of the nutritional products of the invention, fortified oil and/or oil-containing products, in the prevention or treatment of cardiovascular diseases, plaque build-up in the arteries, arterial hypertension, and metabolic syndrome.
  • an emulsion of olive extract (in liquid form) and edible oil was used to prepare soft gel capsules.
  • One aspect is related to capsule size.
  • the upper size limit which most consumers find acceptable is about 1.2 g, that represents a size commonly used for other oil dietary supplements.
  • the second aspect is represented by the number of capsules needed to be taken per day. Generally, the upper limit is 4 to 6 capsules per day.
  • an oblong shape 1000 mg or more is preferred as it is easier to swallow.
  • the present invention is not limited by these parameters.
  • the preferred minimum dosage for prevention or treatment of cardiovascular diseases, plaque build-up in the arteries, arterial hypertension, and metabolic syndrome is 2 g of fortified edible oil, delivering from 3 to 50 mg of hydroxytyrosol per day, which can be administered, for example, in two doses of 1 g of fortified edible oil per day.
  • FIGS. 1-5 are graphs showing the linear correlation between the antioxidant capacity of different nutritional products obtained according the present invention (see examples 3 to 7) and their content in hydroxytyrosol measured by HPLC as a result of their fortification with increasing quantities of olives extracts obtained according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a graph comparing the particle size distribution curves of emulsions of liquid olive extract and extra virgin olive oil, prepared with or without use of a homogeniser.
  • FIGS. 7-9 are graphs showing the effects of fortified extra virgin olive oil with olive extract according to the present invention, on rat triglycerides, atherogenic index (total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol) and total antioxidant capacity in plasma (TAC), respectively.
  • FIG. 10 is a graph showing the effect of fortified extra virgin olive oil with olive extract according to the present invention, on rat systolic blood pressure.
  • FIG. 11 is a graph showing the effects of olive fruit extract rich in highly pure hydroxytyrosol according to the present invention, on rat atherogenic index (total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol).
  • FIG. 11 is related to example 12, where the animal groups were organized according to Table 6.
  • crude aqueous extract is loaded on a chromatographic column containing an acid activated ion exchange resin of the anionic type, previously activated by means of acetate cycle.
  • an acid activated ion exchange resin of the anionic type for example, IRA-67 may be used.
  • the liquid phase recovered at the end of the column does not contain any hydroxytyrosol, which is instead continuously eluted with demineralised water until at least 90% of the initially charged hydroxytyrosol is recovered.
  • the eluted phase coming from the first column is preferably charged on another chromatographic column containing an adsorption non-ionic resin.
  • resin XAD-1180 may be used.
  • the liquid phase recovered at the end of this second column does not contain any hydroxytyrosol. Then, hydroxytyrosol is eluted from the resin with demineralised water until at least 90% of the initially charged hydroxytyrosol is recovered.
  • the eluted phase contains approximately 114 g of hydroxytyrosol with an HPLC purity of about 96.7%.
  • a 461 L fraction of purified extract containing 114 g of hydroxytyrosol obtained in a pilot plant is concentrated using a reverse osmosis pilot plant, equipped with a 2.5 m 2 polymeric membrane, in order to reduce the volume to 10 l of concentrate product.
  • a 0.35 m 2 membrane made of the same material is then used, in order to obtain a hydroxytyrosol concentrate containing 3.5% of hydroxytyrosol.
  • the RO concentrate is rotaevaporated at 78° C. under a vacuum pressure of 245 mbar to allow about 10 times concentration of the olive fruit extract in liquid form reaching an hydroxytyrosol final concentration of 37.2% (w/w) with an HPLC purity of 93.3%.
  • maltodextrin may be used.
  • a peristaltic pump is used to feed the spray-dryer, which is previously equilibrated with an inlet air temperature of 150° C. The feeding speed is adjusted in order to obtain an outlet air temperature which is less than 100° C.
  • 76 g of a white powder, with a moisture of 5.4% (Karl Fischer) and a hydroxytyrosol richness of 21.9% (w/w) are obtained.
  • a sample of purified olive extract in liquid form containing a concentration of 40.6% (w/w) hydroxytyrosol obtained with a process according to Example 1, is selected for the fortification of a extra virgin olive oil.
  • 6 samples, 400 g each, of such extra virgin olive oil were prepared.
  • Increasing quantities of olive extract in liquid form are added in the weight ratio desired to the extra virgin olive oil and completely mixed, under very controlled parameters of temperature and agitation during 1 h. After that, stirring was switched off and mixture was filled into a decantation funnel and let settle down for 72 h. Then, the olive extract in excess has formed a bottom layer that is separated from the oil top phase to obtain the fortified extra virgin olive oil.
  • antioxidant capacity radical ABTS absorption capacity measured at 734 nm using Trolox as standard
  • hydroxytyrosol content by HPLC hydroxytyrosol content by HPLC.
  • antioxidant capacity of the non-fortified extra virgin olive oil was 0.24 mM Trolox equivalent per gram
  • antioxidant capacity of the fortified extra virgin olive oil with the highest weight ratio used in this example was 5.05 mM Trolox equivalent per gram, meaning that a 21 fold increase in the antioxidant capacity of the extra virgin olive oil was obtained.
  • a sample of purified olive extract in liquid form containing a concentration of 40.6% (w/w) hydroxytyrosol obtained with a process according to Example 1, is selected for the fortification of a sunflower oil.
  • 6 samples, 400 g each, of such sunflower oil were prepared.
  • Increasing quantities of olive extract in liquid form are added in the weight ratio desired to the sunflower oil and completely mixed, under very controlled parameters of temperature and agitation during 1 h. After that, stirring was switched off and mixture was filled into a decantation funnel and let settle down for 72 h. Then, the olive extract in excess has formed a bottom layer that is separated from the oil top phase to obtain the fortified sunflower oil.
  • antioxidant capacity radical ABTS absorption capacity measured at 734 nm using Trolox as standard
  • hydroxytyrosol content by HPLC.
  • antioxidant capacity of the non-fortified sunflower oil was 0 mM Trolox equivalent per gram
  • antioxidant capacity of the fortified sunflower oil with the highest weight ratio used in this example was 5.42 mM Trolox equivalent per gram.
  • a sample of purified olive extract in liquid form containing a concentration of 40.6% (w/w) hydroxytyrosol obtained according to Example 1, is selected for the fortification of a corn oil.
  • 6 samples, 400 g each, of such corn oil were prepared.
  • Increasing quantities of olive extract in liquid form are added in a the weight ratio desired to the corn oil and completely mixed, under very controlled parameters of temperature and agitation during 1 h. After that, stirring was switched off and mixture was filled into a decantation funnel and let settle down for 72 h. Then, the olive extract in excess has formed a bottom layer that is separated from the oil top phase to obtain the fortified corn oil.
  • antioxidant capacity radical ABTS absorption capacity measured at 734 nm using Trolox as standard
  • hydroxytyrosol content by HPLC.
  • antioxidant capacity of the non-fortified corn oil was 0 mM Trolox equivalent per gram
  • antioxidant capacity of the fortified corn oil with the highest weight ratio used in this example was 5.23 mM Trolox equivalent per gram.
  • Increasing quantities of olive extract in solid form are added in the weight ratio desired to the water phase together the other normal ingredients of margarine (whey, brine, etc.).
  • water phase and refined oil blended with emulsifiers lecithin
  • antioxidant capacity radical ABTS absorption capacity measured at 734 nm, using Trolox as standard
  • hydroxytyrosol content by HPLC.
  • antioxidant capacity of the non-fortified margarine was 0 mM Trolox equivalent per gram
  • antioxidant capacity of the fortified margarine with the highest weight ratio used in this example was 189.05 mM Trolox equivalent per gram.
  • 5 samples, 400 g each, of such mayonnaise were prepared as follows. Firstly, the egg yolks were added to the mixing bowl and blend thoroughly at speed 3. In a separate container blend the olive extract (increasing quantities of olive extract in solid form are added according to the weight ratio desired to the water phase), distilled water, lemon juice, vinegar, and salt. Stir until the olive extract is dissolved. Add this mixture to the egg yolks and blend at speed 3 for about 2 to 3 minutes. Finally, slowly add the oil and increase speed to 6, to make it go emulsion.
  • antioxidant capacity radical ABTS absorption capacity measured at 734 nm, using Trolox as standard
  • hydroxytyrosol content by HPLC.
  • antioxidant capacity of the non-fortified mayonnaise was 0 mM Trolox equivalent per gram
  • antioxidant capacity of the fortified mayonnaise with the highest weight ratio used in this example was 148.33 mM Trolox equivalent per gram.
  • 3 samples, 1000 g each, of such fortified extra virgin olive oil were prepared according the experimental design shown in the following Table 1:
  • the pre-emulsion is feed into the feeding hopper of the homogeniser operating according to a double homogenization stages procedure. The homogenization of the pre-emulsion allows to obtain a stable emulsion.
  • a sample of purified olive extract in liquid form containing a concentration of 35.6% (w/w) hydroxytyrosol obtained with a process according to Example 1, is selected for the fortification of an extra virgin olive oil.
  • the prepared emulsion was then encapsulated with an edible gelatin containing glycerin, water, titanium dioxide as masking agent and a colouring agent.
  • the capsule shape used was oblong.
  • the capsules were dried for two days at room temperature before packaging.
  • Softgel capsules of fortified extra virgin olive oil with olive fruit extract according to the invention can thus be prepared accordingly.
  • Sprage Dawley rats Forty-eight male Sprage Dawley rats (weight aprox. 150-180 g) were obtained from Harlan Interfauna Iberica SA (Barcelona, Spain) and maintained during all the experiment in the installations of the animalary service at the University of Murcia. The animals were randomly distributed into six experimental groups of 8 rats each one, and every 4 rats subgroup housed under standard conditions of lighting (day/night cycles of 12 h), temperature (22 ⁇ 2° C.) and humidity (60%).
  • the diets used in the study were as follows:
  • HT hydroxytyrosol
  • Animal group treated with AO diet has been fed for 1-month with the A-diet (atherogenic diet, negative control) followed by a further month with diet O (evoo diet, which naturally comprises 5.7 mg HT/kg evoo).
  • Animal group treated with G5 diet has been fed for 1-month with the A-diet (atherogenic diet, negative control) followed by a further month with diet G5 (fortified evoo diet, which results in a daily intake of 5 mg HT/kg (BVV), supplied by oral gavage.
  • A-diet atherogenic diet, negative control
  • G5 fortified evoo diet, which results in a daily intake of 5 mg HT/kg (BVV), supplied by oral gavage.
  • BVV HT/kg
  • Animal group treated with G8 diet has been fed for 1-month with the A-diet (atherogenic diet, negative control) followed by a further month with diet G8 (fortified evoo diet, which results in a daily intake of 8 mg HT/kg (BW) supplied by oral gavage.
  • A-diet atherogenic diet, negative control
  • G8 fortified evoo diet, which results in a daily intake of 8 mg HT/kg (BW) supplied by oral gavage.
  • TC total cholesterol
  • HDL-C HDL-cholesterol
  • TG triglycerides
  • the TAC of plasma was measured as described by Re et al (1999) using Trolox as standard. Fresh plasma was diluted in PBS and 20 microL were incubated in the dark with 980 microL of ABTS+ [2,2-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] radical cation for 10 min at room temperature. After 10 minutes, absorbance was read at 734 nm.
  • ABTS+cation mother solution was prepared by addition of 440 microL of 14 mM potassium persulfate in water to 25 mL of a 7 mM solution of ABTS (Sigma A-1808) in water and incubation for 12-14 h in the dark. The working solution was obtained by dilution of the mother solution with PBS until the absorbance at 734 nm was 0.7 ⁇ 0.02.
  • the data are expressed as means ⁇ standard error of the means (S.E.M.), and were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Differences between the groups were assessed by the Tukey test. Differences were considered significant when P-values were ⁇ 0.05.
  • the data was analysed using Sigma Stat software (Version 2.03).
  • FIG. 7 shows the correlation between the triglycerides levels and the animals, divided according to the different diet schemes.
  • animal group 1 treated with CC diet shows the lowest triglycerides levels
  • animal group 2 treated with AA diet shows the highest, being statistically significant the difference of the triglycerides levels between groups 1 and 2 with a P-value ⁇ 0.001.
  • An interesting result is shown according to animal groups 5 and 6, that were treated with G5 and G8 diets respectively.
  • the triglycerides values show that, even if the animals were fed with an atherogenic diet for the first month, in the subsequent month of treatment, where they were fed with a standard diet plus and oral gavage of fortified extra virgin olive oil according to the present invention, no statistically significant difference of the triglycerides level between groups 5 and 1 or 6 and 1 were observed. In other words, after the month of treatment with the atherogenic diet a significant reduction of the triglycerides levels to a value that is comparable to the level obtained with the control diet, was observed for animal groups G5 and G8.
  • FIG. 8 shows the correlation between the atherogenic index and the animals, divided according to the different diet schemes.
  • animal group 1 treated with CC diet shows the lowest atherogenic index value
  • animal group 2 treated with AA diet shows the highest, being statistically significant the difference of the atherogenic index value between groups 1 and 2 with a P-value ⁇ 0.001.
  • An interesting result is shown according to animal groups 5 and 6, that were treated with G5 and G8 diets respectively. No statistically significant difference of the atherogenic index value between groups 5 and 1 or 6 and 1 were observed.
  • FIG. 9 shows the correlation between TAC plasma values and the animals, divided according to the different diet schemes.
  • animal groups 5 and 6 show the highest Total Antioxidant Capacity, being statistically significant the difference of the TAC value between groups 5 and 1 (P-value ⁇ 0.001) and 6 and 1 (P-value ⁇ 0.001).
  • the regular administration of the fortified nutritional product (containing the olive extract according to the present invention) protects the cardiovascular system which, to a greater or lesser extent, prevents the occurrence of adverse cardiovascular events and therefore may well be considered as a health promoting nutritional product.
  • rats were feed on a solid standard diet for rats (Panlab). Drinking water and food were available ad libitum. After an setting period of 7 days, treatments according the experimental design were started.
  • N-nitro-L-arginine-methylester (L-NAME) induced hypertension model was used.
  • Arterial blood pressure was measured with a periodicity according the above cronogramme, by the tail-cuff method. Before the measurement, rats were kept at 37° C. for 10 min to make the pulsations of the tail artery detectable.
  • the equipment used in the present study LE 5002 (Letica, Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain), has a high sensitivity pulse transducer coupled with an accurate microprocessor program, and allow accurate measurements of arterial blood pressure.
  • the arterial blood pressure measurements were performed at the same time of the day in order to avoid any influence of the circadian cycle.
  • the data are expressed as means ⁇ standard error of the means (S.E.M.), and were analyzed using Sigma Stat software (Version 2.03).
  • FIG. 10 shows the correlation between the detected blood pressure values and the animals, divided according to the different treatment schemes.
  • animal group 1 showed no hypertension
  • animal group 2 showed high and increasing blood pressure values, induced by L-NAME treatment.
  • Animal group 6 (positive control), in unison with L-NAME hypertension induction, was treated with Captopril, a known and highly efficient blood pressure lowering agent, and shown a significant reduction of the blood pressure values.
  • Animal group 3 in unison with L-NAME hypertension induction, was treated with extra virgin olive oil (evoo) while animal groups 4 and 5, in unison with L-NAME hypertension induction, were treated with fortified extra virgin olive oil (fortified evoo).
  • Animal group 4 and 5 blood pressure levels were significantly lower than animal group 3 blood pressure levels, thus resulting in a better action on hypertension exploited by the fortified extra virgin olive oil according to the present invention with respect to the action exploited by non-fortified evoo.
  • HT hydroxytyrosol
  • the data are expressed as means ⁇ standard error of the means (S.E.M.), and were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Differences between the groups were assessed by the Tukey test. Differences were considered significant when P-values were ⁇ 0.05.
  • the data was analysed using Sigma Stat software (Version 2.03).
  • FIG. 11 shows the correlation between the atherogenic index and the animals, divided according to the different diet schemes.
  • animal group 1 treated with CC diet shows the lowest atherogenic index value
  • animal group 2 treated with AA diet shows the highest, being statistically significant the difference of the atherogenic index value between groups 1 and 2 with a P-value ⁇ 0.001.
  • An interesting result is shown according to animal group 4, that, in this experiment, were treated with A-G8 diet. No statistically significant difference of the atherogenic index value between group 4 and 1 was observed.
  • the regular administration of the olive extract according to the present invention protects the cardiovascular system which, to a greater or lesser extent, prevents the occurrence of some of the risk factors that are considered associated with atherosclerotic plaque builds up in the arteries and metabolic syndrome, and therefore may well be considered a health promoting natural extract, to be used in the preparation of dietary supplements.
  • the edible oil of the invention maintains the original organoleptic properties, i.e. there is no increase in bitterness value and no by-products of the hydrolysis of complex polyphenols (e.g. oleuropein, that is an ester of hydroxytyrosol) such as oleuropeina aglycone (e.g. aldehydic form of oleuropeina aglycon) and sugars (e.g glucose, that is the sugar present in the oleuropein).
  • complex polyphenols e.g. oleuropein, that is an ester of hydroxytyrosol
  • oleuropeina aglycone e.g. aldehydic form of oleuropeina aglycon
  • sugars e.g glucose, that is the sugar present in the oleuropein
  • the acidity expresses the percentage content (in weight) of the free fatty acids in the oil under examination.
  • Free fatty acids are normally present also in oils obtained from sound olives: when the triglycerides are formed, there is a progressive increase in acidity due to the action of enzymes (lipase) naturally present in the fruit, which help the fatty acids to detach from the molecule of triglyceride (lipolisis).
  • lipolitic phenomenon can be caused by enzymes produced by micro-organisms which grow on the fruit.
  • the content of peroxides in the oil under examination is expressed by the peroxide value.
  • the peroxides are subject to further oxydation which gives rise to the formation of other compounds which are determinable in different ways (aldehydes, ketones etc.)
  • These compounds called compounds of secondary oxydation, are responsible for making the oil rancid.
  • oxydation and due to the enzymes present in the tissue of the fruit lipoxygenases
  • a certain concentration of peroxides is already present in the fruit before pressing. Particular natural circumstances (e.g. temperatures below freezing, dacic infestations, drought etc.), or olives incorrectly harvested and preserved may encourage a further formation of peroxides.
  • This test consists of measuring three parameters (K232, K270, ⁇ K) determined during the same analytic procedure.
  • K232 the greater the concentration of conjugated dienes
  • K270 is proportional to the concentratioin of conjugated trienes.
  • compounds of oxydation of the conjugated dienes contribute to K232 while compounds of secondary oxydation (aldehydes, ketones etc.) contribute to K270.
  • K225 values of the order of 0.360 or higher correspond to quite bitter oils which are rejected by most of the consumers.
  • the pre-emulsion is feed into the feeding hopper of the homogeniser operating according to a double homogenization stages procedure.
  • the homogenization of the pre-emulsion operated at a pressure of 300/30, bar for 1 st stage/2 nd stages respectively allows to obtain a stable emulsion.
  • the preliminary test referred to above table showed that the source and purity of the olive extract is critical to increase of the level of hydroxytyrosol while avoiding alteration of organoleptic properties of the oil, causing non-pleasant taste because of excessive bitterness and/or astringency.

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ATE508642T1 (de) 2011-05-15
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