US20100087508A1 - Compositions and Methods for Inhibiting Expression of Eg5 and VEGF Genes - Google Patents

Compositions and Methods for Inhibiting Expression of Eg5 and VEGF Genes Download PDF

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US20100087508A1
US20100087508A1 US12/552,207 US55220709A US2010087508A1 US 20100087508 A1 US20100087508 A1 US 20100087508A1 US 55220709 A US55220709 A US 55220709A US 2010087508 A1 US2010087508 A1 US 2010087508A1
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dsrna
composition
cell
vegf
nucleotide
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David Bumcrot
Dinah Wen-Yee Sah
Ivanka Toudjarska
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Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc
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Assigned to ALNYLAM PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. reassignment ALNYLAM PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BUMCROT, DAVID, SAH, DINAH WEN-YEE, TOUDJARSKA, IVANKA
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Priority to US13/442,809 priority patent/US9006197B2/en
Priority to US14/682,891 priority patent/US20160000819A1/en
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    • C12N15/1136—Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing against growth factors, growth regulators, cytokines, lymphokines or hormones
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Definitions

  • This invention relates to compositions containing double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA), and their use in mediating RNA interference to inhibit the expression of a combination of genes, e.g., the Eg5 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) genes formulated in SNALP, and the use of the compositions to treat pathological processes mediated by Eg5 and VEGF expression, such as cancer.
  • dsRNA double-stranded ribonucleic acid
  • VEGF Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
  • the maintenance of cell populations within an organism is governed by the cellular processes of cell division and programmed cell death. Within normal cells, the cellular events associated with the initiation and completion of each process is highly regulated. In proliferative disease such as cancer, one or both of these processes may be perturbed. For example, a cancer cell may have lost its regulation (checkpoint control) of the cell division cycle through either the overexpression of a positive regulator or the loss of a negative regulator, perhaps by mutation.
  • a cancer cell may have lost the ability to undergo programmed cell death through the overexpression of a negative regulator.
  • chemotherapeutic drugs that will restore the processes of checkpoint control and programmed cell death to cancerous cells.
  • One approach to the treatment of human cancers is to target a protein that is essential for cell cycle progression. In order for the cell cycle to proceed from one phase to the next, certain prerequisite events must be completed. There are checkpoints within the cell cycle that enforce the proper order of events and phases.
  • One such checkpoint is the spindle checkpoint that occurs during the metaphase stage of mitosis. Small molecules that target proteins with essential functions in mitosis may initiate the spindle checkpoint to arrest cells in mitosis. Of the small molecules that arrest cells in mitosis, those which display anti-tumor activity in the clinic also induce apoptosis, the morphological changes associated with programmed cell death.
  • An effective chemotherapeutic for the treatment of cancer may thus be one which induces checkpoint control and programmed cell death.
  • Eg5 is one of several kinesin-like motor proteins that are localized to the mitotic spindle and known to be required for formation and/or function of the bipolar mitotic spindle. Recently, there was a report of a small molecule that disturbs bipolarity of the mitotic spindle (Mayer, T. U. et. al. 1999. Science 286 (5441) 971-4, herein incorporated by reference). More specifically, the small molecule induced the formation of an aberrant mitotic spindle wherein a monoastral array of microtubules emanated from a central pair of centrosomes, with chromosomes attached to the distal ends of the microtubules.
  • the small molecule was dubbed “monastrol” after the monoastral array.
  • This monoastral array phenotype had been previously observed in mitotic cells that were immunodepleted of the Eg5 motor protein.
  • This distinctive monoastral array phenotype facilitated identification of monastrol as a potential inhibitor of Eg5.
  • monastrol was further shown to inhibit the Eg5 motor-driven motility of microtubules in an in vitro assay.
  • the Eg5 inhibitor monastrol had no apparent effect upon the related kinesin motor or upon the motor(s) responsible for golgi apparatus movement within the cell.
  • VEGF also known as vascular permeability factor, VPF
  • VPF vascular permeability factor
  • VEGF is a multifunctional cytokine that stimulates angiogenesis, epithelial cell proliferation, and endothelial cell survival.
  • VEGF can be produced by a wide variety of tissues, and its overexpression or aberrant expression can result in a variety disorders, including cancers and retinal disorders such as age-related macular degeneration and other angiogenic disorders.
  • dsRNA double-stranded RNA molecules
  • RNAi RNA interference
  • WO 99/32619 discloses the use of a dsRNA of at least 25 nucleotides in length to inhibit the expression of genes in C. elegans .
  • dsRNA has also been shown to degrade target RNA in other organisms, including plants (see, e.g., WO 99/53050, Waterhouse et al.; and WO 99/61631, Heifetz et al.), Drosophila (see, e.g., Yang, D., et al., Curr. Biol .
  • compositions having two double-stranded ribonucleic acids (dsRNA) for inhibiting the expression of a human kinesin family member 11 (Eg5/KSP) and a human VEGF gene in a cell are formulated in a stable nucleic acid lipid particle (SNALP). Also disclosed are method for using the composition to decrease expression of Eg5/KSP and/or VEGF in a cell, and method of treatment of a disease, e.g., liver cancer, using the compositions of the invention.
  • SNALP stable nucleic acid lipid particle
  • a composition having a first double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) for inhibiting the expression of a human kinesin family member 11 (Eg5/KSP) gene in a cell and a second dsRNA for inhibiting expression of a human VEGF in a cell, wherein both said first and said second dsRNA are formulated in a stable nucleic acid lipid particle (SNALP); said first dsRNA consists of a first sense strand and a first antisense strand, and said first sense strand has a first sequence and said first antisense strand has a second sequence complementary to at least 15 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO:1311 (5′-UCGAGAAUCUAAACUAACU-3′), wherein said first sequence is complementary to said second sequence and wherein said first dsRNA is between 15 and 30 base pairs in length; and said second dsRNA consists of a second sense strand and a second antisense
  • the first antisense strand has a second sequence complementary to SEQ ID NO:1311 (5′-UCGAGAAUCUAAACUAACU-3′) and the second antisense strand has a fourth sequence complementary to SEQ ID NO:1538 (5′-GCACAUAGGAGAGAUGAGCUU-3′).
  • the first dsRNA consists of a sense strand consisting of SEQ ID NO:1534 (5′-UCGAGAAUCUAAACUAACUTT-3′) and an antisense strand consisting of SEQ ID NO:1535 (5′-AGUUAGUUUAGAUUCUCGATT-3′) and the second dsRNA consists of a sense strand consisting of SEQ ID NO:1536 (5′-GCACAUAGGAGAGAUGAGCUU-3′), and an antisense strand consisting of SEQ ID NO:1537 (5′-AAGCUCAUCUCUCCUAUGUGCUG-3′).
  • each strand is modified as follows to include a 2′-O-methyl ribonucleotide as indicated by a lower case letter “c” or “u” and a phosphorothioate as indicated by a lower case letter “s”:
  • the first dsRNA consists of a sense strand consisting of SEQ ID NO:1240 (5′-ucGAGAAucuAAAcuAAcuTsT-3′), and an antisense strand consisting of SEQ ID NO:1241 (5′-AGUuAGUUuAGAUUCUCGATsT);
  • the second dsRNA consists of a sense strand consisting of SEQ ID NO:1242 (5′-GcAcAuAGGAGAGAuGAGCUsU-3′) and an antisense strand consisting of SEQ ID NO:1243 (5′-AAGCUcAUCUCUCCuAuGuGCusG-3′).
  • the first dsRNA contains two overhangs and the second dsRNA contains an overhang at the 3′ of the antisense and a blunt end at the 5′ end of the antisense strand.
  • the first and second dsRNA can have at least one modified nucleotide.
  • each dsRNA can have at least one modified nucleotide chosen from the group of: a 2′-O-methyl modified nucleotide, a nucleotide having a 5′-phosphorothioate group, and a terminal nucleotide linked to a cholesteryl derivative or dodecanoic acid bisdecylamide group.
  • the modified nucleotide can be chosen from the group of: a 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro modified nucleotide, a 2′-deoxy-modified nucleotide, a locked nucleotide, an abasic nucleotide, 2′-amino-modified nucleotide, 2′-alkyl-modified nucleotide, morpholino nucleotide, a phosphoramidate, and a non-natural base having nucleotide.
  • the first and second dsRNA each comprise at least one 2′-O-methyl modified ribonucleotide and at least one nucleotide having a 5′-phosphorothioate group.
  • Each strand of each dsRNA can be, e.g., 19-23 bases in length, or, alternatively 21-23 bases in length.
  • each strand of the first dsRNA is 21 bases in length and the sense strand of the second dsRNA is 21 bases in length and the antisense strand of the second dsRNA is 23 bases in length.
  • the first and second dsRNA are present in an equimolar ratio.
  • the dsRNAs are formulated as SNALPS.
  • the SNALP formulation includes DLinDMA, cholesterol, DPPC, and PEG2000-C-DMA.
  • the SNALP can have the components in the proportions listed in Table 17.
  • the composition of the invention can be used to reduce expression of Eg5 and/or VAGF.
  • the composition of the invention upon contact with a cell expressing Eg5, inhibits expression of Eg5 by at least 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or by at least 90%.
  • the composition of the invention upon contact with a cell expressing VEGF, inhibits expression of VEGF by at least 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or by at least 90%.
  • Administration of the composition to a cell can expression of both Eg5 and VEGF in said cell.
  • the composition of claims 1 - 17 wherein the composition is administered in a nM concentration.
  • Administration of the composition of the invention to a cell can result in, e.g., an increase in mono-aster formation in the cell.
  • Administration of the composition to a mammal can result in at least one effect selected from the group consisting of prevention of tumor growth, reduction in tumor growth, or prolonged survival in said mammal.
  • the effect can be measured using at least one assay selected from the group consisting of determination of body weight, determination of organ weight, visual inspection, mRNA analysis, serum AFP analysis and survival monitoring. Included are compositions with these effect when administered in a nM concentration.
  • composition of the invention includes Sorafenib.
  • compositions of the invention are methods for suing the compositions of the invention.
  • Other embodiments are methods for preventing tumor growth, reducing tumor growth, or prolonging survival in a mammal in need of treatment for cancer by administering the composition to said mammal.
  • the mammal has liver cancer, e.g., the mammal is a human with liver cancer.
  • the method can include a further step of administering Sorafenib.
  • FIG. 1 is a graph showing liver weights as percentage of body weight following administration of SNALP-siRNAs in a Hep3B mouse model.
  • FIGS. 2A-2D are graphs showing the effects of SNALP-siRNAs on body weight in a Hep3B mouse model.
  • FIG. 3 is a graph showing the effects of SNALP-siRNAs on body weight in a Hep3B mouse model.
  • FIG. 4 is a graph showing the body weight in untreated control animals.
  • FIG. 5 is a graph showing the effects of control luciferase-SNALP siRNAs on body weight in a Hep3B mouse model.
  • FIG. 6 is a graph showing the effects of VSP-SNALP siRNAs on body weight in a Hep3B mouse model.
  • FIG. 7A is a graph showing the effects of SNALP-siRNAs on human GAPDH levels normalized to mouse GAPDH levels in a Hep3B mouse model.
  • FIG. 7B is a graph showing the effects of SNALP-siRNAs on serum AFP levels as measured by serum ELISA in a Hep3B mouse model.
  • FIG. 8 is a graph showing the effects of SNALP-siRNAs on human GAPDH levels normalized to mouse GAPDH levels in a Hep3B mouse model.
  • FIG. 9 is a graph showing the effects of SNALP-siRNAs on human KSP levels normalized to human GAPDH levels in a Hep3B mouse model.
  • FIG. 10 is a graph showing the effects of SNALP-siRNAs on human VEGF levels normalized to human GAPDH levels in a Hep3B mouse model.
  • FIG. 11A is a graph showing the effects of SNALP-siRNAs on mouse VEGF levels normalized to human GAPDH levels in a Hep3B mouse model.
  • FIG. 11B is a set of graphs showing the effects of SNALP-siRNAs on human GAPDH levels and serum AFP levels in a Hep3B mouse model.
  • FIGS. 12A-12C are graphs showing the effects of SNALP-siRNAs on tumor KSP, VEGF and GAPDH levels in a Hep3B mouse model.
  • FIG. 13A and FIG. 13B are graphs showing the effects of SNALP-siRNAs on survival in mice with hepatic tumors. Treatment was started at 18 days ( FIG. 13A ) and 26 days ( FIG. 13B ) after tumor cell seeding.
  • FIG. 14 is a graph showing the effects of SNALP-siRNAs on serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP) levels.
  • FIGS. 15A and 15B are images of H&E stained sections in tumor bearing animals (three weeks after Hep3B cell implantation) were administered 2 mg/kg SNALP-VSP (A) or 2 mg/kg SNALP-Luc (B). Twenty four hours later, tumor bearing liver lobes were processed for histological analysis. Arrows indicate mono asters.
  • FIG. 16 is a flow diagram illustrating the manufacturing process of ALN-VSPDS01.
  • FIG. 17 is a cryo-transmission electron microscope (cryo-TEM) image of ALN-VSP02.
  • FIG. 18 is a flow diagram illustrating the manufacturing process of ALN-VSP02.
  • FIG. 19 is a graph illustrating the effects on survival of administration SNALP formulated siRNA and Sorafenib.
  • the invention provides compositions and methods for inhibiting the expression of the Eg5 gene and VEGF gene in a cell or mammal using the dsRNAs.
  • the dsRNAs are preferably packaged in a stable nucleic acid particle (SNALP).
  • SNALP stable nucleic acid particle
  • the invention also provides compositions and methods for treating pathological conditions and diseases, such as liver cancer, in a mammal caused by the expression of the Eg5 gene and VEGF genes.
  • the dsRNA directs the sequence-specific degradation of mRNA through a process known as RNA interference (RNAi).
  • compositions containing dsRNAs to inhibit the expression of the Eg5 gene and VEGF genes, respectively, as well as compositions and methods for treating diseases and disorders caused by the expression of these genes, such as cancer.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions featured in the invention include a dsRNA having an antisense strand comprising a region of complementarity which is less than 30 nucleotides in length, generally 19-24 nucleotides in length, and is substantially complementary to at least part of an RNA transcript of the Eg5 gene, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • compositions featured in the invention also include a dsRNA having an antisense strand having a region of complementarity which is less than 30 nucleotides in length, generally 19-24 nucleotides in length, and is substantially complementary to at least part of an RNA transcript of the VEGF gene.
  • compositions containing the Eg5 and VEGF dsRNAs and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier methods of using the compositions to inhibit expression of the Eg5 gene and the VEGF gene respectively, and methods of using the pharmaceutical compositions to treat diseases caused by expression of the Eg5 and VEGF genes.
  • G,” “C,” “A” and “U” each generally stand for a nucleotide that contains guanine, cytosine, adenine, and uracil as a base, respectively.
  • T and “dT” are used interchangeably herein and refer to a deoxyribonucleotide wherein the nucleobase is thymine, e.g., deoxyribothymine.
  • ribonucleotide or “nucleotide” can also refer to a modified nucleotide, as further detailed below, or a surrogate replacement moiety.
  • guanine, cytosine, adenine, and uracil may be replaced by other moieties without substantially altering the base pairing properties of an oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide bearing such replacement moiety.
  • a nucleotide comprising inosine as its base may base pair with nucleotides containing adenine, cytosine, or uracil.
  • nucleotides containing uracil, guanine, or adenine may be replaced in the nucleotide sequences of the invention by a nucleotide containing, for example, inosine.
  • adenine and cytosine anywhere in the oligonucleotide can be replaced with guanine and uracil, respectively to form G-U Wobble base pairing with the target mRNA. Sequences comprising such replacement moieties are embodiments of the invention.
  • Eg5 refers to the human kinesin family member 11, which is also known as KIF11, Eg5, HKSP, KSP, KNSL1 or TRIPS. Eg5 sequence can be found as NCBI GeneID:3832, HGNC ID: HGNC:6388 and RefSeq ID number:NM — 004523.
  • KSP KSP/KSP are used interchangeably
  • VEGF also known as vascular permeability factor
  • VEGF is an angiogenic growth factor.
  • VEGF is a homodimeric 45 kDa glycoprotein that exists in at least three different isoforms.
  • VEGF isoforms are expressed in endothelial cells.
  • the VEGF gene contains 8 exons that express a 189-amino acid protein isoform.
  • a 165-amino acid isoform lacks the residues encoded by exon 6, whereas a 121-amino acid isoform lacks the residues encoded by exons 6 and 7.
  • VEGF145 is an isoform predicted to contain 145 amino acids and to lack exon 7.
  • VEGF can act on endothelial cells by binding to an endothelial tyrosine kinase receptor, such as Flt-1 (VEGFR-1) or KDR/flk-1 (VEGFR-2).
  • VEGFR-2 is expressed in endothelial cells and is involved in endothelial cell differentiation and vasculogenesis.
  • a third receptor, VEGFR-3 has been implicated in lymphogenesis.
  • VEGF145 induces angiogenesis and like VEGF189 (but unlike VEGF165) VEGF145 binds efficiently to the extracellular matrix by a mechanism that is not dependent on extracellular matrix-associated heparin sulfates. VEGF displays activity as an endothelial cell mitogen and chemoattractant in vitro and induces vascular permeability and angiogenesis in vivo.
  • VEGF is secreted by a wide variety of cancer cell types and promotes the growth of tumors by inducing the development of tumor-associated vasculature Inhibition of VEGF function has been shown to limit both the growth of primary experimental tumors as well as the incidence of metastases in immunocompromised mice.
  • Various dsRNAs directed to VEGF are described in co-pending U.S. Ser. No. 11/078,073 and 11/340,080, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
  • target sequence refers to a contiguous portion of the nucleotide sequence of an mRNA molecule formed during the transcription of the Eg5/KSP and/or VEGF gene, including mRNA that is a product of RNA processing of a primary transcription product.
  • strand comprising a sequence refers to an oligonucleotide comprising a chain of nucleotides that is described by the sequence referred to using the standard nucleotide nomenclature.
  • the term “complementary,” when used to describe a first nucleotide sequence in relation to a second nucleotide sequence, refers to the ability of an oligonucleotide or polynucleotide comprising the first nucleotide sequence to hybridize and form a duplex structure under certain conditions with an oligonucleotide or polynucleotide comprising the second nucleotide sequence, as will be understood by the skilled person.
  • Such conditions can, for example, be stringent conditions, where stringent conditions may include: 400 mM NaCl, 40 mM PIPES pH 6.4, 1 mM EDTA, 50° C. or 70° C. for 12-16 hours followed by washing.
  • sequences can be referred to as “fully complementary” with respect to each other herein.
  • first sequence is referred to as “substantially complementary” with respect to a second sequence herein
  • the two sequences can be fully complementary, or they may form one or more, but generally not more than 4, 3 or 2 mismatched base pairs upon hybridization, while retaining the ability to hybridize under the conditions most relevant to their ultimate application.
  • a dsRNA comprising one oligonucleotide 21 nucleotides in length and another oligonucleotide 23 nucleotides in length, wherein the longer oligonucleotide comprises a sequence of 21 nucleotides that is fully complementary to the shorter oligonucleotide, may yet be referred to as “fully complementary” for the purposes of the invention.
  • “Complementary” sequences may also include, or be formed entirely from, non-Watson-Crick base pairs and/or base pairs formed from non-natural and modified nucleotides, in as far as the above requirements with respect to their ability to hybridize are fulfilled.
  • Such non-Watson-Crick base pairs includes, but not limited to, G:U Wobble or Hoogstein base pairing.
  • a polynucleotide which is “substantially complementary to at least part of” a messenger RNA (mRNA) refers to a polynucleotide which is substantially complementary to a contiguous portion of the mRNA of interest (e.g., encoding Eg5/KSP and/or VEGF) including a 5′ UTR, an open reading frame (ORF), or a 3′ UTR.
  • mRNA messenger RNA
  • a polynucleotide is complementary to at least a part of a Eg5 mRNA if the sequence is substantially complementary to a non-interrupted portion of a mRNA encoding Eg5.
  • double-stranded RNA refers to a duplex structure comprising two anti-parallel and substantially complementary, as defined above, nucleic acid strands.
  • the two strands forming the duplex structure may be different portions of one larger RNA molecule, or they may be separate RNA molecules. Where the two strands are part of one larger molecule, and therefore are connected by an uninterrupted chain of nucleotides between the 3′-end of one strand and the 5′ end of the respective other strand forming the duplex structure, the connecting RNA chain is referred to as a “hairpin loop”.
  • the connecting structure is referred to as a “linker”.
  • the RNA strands may have the same or a different number of nucleotides. The maximum number of base pairs is the number of nucleotides in the shortest strand of the dsRNA minus any overhangs that are present in the duplex.
  • a dsRNA may comprise one or more nucleotide overhangs.
  • each or both strands can also include at least one non-ribonucleotide, e.g., a deoxyribonucleotide and/or a modified nucleotide.
  • dsRNA may include chemical modifications to ribonucleotides, including substantial modifications at multiple nucleotides and including all types of modifications disclosed herein or known in the art. Any such modifications, as used in an siRNA type molecule, are encompassed by “dsRNA” for the purposes of this specification and claims.
  • nucleotide overhang refers to the unpaired nucleotide or nucleotides that protrude from the duplex structure of a dsRNA when a 3′-end of one strand of the dsRNA extends beyond the 5′-end of the other strand, or vice versa.
  • “Blunt” or “blunt end” means that there are no unpaired nucleotides at that end of the dsRNA, i.e., no nucleotide overhang.
  • a “blunt ended” dsRNA is a dsRNA that is double-stranded over its entire length, i.e., no nucleotide overhang at either end of the molecule.
  • the dsRNA can have a nucleotide overhang at one end of the duplex and a blunt end at the other end.
  • antisense strand refers to the strand of a dsRNA which includes a region that is substantially complementary to a target sequence.
  • region of complementarity refers to the region on the antisense strand that is substantially complementary to a sequence, for example a target sequence, as defined herein. Where the region of complementarity is not fully complementary to the target sequence, the mismatches may be in the internal or terminal regions of the molecule. Generally the most tolerated mismatches are in the terminal regions, e.g., within 6, 5, 4, 3, or 2 nucleotides of the 5′ and/or 3′ terminus.
  • sense strand refers to the strand of a dsRNA that includes a region that is substantially complementary to a region of the antisense strand.
  • SNALP refers to a stable nucleic acid-lipid particle.
  • a SNALP represents a vesicle of lipids coating a reduced aqueous interior comprising a nucleic acid such as an iRNA agent or a plasmid from which an iRNA agent is transcribed.
  • Introducing into a cell means facilitating uptake or absorption into the cell, as is understood by those skilled in the art. Absorption or uptake of dsRNA can occur through unaided diffusive or active cellular processes, or by auxiliary agents or devices. The meaning of this term is not limited to cells in vitro; a dsRNA may also be “introduced into a cell”, wherein the cell is part of a living organism. In such instance, introduction into the cell will include the delivery to the organism. For example, for in vivo delivery, dsRNA can be injected into a tissue site or administered systemically. In vitro introduction into a cell includes methods known in the art such as electroporation and lipofection.
  • the degree of inhibition is usually expressed in terms of
  • the degree of inhibition may be given in terms of a reduction of a parameter that is functionally linked to Eg5 and/or VEGF gene expression, e.g. the amount of protein encoded by the Eg5 and/or VEGF gene which is produced by a cell, or the number of cells displaying a certain phenotype, e.g. apoptosis.
  • target gene silencing can be determined in any cell expressing the target, either constitutively or by genomic engineering, and by any appropriate assay.
  • the assay provided in the Examples below shall serve as such reference.
  • expression of the Eg5 gene is suppressed by at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50% by administration of the double-stranded oligonucleotide of the invention.
  • the Eg5 and/or VEGF gene is suppressed by at least about 60%, 70%, or 80% by administration of the double-stranded oligonucleotide of the invention.
  • the Eg5 and/or VEGF gene is suppressed by at least about 85%, 90%, or 95% by administration of the double-stranded oligonucleotide of the invention.
  • the Tables and Example below provides values for inhibition of expression using various Eg5 and/or VEGF dsRNA molecules at various concentrations.
  • the terms “treat”, “treatment”, and the like refer to relief from or alleviation of pathological processes mediated by Eg5 and/or VEGF expression.
  • the terms “treat”, “treatment”, and the like mean to relieve or alleviate at least one symptom associated with such condition, or to slow or reverse the progression of such condition, such as the slowing and progression of hepatic carcinoma.
  • the phrases “therapeutically effective amount” and “prophylactically effective amount” refer to an amount that provides a therapeutic benefit in the treatment, prevention, or management of pathological processes mediated by Eg5 and/or VEGF expression or an overt symptom of pathological processes mediated by Eg5 and/or VEGF expression.
  • the specific amount that is therapeutically effective can be readily determined by ordinary medical practitioner, and may vary depending on factors known in the art, such as, e.g. the type of pathological processes mediated by Eg5 and/or VEGF expression, the patient's history and age, the stage of pathological processes mediated by Eg5 and/or VEGF expression, and the administration of other anti-pathological processes mediated by Eg5 and/or VEGF expression agents.
  • a “pharmaceutical composition” comprises a pharmacologically effective amount of a dsRNA and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • pharmaceutically effective amount refers to that amount of an RNA effective to produce the intended pharmacological, therapeutic or preventive result. For example, if a given clinical treatment is considered effective when there is at least a 25% reduction in a measurable parameter associated with a disease or disorder, a therapeutically effective amount of a drug for the treatment of that disease or disorder is the amount necessary to effect at least a 25% reduction in that parameter.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier refers to a carrier for administration of a therapeutic agent.
  • such carriers include, but are not limited to, saline, buffered saline, dextrose, water, glycerol, ethanol, and combinations thereof.
  • the term specifically excludes cell culture medium.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not limited to pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as inert diluents, disintegrating agents, binding agents, lubricating agents, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preservatives.
  • Suitable inert diluents include sodium and calcium carbonate, sodium and calcium phosphate, and lactose, while corn starch and alginic acid are suitable disintegrating agents. Binding agents may include starch and gelatin, while the lubricating agent, if present, will generally be magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. If desired, the tablets may be coated with a material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate, to delay absorption in the gastrointestinal tract.
  • a “transformed cell” is a cell into which a vector has been introduced from which a dsRNA molecule may be expressed.
  • the invention provides double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) molecules for inhibiting the expression of the Eg5 and/or VEGF gene in a cell or mammal, wherein the dsRNA comprises an antisense strand comprising a region of complementarity which is complementary to at least a part of an mRNA formed in the expression of the Eg5 and/or VEGF gene, and wherein the region of complementarity is less than 30 nucleotides in length, generally 19-24 nucleotides in length, and wherein said dsRNA, upon contact with a cell expressing said Eg5 and/or VEGF gene, inhibits the expression of said Eg5 and/or VEGF gene.
  • dsRNA double-stranded ribonucleic acid
  • the region of complementarity is 19 nucleotides in length. In another embodiment the region of complementarity is 21 nucleotides in length.
  • the region of complementarity can be identical or can differ.
  • a composition can include a first dsRNA targeted to Eg5 with a region of complementarity of 19 nucleotides and a second dsRNA targeted to VEGF with a region of complementarity of 21 nucleotides.
  • Each strand of the dsRNA of invention is generally between 15 and 30, or between 18 and 25, or 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, or 24 nucleotides in length. In other embodiments, each is strand is 25-30 base pairs in length.
  • Each strand of the duplex can be the same length or of different lengths. When two different siRNAs are used in combination, the lengths of each strand of each siRNA can be identical or can differ.
  • a composition can include a dsRNA targeted to Eg5 with a sense strand of 21 nucleotides and an antisense strand of 21 nucleotides, and a second dsRNA targeted to VEGF with a sense strand of 21 nucleotides and an antisense strand of 23 nucleotides.
  • a dsRNAs having at least one nucleotide overhang can have unexpectedly superior inhibitory properties than the blunt-ended counterpart.
  • the presence of only one nucleotide overhang strengthens the interference activity of the dsRNA, without affecting its overall stability.
  • a dsRNA having only one overhang has proven particularly stable and effective in vivo, as well as in a variety of cells, cell culture mediums, blood, and serum.
  • the single-stranded overhang is located at the 3′-terminal end of the antisense strand or, alternatively, at the 3′-terminal end of the sense strand.
  • the dsRNA can also have a blunt end, generally located at the 5′-end of the antisense strand.
  • dsRNAs can have improved stability and inhibitory activity, thus allowing administration at low dosages, i.e., less than 5 mg/kg body weight of the recipient per day.
  • the antisense strand of the dsRNA has a nucleotide overhang at the 3′-end, and the 5′-end is blunt.
  • one or more of the nucleotides in the overhang is replaced with a nucleoside thiophosphate.
  • the composition of the invention includes a first dsRNA targeting Eg5 and a second dsRNA targeting VEGF.
  • the first and second dsRNA can have the same overhang architecture, e.g., number of nucleotide overhangs on each strand, or each dsRNA can have a different architecture.
  • the first dsRNA targeting Eg5 includes a 2 nucleotide overhang at the 3′ end of each strand and the second dsRNA targeting VEGF includes a 2 nucleotide overhang on the 3′ end of the antisense strand and a blunt end at the 5′ end of the antisense strand (e.g., the 3′ end of the sense strand).
  • the Eg5 gene targeted by the dsRNA of the invention is the human Eg5 gene.
  • the antisense strand of the dsRNA targeting Eg5 comprises at least 15 contiguous nucleotides of one of the antisense sequences of Table 1-3.
  • the first sequence of the dsRNA is selected from one of the sense strands of Tables 1-3 and the second sequence is selected from the group consisting of the antisense sequences of Tables 1-3.
  • Alternative antisense agents that target elsewhere in the target sequence provided in Tables 1-3 can readily be determined using the target sequence and the flanking Eg5 sequence.
  • the dsRNA targeted to Eg5 will comprise at least two nucleotide sequence selected from the groups of sequences provided in Tables 1-3. One of the two sequences is complementary to the other of the two sequences, with one of the sequences being substantially complementary to a sequence of an mRNA generated in the expression of the Eg5 gene.
  • the dsRNA will comprises two oligonucleotides, wherein one oligonucleotide is described as the sense strand in Tables 1-3 and the second oligonucleotide is described as the antisense strand in Tables 1-3
  • dsRNA targeting VEGF has an antisense strand complementary to at least 15 contiguous nucleotides of the VEGF target sequences described in Table 4a.
  • the dsRNA targeting VEGF comprises one of the antisense sequences of Table 4b, or one of the sense sequences of Table 4b, or comprises one of the duplexes (sense and antisense strands) of Table 4b.
  • dsRNAs comprising a duplex structure of between 20 and 23, but specifically 21, base pairs have been hailed as particularly effective in inducing RNA interference (Elbashir et al., EMBO 2001, 20:6877-6888). However, others have found that shorter or longer dsRNAs can be effective as well.
  • the dsRNAs of the invention can comprise at least one strand of a length of minimally 21 nt.
  • dsRNAs comprising one of the sequences of Tables 1-3 minus only a few nucleotides on one or both ends may be similarly effective as compared to the dsRNAs described above.
  • dsRNAs comprising a partial sequence of at least 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or more contiguous nucleotides from one of the sequences of Tables 1-3, and differing in their ability to inhibit the expression of the Eg5 gene in a FACS assay as described herein below by not more than 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, or 30% inhibition from a dsRNA comprising the full sequence, are contemplated by the invention.
  • dsRNAs that cleave within the target sequence provided in Tables 1-3 can readily be made using the Eg5 sequence and the target sequence provided. Additional dsRNA targeting VEGF can be designed in a similar matter using the sequences disclosed in Tables 4a and 4b, the Examples and co-pending U.S. Ser. Nos. 11/078,073 and 11/340,080, herein incorporated by reference.
  • RNAi agents provided in Tables 1-3 identify a site in the Eg5 mRNA that is susceptible to RNAi based cleavage.
  • the present invention further includes RNAi agents, e.g., dsRNA, that target within the sequence targeted by one of the agents of the present invention.
  • a second RNAi agent is said to target within the sequence of a first RNAi agent if the second RNAi agent cleaves the message anywhere within the mRNA that is complementary to the antisense strand of the first RNAi agent.
  • Such a second agent will generally consist of at least 15 contiguous nucleotides from one of the sequences provided in Tables 1-3 coupled to additional nucleotide sequences taken from the region contiguous to the selected sequence in the Eg5 gene.
  • the last 15 nucleotides of SEQ ID NO:1 combined with the next 6 nucleotides from the target Eg5 gene produces a single strand agent of 21 nucleotides that is based on one of the sequences provided in Tables 1-3.
  • Additional RNAi agents, e.g., dsRNA, targeting VEGF can be designed in a similar matter using the sequences disclosed in Tables 4a and 4b, the Examples and co-pending U.S. Ser. Nos. 11/078,073 and 11/340,080, herein incorporated by reference.
  • the dsRNA of the invention can contain one or more mismatches to the target sequence. In a preferred embodiment, the dsRNA of the invention contains no more than 3 mismatches. If the antisense strand of the dsRNA contains mismatches to a target sequence, it is preferable that the area of mismatch not be located in the center of the region of complementarity. If the antisense strand of the dsRNA contains mismatches to the target sequence, it is preferable that the mismatch be restricted to 5 nucleotides from either end, for example 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 nucleotide from either the 5′ or 3′ end of the region of complementarity.
  • the dsRNA generally does not contain any mismatch within the central 13 nucleotides.
  • the methods described within the invention can be used to determine whether a dsRNA containing a mismatch to a target sequence is effective in inhibiting the expression of the Eg5 gene. Consideration of the efficacy of dsRNAs with mismatches in inhibiting expression of the Eg5 gene is important, especially if the particular region of complementarity in the Eg5 gene is known to have polymorphic sequence variation within the population.
  • the dsRNA is chemically modified to enhance stability.
  • nucleic acids of the invention may be synthesized and/or modified by methods well established in the art, such as those described in “Current protocols in nucleic acid chemistry”, Beaucage, S. L. et al. (Edrs.), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y., USA, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
  • Specific examples of preferred dsRNA compounds useful in this invention include dsRNAs containing modified backbones or no natural internucleoside linkages.
  • dsRNAs having modified backbones include those that retain a phosphorus atom in the backbone and those that do not have a phosphorus atom in the backbone.
  • modified dsRNAs that do not have a phosphorus atom in their internucleoside backbone can also be considered to be oligonucleosides.
  • Preferred modified dsRNA backbones include, for example, phosphorothioates, chiral phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, phosphotriesters, aminoalkylphosphotriesters, methyl and other alkyl phosphonates including 3′-alkylene phosphonates and chiral phosphonates, phosphinates, phosphoramidates including 3′-amino phosphoramidate and aminoalkylphosphoramidates, thionophosphoramidates, thionoalkylphosphonates, thionoalkylphosphotriesters, and boranophosphates having normal 3′-5′ linkages, 2′-5′ linked analogs of these, and those) having inverted polarity wherein the adjacent pairs of nucleoside units are linked 3′-5′ to 5′-3′ or 2′-5′ to 5′-2′.
  • Various salts, mixed salts and free acid forms are also included.
  • Preferred modified dsRNA backbones that do not include a phosphorus atom therein have backbones that are formed by short chain alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, mixed heteroatoms and alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, or ore or more short chain heteroatomic or heterocyclic internucleoside linkages.
  • morpholino linkages formed in part from the sugar portion of a nucleoside
  • siloxane backbones sulfide, sulfoxide and sulfone backbones
  • formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones methylene formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones
  • alkene containing backbones sulfamate backbones
  • sulfonate and sulfonamide backbones amide backbones; and others having mixed N, O, S and CH2 component parts.
  • both the sugar and the internucleoside linkage, i.e., the backbone, of the nucleotide units are replaced with novel groups.
  • the base units are maintained for hybridization with an appropriate nucleic acid target compound.
  • an dsRNA mimetic that has been shown to have excellent hybridization properties, is referred to as a peptide nucleic acid (PNA).
  • PNA peptide nucleic acid
  • the sugar backbone of an dsRNA is replaced with an amide containing backbone, in particular an aminoethylglycine backbone.
  • the nucleobases are retained and are bound directly or indirectly to aza nitrogen atoms of the amide portion of the backbone. Representative U.S.
  • PNA compounds include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,539,082; 5,714,331; and 5,719,262, each of which is herein incorporated by reference. Further teaching of PNA compounds can be found in Nielsen et al., Science, 1991, 254, 1497-1500.
  • Most preferred embodiments of the invention are dsRNAs with phosphorothioate backbones and oligonucleosides with heteroatom backbones, and in particular —CH 2 —NH—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —N(CH 3 )—O—CH 2 — [known as a methylene (methylimino) or MMI backbone], —CH 2 —O—N(CH 3 )—CH 2 , —CH 2 —N(CH 3 )—N(CH 3 )—CH 2 — and —N(CH 3 )—CH 2 —CH 2 —[wherein the native phosphodiester backbone is represented as —O—P—O—CH 2 —] of the above-referenced U.S.
  • Modified dsRNAs may also contain one or more substituted sugar moieties.
  • Preferred dsRNAs comprise one of the following at the 2′ position: OH; F; O—, S—, or N-alkyl; O—, S—, or N-alkenyl; O—, S- or N-alkynyl; or O-alkyl-O-alkyl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl may be substituted or unsubstituted C 1 to C 10 alkyl or C 2 to C 10 alkenyl and alkynyl.
  • dsRNAs comprise one of the following at the 2′ position: C 1 to C 10 lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, alkaryl, aralkyl, O-alkaryl or O-aralkyl, SH, SCH 3 , OCN, Cl, Br, CN, CF 3 , OCF 3 , SOCH 3 , SO 2 CH 3 , ONO 2 , NO 2 , N 3 , NH 2 , heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkaryl, aminoalkylamino, polyalkylamino, substituted silyl, an RNA cleaving group, a reporter group, an intercalator, a group for improving the pharmacokinetic properties of an dsRNA, or a group for improving the pharmacodynamic properties of an dsRNA, and other substituents having similar properties.
  • a preferred modification includes 2′-methoxyethoxy (2′-O—CH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 , also known as 2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl) or 2′-MOE) (Martin et al., Helv. Chim. Acta, 1995, 78, 486-504) i.e., an alkoxy-alkoxy group.
  • a further preferred modification includes 2′-dimethylaminooxyethoxy, i.e., a O(CH 2 ) 2 ON(CH 3 ) 2 group, also known as 2′-DMAOE, as described in examples herein below, and 2′-dimethylaminoethoxyethoxy (also known in the art as 2′-O-dimethylaminoethoxyethyl or 2′-DMAEOE), i.e., 2′-O—CH 2 —O—CH 2 —N(CH 2 ) 2 , also described in examples herein below.
  • 2′-dimethylaminooxyethoxy i.e., a O(CH 2 ) 2 ON(CH 3 ) 2 group
  • 2′-DMAOE also known as 2′-DMAOE
  • 2′-dimethylaminoethoxyethoxy also known in the art as 2′-O-dimethylaminoethoxyethyl or 2′-DMAEOE
  • modifications include 2′-methoxy (2′-OCH 3 ), 2′-aminopropoxy (2′-OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 ) and 2′-fluoro (2′-F). Similar modifications may also be made at other positions on the dsRNA, particularly the 3′ position of the sugar on the 3′ terminal nucleotide or in 2′-5′ linked dsRNAs and the 5′ position of 5′ terminal nucleotide. DsRNAs may also have sugar mimetics such as cyclobutyl moieties in place of the pentofuranosyl sugar. Representative U.S. patents that teach the preparation of such modified sugar structures include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos.
  • DsRNAs may also include nucleobase (often referred to in the art simply as “base”) modifications or substitutions.
  • base include the purine bases adenine (A) and guanine (G), and the pyrimidine bases thymine (T), cytosine (C) and uracil (U).
  • Modified nucleobases include other synthetic and natural nucleobases such as 5-methylcytosine (5-me-C), 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, 2-aminoadenine, 6-methyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-propyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-thiouracil, 2-thiothymine and 2-thiocytosine, 5-halouracil and cytosine, 5-propynyl uracil and cytosine, 6-azo uracil, cytosine and thymine, 5-uracil (pseudouracil), 4-thiouracil, 8-halo, 8-amino, 8-thiol, 8-thioalkyl, 8-hydroxyl anal other 8-substituted adenines and guanines, 5-halo, particularly 5-bromo, 5-trifluoromethyl and other 5-substi
  • nucleobases include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,808, those disclosed in The Concise Encyclopedia Of Polymer Science And Engineering, pages 858-859, Kroschwitz, J. L, ed. John Wiley & Sons, 1990, these disclosed by Englisch et al., Angewandte Chemie, International Edition, 1991, 30, 613, and those disclosed by Sanghvi, Y S., Chapter 15, DsRNA Research and Applications, pages 289-302, Crooke, S. T. and Lebleu, B., Ed., CRC Press, 1993. Certain of these nucleobases are particularly useful for increasing the binding affinity of the oligomeric compounds of the invention.
  • 5-substituted pyrimidines include 5-substituted pyrimidines, 6-azapyrimidines and N-2, N-6 and 0-6 substituted purines, including 2-aminopropyladenine, 5-propynyluracil and 5-propynylcytosine.
  • 5-methylcytosine substitutions have been shown to increase nucleic acid duplex stability by 0.6-1.2° C. (Sanghvi, Y. S., Crooke, S. T. and Lebleu, B., Eds., DsRNA Research and Applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1993, pp. 276-278) and are presently preferred base substitutions, even more particularly when combined with 2′-O-methoxyethyl sugar modifications.
  • dsRNAs of the invention involves chemically linking to the dsRNA one or more moieties or conjugates which enhance the activity, cellular distribution or cellular uptake of the dsRNA.
  • moieties include but are not limited to lipid moieties such as a cholesterol moiety (Letsinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acid. Sci. USA, 199, 86, 6553-6556), cholic acid (Manoharan et al., Biorg. Med. Chem. Let., 1994 4 1053-1060), a thioether, e.g., beryl-5-tritylthiol (Manoharan et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad.
  • Acids Res., 1990, 18, 3777-3783 a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol chain (Manoharan et al., Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 1995, 14, 969-973), or adamantane acetic acid (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 3651-3654), a palmityl moiety (Mishra et al., Biochim Biophys. Acta, 1995, 1264, 229-237), or an octadecylamine or hexylamino-carbonyloxycholesterol moiety (Crooke et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1996, 277, 923-937).
  • dsRNA compounds which are chimeric compounds. “Chimeric” dsRNA compounds or “chimeras,” in the context of this invention, are dsRNA compounds, particularly dsRNAs, which contain two or more chemically distinct regions, each made up of at least one monomer unit, i.e., a nucleotide in the case of an dsRNA compound.
  • dsRNAs typically contain at least one region wherein the dsRNA is modified so as to confer upon the dsRNA increased resistance to nuclease degradation, increased cellular uptake, and/or increased binding affinity for the target nucleic acid.
  • An additional region of the dsRNA may serve as a substrate for enzymes capable of cleaving RNA:DNA or RNA:RNA hybrids.
  • RNase H is a cellular endonuclease which cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA:DNA duplex. Activation of RNase H, therefore, results in cleavage of the RNA target, thereby greatly enhancing the efficiency of dsRNA inhibition of gene expression.
  • RNA target can be routinely detected by gel electrophoresis and, if necessary, associated nucleic acid hybridization techniques known in the art.
  • the dsRNA may be modified by a non-ligand group.
  • non-ligand molecules have been conjugated to dsRNAs in order to enhance the activity, cellular distribution or cellular uptake of the dsRNA, and procedures for performing such conjugations are available in the scientific literature.
  • Such non-ligand moieties have included lipid moieties, such as cholesterol (Letsinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1989, 86:6553), cholic acid (Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem.
  • a thioether e.g., hexyl-5-tritylthiol (Manoharan et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1992, 660:306; Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let., 1993, 3:2765), a thiocholesterol (Oberhauser et al., Nucl.
  • Acids Res., 1990, 18:3777 a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol chain (Manoharan et al., Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 1995, 14:969), or adamantane acetic acid (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36:3651), a palmityl moiety (Mishra et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1995, 1264:229), or an octadecylamine or hexylamino-carbonyl-oxycholesterol moiety (Crooke et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1996, 277:923).
  • Typical conjugation protocols involve the synthesis of dsRNAs bearing an aminolinker at one or more positions of the sequence. The amino group is then reacted with the molecule being conjugated using appropriate coupling or activating reagents. The conjugation reaction may be performed either with the dsRNA still bound to the solid support or following cleavage of the dsRNA in solution phase. Purification of the dsRNA conjugate by HPLC typically affords the pure conjugate.
  • a ligand can be multifunctional and/or a dsRNA can be conjugated to more than one ligand.
  • the dsRNA can be conjugated to one ligand for improved uptake and to a second ligand for improved release.
  • Eg5 and VEGF specific dsRNA molecules that are expressed from transcription units inserted into DNA or RNA vectors (see, e.g., Couture, A, et al., TIG . (1996), 12:5-10; Skillern, A., et al., International PCT Publication No. WO 00/22113, Conrad, International PCT Publication No. WO 00/22114, and Conrad, U.S. Pat. No. 6,054,299).
  • These transgenes can be introduced as a linear construct, a circular plasmid, or a viral vector, which can be incorporated and inherited as a transgene integrated into the host genome.
  • the transgene can also be constructed to permit it to be inherited as an extrachromosomal plasmid (Gassmann, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1995) 92:1292).
  • a dsRNA can be transcribed by promoters on two separate expression vectors and co-transfected into a target cell.
  • each individual strand of the dsRNA can be transcribed by promoters both of which are located on the same expression plasmid.
  • a dsRNA is expressed as an inverted repeat joined by a linker polynucleotide sequence such that the dsRNA has a stem and loop structure.
  • the recombinant dsRNA expression vectors are generally DNA plasmids or viral vectors.
  • dsRNA expressing viral vectors can be constructed based on, but not limited to, adeno-associated virus (for a review, see Muzyczka, et al., Curr. Topics Micro. Immunol . (1992) 158:97-129)); adenovirus (see, for example, Berkner, et al., BioTechniques (1998) 6:616), Rosenfeld et al. (1991 , Science 252:431-434), and Rosenfeld et al. (1992), Cell 68:143-155)); or alphavirus as well as others known in the art.
  • adeno-associated virus for a review, see Muzyczka, et al., Curr. Topics Micro. Immunol . (1992) 158:97-129
  • adenovirus see, for example, Berkner, et al., BioTechniques
  • Retroviruses have been used to introduce a variety of genes into many different cell types, including epithelial cells, in vitro and/or in vivo (see, e.g., Eglitis, et al., Science (1985) 230:1395-1398; Danos and Mulligan, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1998) 85:6460-6464; Wilson et al., 1988 , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:3014-3018; Armentano et al., 1990 , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:61416145; Huber et al., 1991 , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
  • Recombinant retroviral vectors capable of transducing and expressing genes inserted into the genome of a cell can be produced by transfecting the recombinant retroviral genome into suitable packaging cell lines such as PA317 and Psi-CRIP (Comette et al., 1991, Human Gene Therapy 2:5-10; Cone et al., 1984, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:6349).
  • Recombinant adenoviral vectors can be used to infect a wide variety of cells and tissues in susceptible hosts (e.g., rat, hamster, dog, and chimpanzee) (Hsu et al., 1992, J. Infectious Disease, 166:769), and also have the advantage of not requiring mitotically active cells for infection.
  • susceptible hosts e.g., rat, hamster, dog, and chimpanzee
  • Any viral vector capable of accepting the coding sequences for the dsRNA molecule(s) to be expressed can be used, for example vectors derived from adenovirus (AV); adeno-associated virus (AAV); retroviruses (e.g., lentiviruses (LV), Rhabdoviruses, murine leukemia virus); herpes virus, and the like.
  • AV adenovirus
  • AAV adeno-associated virus
  • retroviruses e.g., lentiviruses (LV), Rhabdoviruses, murine leukemia virus
  • herpes virus and the like.
  • the tropism of viral vectors can be modified by pseudotyping the vectors with envelope proteins or other surface antigens from other viruses, or by substituting different viral capsid proteins, as appropriate.
  • lentiviral vectors of the invention can be pseudotyped with surface proteins from vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), rabies, Ebola, Mokola, and the like.
  • AAV vectors of the invention can be made to target different cells by engineering the vectors to express different capsid protein serotypes.
  • an AAV vector expressing a serotype 2 capsid on a serotype 2 genome is called AAV 2/2.
  • This serotype 2 capsid gene in the AAV 2/2 vector can be replaced by a serotype 5 capsid gene to produce an AAV 2/5 vector.
  • AAV vectors which express different capsid protein serotypes are within the skill in the art; see, e.g., Rabinowitz J E et al. (2002), J Virol 76:791-801, the entire disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference.
  • Preferred viral vectors are those derived from AV and AAV.
  • the dsRNA of the invention is expressed as two separate, complementary single-stranded RNA molecules from a recombinant AAV vector having, for example, either the U6 or H1 RNA promoters, or the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter.
  • CMV cytomegalovirus
  • a suitable AV vector for expressing the dsRNA of the invention a method for constructing the recombinant AV vector, and a method for delivering the vector into target cells, are described in Xia H et al. (2002), Nat. Biotech. 20: 1006-1010.
  • Suitable AAV vectors for expressing the dsRNA of the invention, methods for constructing the recombinant AV vector, and methods for delivering the vectors into target cells are described in Samulski R et al. (1987), J. Virol. 61: 3096-3101; Fisher K J et al. (1996), J. Virol, 70: 520-532; Samulski R et al. (1989), J. Virol. 63: 3822-3826; U.S. Pat. No. 5,252,479; U.S. Pat. No. 5,139,941; International Patent Application No. WO 94/13788; and International Patent Application No. WO 93/24641, the entire disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference.
  • the promoter driving dsRNA expression in either a DNA plasmid or viral vector of the invention may be a eukaryotic RNA polymerase I (e.g. ribosomal RNA promoter), RNA polymerase II (e.g. CMV early promoter or actin promoter or U1 snRNA promoter) or generally RNA polymerase III promoter (e.g. U6 snRNA or 7SK RNA promoter) or a prokaryotic promoter, for example the T7 promoter, provided the expression plasmid also encodes T7 RNA polymerase required for transcription from a T7 promoter.
  • RNA polymerase I e.g. ribosomal RNA promoter
  • RNA polymerase II e.g. CMV early promoter or actin promoter or U1 snRNA promoter
  • RNA polymerase III promoter e.g. U6 snRNA or 7SK RNA promoter
  • a prokaryotic promoter for example
  • the promoter can also direct transgene expression to the pancreas (see, e.g., the insulin regulatory sequence for pancreas (Bucchini et al., 1986, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:2511-2515)).
  • expression of the transgene can be precisely regulated, for example, by using an inducible regulatory sequence and expression systems such as a regulatory sequence that is sensitive to certain physiological regulators, e.g., circulating glucose levels, or hormones (Docherty et al., 1994, FASEB J. 8:20-24).
  • inducible expression systems suitable for the control of transgene expression in cells or in mammals include regulation by ecdysone, by estrogen, progesterone, tetracycline, chemical inducers of dimerization, and isopropyl-beta-D1-thiogalactopyranoside (EPTG).
  • ETG isopropyl-beta-D1-thiogalactopyranoside
  • recombinant vectors capable of expressing dsRNA molecules are delivered as described below, and persist in target cells.
  • viral vectors can be used that provide for transient expression of dsRNA molecules.
  • Such vectors can be repeatedly administered as necessary. Once expressed, the dsRNAs bind to target RNA and modulate its function or expression.
  • Delivery of dsRNA expressing vectors can be systemic, such as by intravenous or intramuscular administration, by administration to target cells ex-planted from the patient followed by reintroduction into the patient, or by any other means that allows for introduction into a desired target cell.
  • dsRNA expression DNA plasmids are typically transfected into target cells as a complex with cationic lipid carriers (e.g.
  • Oligofectamine or non-cationic lipid-based carriers (e.g. Transit-TKOTM).
  • Multiple lipid transfections for dsRNA-mediated knockdowns targeting different regions of a single EG5 gene (or VEGF gene) or multiple Eg5 genes (or VEGF genes) over a period of a week or more are also contemplated by the invention.
  • Successful introduction of the vectors of the invention into host cells can be monitored using various known methods. For example, transient transfection. can be signaled with a reporter, such as a fluorescent marker, such as Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). Stable transfection of ex vivo cells can be ensured using markers that provide the transfected cell with resistance to specific environmental factors (e.g., antibiotics and drugs), such as hygromycin B resistance.
  • a reporter such as a fluorescent marker, such as Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP).
  • GFP Green Fluorescent Protein
  • Stable transfection of ex vivo cells can be ensured using markers that provide the
  • the Eg5 specific dsRNA molecules and VEGF specific dsRNA molecules can also be inserted into vectors and used as gene therapy vectors for human patients.
  • Gene therapy vectors can be delivered to a subject by, for example, intravenous injection, local administration (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,328,470) or by stereotactic injection (see e.g., Chen et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:3054-3057).
  • the pharmaceutical preparation of the gene therapy vector can include the gene therapy vector in an acceptable diluent, or can include a slow release matrix in which the gene delivery vehicle is imbedded.
  • the pharmaceutical preparation can include one or more cells which produce the gene delivery system.
  • the invention provides pharmaceutical compositions containing a dsRNA, as described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and methods of administering the same.
  • the pharmaceutical composition containing the dsRNA is useful for treating a disease or disorder associated with the expression or activity of a Eg5/KSP and/or VEGF gene, such as pathological processes mediated by Eg5/KSP and/or VEGF expression, e.g., liver cancer.
  • Such pharmaceutical compositions are formulated based on the mode of delivery.
  • compositions featured herein are administered in dosages sufficient to inhibit expression of EG5/KSP and/or VEGF genes.
  • a suitable dose of dsRNA will be in the range of 0.01 to 200.0 milligrams per kilogram body weight of the recipient per day, generally in the range of 1 to 50 mg per kilogram body weight per day.
  • the dsRNA can be administered at 0.01 mg/kg, 0.05 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, 1.5 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, 5.0 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, or 50 mg/kg per single dose.
  • the pharmaceutical composition can be administered once daily, or the dsRNA may be administered as two, three, or more sub-doses at appropriate intervals throughout the day.
  • the effect of a single dose on EG5/KSP AND/OR VEGF levels is long lasting, such that subsequent doses are administered at not more than 7 day intervals, or at not more than 1, 2, 3, or 4 week intervals.
  • the dsRNA is administered using continuous infusion or delivery through a controlled release formulation.
  • the dsRNA contained in each sub-dose must be correspondingly smaller in order to achieve the total daily dosage.
  • the dosage unit can also be compounded for delivery over several days, e.g., using a conventional sustained release formulation which provides sustained release of the dsRNA over a several day period. Sustained release formulations are well known in the art and are particularly useful for delivery of agents at a particular site, such as could be used with the agents of the present invention.
  • the dosage unit contains a corresponding multiple of the daily dose.
  • treatment of a subject with a therapeutically effective amount of a composition can include a single treatment or a series of treatments.
  • Estimates of effective dosages and in vivo half-lives for the individual dsRNAs encompassed by the invention can be made using conventional methodologies or on the basis of in vivo testing using an appropriate animal model, as described elsewhere herein.
  • a suitable mouse model is, for example, a mouse containing a plasmid expressing human EG5/KSP AND/OR VEGF.
  • Another suitable mouse model is a transgenic mouse carrying a transgene that expresses human EG5/KSP AND/OR VEGF.
  • Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of such compounds can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., for determining the LD50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the ED50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population).
  • the dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index and it can be expressed as the ratio LD50/ED50.
  • Compounds that exhibit high therapeutic indices are preferred.
  • the data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosage for use in humans.
  • the dosage of compositions featured in the invention lies generally within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED50 with little or no toxicity.
  • the dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized.
  • the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially from cell culture assays.
  • a dose may be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating plasma concentration range of the compound or, when appropriate, of the polypeptide product of a target sequence (e.g., achieving a decreased concentration of the polypeptide) that includes the IC50 (i.e., the concentration of the test compound which achieves a half-maximal inhibition of symptoms) as determined in cell culture.
  • a target sequence e.g., achieving a decreased concentration of the polypeptide
  • the IC50 i.e., the concentration of the test compound which achieves a half-maximal inhibition of symptoms
  • levels in plasma may be measured, for example, by high performance liquid chromatography.
  • the dsRNAs featured in the invention can be administered in combination with other known agents effective in treatment of pathological processes mediated by target gene expression.
  • the administering physician can adjust the amount and timing of dsRNA administration on the basis of results observed using standard measures of efficacy known in the art or described herein.
  • compositions of the present invention may be administered in a number of ways depending upon whether local or systemic treatment is desired and upon the area to be treated. Administration may be topical, pulmonary, e.g., by inhalation or insufflation of powders or aerosols, including by nebulizer; intratracheal, intranasal, epidermal and transdermal, and subdermal, oral or parenteral, e.g., subcutaneous.
  • the dsRNA molecules are administered systemically via parental means.
  • Parenteral administration includes intravenous, intra-arterial, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection or infusion; or intracranial, e.g., intraparenchymal, intrathecal or intraventricular, administration.
  • dsRNAs conjugated or unconjugate or formulated with or without liposomes
  • a dsRNA molecule can be formulated into compositions such as sterile and non-sterile aqueous solutions, non-aqueous solutions in common solvents such as alcohols, or solutions in liquid or solid oil bases.
  • Such solutions also can contain buffers, diluents, and other suitable additives.
  • a dsRNA molecule can be formulated into compositions such as sterile aqueous solutions, which also can contain buffers, diluents, and other suitable additives (e.g., penetration enhancers, carrier compounds, and other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers). Formulations are described in more detail herein.
  • the dsRNA can be delivered in a manner to target a particular tissue, such as the liver (e.g., the hepatocytes of the liver).
  • a particular tissue such as the liver (e.g., the hepatocytes of the liver).
  • the pharmaceutical formulations of the present invention may be prepared according to conventional techniques well known in the pharmaceutical industry. Such techniques include the step of bringing into association the active ingredients with the pharmaceutical carrier(s) or excipient(s). In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredients with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.
  • compositions of the present invention may be formulated into any of many possible dosage forms such as, but not limited to, tablets, capsules, gel capsules, liquid syrups, soft gels, suppositories, and enemas.
  • the compositions of the present invention may also be formulated as suspensions in aqueous, non-aqueous or mixed media.
  • Aqueous suspensions may further contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension including, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sorbitol and/or dextran.
  • the suspension may also contain stabilizers.
  • compositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to, solutions, emulsions, and liposome-containing formulations. These compositions may be generated from a variety of components that include, but are not limited to, preformed liquids, self-emulsifying solids and self-emulsifying semisolids. In one aspect are formulations that target the liver when treating hepatic disorders such as hyperlipidemia.
  • dsRNA that target the EG5/KSP AND/OR VEGF gene can be formulated into compositions containing the dsRNA admixed, encapsulated, conjugated, or otherwise associated with other molecules, molecular structures, or mixtures of nucleic acids.
  • a composition containing one or more dsRNA agents that target the Eg5/KSP and/or VEGF gene can contain other therapeutic agents such as other cancer therapeutics or one or more dsRNA compounds that target non-EG5/KSP AND/OR VEGF genes.
  • compositions and formulations for oral administration include powders or granules, microparticulates, nanoparticulates, suspensions or solutions in water or non-aqueous media, capsules, gel capsules, sachets, tablets or minitablets. Thickeners, flavoring agents, diluents, emulsifiers, dispersing aids or binders may be desirable.
  • oral formulations are those in which dsRNAs featured in the invention are administered in conjunction with one or more penetration enhancers surfactants and chelators.
  • Suitable surfactants include fatty acids and/or esters or salts thereof, bile acids and/or salts thereof.
  • Suitable bile acids/salts include chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and ursodeoxychenodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), cholic acid, dehydrocholic acid, deoxycholic acid, glucholic acid, glycholic acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid, taurodeoxycholic acid, sodium tauro-24,25-dihydro-fusidate and sodium glycodihydrofusidate.
  • DCA chenodeoxycholic acid
  • UDCA ursodeoxychenodeoxycholic acid
  • cholic acid dehydrocholic acid
  • deoxycholic acid deoxycholic acid
  • glucholic acid glycholic acid
  • glycodeoxycholic acid taurocholic acid
  • taurodeoxycholic acid sodium tauro-24,25-dihydro-fusidate and sodium glycodihydrofusidate.
  • Suitable fatty acids include arachidonic acid, undecanoic acid, oleic acid, lauric acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, dicaprate, tricaprate, monoolein, dilaurin, glyceryl 1-monocaprate, 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, an acylcarnitine, an acylcholine, or a monoglyceride, a diglyceride or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., sodium).
  • arachidonic acid arachidonic acid, undecanoic acid, oleic acid, lauric acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, dicaprate, tricaprate, monoolein, dilaurin, gly
  • combinations of penetration enhancers are used, for example, fatty acids/salts in combination with bile acids/salts.
  • One exemplary combination is the sodium salt of lauric acid, capric acid and UDCA.
  • Further penetration enhancers include polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene-20-cetyl ether.
  • DsRNAs featured in the invention may be delivered orally, in granular form including sprayed dried particles, or complexed to form micro or nanoparticles.
  • DsRNA complexing agents include poly-amino acids; polyimines; polyacrylates; polyalkylacrylates, polyoxethanes, polyalkylcyanoacrylates; cationized gelatins, albumins, starches, acrylates, polyethyleneglycols (PEG) and starches; polyalkylcyanoacrylates; DEAE-derivatized polyimines, pollulans, celluloses and starches.
  • Suitable complexing agents include chitosan, N-trimethylchitosan, poly-L-lysine, polyhistidine, polyornithine, polyspermines, protamine, polyvinylpyridine, polythiodiethylaminomethylethylene P(TDAE), polyaminostyrene (e.g., p-amino), poly(methylcyanoacrylate), poly(ethylcyanoacrylate), poly(butylcyanoacrylate), poly(isobutylcyanoacrylate), poly(isohexylcynaoacrylate), DEAE-methacrylate, DEAE-hexylacrylate, DEAE-acrylamide, DEAE-albumin and DEAE-dextran, polymethylacrylate, polyhexylacrylate, poly(D,L-lactic acid), poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), alginate, and polyethyleneglycol (PEG).
  • TDAE polythiodiethylamino
  • compositions and formulations for parenteral, intraparenchymal (into the brain), intrathecal, intraventricular or intrahepatic administration may include sterile aqueous solutions which may also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives such as, but not limited to, penetration enhancers, carrier compounds and other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients.
  • compositions and formulations for topical administration may include transdermal patches, ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders.
  • Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners and the like may be necessary or desirable.
  • Suitable topical formulations include those in which the dsRNAs featured in the invention are in admixture with a topical delivery agent such as lipids, liposomes, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, steroids, chelating agents and surfactants.
  • Suitable lipids and liposomes include neutral (e.g., dioleoylphosphatidyl DOPE ethanolamine, dimyristoylphosphatidyl choline DMPC, distearolyphosphatidyl choline) negative (e.g., dimyristoylphosphatidyl glycerol DMPG) and cationic (e.g., dioleoyltetramethylaminopropyl DOTAP and dioleoylphosphatidyl ethanolamine DOTMA).
  • DsRNAs featured in the invention may be encapsulated within liposomes or may form complexes thereto, in particular to cationic liposomes.
  • dsRNAs may be complexed to lipids, in particular to cationic lipids.
  • Suitable fatty acids and esters include but are not limited to arachidonic acid, oleic acid, eicosanoic acid, lauric acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, dicaprate, tricaprate, monoolein, dilaurin, glyceryl 1-monocaprate, 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, an acylcarnitine, an acylcholine, or a C 1-10 alkyl ester (e.g., isopropylmyristate IPM), monoglyceride, diglyceride or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • oleic acid eicosanoic acid
  • lauric acid caprylic acid
  • capric acid myristic acid, palmitic acid
  • dsRNA molecules can be administered to a mammal as biologic or abiologic means as described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,271,359.
  • Abiologic delivery can be accomplished by a variety of methods including, without limitation, (1) loading liposomes with a dsRNA acid molecule provided herein and (2) complexing a dsRNA molecule with lipids or liposomes to form nucleic acid-lipid or nucleic acid-liposome complexes.
  • the liposome can be composed of cationic and neutral lipids commonly used to transfect cells in vitro.
  • Cationic lipids can complex (e.g., charge-associate) with negatively charged nucleic acids to form liposomes.
  • cationic liposomes include, without limitation, lipofectin, lipofectamine, lipofectace, and DOTAP. Procedures for forming liposomes are well known in the art. Liposome compositions can be formed, for example, from phosphatidylcholine, dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine, dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol, or dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine.
  • LipofectinTM Invitrogen/Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif
  • EffecteneTM Qiagen, Valencia, Calif
  • systemic delivery methods can be optimized using commercially available cationic lipids such as DDAB or DOTAP, each of which can be mixed with a neutral lipid such as DOPE or cholesterol.
  • liposomes such as those described by Templeton et al. (Nature Biotechnology, 15: 647-652 (1997) can be used.
  • polycations such as polyethyleneimine can be used to achieve delivery in vivo and ex vivo (Boletta et al., J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.
  • Biologic delivery can be accomplished by a variety of methods including, without limitation, the use of viral vectors.
  • viral vectors e.g., adenovirus and herpesvirus vectors
  • Standard molecular biology techniques can be used to introduce one or more of the dsRNAs provided herein into one of the many different viral vectors previously developed to deliver nucleic acid to cells.
  • These resulting viral vectors can be used to deliver the one or more dsRNAs to cells by, for example, infection.
  • Formulations prepared by either the in-line mixing or extrusion-free method can be characterized in similar manners.
  • formulations are typically characterized by visual inspection. They should be whitish translucent solutions free from aggregates or sediment. Particle size and particle size distribution of lipid-nanoparticles can be measured by light scattering using, for example, a Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern, USA). Particles should be about 20-300 nm, such as 40-100 nm in size. The particle size distribution should be unimodal.
  • the total siRNA concentration in the formulation, as well as the entrapped fraction is estimated using a dye exclusion assay.
  • a sample of the formulated siRNA can be incubated with an RNA-binding dye, such as Ribogreen (Molecular Probes) in the presence or absence of a formulation disrupting surfactant, e.g., 0.5% Triton-X100.
  • a formulation disrupting surfactant e.g. 0.5% Triton-X100.
  • the total siRNA in the formulation can be determined by the signal from the sample containing the surfactant, relative to a standard curve.
  • the entrapped fraction is determined by subtracting the “free” siRNA content (as measured by the signal in the absence of surfactant) from the total siRNA content. Percent entrapped siRNA is typically >85%.
  • the particle size is at least 30 nm, at least 40 nm, at least 50 nm, at least 60 nm, at least 70 nm, at least 80 nm, at least 90 nm, at least 100 nm, at least 110 nm, and at least 120 nm.
  • the suitable range is typically about at least 50 nm to about at least 110 nm, about at least 60 nm to about at least 100 nm, or about at least 80 nm to about at least 90 nm.
  • liposome means a vesicle composed of amphiphilic lipids arranged in a spherical bilayer or bilayers.
  • Liposomes are unilamellar or multilamellar vesicles which have a membrane formed from a lipophilic material and an aqueous interior. The aqueous portion contains the composition to be delivered. Cationic liposomes possess the advantage of being able to fuse to the cell wall. Non-cationic liposomes, although not able to fuse as efficiently with the cell wall, are taken up by macrophages in vivo.
  • lipid vesicles In order to cross intact mammalian skin, lipid vesicles must pass through a series of fine pores, each with a diameter less than 50 nm, under the influence of a suitable transdermal gradient. Therefore, it is desirable to use a liposome which is highly deformable and able to pass through such fine pores.
  • liposomes obtained from natural phospholipids are biocompatible and biodegradable; liposomes can incorporate a wide range of water and lipid soluble drugs; liposomes can protect encapsulated drugs in their internal compartments from metabolism and degradation (Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 245)
  • Important considerations in the preparation of liposome formulations are the lipid surface charge, vesicle size and the aqueous volume of the liposomes.
  • Liposomes are useful for the transfer and delivery of active ingredients to the site of action. Because the liposomal membrane is structurally similar to biological membranes, when liposomes are applied to a tissue, the liposomes start to merge with the cellular membranes and as the merging of the liposome and cell progresses, the liposomal contents are emptied into the cell where the active agent may act.
  • Liposomes present several advantages over other formulations. Such advantages include reduced side-effects related to high systemic absorption of the administered drug, increased accumulation of the administered drug at the desired target, and the ability to administer a wide variety of drugs, both hydrophilic and hydrophobic, into the skin.
  • liposomes to deliver agents including high-molecular weight DNA into the skin.
  • Compounds including analgesics, antibodies, hormones and high-molecular weight DNAs have been administered to the skin. The majority of applications resulted in the targeting of the upper epidermis
  • Liposomes fall into two broad classes. Cationic liposomes are positively charged liposomes which interact with the negatively charged DNA molecules to form a stable complex. The positively charged DNA/liposome complex binds to the negatively charged cell surface and is internalized in an endosome. Due to the acidic pH within the endosome, the liposomes are ruptured, releasing their contents into the cell cytoplasm (Wang et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1987, 147, 980-985).
  • Liposomes which are pH-sensitive or negatively-charged, entrap DNA rather than complex with it. Since both the DNA and the lipid are similarly charged, repulsion rather than complex formation occurs. Nevertheless, some DNA is entrapped within the aqueous interior of these liposomes. pH-sensitive liposomes have been used to deliver DNA encoding the thymidine kinase gene to cell monolayers in culture. Expression of the exogenous gene was detected in the target cells (Zhou et al., Journal of Controlled Release, 1992, 19, 269-274).
  • liposomal composition includes phospholipids other than naturally-derived phosphatidylcholine.
  • Neutral liposome compositions can be formed from dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) or dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC).
  • Anionic liposome compositions generally are formed from dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol, while anionic fusogenic liposomes are formed primarily from dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE).
  • DOPE dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine
  • Another type of liposomal composition is formed from phosphatidylcholine (PC) such as, for example, soybean PC, and egg PC.
  • PC phosphatidylcholine
  • Another type is formed from mixtures of phospholipid and/or phosphatidylcholine and/or cholesterol.
  • Non-ionic liposomal systems have also been examined to determine their utility in the delivery of drugs to the skin, in particular systems comprising non-ionic surfactant and cholesterol.
  • Non-ionic liposomal formulations comprising NovasomeTM I (glyceryl dilaurate/cholesterol/po-lyoxyethylene-10-stearyl ether) and NovasomeTM II (glyceryl distearate/cholesterol/polyoxyethylene-10-stearyl ether) were used to deliver cyclosporin-A into the dermis of mouse skin. Results indicated that such non-ionic liposomal systems were effective in facilitating the deposition of cyclosporin-A into different layers of the skin (Hu et al. S.T.P. Pharma. Sci., 1994, 4, 6, 466).
  • Liposomes also include “sterically stabilized” liposomes, a term which, as used herein, refers to liposomes comprising one or more specialized lipids that, when incorporated into liposomes, result in enhanced circulation lifetimes relative to liposomes lacking such specialized lipids.
  • sterically stabilized liposomes are those in which part of the vesicle-forming lipid portion of the liposome (A) comprises one or more glycolipids, such as monosialoganglioside G M1 , or (B) is derivatized with one or more hydrophilic polymers, such as a polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety.
  • PEG polyethylene glycol
  • Liposomes comprising (1) sphingomyelin and (2) the ganglioside G M1 or a galactocerebroside sulfate ester.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,543,152 discloses liposomes comprising sphingomyelin. Liposomes comprising 1,2-sn-dimyristoylphosphat-idylcholine are disclosed in WO 97/13499 (Lim et al).
  • liposomes comprising lipids derivatized with one or more hydrophilic polymers, and methods of preparation thereof, are known in the art.
  • Sunamoto et al. (Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1980, 53, 2778) described liposomes comprising a nonionic detergent, 2C 1215G , that contains a PEG moiety.
  • Illum et al. (FEBS Lett., 1984, 167, 79) noted that hydrophilic coating of polystyrene particles with polymeric glycols results in significantly enhanced blood half-lives.
  • Synthetic phospholipids modified by the attachment of carboxylic groups of polyalkylene glycols (e.g., PEG) are described by Sears (U.S.
  • Liposomes having covalently bound PEG moieties on their external surface are described in European Patent No. EP 0 445 131 B1 and WO 90/04384 to Fisher.
  • Liposome compositions containing 1-20 mole percent of PE derivatized with PEG, and methods of use thereof, are described by Woodle et al. (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,013,556 and 5,356,633) and Martin et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,213,804 and European Patent No. EP 0 496 813 B1).
  • Liposomes comprising a number of other lipid-polymer conjugates are disclosed in WO 91/05545 and U.S. Pat. No.
  • a number of liposomes comprising nucleic acids are known in the art.
  • WO 96/40062 to Thierry et al. discloses methods for encapsulating high molecular weight nucleic acids in liposomes.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,264,221 to Tagawa et al. discloses protein-bonded liposomes and asserts that the contents of such liposomes may include a dsRNA.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,665,710 to Rahman et al. describes certain methods of encapsulating oligodeoxynucleotides in liposomes.
  • WO 97/04787 to Love et al. discloses liposomes comprising dsRNAs targeted to the raf gene.
  • Transfersomes are yet another type of liposomes, and are highly deformable lipid aggregates which are attractive candidates for drug delivery vehicles. Transfersomes may be described as lipid droplets which are so highly deformable that they are easily able to penetrate through pores which are smaller than the droplet. Transfersomes are adaptable to the environment in which they are used, e.g., they are self-optimizing (adaptive to the shape of pores in the skin), self-repairing, frequently reach their targets without fragmenting, and often self-loading. To make transfersomes it is possible to add surface edge-activators, usually surfactants, to a standard liposomal composition. Transfersomes have been used to deliver serum albumin to the skin. The transfersome-mediated delivery of serum albumin has been shown to be as effective as subcutaneous injection of a solution containing serum albumin.
  • HLB hydrophile/lipophile balance
  • Nonionic surfactants find wide application in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products and are usable over a wide range of pH values. In general their HLB values range from 2 to about 18 depending on their structure.
  • Nonionic surfactants include nonionic esters such as ethylene glycol esters, propylene glycol esters, glyceryl esters, polyglyceryl esters, sorbitan esters, sucrose esters, and ethoxylated esters.
  • Nonionic alkanolamides and ethers such as fatty alcohol ethoxylates, propoxylated alcohols, and ethoxylated/propoxylated block polymers are also included in this class.
  • the polyoxyethylene surfactants are the most popular members of the nonionic surfactant class.
  • Anionic surfactants include carboxylates such as soaps, acyl lactylates, acyl amides of amino acids, esters of sulfuric acid such as alkyl sulfates and ethoxylated alkyl sulfates, sulfonates such as alkyl benzene sulfonates, acyl isethionates, acyl taurates and sulfosuccinates, and phosphates.
  • the most important members of the anionic surfactant class are the alkyl sulfates and the soaps.
  • Cationic surfactants include quaternary ammonium salts and ethoxylated amines. The quaternary ammonium salts are the most used members of this class.
  • amphoteric surfactants include acrylic acid derivatives, substituted alkylamides, N-alkylbetaines and phosphatides.
  • a dsRNA featured in the invention is fully encapsulated in the lipid formulation to form a SPLP, pSPLP, SNALP, or other nucleic acid-lipid particle.
  • SNALP refers to a stable nucleic acid-lipid particle, including SPLP.
  • SPLP refers to a nucleic acid-lipid particle comprising plasmid DNA encapsulated within a lipid vesicle. SNALPs and SPLPs typically contain a cationic lipid, a non-cationic lipid, and a lipid that prevents aggregation of the particle (e.g., a PEG-lipid conjugate).
  • SPLPs include “pSPLP,” which include an encapsulated condensing agent-nucleic acid complex as set forth in PCT Publication No. WO 00/03683.
  • the particles of the present invention typically have a mean diameter of about 50 nm to about 150 nm, more typically about 60 nm to about 130 nm, more typically about 70 nm to about 110 nm, most typically about 70 to about 90 nm, and are substantially nontoxic.
  • nucleic acids when present in the nucleic acid-lipid particles of the present invention are resistant in aqueous solution to degradation with a nuclease.
  • Nucleic acid-lipid particles and their method of preparation are disclosed in, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,976,567; 5,981,501; 6,534,484; 6,586,410; 6,815,432; and PCT Publication No. WO 96/40964.
  • the lipid to drug ratio (mass/mass ratio) (e.g., lipid to dsRNA ratio) will be in the range of from about 1:1 to about 50:1, from about 1:1 to about 25:1, from about 3:1 to about 15:1, from about 4:1 to about 10:1, from about 5:1 to about 9:1, or about 6:1 to about 9:1.
  • the cationic lipid may be, for example, N,N-dioleyl-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride (DODAC), N,N-distearyl-N,N-dimethylammonium bromide (DDAB), N-(I-(2,3-dioleoyloxy)propyl)-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (DOTAP), N-(I-(2,3-dioleyloxy)propyl)-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (DOTMA), N,N-dimethyl-2,3-dioleyloxy)propylamine (DODMA), 1,2-DiLinoleyloxy-N,N-dimethylaminopropane (DLinDMA), 1,2-Dilinolenyloxy-N,N-dimethylaminopropane (DLenDMA), 1,2-Dilinoleylcarbamoyloxy-3-dimethylamino
  • the compound 2,2-Dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminoethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane can be used to prepare lipid-siRNA nanoparticles. Synthesis of 2,2-Dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminoethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane is described in U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/107,998 filed on Oct. 23, 2008, which is herein incorporated by reference.
  • the lipid-siRNA particle includes 40% 2-Dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminoethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane: 10% DSPC: 40% Cholesterol: 10% PEG-C-DOMG (mole percent) with a particle size of 63.0 ⁇ 20 nm and a 0.027 siRNA/Lipid Ratio.
  • the non-cationic lipid may be an anionic lipid or a neutral lipid including, but not limited to, distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC), dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC), dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG), dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG), dioleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE), palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC), palmitoyloleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (POPE), dioleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine 4-(N-maleimidomethyl)-cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (DOPE-mal), dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine (DPPE), dimyristoylphosphoethanolamine (DMPE), distearoy
  • the conjugated lipid that inhibits aggregation of particles may be, for example, a polyethyleneglycol (PEG)-lipid including, without limitation, a PEG-diacylglycerol (DAG), a PEG-dialkyloxypropyl (DAA), a PEG-phospholipid, a PEG-ceramide (Cer), or a mixture thereof.
  • the PEG-DAA conjugate may be, for example, a PEG-dilauryloxypropyl (Ci 2 ), a PEG-dimyristyloxypropyl (Ci 4 ), a PEG-dipalmityloxypropyl (Ci 6 ), or a PEG-distearyloxypropyl (C] 8 ).
  • the conjugated lipid that prevents aggregation of particles may be from 0 mol % to about 20 mol % or about 2 mol % of the total lipid present in the particle.
  • the nucleic acid-lipid particle further includes cholesterol at, e.g., about 10 mol % to about 60 mol % or about 48 mol % of the total lipid present in the particle.
  • the lipidoid ND98 ⁇ 4HCl (MW 1487) (Formula 1), Cholesterol (Sigma-Aldrich), and PEG-Ceramide C16 (Avanti Polar Lipids) can be used to prepare lipid-siRNA nanoparticles (i.e., LNP01 particles).
  • Stock solutions of each in ethanol can be prepared as follows: ND98, 133 mg/ml; Cholesterol, 25 mg/ml, PEG-Ceramide C16, 100 mg/ml.
  • the ND98, Cholesterol, and PEG-Ceramide C16 stock solutions can then be combined in a, e.g., 42:48:10 molar ratio.
  • the combined lipid solution can be mixed with aqueous siRNA (e.g., in sodium acetate pH 5) such that the final ethanol concentration is about 35-45% and the final sodium acetate concentration is about 100-300 mM.
  • aqueous siRNA e.g., in sodium acetate pH 5
  • Lipid-siRNA nanoparticles typically form spontaneously upon mixing.
  • the resultant nanoparticle mixture can be extruded through a polycarbonate membrane (e.g., 100 nm cut-off) using, for example, a thermobarrel extruder, such as Lipex Extruder (Northern Lipids, Inc). In some cases, the extrusion step can be omitted.
  • Ethanol removal and simultaneous buffer exchange can be accomplished by, for example, dialysis or tangential flow filtration.
  • Buffer can be exchanged with, for example, phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at about pH 7, e.g., about pH 6.9, about pH 7.0, about pH 7.1, about pH 7.2, about pH 7.3, or about pH 7.4.
  • PBS phosphate buffered saline
  • LNP01 formulations are described, e.g., in International Application Publication No. WO 2008/042973, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • compositions of the present invention may be prepared and formulated as emulsions.
  • Emulsions are typically heterogeneous systems of one liquid dispersed in another in the form of droplets usually exceeding 0.1 ⁇ m in diameter (Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199; Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., Volume 1, p.
  • Emulsions are often biphasic systems comprising two immiscible liquid phases intimately mixed and dispersed with each other.
  • emulsions may be of either the water-in-oil (w/o) or the oil-in-water (o/w) variety.
  • Emulsions may contain additional components in addition to the dispersed phases, and the active drug which may be present as a solution in either the aqueous phase, oily phase or itself as a separate phase.
  • compositions such as emulsifiers, stabilizers, dyes, and anti-oxidants may also be present in emulsions as needed.
  • Pharmaceutical emulsions may also be multiple emulsions that are comprised of more than two phases such as, for example, in the case of oil-in-water-in-oil (o/w/o) and water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsions.
  • Such complex formulations often provide certain advantages that simple binary emulsions do not.
  • Multiple emulsions in which individual oil droplets of an o/w emulsion enclose small water droplets constitute a w/o/w emulsion.
  • a system of oil droplets enclosed in globules of water stabilized in an oily continuous phase provides an o/w/o emulsion.
  • Emulsions are characterized by little or no thermodynamic stability. Often, the dispersed or discontinuous phase of the emulsion is well dispersed into the external or continuous phase and maintained in this form through the means of emulsifiers or the viscosity of the formulation. Either of the phases of the emulsion may be a semisolid or a solid, as is the case of emulsion-style ointment bases and creams. Other means of stabilizing emulsions entail the use of emulsifiers that may be incorporated into either phase of the emulsion.
  • Emulsifiers may broadly be classified into four categories: synthetic surfactants, naturally occurring emulsifiers, absorption bases, and finely dispersed solids (Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199).
  • Synthetic surfactants also known as surface active agents, have found wide applicability in the formulation of emulsions and have been reviewed in the literature (Rieger, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 285; Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1988, volume 1, p. 199).
  • Surfactants are typically amphiphilic and comprise a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic portion.
  • HLB hydrophile/lipophile balance
  • surfactants may be classified into different classes based on the nature of the hydrophilic group: nonionic, anionic, cationic and amphoteric (Rieger, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 285).
  • Naturally occurring emulsifiers used in emulsion formulations include lanolin, beeswax, phosphatides, lecithin and acacia.
  • Absorption bases possess hydrophilic properties such that they can soak up water to form w/o emulsions yet retain their semisolid consistencies, such as anhydrous lanolin and hydrophilic petrolatum. Finely divided solids have also been used as good emulsifiers especially in combination with surfactants and in viscous preparations.
  • polar inorganic solids such as heavy metal hydroxides, nonswelling clays such as bentonite, attapulgite, hectorite, kaolin, montmorillonite, colloidal aluminum silicate and colloidal magnesium aluminum silicate, pigments and nonpolar solids such as carbon or glyceryl tristearate.
  • non-emulsifying materials are also included in emulsion formulations and contribute to the properties of emulsions. These include fats, oils, waxes, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, fatty esters, humectants, hydrophilic colloids, preservatives and antioxidants (Block, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 335; Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199).
  • Hydrophilic colloids or hydrocolloids include naturally occurring gums and synthetic polymers such as polysaccharides (for example, acacia, agar, alginic acid, carrageenan, guar gum, karaya gum, and tragacanth), cellulose derivatives (for example, carboxymethylcellulose and carboxypropylcellulose), and synthetic polymers (for example, carbomers, cellulose ethers, and carboxyvinyl polymers). These disperse or swell in water to form colloidal solutions that stabilize emulsions by forming strong interfacial films around the dispersed-phase droplets and by increasing the viscosity of the external phase.
  • polysaccharides for example, acacia, agar, alginic acid, carrageenan, guar gum, karaya gum, and tragacanth
  • cellulose derivatives for example, carboxymethylcellulose and carboxypropylcellulose
  • synthetic polymers for example, carbomers, cellulose ethers, and
  • emulsions often contain a number of ingredients such as carbohydrates, proteins, sterols and phosphatides that may readily support the growth of microbes, these formulations often incorporate preservatives.
  • preservatives included in emulsion formulations include methyl paraben, propyl paraben, quaternary ammonium salts, benzalkonium chloride, esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and boric acid.
  • Antioxidants are also commonly added to emulsion formulations to prevent deterioration of the formulation.
  • Antioxidants used may be free radical scavengers such as tocopherols, alkyl gallates, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, or reducing agents such as ascorbic acid and sodium metabisulfite, and antioxidant synergists such as citric acid, tartaric acid, and lecithin.
  • free radical scavengers such as tocopherols, alkyl gallates, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, or reducing agents such as ascorbic acid and sodium metabisulfite
  • antioxidant synergists such as citric acid, tartaric acid, and lecithin.
  • Emulsion formulations for oral delivery have been very widely used because of ease of formulation, as well as efficacy from an absorption and bioavailability standpoint (Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p.
  • the compositions of dsRNAs and nucleic acids are formulated as microemulsions.
  • a microemulsion may be defined as a system of water, oil and amphiphile which is a single optically isotropic and thermodynamically stable liquid solution (Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 245).
  • microemulsions are systems that are prepared by first dispersing an oil in an aqueous surfactant solution and then adding a sufficient amount of a fourth component, generally an intermediate chain-length alcohol to form a transparent system.
  • microemulsions have also been described as thermodynamically stable, isotropically clear dispersions of two immiscible liquids that are stabilized by interfacial films of surface-active molecules (Leung and Shah, in: Controlled Release of Drugs: Polymers and Aggregate Systems, Rosoff, M., Ed., 1989, VCH Publishers, New York, pages 185-215).
  • Microemulsions commonly are prepared via a combination of three to five components that include oil, water, surfactant, cosurfactant and electrolyte.
  • microemulsion is of the water-in-oil (w/o) or an oil-in-water (o/w) type is dependent on the properties of the oil and surfactant used and on the structure and geometric packing of the polar heads and hydrocarbon tails of the surfactant molecules (Schott, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1985, p. 271).
  • microemulsions offer the advantage of solubilizing water-insoluble drugs in a formulation of thermodynamically stable droplets that are formed spontaneously.
  • Surfactants used in the preparation of microemulsions include, but are not limited to, ionic surfactants, non-ionic surfactants, Brij 96, polyoxyethylene oleyl ethers, polyglycerol fatty acid esters, tetraglycerol monolaurate (ML310), tetraglycerol monooleate (MO310), hexaglycerol monooleate (PO310), hexaglycerol pentaoleate (PO500), decaglycerol monocaprate (MCA750), decaglycerol monooleate (MO750), decaglycerol sequioleate (SO750), decaglycerol decaoleate (DAO750), alone or in combination with cosurfactants.
  • ionic surfactants non-ionic surfactants
  • Brij 96 polyoxyethylene oleyl ethers
  • polyglycerol fatty acid esters tetraglycerol monolaurate (ML310),
  • the cosurfactant usually a short-chain alcohol such as ethanol, 1-propanol, and 1-butanol, serves to increase the interfacial fluidity by penetrating into the surfactant film and consequently creating a disordered film because of the void space generated among surfactant molecules.
  • Microemulsions may, however, be prepared without the use of cosurfactants and alcohol-free self-emulsifying microemulsion systems are known in the art.
  • the aqueous phase may typically be, but is not limited to, water, an aqueous solution of the drug, glycerol, PEG300, PEG400, polyglycerols, propylene glycols, and derivatives of ethylene glycol.
  • the oil phase may include, but is not limited to, materials such as Captex 300, Captex 355, Capmul MCM, fatty acid esters, medium chain (C8-C12) mono, di, and tri-glycerides, polyoxyethylated glyceryl fatty acid esters, fatty alcohols, polyglycolized glycerides, saturated polyglycolized C8-C10 glycerides, vegetable oils and silicone oil.
  • materials such as Captex 300, Captex 355, Capmul MCM, fatty acid esters, medium chain (C8-C12) mono, di, and tri-glycerides, polyoxyethylated glyceryl fatty acid esters, fatty alcohols, polyglycolized glycerides, saturated polyglycolized C8-C10 glycerides, vegetable oils and silicone oil.
  • Microemulsions are particularly of interest from the standpoint of drug solubilization and the enhanced absorption of drugs.
  • Lipid based microemulsions both o/w and w/o have been proposed to enhance the oral bioavailability of drugs, including peptides (Constantinides et al., Pharmaceutical Research, 1994, 11, 1385-1390; Ritschel, Meth. Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol., 1993, 13, 205).
  • Microemulsions afford advantages of improved drug solubilization, protection of drug from enzymatic hydrolysis, possible enhancement of drug absorption due to surfactant-induced alterations in membrane fluidity and permeability, ease of preparation, ease of oral administration over solid dosage forms, improved clinical potency, and decreased toxicity (Constantinides et al., Pharmaceutical Research, 1994, 11, 1385; Ho et al., J. Pharm. Sci., 1996, 85, 138-143). Often microemulsions may form spontaneously when their components are brought together at ambient temperature. This may be particularly advantageous when formulating thermolabile drugs, peptides or dsRNAs. Microemulsions have also been effective in the transdermal delivery of active components in both cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications.
  • microemulsion compositions and formulations of the present invention will facilitate the increased systemic absorption of dsRNAs and nucleic acids from the gastrointestinal tract, as well as improve the local cellular uptake of dsRNAs and nucleic acids.
  • Microemulsions of the present invention may also contain additional components and additives such as sorbitan monostearate (Grill 3), Labrasol, and penetration enhancers to improve the properties of the formulation and to enhance the absorption of the dsRNAs and nucleic acids of the present invention.
  • Penetration enhancers used in the microemulsions of the present invention may be classified as belonging to one of five broad categories—surfactants, fatty acids, bile salts, chelating agents, and non-chelating non-surfactants (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, p. 92). Each of these classes has been discussed above.
  • the present invention employs various penetration enhancers to effect the efficient delivery of nucleic acids, particularly dsRNAs, to the skin of animals.
  • nucleic acids particularly dsRNAs
  • Most drugs are present in solution in both ionized and nonionized forms. However, usually only lipid soluble or lipophilic drugs readily cross cell membranes. It has been discovered that even non-lipophilic drugs may cross cell membranes if the membrane to be crossed is treated with a penetration enhancer. In addition to aiding the diffusion of non-lipophilic drugs across cell membranes, penetration enhancers also enhance the permeability of lipophilic drugs.
  • Penetration enhancers may be classified as belonging to one of five broad categories, i.e., surfactants, fatty acids, bile salts, chelating agents, and non-chelating non-surfactants (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, p. 92). Each of the above mentioned classes of penetration enhancers are described below in greater detail.
  • surfactants are chemical entities which, when dissolved in an aqueous solution, reduce the surface tension of the solution or the interfacial tension between the aqueous solution and another liquid, with the result that absorption of dsRNAs through the mucosa is enhanced.
  • these penetration enhancers include, for example, sodium lauryl sulfate, polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether and polyoxyethylene-20-cetyl ether) (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, p. 92); and perfluorochemical emulsions, such as FC-43. Takahashi et al., J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1988, 40, 252).
  • Fatty acids Various fatty acids and their derivatives which act as penetration enhancers include, for example, oleic acid, lauric acid, capric acid (n-decanoic acid), myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, dicaprate, tricaprate, monoolein (1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol), dilaurin, caprylic acid, arachidonic acid, glycerol 1-monocaprate, 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, acylcarnitines, acylcholines, C 1-10 alkyl esters thereof (e.g., methyl, isopropyl and t-butyl), and mono- and di-glycerides thereof (i.e., oleate, laurate, caprate, myristate, palmitate, stearate, linoleate, etc.) (Lee e
  • Bile salts The physiological role of bile includes the facilitation of dispersion and absorption of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins (Brunton, Chapter 38 in: Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th Ed., Hardman et al. Eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996, pp. 934-935).
  • bile salts includes any of the naturally occurring components of bile as well as any of their synthetic derivatives.
  • Suitable bile salts include, for example, cholic acid (or its pharmaceutically acceptable sodium salt, sodium cholate), dehydrocholic acid (sodium dehydrocholate), deoxycholic acid (sodium deoxycholate), glucholic acid (sodium glucholate), glycholic acid (sodium glycocholate), glycodeoxycholic acid (sodium glycodeoxycholate), taurocholic acid (sodium taurocholate), taurodeoxycholic acid (sodium taurodeoxycholate), chenodeoxycholic acid (sodium chenodeoxycholate), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), sodium tauro-24,25-dihydro-fusidate (STDHF), sodium glycodihydrofusidate and polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether (POE) (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, page 92; Swinyard, Chapter 39 In: Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th
  • Chelating agents can be defined as compounds that remove metallic ions from solution by forming complexes therewith, with the result that absorption of dsRNAs through the mucosa is enhanced.
  • chelating agents have the added advantage of also serving as DNase inhibitors, as most characterized DNA nucleases require a divalent metal ion for catalysis and are thus inhibited by chelating agents (Jarrett, J. Chromatogr., 1993, 618, 315-339).
  • Suitable chelating agents include but are not limited to disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), citric acid, salicylates (e.g., sodium salicylate, 5-methoxysalicylate and homovanilate), N-acyl derivatives of collagen, laureth-9 and N-amino acyl derivatives of beta-diketones (enamines) (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, page 92; Muranishi, Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1990, 7, 1-33; Buur et al., J. Control Rel., 1990, 14, 43-51).
  • EDTA disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate
  • citric acid e.g., citric acid
  • salicylates e.g., sodium salicylate, 5-methoxysalicylate and homovanilate
  • N-acyl derivatives of collagen e.g., laureth-9 and N-amino acyl derivatives of
  • Non-chelating non-surfactants As used herein, non-chelating non-surfactant penetration enhancing compounds can be defined as compounds that demonstrate insignificant activity as chelating agents or as surfactants but that nonetheless enhance absorption of dsRNAs through the alimentary mucosa (Muranishi, Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1990, 7, 1-33).
  • This class of penetration enhancers include, for example, unsaturated cyclic ureas, 1-alkyl- and 1-alkenylazacyclo-alkanone derivatives (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, page 92); and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents such as diclofenac sodium, indomethacin and phenylbutazone (Yamashita et al., J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1987, 39, 621-626).
  • Agents that enhance uptake of dsRNAs at the cellular level may also be added to the pharmaceutical and other compositions of the present invention.
  • cationic lipids such as lipofectin (Junichi et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,705,188), cationic glycerol derivatives, and polycationic molecules, such as polylysine (Lollo et al., PCT Application WO 97/30731), are also known to enhance the cellular uptake of dsRNAs.
  • agents may be utilized to enhance the penetration of the administered nucleic acids, including glycols such as ethylene glycol and propylene glycol, pyrrols such as 2-pyrrol, azones, and terpenes such as limonene and menthone.
  • glycols such as ethylene glycol and propylene glycol
  • pyrrols such as 2-pyrrol
  • azones such as 2-pyrrol
  • terpenes such as limonene and menthone.
  • dsRNAs of the present invention can be formulated in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
  • a “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” (also referred to herein as an “excipient”) is a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent, suspending agent, or any other pharmacologically inert vehicle.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can be liquid or solid, and can be selected with the planned manner of administration in mind so as to provide for the desired bulk, consistency, and other pertinent transport and chemical properties.
  • Typical pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, by way of example and not limitation: water; saline solution; binding agents (e.g., polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose); fillers (e.g., lactose and other sugars, gelatin, or calcium sulfate); lubricants (e.g., starch, polyethylene glycol, or sodium acetate); disintegrates (e.g., starch or sodium starch glycolate); and wetting agents (e.g., sodium lauryl sulfate).
  • binding agents e.g., polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
  • fillers e.g., lactose and other sugars, gelatin, or calcium sulfate
  • lubricants e.g., starch, polyethylene glycol, or sodium acetate
  • disintegrates e.g., starch or sodium starch glycolate
  • wetting agents e.g., sodium lau
  • compositions of the present invention also incorporate carrier compounds in the formulation.
  • carrier compound or “carrier” can refer to a nucleic acid, or analog thereof, which is inert (i.e., does not possess biological activity per se) but is recognized as a nucleic acid by in vivo processes that reduce the bioavailability of a nucleic acid having biological activity by, for example, degrading the biologically active nucleic acid or promoting its removal from circulation.
  • a nucleic acid and a carrier compound can result in a substantial reduction of the amount of nucleic acid recovered in the liver, kidney or other extra-circulatory reservoirs, presumably due to competition between the carrier compound and the nucleic acid for a common receptor.
  • the recovery of a partially phosphorothioate dsRNA in hepatic tissue can be reduced when it is co-administered with polyinosinic acid, dextran sulfate, polycytidic acid or 4-acetamido-4′ isothiocyano-stilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (Miyao et al., DsRNA Res. Dev., 1995, 5, 115-121; Takakura et al., DsRNA & Nucl. Acid Drug Dev., 1996, 6, 177-183.
  • a “pharmaceutical carrier” or “excipient” is a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent, suspending agent or any other pharmacologically inert vehicle for delivering one or more nucleic acids to an animal.
  • the excipient may be liquid or solid and is selected, with the planned manner of administration in mind, so as to provide for the desired bulk, consistency, etc., when combined with a nucleic acid and the other components of a given pharmaceutical composition.
  • Typical pharmaceutical carriers include, but are not limited to, binding agents (e.g., pregelatinized maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, etc.); fillers (e.g., lactose and other sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, pectin, gelatin, calcium sulfate, ethyl cellulose, polyacrylates or calcium hydrogen phosphate, etc.); lubricants (e.g., magnesium stearate, talc, silica, colloidal silicon dioxide, stearic acid, metallic stearates, hydrogenated vegetable oils, corn starch, polyethylene glycols, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, etc.); disintegrants (e.g., starch, sodium starch glycolate, etc.); and wetting agents (e.g., sodium lauryl sulphate, etc).
  • binding agents e.g., pregelatinized maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropy
  • compositions of the present invention can also be used to formulate the compositions of the present invention.
  • suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not limited to, water, salt solutions, alcohols, polyethylene glycols, gelatin, lactose, amylose, magnesium stearate, talc, silicic acid, viscous paraffin, hydroxymethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone and the like.
  • Formulations for topical administration of nucleic acids may include sterile and non-sterile aqueous solutions, non-aqueous solutions in common solvents such as alcohols, or solutions of the nucleic acids in liquid or solid oil bases.
  • the solutions may also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic excipients suitable for non-parenteral administration which do not deleteriously react with nucleic acids can be used.
  • Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include, but are not limited to, water, salt solutions, alcohol, polyethylene glycols, gelatin, lactose, amylose, magnesium stearate, talc, silicic acid, viscous paraffin, hydroxymethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone and the like.
  • compositions of the present invention may additionally contain other adjunct components conventionally found in pharmaceutical compositions, at their art-established usage levels.
  • the compositions may contain additional, compatible, pharmaceutically-active materials such as, for example, antipruritics, astringents, local anesthetics or anti-inflammatory agents, or may contain additional materials useful in physically formulating various dosage forms of the compositions of the present invention, such as dyes, flavoring agents, preservatives, antioxidants, opacifiers, thickening agents and stabilizers.
  • additional materials useful in physically formulating various dosage forms of the compositions of the present invention such as dyes, flavoring agents, preservatives, antioxidants, opacifiers, thickening agents and stabilizers.
  • such materials when added, should not unduly interfere with the biological activities of the components of the compositions of the present invention.
  • the formulations can be sterilized and, if desired, mixed with auxiliary agents, e.g., lubricants, preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts for influencing osmotic pressure, buffers, colorings, flavorings and/or aromatic substances and the like which do not deleteriously interact with the nucleic acid(s) of the formulation.
  • auxiliary agents e.g., lubricants, preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts for influencing osmotic pressure, buffers, colorings, flavorings and/or aromatic substances and the like which do not deleteriously interact with the nucleic acid(s) of the formulation.
  • Aqueous suspensions may contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension including, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sorbitol and/or dextran.
  • the suspension may also contain stabilizers.
  • a composition of the invention can be used in combination therapy.
  • the term “combination therapy” includes the administration of the subject compounds in further combination with other biologically active ingredients (such as, but not limited to, a second and different antineoplastic agent) and non-drug therapies (such as, but not limited to, surgery or radiation treatment).
  • the compounds of the invention can be used in combination with other pharmaceutically active compounds, preferably compounds that are able to enhance the effect of the compounds of the invention.
  • the compounds of the invention can be administered simultaneously (as a single preparation or separate preparation) or sequentially to the other drug therapy.
  • a combination therapy envisions administration of two or more drugs during a single cycle or course of therapy.
  • the subject compounds may be administered in combination with one or more separate agents that modulate protein kinases involved in various disease states.
  • kinases may include, but are not limited to: serine/threonine specific kinases, receptor tyrosine specific kinases and non-receptor tyrosine specific kinases.
  • Serine/threonine kinases include mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK), meiosis specific kinase (MEK), RAF and aurora kinase.
  • receptor kinase families include epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (e.g., HER2/neu, HER3, HER4, ErbB, ErbB2, ErbB3, ErbB4, Xmrk, DER, Let23); fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor (e.g. FGF-R1, GFF-R2/BEK/CEK3, FGF-R3/CEK2, FGF-R4/TKF, KGF-R); hepatocyte growth/scatter factor receptor (HGFR) (e.g., MET, RON, SEA, SEX); insulin receptor (e.g. IGFI-R); Eph (e.g.
  • Non-receptor tyrosine kinase families include, but are not limited to, BCR-ABL (e.g. p43 abl , ARG); BTK (e.g. ITK/EMT, TEC); CSK, FAK, FPS, JAK, SRC, BMX, FER, CDK and SYK.
  • the subject compounds may be administered in combination with one or more agents that modulate non-kinase biological targets or processes.
  • targets include histone deacetylases (HDAC), DNA methyltransferase (DNMT), heat shock proteins (e.g., HSP90), and proteosomes.
  • subject compounds may be combined with antineoplastic agents (e.g. small molecules, monoclonal antibodies, antisense RNA, and fusion proteins) that inhibit one or more biological targets such as Zolinza, Tarceva, Iressa, Tykerb, Gleevec, Sutent, Sprycel, Nexavar, Sorafenib, CNF2024, RG108, BMS387032, Affmitak, Avastin, Herceptin, Erbitux, AG24322, PD325901, ZD6474, PD 184322, Obatodax, ABT737 and AEE788.
  • antineoplastic agents e.g. small molecules, monoclonal antibodies, antisense RNA, and fusion proteins
  • antineoplastic agents e.g. small molecules, monoclonal antibodies, antisense RNA, and fusion proteins
  • the compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a chemotherapeutic agent.
  • chemotherapeutic agents encompass a wide range of therapeutic treatments in the field of oncology. These agents are administered at various stages of the disease for the purposes of shrinking tumors, destroying remaining cancer cells left over after surgery, inducing remission, maintaining remission and/or alleviating symptoms relating to the cancer or its treatment.
  • alkylating agents such as mustard gas derivatives (Mechlorethamine, cylophosphamide, chlorambucil, melphalan, ifosfamide), ethylenimines (thiotepa, hexamethylmelanine), Alkylsulfonates (Busulfan), Hydrazines and Triazines (Altretamine, Procarbazine, dacarbazine and Temozolomide), Nitrosoureas (Carmustine, Lomustine and Streptozocin), Ifosfamide and metal salts (Carboplatin, Cisplatin, and Oxaliplatin); plant alkaloids such as Podophyllotoxins (Etoposide and Tenisopide), Taxanes (Paclitaxel and Docetaxel), Vinca alkaloids (Vincristine, Vinblastine, Vindesine and Vinorelbine), and Camptothecan analogs (Iri)
  • the compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a chemoprotective agent.
  • chemoprotective agents act to protect the body or minimize the side effects of chemotherapy. Examples of such agents include, but are not limited to, amfostine, mesna, and dexrazoxane.
  • the subject compounds are administered in combination with radiation therapy.
  • Radiation is commonly delivered internally (implantation of radioactive material near cancer site) or externally from a machine that employs photon (x-ray or gamma-ray) or particle radiation.
  • the combination therapy further comprises radiation treatment
  • the radiation treatment may be conducted at any suitable time so long as a beneficial effect from the co-action of the combination of the therapeutic agents and radiation treatment is achieved. For example, in appropriate cases, the beneficial effect is still achieved when the radiation treatment is temporally removed from the administration of the therapeutic agents, perhaps by days or even weeks.
  • compounds of the invention can be used in combination with an immunotherapeutic agent.
  • immunotherapy is the generation of an active systemic tumor-specific immune response of host origin by administering a vaccine composition at a site distant from the tumor.
  • Various types of vaccines have been proposed, including isolated tumor-antigen vaccines and anti-idiotype vaccines.
  • Another approach is to use tumor cells from the subject to be treated, or a derivative of such cells (reviewed by Schirrmacher et al. (1995) J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 121:487).
  • Schirrmacher et al. (1995) J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 121:487) In U.S. Pat. No. 5,484,596, Hanna Jr. et al.
  • a method for treating a resectable carcinoma to prevent recurrence or metastases comprising surgically removing the tumor, dispersing the cells with collagenase, irradiating the cells, and vaccinating the patient with at least three consecutive doses of about 10 7 cells.
  • the compounds of the invention may advantageously be used in conjunction with one or more adjunctive therapeutic agents.
  • suitable agents for adjunctive therapy include steroids, such as corticosteroids (amcinonide, betamethasone, betamethasone dipropionate, betamethasone valerate, budesonide, clobetasol, clobetasol acetate, clobetasol butyrate, clobetasol 17-propionate, cortisone, deflazacort, desoximetasone, diflucortolone valerate, dexamethasone, dexamethasone sodium phosphate, desonide, furoate, fluocinonide, fluocinolone acetonide, halcinonide, hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone butyrate, hydrocortisone sodium succinate, hydrocortisone valerate, methyl prednisolone, mometasone, prednicarbate, predni
  • steroids such
  • adenosine A1 agonist such as an EP ligand; an NMDA modulator, such as a glycine antagonist; a sodium channel blocker (e.g. lamotrigine); a substance P antagonist (e.g. an NKi antagonist); a cannabinoid; acetaminophen or phenacetin; a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor; a leukotriene receptor antagonist; a DMARD (e.g. methotrexate); gabapentin and related compounds; a tricyclic antidepressant (e.g.
  • amitryptilline a neurone stabilizing antiepileptic drug
  • a mono-aminergic uptake inhibitor e.g. venlafaxine
  • a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor e.g. a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, such as an iNOS or an nNOS inhibitor
  • NOS nitric oxide synthase
  • an antibody therapy such as a monoclonal antibody therapy
  • an antiviral agent such as a nucleoside inhibitor (e.g. lamivudine) or an immune system modulator (e.g.
  • an opioid analgesic e.g. a local anaesthetic; a stimulant, including caffeine; an H2-antagonist (e.g. ranitidine); a proton pump inhibitor (e.g. omeprazole); an antacid (e.g. aluminium or magnesium hydroxide; an antiflatulent (e.g. simethicone); a decongestant (e.g. phenylephrine, phenylpropanolamine, pseudoephedrine, oxymetazoline, epinephrine, naphazoline, xylometazoline, propylhexedrine, or levo-desoxyephedrine); an antitussive (e.g. codeine, hydrocodone, carmiphen, carbetapentane, or dextramethorphan); a diuretic; or a sedating or non-sedating antihistamine.
  • an antitussive e.g. codeine, hydroco
  • the compounds of the invention can be co-administered with siRNA that target other genes.
  • a compound of the invention can be co-administered with an siRNA targeted to a c-Myc gene.
  • AD-12115 can be co-administered with a c-Myc siRNA. Examples of c-Myc targeted siRNAs are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/373,039 which is herein incorporated by reference.
  • the invention relates in particular to the use of a composition containing at least two dsRNAs, one targeting an Eg5 gene, and one targeting a VEGF gene, for the treatment of a cancer, such as liver cancer, e.g., for inhibiting tumor growth and tumor metastasis.
  • a composition such as pharmaceutical composition, may be used for the treatment of solid tumors, like intrahepatic tumors such as may occur in cancers of the liver.
  • a composition containing a dsRNA targeting Eg5 and a dsRNA targeting VEGF may also be used to treat other tumors and cancers, such as breast cancer, lung cancer, head and neck cancer, brain cancer, abdominal cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, esophagus cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, glioma, tongue cancer, neuroblastoma, osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, retinoblastoma, Wilm's tumor, multiple myeloma and for the treatment of skin cancer, like melanoma, for the treatment of lymphomas and blood cancer.
  • tumors and cancers such as breast cancer, lung cancer, head and neck cancer, brain cancer, abdominal cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, esophagus cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, glioma, tongue cancer, neuroblastoma, osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, retinoblastoma, Wilm's
  • the invention further relates to the use of a composition containing an Eg5 dsRNA and a VEGF dsRNA for inhibiting accumulation of ascites fluid and pleural effusion in different types of cancer, e.g., liver cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, head cancer, neck cancer, brain cancer, abdominal cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, esophagus cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, glioma, tongue cancer, neuroblastoma, osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, retinoblastoma, Wilm's tumor, multiple myeloma, skin cancer, melanoma, lymphomas and blood cancer.
  • a composition according to the invention or a pharmaceutical composition prepared therefrom can enhance the quality of life.
  • a patient having a tumor associated with AFP expression, or a tumor secreting AFP e.g., a hepatoma or teratoma
  • the patient has a malignant teratoma, an endodermal sinus tumor (yolk sac carcinoma), a neuroblastoma, a hepatoblastoma, a heptocellular carcinoma, testicular cancer or ovarian cancer.
  • the invention furthermore relates to the use of a dsRNA or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, e.g., for treating cancer or for preventing tumor metastasis, in combination with other pharmaceuticals and/or other therapeutic methods, e.g., with known pharmaceuticals and/or known therapeutic methods, such as, for example, those which are currently employed for treating cancer and/or for preventing tumor metastasis.
  • a combination with radiation therapy and chemotherapeutic agents such as cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, adriamycin, daunorubicin or tamoxifen.
  • the invention can also be practiced by including with a specific RNAi agent, in combination with another anti-cancer chemotherapeutic agent, such as any conventional chemotherapeutic agent.
  • a specific binding agent with such other agents can potentiate the chemotherapeutic protocol.
  • Any chemotherapeutic agent can be used, including alkylating agents, antimetabolites, hormones and antagonists, radioisotopes, as well as natural products.
  • the compound of the invention can be administered with antibiotics such as doxorubicin and other anthracycline analogs, nitrogen mustards such as cyclophosphamide, pyrimidine analogs such as 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, hydroxyurea, taxol and its natural and synthetic derivatives, and the like.
  • antibiotics such as doxorubicin and other anthracycline analogs
  • nitrogen mustards such as cyclophosphamide
  • pyrimidine analogs such as 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin
  • hydroxyurea taxol and its natural and synthetic derivatives, and the like.
  • the compound in the case of mixed tumors, such as adenocarcinoma of the breast, where the tumors include gonadotropin-dependent and gonadotropin-independent cells
  • the compound in conjunction with leuprolide or goserelin (synthetic peptide analogs of LH-RH).
  • antineoplastic protocols include the use of a tetracycline compound with another treatment modality, e.g., surgery, radiation, etc., also referred to herein as “adjunct antineoplastic modalities.”
  • another treatment modality e.g., surgery, radiation, etc.
  • the method of the invention can be employed with such conventional regimens with the benefit of reducing side effects and enhancing efficacy.
  • the invention provides a method for inhibiting the expression of the Eg5 gene and the VEGF gene in a mammal.
  • the method includes administering a composition featured in the invention to the mammal such that expression of the target Eg5 gene and the target VEGF gene is silenced.
  • a method for inhibiting Eg5 gene expression and VEGF gene expression includes administering a composition containing two different dsRNA molecules, one having a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to at least a part of an RNA transcript of the Eg5 gene and the other having a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to at least a part of an RNA transcript of the VEGF gene of the mammal to be treated.
  • the composition may be administered by any means known in the art including, but not limited to oral or parenteral routes, including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, transdermal, airway (aerosol), nasal, rectal, and topical (including buccal and sublingual) administration.
  • oral or parenteral routes including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, transdermal, airway (aerosol), nasal, rectal, and topical (including buccal and sublingual) administration.
  • the compositions are administered by intravenous infusion or injection.
  • such reagent may be obtained from any supplier of reagents for molecular biology at a quality/purity standard for application in molecular biology.
  • RNA and RNA containing 2′-O-methyl nucleotides were generated by solid phase synthesis employing the corresponding phosphoramidites and 2′-O-methyl phosphoramidites, respectively (Proligo Biochemie GmbH, Hamburg, Germany).
  • RNA synthesis 3′-cholesterol-conjugated siRNAs (herein referred to as -Chol-3′), an appropriately modified solid support was used for RNA synthesis.
  • the modified solid support was prepared as follows:
  • Fmoc-6-amino-hexanoic acid (9.12 g, 25.83 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (50 mL) and cooled with ice.
  • Diisopropylcarbodiimde (3.25 g, 3.99 mL, 25.83 mmol) was added to the solution at 0° C. It was then followed by the addition of Diethyl-azabutane-1,4-dicarboxylate (5 g, 24.6 mmol) and dimethylamino pyridine (0.305 g, 2.5 mmol). The solution was brought to room temperature and stirred further for 6 h. Completion of the reaction was ascertained by TLC.
  • Potassium t-butoxide (1.1 g, 9.8 mmol) was slurried in 30 mL of dry toluene. The mixture was cooled to 0° C. on ice and 5 g (6.6 mmol) of diester AD was added slowly with stirring within 20 mins. The temperature was kept below 5° C. during the addition. The stirring was continued for 30 mins at 0° C.
  • Diol AF (1.25 gm 1.994 mmol) was dried by evaporating with pyridine (2 ⁇ 5 mL) in vacuo.
  • the reaction was carried out at room temperature overnight.
  • the reaction was quenched by the addition of methanol.
  • the reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum and to the residue dichloromethane (50 mL) was added.
  • the organic layer was washed with 1M aqueous sodium bicarbonate.
  • the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated.
  • siRNA design was carried out to identify siRNAs targeting Eg5 (also known as KIF11, HSKP, KNSL1 and TRIPS). Human mRNA sequences to Eg5, RefSeq ID number:NM — 004523, was used.
  • siRNA duplexes cross-reactive to human and mouse Eg5 were designed. Twenty-four duplexes were synthesized for screening. (Table 1a). A second screening set was defined with 266 siRNAs targeting human Eg5, as well as its rhesus monkey ortholog (Table 2a). An expanded screening set was selected with 328 siRNA targeting human Eg5, with no necessity to hit any Eg5 mRNA of other species (Table 3a).
  • reference transcript is: NM — 003376.
  • Table 4a includes the identified target sequences. Corresponding siRNAs targeting these sequences were subjected to a bioinformatics screen.
  • the target sequences were checked against the sequences in Genbank using the BLAST search engine provided by NCBI.
  • the use of the BLAST algorithm is described in Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215:403, 1990; and Altschul and Gish, Meth. Enzymol. 266:460, 1996.
  • siRNAs were also prioritized for their ability to cross react with monkey, rat and human VEGF sequences.
  • the nine siRNA duplexes that showed the greatest growth inhibition in Table 5 were re-tested at a range of siRNA concentrations in HeLa cells.
  • the siRNA concentrations tested were 100 nM, 33.3 nM, 11.1 nM, 3.70 nM, 1.23 nM, 0.41 nM, 0.14 nM and 0.046 nM.
  • Assays were performed in sextuplicate, and the concentration of each siRNA resulting in fifty percent inhibition of cell proliferation (IC 50 ) was calculated. This dose-response analysis was performed between two and four times for each duplex.
  • Mean IC 50 values (nM) are given in Table 6.
  • IC50 of siRNA cell proliferation in HeLa cells Duplex Mean IC 50 AL-DP-6226 15.5 AL-DP-6229 3.4 AL-DP-6231 4.2 AL-DP-6232 17.5 AL-DP-6239 4.4 AL-DP-6242 5.2 AL-DP-6243 2.6 AL-DP-6244 8.3 AL-DP-6248 1.9
  • HeLa S3 (ATCC-Number: CCL-2.2, LCG Promochem GmbH, Wesel, Germany) cells were seeded at 1.5 ⁇ 10 4 cells/well on 96-well plates (Greiner Bio-One GmbH, Frickenhausen, Germany) in 75 ⁇ l of growth medium (Ham's F12, 10% fetal calf serum, 100 u penicillin/100 ⁇ g/ml streptomycin, all from Bookroom AG, Berlin, Germany). Transfections were performed in quadruplicates. For each well 0.5 ⁇ l Lipofectamine-2000 (Invitrogen GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany) were mixed with 12 ⁇ l Opti-MEM (Invitrogen) and incubated for 15 min at room temperature.
  • Opti-MEM Invitrogen
  • siRNA concentration being 50 nM in the 100 ⁇ l transfection volume
  • 1 ⁇ l of a 5 ⁇ M siRNA were mixed with 11.5 ⁇ l Opti-MEM per well, combined with the Lipofectamine2000-Opti-MEM mixture and again incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature.
  • siRNA-Lipofectamine2000-complexes were applied completely (25 ⁇ l each per well) to the cells and cells were incubated for 24 h at 37° C. and 5% CO 2 in a humidified incubator (Heroes GmbH, Hanau). The single dose screen was done once at 50 nM and at 25 nM, respectively.
  • Cells were harvested by applying 50 ⁇ l of lysis mixture (content of the QuantiGene bDNA-kit from Genospectra, Fremont, USA) to each well containing 100 ⁇ l of growth medium and were lysed at 53° C. for 30 min. Afterwards, 50 ⁇ l of the lists were incubated with probesets specific to human Eg5 and human GAPDH and proceeded according to the manufacturer's protocol for QuantiGene. In the end chemoluminescence was measured in a Victor2-Light (Perkin Elmer, Wiesbaden, Germany) as RLUs (relative light units) and values obtained with the hEg5 probeset were normalized to the respective GAPDH values for each well. Values obtained with siRNAs directed against Eg5 were related to the value obtained with an unspecific siRNA (directed against HCV) which was set to 100% (Tables 1b, 2b and 3b).
  • lysis mixture content of the QuantiGene bDNA-kit from Genospectra, Fremont, USA
  • Effective siRNAs from the screen were further characterized by dose response curves. Transfections of dose response curves were performed at the following concentrations: 100 nM, 16.7 nM, 2.8 nM, 0.46 nM, 77 picoM, 12.8 picoM, 2.1 picoM, 0.35 picoM, 59.5 fM, 9.9 fM and mock (no siRNA) and diluted with Opti-MEM to a final concentration of 12.5 ⁇ l according to the above protocol. Data analysis was performed by using the Microsoft Excel add-in software XL-fit 4.2 (IDBS, Guildford, Surrey, UK) and applying the dose response model number 205 (Tables 1b, 2b and 3b).
  • the lead siRNA AD12115 was additionally analyzed by applying the WST-proliferation assay from Roche (as previously described).
  • Eg5/KSP expression can be detected in the growing rat liver.
  • Target silencing with a formulated Eg5/KSP siRNA was evaluated in juvenile rats using duplex AD-6248.
  • lipidoid (“LNP01”) formulated siRNA via tail vein injection.
  • LNP01 lipidoid
  • Groups of ten animals received doses of 10 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) bodyweight of either AD6248 or an unspecific siRNA.
  • Dose level refers to the amount of siRNA duplex administered in the formulation.
  • a third group received phosphate-buffered saline. Animals were sacrificed two days after siRNA administration. Livers were dissected, flash frozen in liquid Nitrogen and pulverized into powders.
  • Eg5/KSP mRNA measurements Levels of Eg5/KSP mRNA were measured in livers from all treatment groups. Samples of each liver powder (approximately ten milligrams) were homogenized in tissue lysis buffer containing proteinase K. Levels of Eg5/KSP and GAPDH mRNA were measured in triplicate for each sample using the Quantigene branched DNA assay (GenoSpectra). Mean values for Eg5/KSP were normalized to mean GAPDH values for each sample. Group means were determined and normalized to the PBS group for each experiment.
  • liver Eg5/KSP mRNA A statistically significant reduction in liver Eg5/KSP mRNA was obtained following treatment with formulated AD6248 at a dose of 10 mg/kg.
  • VSP refers to a composition having two siRNAs, one directed to Eg5/KSP and one directed to VEGF.
  • the duplex AD3133 directed towards VEGF and AD12115 directed towards Eg5/KSP were used. Since Eg5/KSP expression is nearly undetectable in the adult rat liver, only VEGF levels were measured following siRNA treatment.
  • siRNA duplexes administered VSP
  • Duplex ID Target Sense Antisense AD12115 Eg5/KSP ucGAGAAucuAAAcuAAcuTsT AGUuAGUUuAGAUUCUCGATsT (SEQ ID NO: 1240) (SEQ ID NO: 1241) AD3133 VEGF GcAcAuAGGAGAGAuGAGCUsU AAGCUcAUCUCUCCuAuGuGCusG (SEQ ID NO: 1242) (SEQ ID NO: 1243) Key: A,G,C,U-ribonucleotides; c,u-2′-O-Me ribonucleotides; s-phosphorothioate.
  • lipidoid (“LNP01”) formulated siRNA by a two-hour infusion into the femoral vein. Groups of four animals received doses of 5, 10 and 15 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) bodyweight of formulated siRNA. Dose level refers to the total amount of siRNA duplex administered in the formulation. A fourth group received phosphate-buffered saline. Animals were sacrificed 72 hours after the end of the siRNA infusion. Livers were dissected, flash frozen in liquid Nitrogen and pulverized into powders.
  • lipidoid ND98 ⁇ 4HCl (MW 1487) (Formula 1, above), Cholesterol (Sigma-Aldrich), and PEG-Ceramide C16 (Avanti Polar Lipids) were used to prepare lipid-siRNA nanoparticles.
  • Stock solutions of each in ethanol were prepared: ND98, 133 mg/mL; Cholesterol, 25 mg/mL, PEG-Ceramide C16, 100 mg/mL.
  • ND98, Cholesterol, and PEG-Ceramide C16 stock solutions were then combined in a 42:48:10 molar ratio.
  • Combined lipid solution was mixed rapidly with aqueous siRNA (in sodium acetate pH 5) such that the final ethanol concentration was 35-45% and the final sodium acetate concentration was 100-300 mM.
  • Lipid-siRNA nanoparticles formed spontaneously upon mixing.
  • the resultant nanoparticle mixture was in some cases extruded through a polycarbonate membrane (100 nm cut-off) using a thermobarrel extruder (Lipex Extruder, Northern Lipids, Inc). In other cases, the extrusion step was omitted. Ethanol removal and simultaneous buffer exchange was accomplished by either dialysis or tangential flow filtration. Buffer was exchanged to phosphate buffered saline (PBS) pH 7.2.
  • PBS phosphate buffered saline
  • Formulations prepared by either the standard or extrusion-free method are characterized in a similar manner.
  • Formulations are first characterized by visual inspection. They should be whitish translucent solutions free from aggregates or sediment. Particle size and particle size distribution of lipid-nanoparticles are measured by dynamic light scattering using a Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern, USA). Particles should be 20-300 nm, and ideally, 40-100 nm in size. The particle size distribution should be unimodal.
  • the total siRNA concentration in the formulation, as well as the entrapped fraction is estimated using a dye exclusion assay.
  • a sample of the formulated siRNA is incubated with the RNA-binding dye Ribogreen (Molecular Probes) in the presence or absence of a formulation disrupting surfactant, 0.5% Triton-X100.
  • the total siRNA in the formulation is determined by the signal from the sample containing the surfactant, relative to a standard curve.
  • the entrapped fraction is determined by subtracting the “free” siRNA content (as measured by the signal in the absence of surfactant) from the total siRNA content. Percent entrapped siRNA is typically >85%.
  • the particle size is at least 30 nm, at least 40 nm, at least 50 nm, at least 60 nm, at least 70 nm, at least 80 nm, at least 90 nm, at least 100 nm, at least 110 nm, and at least 120 nm.
  • the preferred range is about at least 50 nm to about at least 110 nm, preferably about at least 60 nm to about at least 100 nm, most preferably about at least 80 nm to about at least 90 nm.
  • each of the particle size comprises at least about 1:1 ratio of Eg5 dsRNA to VEGF dsRNA.
  • VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
  • VEGF/GAPDH p value rel VEGF p value PBS 1.0 ⁇ 0.17 1.0 ⁇ 0.17 5 mg/kg 0.74 ⁇ 0.12 ⁇ 0.05 0.23 ⁇ 0.03 ⁇ 0.001 10 mg/kg 0.65 ⁇ 0.12 ⁇ 0.005 0.22 ⁇ 0.03 ⁇ 0.001 15 mg/kg 0.49 ⁇ 0.17 ⁇ 0.001 0.20 ⁇ 0.04 ⁇ 0.001
  • liver VEGF mRNA and protein were measured at all three siRNA dose levels.
  • VSP siRNA cocktail containing dsRNAs targeting KSP/Eg5 and dsRNAs targeting VEGF.
  • VSP refers to a composition having two siRNAs, one directed to Eg5/KSP and one directed to VEGF.
  • the duplexes AD3133 (directed towards VEGF) and AD12115 (directed towards Eg5/KSP) were used.
  • the siRNA cocktail was formulated in SNALPs.
  • the maximum study size utilized 20-25 mice.
  • 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 tumor cells were injected directly into the left lateral lobe of test mice. The incisions were closed by sutures, and the mice allowed to recover for 2-5 hours. The mice were fully recovered within 48-72 hours.
  • the SNALP siRNA treatment was initiated 8-11 days after tumor seeding.
  • the SNALP formulations utilized were (i) VSP (KSP+VEGF siRNA cocktail (1:1 molar ratio)); (ii) KSP (KSP+Luc siRNA cocktail); and (iii) VEGF (VEGF+Luc siRNA cocktail). All formulations contained equal amounts (mg) of each active siRNA. All mice received a total siRNA/lipid dose, and each cocktail was formulated into 1:57 cDMA SNALP (1.4% PEG-cDMA; 57.1% DLinDMA; 7.1% DPPC; and 34.3% cholesterol), 6:1 lipid:drug using original citrate buffer conditions.
  • SNALP treatment was initiated eight days after tumor seeding.
  • the SNALP was dosed at 3 mg/kg total siRNA, twice weekly (Monday and Thursday), for a total of six doses (cumulative 18 mg/kg siRNA).
  • the final dose was administered at day 25, and the terminal endpoint was at day 27.
  • Tumor burden was assayed by (a) body weight; (b) liver weight; (c) visual inspection+photography at day 27; (d) human-specific mRNA analysis; and (e) blood alpha-fetoprotein levels measured at day 27.
  • Liver weights as percentage of body weight, are shown in FIG. 1 .
  • Body weights are shown in FIGS. 2A-2D .
  • VSP SNALP demonstrated potent anti-tumor effects in Hep3B1H model
  • the anti-tumor activity of the VSP cocktail appeared largely associated with the KSP component
  • anti-KSP activity was confirmed by single dose histological analysis
  • VEGF siRNA showed no measurable effect on inhibition of tumor growth in this model.
  • mice human hepatoma Hep3B tumors were established by intrahepatic seeding into scid/beige mice. These mice were deficient for lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells, which is the minimal scope for immune-mediated anti-tumor effects.
  • SNALP was 1:57 cDMA SNALP, and 6:1 lipid:drug.
  • SNALP treatment was initiated eight days after tumor seeding. SNALP was dosed at 3 mg/kg siRNA, twice weekly (Mondays and Thursdays), for a total of six doses (cumulative 18 mg/kg siRNA). The final dose was delivered at day 25, and the terminal endpoint of the study was at day 27.
  • Tumor burden was assayed by (1) body weight; (2) visual inspection+photography at day 27; (3) human-specific mRNA analysis; and (4) blood alpha-fetoprotein measured at day 27.
  • Body weights were measured at each day of dosing (days 8, 11, 14, 18, 21, and 25) and on the day of sacrifice ( FIG. 3 ).
  • FIGS. 4 , 5 and 6 The correlation between body weights and tumor burden are shown in FIGS. 4 , 5 and 6 .
  • VSP SNALP 2 mg/kg
  • Hep3B mice also resulted in the formation of mitotic spindles in liver tissue samples examined by histological staining.
  • Tumor burden was quantified by quantitative RT-PCR (pRT-PCR) (Taqman).
  • Human GAPDH was normalized to mouse GAPDH via species-specific Taqman assays. Tumor score as shown by macroscopic observation in the table above correlated with GADPH levels ( FIG. 7A ).
  • Serum ELISA was performed to measure alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) secreted by the tumor. As described below, if levels of AFP go down after treatment, the tumor is not growing. Treatment with VSP lowered AFP levels in some animals compared to treatment with controls ( FIG. 7B ).
  • AFP alpha-fetoprotein
  • HCC cells HCC cells
  • Group A animals were administered PBS; Group B animals were administered 4 mg/kg Luc-1955 SNALP; Group C animals were administered 4 mg/kg SNALP-VSP; Group D animals were administered 2 mg/kg SNALP-VSP; and Group E animals were administered 1 mg/kg SNALP-VSP.
  • Treatment was with a single intravenous (iv) dose, and mice were sacrificed 24 hr. later.
  • Tumor burden and target silencing was assayed by qRT-PCR (Taqman). Tumor score was also measured visually as described above, and the results are shown in the following table. hGAPDH levels, as shown in FIG. 8 , correlates with macroscopic tumor score as shown in the table below.
  • VEGF silencing Human (tumor-derived) VEGF silencing was assayed by Taqman analysis and the results are shown in FIG. 10 .
  • hVEGF expression was normalized to hGAPDH.
  • About 60% tumor VEGF silencing was observed at 4 mg/kg SNALP-VSP, and efficacy was evident at 1 mg/kg.
  • the clear bars in FIG. 10 represent the results from small (low GAPDH) tumors.
  • Mouse (liver-derived) VEGF silencing was assayed by Taqman analysis and the results are shown in FIG. 11A .
  • mVEGF expression was normalized to hGAPDH.
  • About 50% liver VEGF silencing was observed at 4 mg/kg SNALP-VSP, and efficacy was evident at 1 mg/kg.
  • HCC cells HepB3
  • iv intravenous bolus injections
  • Tumor burden was assayed by gross histology, human-specific mRNA analysis (hGAPDH qPCR), and blood alpha-fetoprotein levels (serum AFP via ELISA).
  • Group A was treated with PBS
  • Group B was treated with SNALP-KSP+Luc (3 mg/kg)
  • Group C was treated with SNALP-VEGF+Luc (3 mg/kg)
  • Group D was treated with ALN-VSP02 (3 mg/kg).
  • Group A was treated with PBS; Group B was treated with SNALP-KSP+Luc (1 mg/kg), Group C was treated with ALN-VSP02 (1 mg/kg).
  • Liver/tumor samples were collected for conventional H&E histology 24 hours after single SNALP administration.
  • ALN-VSP (a cocktail of KSP dsRNA and VEGF dsRNA) treatment reduced tumor burden and expression of tumor-derived KSP and VEGF.
  • GAPDH mRNA levels a measure of tumor burden, were also observed to decline following administration of ALN-VSP dsRNA (see FIGS. 12A-12C ).
  • a decrease in tumor burden by visual macroscopic observation was also evident following administration of ALN-VSP.
  • siRNA SNALP siRNA-siRNA
  • SNALP-siRNA VSP siRNA cocktail containing dsRNAs targeting KSP/Eg5 and VEGF.
  • Control was dsRNA targeting Luc.
  • the siRNA cocktail was formulated in SNALPs.
  • Tumor cells Human Hepatoma Hep3B, 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 were injected directly into the left lateral lobe of scid/beige mice. These mice were deficient for lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells, which is the minimal scope for immune-mediated anti-tumor effects. The incisions were closed by sutures, and the mice allowed to recover for 2-5 hours. The mice were fully recovered within 48-72 hours.
  • mice received a total siRNA/lipid intravenous (iv) dose, and each cocktail was formulated into 1:57 cDMA SNALP (1.4% PEG-cDMA; 57.1% DLinDMA; 7.1% DPPC; and 34.3% cholesterol), 6:1 lipid:drug using original citrate buffer conditions.
  • siRNA-SNALP treatment was initiated on the day indicated below (18 or 26 days) after tumor seeding.
  • siRNA-SNALP were administered twice a week for three weeks after 18 or 26 days at a dose of 4 mg/kg. Survival was monitored and animals were euthanized based on humane surrogate endpoints (e.g., animal body weight, abdominal distension/discoloration, and overall health).
  • the survival data for treatment initiated 18 days after tumor seeing is summarized in Table 13, Table 14, and FIG. 13A .
  • SNALP-Luc 28 days SNALP-Luc 33 days 3 SNALP-Luc 33 days 4 SNALP-Luc 33 days 5 SNALP-Luc 36 days 6 SNALP-Luc 38 days 7 SNALP-Luc 57 days 8 SNALP-VSP 38 days 9 SNALP-VSP 51 days 10 SNALP-VSP 51 days 11 SNALP-VSP 51 days 12 SNALP-VSP 53 days 13 SNALP-VSP 53 days 14 SNALP-VSP 57 days 15 SNALP-VSP 57 days
  • FIG. 13A shows the mean survival of SNALP-VSP animals and SNALP-Luc treated animals versus days after tumor seeding. The mean survival of SNALP-VSP animals was extended by approximately 15 days versus SNALP-Luc treated animals.
  • Serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP) concentration for each animal, at a time pre-treatment and at end of treatment (concentration in ⁇ g/ml) End of pre-Rx Rx 1 SNALP-Luc 30.858 454.454 2 SNALP-Luc 10.088 202.082 3 SNALP-Luc 23.736 648.952 4 SNALP-Luc 1.696 13.308 5 SNALP-Luc 4.778 338.688 6 SNALP-Luc 15.004 826.972 7 SNALP-Luc 11.036 245.01 8 SNALP-VSP 37.514 182.35 9 SNALP-VSP 91.516 248.06 10 SNALP-VSP 25.448 243.13 11 SNALP-VSP 24.862 45.514 12 SNALP-VSP 57.774 149.352 13 SNALP-VSP 12.446 78.724 14 SNALP-VSP 2.912 9.61 15 SNALP-VSP 4.516 11.524
  • AFP Alpha-fetoprotein
  • AFP is a major plasma protein produced by the yolk sac and the liver during fetal life. The protein is thought to be the fetal counterpart of serum albumin, and human AFP and albumin gene are present in tandem in the same transcriptional orientation on chromosome 4. AFP is found in monomeric as well as dimeric and trimeric forms, and binds copper, nickel, fatty acids and bilirubin. AFP levels decrease gradually after birth, reaching adult levels by 8-12 months. Normal adult AFP levels are low, but detectable. AFP has no known function in normal adults and AFP expression in adults is often associated with a subset of tumors such as hepatoma and teratoma.
  • AFP is a tumor marker used to monitor testicular cancer, ovarian cancer, and malignant teratoma.
  • Principle tumors that secrete AFP include endodermal sinus tumor (yolk sac carcinoma), neuroblastoma, hepatoblastoma, and heptocellular carcinoma.
  • serum levels of AFP often correlate with tumor size. Serum levels are useful in assessing response to treatment.
  • levels of AFP go down after treatment, the tumor is not growing.
  • a temporary increase in AFP immediately following chemotherapy may indicate not that the tumor is growing but rather that it is shrinking (and releasing AFP as the tumor cells die). Resection is usually associated with a fall in serum levels.
  • FIG. 14 tumor burden in SNALP-VSP treated animals was significantly reduced.
  • the experiment was repeated with SNALP-siRNA treatment at 26, 29, 32 35, 39, and 42 days after implantation.
  • the data is shown in FIG. 13B .
  • the mean survival of SNALP-VSP animals was extended by approximately 15 days versus SNALP-Luc treated animals by approximately 19 days, or 38%.
  • ALN-VSP02 product contains 2 mg/mL of drug substance ALN-VSPDS01 formulated in a sterile lipid particle formulation (referred to as SNALP) for IV administration via infusion.
  • Drug substance ALN-VSPDS01 consists of two siRNAs (ALN-12115 targeting KSP and ALN-3133 targeting VEGF) in an equimolar ratio.
  • the drug product is packaged in 10 mL glass vials with a fill volume of 5 mL.
  • the two siRNA components of drug substance ALN-VSPDS01, ALN-12115 and ALN-3133 are chemically synthesized using commercially available synthesizers and raw materials.
  • the manufacturing process consists of synthesizing the two single strand oligonucleotides of each duplex (A 19562 sense and A 19563 antisense of ALN 12115 and A 3981 sense and A 3982 antisense of ALN 3133) by conventional solid phase oligonucleotide synthesis using phosphoramidite chemistry and 5′ O dimethoxytriphenylmethyl (DMT) protecting group with the 2′ hydroxyl protected with tert butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) or the 2′ hydroxyl replaced with a 2′ methoxy group (2′ OMe).
  • DMT O dimethoxytriphenylmethyl
  • the cycle consists of 5′ deprotection, coupling, oxidation, and capping.
  • Each coupling reaction is carried out by activation of the appropriately protected ribo, 2′ OMe, or deoxyribonucleoside amidite using 5 (ethylthio) 1H tetrazole reagent followed by the coupling of the free 5′ hydroxyl group of a support immobilized protected nucleoside or oligonucleotide. After the appropriate number of cycles, the final 5′ protecting group is removed by acid treatment.
  • the crude oligonucleotide is cleaved from the solid support by aqueous methylamine treatment with concomitant removal of the cyanoethyl protecting group as well as nucleobase protecting groups.
  • the 2′ O TBDMS group is then cleaved using a hydrogen fluoride containing reagent to yield the crude oligoribonucleotide, which is purified using strong anion exchange high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) followed by desalting using ultrafiltration.
  • HPLC strong anion exchange high performance liquid chromatography
  • the annealed duplex intermediates ALN 12115 and ALN 3133 are either lyophilized and stored at 20° C. or mixed in 1:1 molar ratio and the solution is lyophilized to yield drug substance ALN VSPDS01. If the duplex intermediates were stored as dry powder, they are redissolved in water before mixing. The equimolar ratio is achieved by monitoring the mixing process by an HPLC method.
  • the manufacturing process flow diagram is shown in FIG. 16 .
  • Example specifications are shown in Table 16a.
  • ALN VSP02 is a sterile formulation of the two siRNAs (in a 1:1 molar ratio) with lipid excipients in isotonic buffer.
  • the lipid excipients associate with the two siRNAs, protect them from degradation in the circulatory system, and aid in their delivery to the target tissue.
  • the specific lipid excipients and the quantitative proportion of each have been selected through an iterative series of experiments comparing the physicochemical properties, stability, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, toxicity and product manufacturability of numerous different formulations.
  • the excipient DLinDMA is a titratable aminolipid that is positively charged at low pH, such as that found in the endosome of mammalian cells, but relatively uncharged at the more neutral pH of whole blood. This feature facilitates the efficient encapsulation of the negatively charged siRNAs at low pH, preventing formation of empty particles, yet allows for adjustment (reduction) of the particle charge by replacing the formulation buffer with a more neutral storage buffer prior to use. Cholesterol and the neutral lipid DPPC are incorporated in order to provide physicochemical stability to the particles.
  • the polyethyleneglycol lipid conjugate PEG2000 C DMA aids drug product stability, and provides optimum circulation time for the proposed use.
  • ALN VSP02 lipid particles have a mean diameter of approximately 80-90 nm with low polydispersity values.
  • a representative cryo transmission electron microscope (cryo TEM) image is shown in FIG. 17 .
  • the particles are essentially uncharged, with Zeta Potential values of less than 6 mV. There is no evidence of empty (non loaded) particles based on the manufacturing process.
  • Solutions of lipid (in ethanol) and ALN VSPDS01 drug substance (in aqueous buffer) are mixed and diluted to form a colloidal dispersion of siRNA lipid particles with an average particle size of approximately 80-90 nm. This dispersion is then filtered through 0.45/0.2 ⁇ m filters, concentrated, and diafiltered by Tangential Flow Filtration. After in process testing and concentration adjustment to 2.0 mg/mL, the product is sterile filtered, aseptically filled into glass vials, stoppered, capped and placed at 5 ⁇ 3° C.
  • the ethanol and all aqueous buffer components are USP grade; all water used is USP Sterile Water For Injection grade. Representative ALN-VSP02 process is shown in flow diagram in FIG. 18 .
  • the ALN VSP02 drug product is packaged in 10 mL glass vials with a fill volume of 5 mL.
  • the container closure system is comprised of a USP/EP Type I borosilicate glass vial, a teflon faced butyl rubber stopper and an aluminum flip off cap.
  • the drug product will be stored at 5 ⁇ 3° C.
  • the efficacy of ALN-VSP02 treatment in human cancer cell lines was determined via measurement of KSP mRNA, VEGF mRNA, and cell viability after treatment. IC50 (nM) values determined for KSP and VEGF in each cell line.
  • Cells were plated in 96 well plates in complete media at day 1 to reach a density of 70% on day 2.
  • media was replaced with Opti-MEM reduced serum media (Invitrogen Cat N: 11058-021) and cells were transfected with either ALN-VSP02 or control SNALP-Luc with concentration range starting at 1.8 ⁇ M down to 10 pM. After 6 hours the media was changed to complete media. Three replicate plates for each cell line for each experiment was done.
  • KSP levels were measured using bDNA; VEGF mRNA levels were measured using human TaqMan assay.
  • Viability was measured using Cell Titer Blue reagent (Promega Cat N: G8080) at 48 and/or 72 h following manufacturer's recommendations.
  • nM concentrations of VSP02 are effective in reducing expression of both KSP and VEGF in multiple human cell lines. Viability of treated cells was not
  • Sorafenib is a small molecule inhibitor of protein kinases approved for treatment of hepatic cellular carcinoma (HCC).
  • mice were treated with Sorafenib and a control siRNA-SNALP, Sorafenib and VSP siRNA-SNALP, or VSP siRNA-SNALP only. Control mice were treated with buffers only (DMSO for Sorafenib and PBS for siRNA-SNALP). Sorafenib was administered intraparenterally from Mon to Fri for three weeks, at 15 mg/kg according to body weight for a total of 15 injections. Sorafenib was administered a minimum of 1 hour after SNALP injections. The siRNA-SNALPS were administered intravenously via the lateral tail vein according at 3 mg/kg based on the most recently recorded body weight (10 ml/kg) for 3 weeks (total of 6 doses) on days 1, 4, 7, 10, 14, and 17.
  • mice were euthanized based on an assessment of tumor burden including progressive weight loss and clinical signs including condition, abdominal distension/discoloration and mobility.
  • the percent survival data are shown in FIG. 19 .
  • Co-administration of VSP siRNA-SNALP with Sorafenib increased survival proportion compared to administration of Sorafenib or VSP siRNA-SNALP alone.
  • VSP siRNA-SNALP increased survival proportion compared to Sorafenib.
  • duplexes targeted to Eg5/KSP and VEGF were designed and synthesized. Each set included duplexes tiling 10 nucleotides in each direction of the target sites for either AD-12115 and AD-3133.
  • duplexes are administered alone and/or in combination, e.g., an Eg5/KSP dsRNA in combination with a VEGF dsRNA.
  • the dsRNA are administered in a SNALP formulation as described herein.
  • a set duplexes targeted to VEGF were designed and synthesized.
  • the set included duplexes tiling 10 nucleotides in each direction of the target sites for AD-3133.
  • Each duplex includes a 2 base overhang at the end corresponding to the 3′ end of the antisense strand and no overhang, e.g., a blunt end, at the end corresponding to the 5′ end of the antisense strand.
  • VEGF duplexes are administered alone and/or in combination with an Eg5/KSP dsRNA (e.g., AD-12115).
  • Eg5/KSP dsRNA e.g., AD-12115
  • the dsRNA are administered in a SNALP formulation as described herein.
  • a human subject is treated with a pharmaceutical composition, e.g., ALNVSP02, having both a SNALP formulated dsRNA targeted to a Eg5/KSP gene and a SNALP formulated dsRNA targeted to a VEGF gene to inhibit expression of the Eg5/KSP and VEGF genes.
  • a pharmaceutical composition e.g., ALNVSP02, having both a SNALP formulated dsRNA targeted to a Eg5/KSP gene and a SNALP formulated dsRNA targeted to a VEGF gene to inhibit expression of the Eg5/KSP and VEGF genes.
  • a subject in need of treatment is selected or identified.
  • the subject can be in need of cancer treatment, e.g., liver cancer.
  • a suitable first dose of the composition is subcutaneously administered to the subject.
  • the composition is formulated as described herein.
  • the subject's condition is evaluated, e.g., by measurement of tumor growth, measuring serum AFP levels, and the like. This measurement can be accompanied by a measurement of Eg5/KSP and/or VEGF expression in said subject, and/or the products of the successful siRNA-targeting of Eg5/KSP and/or VEGF mRNA. Other relevant criteria can also be measured.
  • the number and strength of doses are adjusted according to the subject's needs.
  • the subject's condition is compared to the condition existing prior to the treatment, or relative to the condition of a similarly afflicted but untreated subject.

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US20130023577A1 (en) 2013-01-24
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HK1220380A1 (zh) 2017-05-05
CA2716793A1 (en) 2009-09-11
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US20160000819A1 (en) 2016-01-07
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