US20090067200A1 - Device and method for equalizing the charges of individual, series-connected cells of an energy storage device - Google Patents

Device and method for equalizing the charges of individual, series-connected cells of an energy storage device Download PDF

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Publication number
US20090067200A1
US20090067200A1 US11/631,062 US63106205A US2009067200A1 US 20090067200 A1 US20090067200 A1 US 20090067200A1 US 63106205 A US63106205 A US 63106205A US 2009067200 A1 US2009067200 A1 US 2009067200A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
converter
capacitor
cell
bus
way
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Abandoned
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US11/631,062
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English (en)
Inventor
Stephan Bolz
Martin Gotzenberger
Rainer Knorr
Gunter Lugert
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Siemens AG
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Siemens AG
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H02J7/0014—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H02J7/0014—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries
    • H02J7/0016—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries using shunting, discharge or bypass circuits
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H02J7/0014—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries
    • H02J7/0018—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries using separate charge circuits
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/34—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering
    • H02J7/345—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering using capacitors as storage or buffering devices
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device and method for equalizing the charges of individual cells of an energy storage device disposed in series, in particular of capacitors of a double-layer capacitor connected in series, as used for example in vehicle electrical systems.
  • Double-layer capacitors have proved to be the most practical technical solution for storing and supplying short bursts of high power in a vehicle electrical system, for example during acceleration assistance (boost) for the internal combustion engine by an integrated starter-generator operating as an electric motor or during the conversion of motive energy to electrical energy by the integrated starter-generator operating as a generator during the regenerative braking process (recuperation).
  • boost acceleration assistance
  • starter-generator operating as an electric motor
  • motive energy to electrical energy by the integrated starter-generator operating as a generator during the regenerative braking process
  • the maximum voltage of an individual cell of a double-layer capacitor is limited to around 2.5V to 3.0 V, such that for a voltage of 60V for example—a typical voltage value for a double-layer capacitor used in a 42V vehicle electrical system—around 20 to 26 individual capacitors have to be connected in series to form a capacitor stack.
  • the varying self-discharge rates of the individual cells mean that a charge inequality develops over time in the capacitor stack, ultimately making the double-layer capacitor unusable, if the charges are not equalized.
  • FIG. 1 shows an example of the scatter range of the capacitor voltages for a double-layer capacitor (capacitor stack) with 18 cells (capacitors) over time.
  • the scatter range (between maximum and minimum) illustrated in FIG. 1 shows the degree to which the self-discharge of the individual cells within a capacitor stack can fluctuate over time.
  • a simple charge equalizing operation for example by slightly overcharging the capacitor stack, as with a lead-acid battery, is however not possible with a double-layer capacitor.
  • One option known internally within the company is to monitor the voltage of each individual cell by means of a separate electronics system (operational amplifier and voltage divider R 1 /R 2 ) and, when a predetermined maximum value U ref is reached or exceeded, to bring about a partial discharge by means of a connectable parallel resistance R byp ( FIG. 2 ). The cell then discharges by way of the parallel resistance R byp and its voltage U C drops back below the maximum value. If the voltage drops below the maximum value by a predetermined voltage value, the parallel resistance R byp is disconnected again.
  • a separate electronics system operation amplifier and voltage divider R 1 /R 2
  • the concept is however restricted in that the charging current into the capacitor stack must be smaller than the discharging current of the charge equalizing circuit, as otherwise it would not be possible to prevent the overcharging of individual capacitors when charging the module.
  • the equalizing system cannot be switched on externally, but is only activated when the predetermined voltage threshold is exceeded. During operation in a motor vehicle however this precise state is not achieved over quite a long period. Such a charge equalizing operation results in the long term in a lack of symmetry in the capacitor stack. It has already been possible to demonstrate this by taking measurements in a test vehicle.
  • This outlay may be justified for two or three batteries but it is definitely too high for a stack of twenty or more batteries/capacitor cells.
  • This form of charge equalizing can also be implemented at any time, regardless of whether the individual capacitor has reached a maximum voltage, such that a dangerous charge inequality cannot develop in the capacitor stack.
  • the secondary side of the flyback transformer requires a large number of terminals.
  • any change in the number of cells in the stack requires adjustment of the transformer. This is to be expected however, as the further technical development of double-layer capacitors has led to an increase in the permitted maximum voltage from generation to generation and correspondingly fewer individual capacitors are required for a given module voltage.
  • the wiring arrangement from the transformer to the capacitor cells is also complex, as every contact in the stack has to be connected separately.
  • These lines are also subject to high-frequency voltage pulses from the switching processes of the flyback converter and require special EMV suppression measures.
  • a further aspect is the method for operating the flyback converter.
  • Commercially available control circuits switching controller ICs
  • the charging of the magnetic store takes place in the one phase, while the discharge or energy transfer to the output circuit takes place in the other phase of the clock pulse.
  • This is particularly expedient when a direct current element also has to be transferred as well as the switched current (continuous operation).
  • a switching gap in other words the time period during which the magnetic storage element remains fully discharged—as oscillations then tend to occur more frequently and the storage characteristics of the magnet core are not used optimally.
  • the oscillations have their origin in the resonant circuit, which comprises storage inductivity and winding capacitance, and the fact that the resonant circuit is stimulated at the start of the switching gap and is not damped by any ohmic load.
  • the object of the invention is to create a device with a simplified structure which can be used to achieve automatically controlled operation for equalizing the charges between the individual cells connected in series with little technical outlay.
  • the object of the invention is also to create a method for operating this device.
  • this object is achieved by a device according to the features of claim 1 and a method for operating said device according to the features of claim 11 .
  • AC bus alternating current bus
  • the interfacing and isolation of the cells is effected by way of capacitors according to the invention.
  • the equalizing process can be activated at any time.
  • activation can for example be effected by a control device, which determines the activation time based on operating parameters of a motor vehicle, in particular of an internal combustion engine and/or a starter-generator.
  • the capacitor stack can be recharged by way of the equalizing circuit. It is thus possible to charge up a series circuit of empty cells again from a further energy source, for example rendering a motor vehicle that has been stopped for a long time once again capable of starting.
  • the system as a whole can be easily expanded and is therefore readily scalable.
  • the circuit arrangement is particularly suitable for integration into the stack of cells of an energy storage device connected in series and/or into the housing of the individual cells or the energy storage device as a whole.
  • Particularly suitable energy storage devices in this instance are double-layer capacitors, also referred to as super-caps or ultra-caps.
  • FIG. 1 shows the scatter of the capacitor voltages of different cells of a double-layer capacitor over time
  • FIG. 2 shows a known circuit arrangement to achieve charge equalizing in energy storage devices
  • FIG. 3 shows a further known circuit arrangement to achieve charge equalizing in energy storage devices
  • FIG. 4 shows a block circuit diagram of an inventive charge equalizing circuit
  • FIG. 5 shows an exemplary embodiment of a charge equalizing circuit
  • FIG. 6 shows a further exemplary embodiment of a charge equalizing circuit.
  • FIGS. 1 to 3 have already been described above.
  • FIG. 4 A block circuit diagram of an outline circuit for equalizing the charges of cells of an energy storage device according to the invention is shown in FIG. 4 .
  • a first converter 1 generates a direct voltage. This direct voltage is inverted by way of a second converter 2 with a pulse frequency of 50 kHz for example and this alternating voltage is applied to an AC bus 4 .
  • Bus here refers to a system of conductors (cables, copper rails, etc.).
  • the cells Z 1 to Z n of the double-layer capacitor DLC connected in circuit are connected to this bus 4 by way of a coupling capacitor and a rectifier 3 respectively.
  • the coupling capacitors C K are used for isolation purposes and their charge is partially reversed by the alternating voltage.
  • FIG. 5 shows a first exemplary embodiment of an inventive circuit arrangement for equalizing the charges of cells Z 1 to Z n of a double-layer capacitor DLC.
  • the voltage U DLC dropping across the series circuit of the individual cells Z 1 to Z n of the double-layer capacitor DLC is fed to a DC/AC voltage converter 1 —for example a current-regulated step-down converter—by way of a first switch S 1 .
  • An energy source for example a battery B, can be connected additionally or alternatively to a DC/DC voltage converter 1 by way of a second switch S 2 .
  • the DC/DC voltage converter 1 is in turn connected electrically to an input of a DC/AC converter 2 , which in this exemplary embodiment has an intermediate circuit capacitor C Z and two transistors T 1 and T 2 connected as a half-bridge.
  • the intermediate circuit capacitor C Z can either be charged by the double-layer capacitor DLC by way of the switch S 1 or by the battery B by way of the switch S 2 .
  • the output of this DC/AC voltage converter 2 between the two transistors T 1 and T 2 is connected to an AC bus 4 , which in turn has a coupling capacitor CK 1 to C Kn for the cell Z 1 to Z n assigned to it.
  • the diodes—D xa connect the terminal of the coupling capacitor C Kx with the terminal having the higher potential (hereafter referred to as the “positive terminal”) of the assigned cell Z x in each instance, said terminal of the coupling capacitor C Kx facing away from the AC bus, and the diodes D xb connect said terminal to the terminal having the lower potential (hereafter referred to as the “negative terminal”) of said assigned cell Z x .
  • the diode D xa is hereby poled from the coupling capacitor C Kx toward the positive terminal of the cell Z x in the through-flow direction, while the diode D xb is poled from the negative terminal of the cell Z x toward the coupling capacitor C Kx .
  • the DC/AC voltage converter 2 in this exemplary embodiment comprising a half-bridge T 1 , T 2 , supplies a rectangular alternating voltage at its output between the two transistors T 1 and T 2 , it being possible for the coupling capacitors C K1 to C Kn to transfer said rectangular alternating voltage to the individual cells Z 1 to Z n .
  • the current is rectified again by way of the connected rectifier 3 (diodes D 1a , D 1b to D na , D nb ) and fed to the cells Z 1 to Z n as a charging current.
  • the circuit can be sub-divided into three sub-circuits.
  • the first part is a current source, which is advantageously in the form of a DC/DC switching controller 1 .
  • a DC/DC switching controller 1 During a charge equalizing operation energy comes from the double-layer capacitor DLC itself or—during a charging process—from a second energy source, for example a battery B. This energy is fed to an intermediate circuit capacitor C z of the second sub-circuit.
  • All known variants of the DC/DC switching controller 1 are possible; it is advantageously configured as a step-down switching controller comprising transistors, inductor and freewheeling diode (not shown).
  • the second sub-circuit 2 has a bridge circuit, in this instance a half-bridge, comprising the two transistors T 1 and T 2 , which is supplied from the intermediate circuit capacitor C K , and the output of which is conducted by way of the AC bus 4 to all coupling capacitors C K1 to C Kn . It generates an alternating voltage, in relation to reference potential GND (ground).
  • a bridge circuit in this instance a half-bridge, comprising the two transistors T 1 and T 2 , which is supplied from the intermediate circuit capacitor C K , and the output of which is conducted by way of the AC bus 4 to all coupling capacitors C K1 to C Kn . It generates an alternating voltage, in relation to reference potential GND (ground).
  • the third sub-circuit, the rectifier 3 is present once for each cell Z 1 to Z n . It converts the alternating current to a pulsing direct current flowing through the cells.
  • the coupling capacitor C Kx is charged in the negative phase of the alternating voltage signal (transistor T 2 conducting current) by the lower diode D xb to the lower potential (at the negative terminal of the cell) of the cell Z x —minus the conducting-state voltage of the diode D xb .
  • the alternating voltage signal then increases the potential to a sufficient degree (transistor T 1 conducting current)
  • current flows from the intermediate circuit capacitor C Z by way of transistor T 1 , the AC bus 4 , the coupling capacitor C Kz and the diode D xa through the cell Z x and through all the cells, whose positive terminal has a smaller potential to reference potential GND than the positive terminal of the cell Z x to be charged, in this instance the cells Z x+1 to Z n , and from there back to the intermediate circuit capacitor C Z .
  • the current flows in the reverse direction through the cells, whose positive terminals have a smaller potential to reference potential GND than the positive terminal of the cell Z x to be charged, in other words the cells Z n to Z x+1 , and now through diode D xb and the intermediate circuit capacitor C Kx .
  • the current circuit is closed by way of the AC bus 4 and the current-conducting transistor T 2 .
  • a pulsing direct charging current therefore results in the cell Z x , while all the cells Z x+1 to Z n , whose positive terminal has a smaller potential to reference potential GND, experience an alternating current.
  • the pulsing direct current can only flow into the cell Z x with the smallest cell voltage U Zx and charges this cell first, until said cell reaches the next highest cell voltage of a further cell.
  • the pulsing direct current is then distributed to these two cells, until it reaches the cell with what is then the next highest cell voltage, etc.
  • the charges of the entire capacitor stack in other words all the cells of the double-layer capacitor DLC, are thus equalized.
  • Top-quality high-capacitance coupling capacitors and diodes with low conducting-state voltages are particularly suitable here.
  • the inventive circuit has the following function groups:
  • FIG. 6 shows a further exemplary embodiment of the inventive circuit arrangement with a full bridge and a (Graetz) rectifier in a two-phase variant.
  • the cell Z x is the one with the lowest cell-voltage U Zx .
  • circuit of the exemplary embodiment with two phases operates in a similar manner to the circuit of the exemplary embodiment described above and shown in FIG. 5 with a half-bridge and one phase. There are however certain advantages here which have to be offset against the additional outlay.
  • the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 6 has as its DC/AC voltage converter 2 a full-bridge circuit with two half-bridges, comprising a first and second transistor T 1 -T 2 or third and fourth transistor T 3 -T 4 , each being connected to a bus line 4 . 1 , 4 . 2 .
  • Each bus line is supplied with energy by way of the half-bridge assigned to it.
  • the bus line 4 . 1 is connected to the cells Z 1 to Z n connected in series, in each instance by way of a coupling capacitor C K1a to C Kna and a rectifier circuit comprising two diodes D 1a , D 1b to D na , D nb respectively.
  • the bus line 4 . 2 is connected to the cells Z 1 to Z n connected in series, in each instance by way of a coupling capacitor C K1b to C Knb and a rectifier circuit 3 comprising two diodes D 1c , D 1d to D nc , D nd respectively.
  • the bus line 4 . 1 connected to the half-bridge T 1 -T 2 is connected by way of the coupling capacitor C Kxa on the one hand by way of the diode D xa conducting current toward the cell to the positive terminal of the cell Z x and on the other hand by way of the diode D xb conducting current toward the coupling capacitor to the negative terminal of the cell Z x .
  • the bus line 4 . 2 connected to the half-bridge T 3 -T 4 is also connected by way of the coupling capacitor C Kxb on the one hand by way of the diode D xc conducting current toward the cell to the positive terminal of the cell Z x and on the other hand by way of the diode D xd conducting current toward the coupling capacitor to the negative terminal of the cell Z x .
  • the two rectifiers D xa , D xb and D xc , D xd therefore operate parallel to the cell Z x .
  • the circuit for all the other cells Z 1 to Z x ⁇ 1 and Z x+1 to Z n looks similar.
  • a significant advantage with two phases is that there is no alternating current through the cells that are not actually involved, which are currently not charged, in other words all the cells, whose positive terminal has a smaller potential to reference potential GND but higher cell voltages U Z than the cell Z x (in other words through the cells Z x+1 to Z n here).
  • the two half-bridges operate in phase opposition, in other words when the transistors T 1 and T 4 conduct current in the first phase, the transistors T 2 and T 3 are non-conducting; this is reversed in the second phase: here the transistors T 2 and T 3 conduct current, while the transistors T 1 and T 4 are non-conducting.
  • a current flows from the intermediate circuit capacitor C Z by way of transistor T 1 into the bus 4 . 1 , by way of coupling capacitor C Kxa and diode D xa through the cell Z x and back by way of diode D xd , coupling capacitor C Kxb , the bus 4 . 2 and transistor T 4 to the intermediate circuit capacitor CZ.
  • a current flows from the intermediate circuit capacitor C z by way of transistor T 3 into the bus 4 . 2 , by way of coupling capacitor C Kxb and diode D xc through the cell Z x and back by way of diode D xb , coupling capacitor C Kxa , the bus 4 . 1 and transistor T 2 to the intermediate circuit capacitor C z .
  • the recharging current of the one coupling capacitor C Kxa and the discharging current of the other coupling capacitor C Kxb compensate for each other.
  • the step-down converter 1 taps the energy from the entire capacitor stack, comprising the individual cells Z connected in series, in other words the double-layer capacitor DLC. Energy can optionally be fed to the system by way of an additional switch S 2 .
  • the voltage at the respective AC bus increases until it corresponds to the lowest cell voltage plus one (exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 5 ) or two diode voltages (exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 6 ). This achieves very efficient recharging of the most discharged cell.
  • the circuit as a whole does not require any complex or expensive individual components.
  • the structure of the AC bus 4 or 4 . 1 or 4 . 2 means that the system can easily be expanded. Additional energy storage devices Z n+1 can easily be connected to the bus and superfluous ones can easily be removed.
  • the charge equalizing circuit can also be used to equalize the charges of other energy storage devices, for example batteries connected in series.
  • circuit arrangements can be integrated both in the housing, which encloses the individual cells, or in a common housing. This provides a compact unit, which only has three or four terminals.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
  • Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)
US11/631,062 2004-06-28 2005-03-24 Device and method for equalizing the charges of individual, series-connected cells of an energy storage device Abandoned US20090067200A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102004031216A DE102004031216A1 (de) 2004-06-28 2004-06-28 Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Ladungsausgleich in Reihe geschalteter Energiespeicher
DE102004031216.8 2004-06-28
PCT/EP2005/051386 WO2006000471A1 (fr) 2004-06-28 2005-03-24 Systeme et procede pour equilibrer la charge d'elements individuels d'un accumulateur d'energie montes en serie

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US20090067200A1 true US20090067200A1 (en) 2009-03-12

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US11/631,062 Abandoned US20090067200A1 (en) 2004-06-28 2005-03-24 Device and method for equalizing the charges of individual, series-connected cells of an energy storage device
US11/631,063 Expired - Fee Related US7800346B2 (en) 2004-06-28 2005-03-24 Device and method for equalizing charges of series-connected energy stores

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US (2) US20090067200A1 (fr)
EP (2) EP1761988B1 (fr)
JP (2) JP2008504798A (fr)
KR (2) KR20070030224A (fr)
CN (2) CN100468910C (fr)
DE (2) DE102004031216A1 (fr)
WO (2) WO2006000263A1 (fr)

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US9958492B2 (en) * 2015-09-02 2018-05-01 Aktiebolaget Skf Partial discharge signal detection using resistive attenuation
EP3334004A4 (fr) * 2016-10-12 2018-10-24 Guangdong OPPO Mobile Telecommunications Corp., Ltd. Dispositif à charger et procédé de charge
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EP2300495A4 (fr) * 2008-06-11 2011-08-03 Childrens Mercy Hospital Solutions utilisables en ingénierie tissulaire et leurs procédés d'utilisation
JP5564864B2 (ja) * 2008-12-19 2014-08-06 日産自動車株式会社 二次電池システム
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DE102009027835A1 (de) * 2009-07-20 2011-01-27 SB LiMotive Company Ltd., Suwon Hybrides Batteriesystem
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US7800346B2 (en) 2010-09-21
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KR20070031406A (ko) 2007-03-19
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US20080278969A1 (en) 2008-11-13
EP1761988A1 (fr) 2007-03-14
DE102004031216A1 (de) 2006-01-19
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