US20080218559A1 - Piezoelectric device, process for producing the same, and liquid discharge device - Google Patents

Piezoelectric device, process for producing the same, and liquid discharge device Download PDF

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Publication number
US20080218559A1
US20080218559A1 US12/042,999 US4299908A US2008218559A1 US 20080218559 A1 US20080218559 A1 US 20080218559A1 US 4299908 A US4299908 A US 4299908A US 2008218559 A1 US2008218559 A1 US 2008218559A1
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piezoelectric
electrode layer
layer
lower electrode
piezoelectric device
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Takamichi Fujii
Takayuki Naono
Yoshikazu Hishinuma
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Fujifilm Corp
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Fujifilm Corp
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Publication of US20080218559A1 publication Critical patent/US20080218559A1/en
Priority to US13/347,333 priority Critical patent/US8733905B2/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
    • B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
    • B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
    • B41J2/01—Ink jet
    • B41J2/135—Nozzles
    • B41J2/14—Structure thereof only for on-demand ink jet heads
    • B41J2/14201—Structure of print heads with piezoelectric elements
    • B41J2/14233—Structure of print heads with piezoelectric elements of film type, deformed by bending and disposed on a diaphragm
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
    • H10N30/01—Manufacture or treatment
    • H10N30/07—Forming of piezoelectric or electrostrictive parts or bodies on an electrical element or another base
    • H10N30/074—Forming of piezoelectric or electrostrictive parts or bodies on an electrical element or another base by depositing piezoelectric or electrostrictive layers, e.g. aerosol or screen printing
    • H10N30/076—Forming of piezoelectric or electrostrictive parts or bodies on an electrical element or another base by depositing piezoelectric or electrostrictive layers, e.g. aerosol or screen printing by vapour phase deposition
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
    • H10N30/20—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices with electrical input and mechanical output, e.g. functioning as actuators or vibrators
    • H10N30/204—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices with electrical input and mechanical output, e.g. functioning as actuators or vibrators using bending displacement, e.g. unimorph, bimorph or multimorph cantilever or membrane benders
    • H10N30/2047—Membrane type
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
    • H10N30/80—Constructional details
    • H10N30/85—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive active materials
    • H10N30/853—Ceramic compositions
    • H10N30/8548—Lead-based oxides
    • H10N30/8554—Lead-zirconium titanate [PZT] based
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
    • H10N30/80—Constructional details
    • H10N30/87—Electrodes or interconnections, e.g. leads or terminals
    • H10N30/875—Further connection or lead arrangements, e.g. flexible wiring boards, terminal pins
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
    • H10N30/80—Constructional details
    • H10N30/87—Electrodes or interconnections, e.g. leads or terminals
    • H10N30/877—Conductive materials
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
    • H10N30/80—Constructional details
    • H10N30/87—Electrodes or interconnections, e.g. leads or terminals
    • H10N30/877—Conductive materials
    • H10N30/878—Conductive materials the principal material being non-metallic, e.g. oxide or carbon based
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
    • B41J2202/00—Embodiments of or processes related to ink-jet or thermal heads
    • B41J2202/01—Embodiments of or processes related to ink-jet heads
    • B41J2202/03—Specific materials used
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/42—Piezoelectric device making

Definitions

  • piezoelectric devices constituted by a piezoelectric layer and upper and lower electrode layers are used, for example, as actuators installed in inkjet recording heads.
  • the piezoelectric layer expands and contracts in correspondence with increase and decrease in the strength of an electric field applied from the upper and lower electrode layers to the piezoelectric layer.
  • the inkjet recording heads have a basic structure in which a piezoelectric device as above and a diaphragm are attached to an ink-nozzle member.
  • the ink-nozzle member has a plurality of ink chambers and a plurality of ink-discharge outlets.
  • the ink chambers reserve ink, and the ink is externally discharged from the ink chambers through the ink-discharge outlets.
  • the piezoelectric layer is patterned into separate pieces corresponding to the plurality of ink chambers.
  • the perovskite oxides such as PZT-based oxides are known as materials suitable for the piezoelectric layer, where PZT stands for lead titanate zirconate.
  • PZT-based piezoelectric layer can be formed, for example, by vapor phase epitaxy such as sputtering.
  • some types of PZT-based piezoelectric layers formed by vapor phase epitaxy such as sputtering normally have spontaneous polarization oriented upward (i.e., the negatively-polarized side of the PZT-based piezoelectric layer is the lower side, and the positively-polarized side of the PZT-based piezoelectric layer is the upper side) unless special polarization processing is performed immediately after the formation of the PZT-based piezoelectric layers.
  • noble metals such as iridium (Ir) and platinum (Pt) are widely used in the lower electrode layers of the conventional piezoelectric devices.
  • the noble metals such as Ir and platinum Pt are expensive. That is, use of the noble metals is not preferable from the viewpoint of the cost.
  • the noble metals such as Ir are uneasy to etch. Specifically, the noble metals such as Ir cannot be etched by wet etching, and can be etched by only ion etching among various types of dry etching, so that patterning of the noble metals such as Ir is difficult.
  • the lower electrode layer is not patterned, and is formed to have a uniform film structure, and each of the PZT-based piezoelectric layer and the upper electrode layer is patterned into separate pieces corresponding to a plurality of ink chambers.
  • the lower electrode layer be a grand electrode (to which a fixed voltage is applied), and the upper electrode layer realize address electrodes (to which variable voltages are applied).
  • the drivers for driving the piezoelectric devices are usually positive-output drivers.
  • polarization-inversion processing is performed in order to make the spontaneous polarization oriented downward (i.e., so that the negatively-polarized side of the piezoelectric layer becomes the upper side, and the positively-polarized side of the piezoelectric layer becomes the lower side) before the upper electrode layer is driven by positive-output drivers.
  • the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances.
  • the first object of the present invention is to provide a piezoelectric device having a lower electrode layer which exhibits satisfactory etching performance and can be patterned at low cost.
  • the second object of the present invention is to provide a process for producing the above piezoelectric device.
  • the piezoelectric device according to the first aspect of the present invention may further have one or any possible combination of the following additional features (i) to (ix).
  • the lower electrode layer contains as one or more main components one or more of metals Cr, W, Ti, Al, Fe, Mo, In, Sn, Ni, Cu, Co, and Ta, and alloys of the metals.
  • main component means a component the content of which is 50% or higher by weight.
  • the lower electrode layer contains as one or more main components one or more of iron (Fe) and alloys of iron.
  • the lower electrode layer is formed by vapor phase epitaxy.
  • the lower electrode layer is patterned by use of wet etching.
  • the piezoelectric layer is formed of a perovskite oxide, and is (100) oriented, although the piezoelectric layer may contain inevitable impurities.
  • the piezoelectric layer has spontaneous polarization, the negatively-polarized side of the spontaneous polarization is oriented toward the lower electrode layer, the positively-polarized side of the spontaneous polarization is oriented toward the upper electrode layer, the upper electrode layer realizes a grand electrode to which a fixed voltage is applied, the lower electrode layer is separated into address electrodes, and variable voltages are applied to the address electrodes.
  • the piezoelectric device may further comprise a driver which drives the address electrodes so as to vary the voltages applied to the address electrodes.
  • the piezoelectric layer is formed at 400° C. to 600° C.
  • Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 62 (1987)-165381 discloses a piezoelectric device using plates of stainless steel as electrodes.
  • the piezoelectric device bulk electrodes (realized by the plates of stainless steel) and bulk piezoelectric bodies are alternately piled. That is, none of the electrodes and the piezoelectric bodies in the disclosed piezoelectric device are films as the upper and lower electrode layers and the piezoelectric layer in the piezoelectric device according to the first aspect of the present invention. Further, the electrodes and the piezoelectric bodies in the disclosed piezoelectric device are not patterned.
  • the process according to the second aspect of the present invention may further have one or any possible combination of the following additional features (x) and (xi).
  • step (b) and the step (d) are concurrently performed after the step (a) and the step (c) are performed.
  • the liquid discharge device according to the third aspect of the present invention comprises: the piezoelectric device according to the first aspect of the present invention; and a discharge member being formed integrally with or separately from the substrate in the piezoelectric device, and including, a liquid-reserve chamber which reserves liquid, and a liquid-discharge outlet through which the liquid is externally discharged from the liquid-reserve chamber.
  • FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating a cross section of an essential portion of an inkjet recording head (as a liquid discharge device) having a piezoelectric device according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram indicating results of XRD measurement of PZT films and Nb-PZT films which are formed by vapor phase epitaxy using plasma, where the abscissa corresponds to the film-formation temperature Ts, and the ordinate corresponds to Vs ⁇ Vf.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an example of an inkjet recording apparatus using the inkjet recording head of FIG. 1 .
  • FIG. 6 is an XRD profile of a piezoelectric film in a comparison example.
  • FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating a cross section of an essential portion of the inkjet recording head.
  • the dimensions of the illustrated elements are differentiated from the dimensions of the elements of the actual inkjet recording head for clarification.
  • the inkjet recording head 3 illustrated in FIG. 1 is constituted by a piezoelectric actuator 2 and an ink-nozzle member 20
  • the piezoelectric actuator 2 is constituted by a piezoelectric device 1 and a diaphragm 17 .
  • the piezoelectric device 1 is constituted by a substrate 11 and a laminated film 16 formed on the substrate 11 .
  • the laminated film 16 is produced by forming on the substrate 11 a lower electrode layer 12 , a piezoelectric layer 13 , and an upper electrode layer 14 in this order so that an electric field in the thickness direction can be applied to each portion (corresponding to a pixel or an ink chamber) of the piezoelectric layer 13 through the lower electrode layer 12 and the upper electrode layer 14 .
  • the piezoelectric actuator 2 is produced by attaching the diaphragm 17 to the back surface of the substrate 11 of the piezoelectric device 1 so that the diaphragm 17 can vibrate in correspondence with expansion and contraction of the piezoelectric layer 13 .
  • the inkjet recording head 3 is produced by attaching the ink-nozzle member 20 to the back surface of the piezoelectric actuator 2 .
  • the ink-nozzle member 20 is a member for reserving and discharging ink, and comprises ink chambers 21 (as the liquid-reserve chambers) and ink outlets 22 (as the liquid-discharge outlets).
  • Each of the ink chambers 21 is connected to the corresponding one of the ink chambers 21 .
  • Each of the ink chambers 21 reserves the ink, and the ink held in the ink chamber is discharged out of the ink chamber through the corresponding ink outlet.
  • the ink chambers 21 can be formed by etching the corresponding portions of the substrate 11 from the bottom surface of the substrate 11 , and the diaphragm 17 and the structures of the ink-nozzle member 20 can be produced by processing the substrate 11 per se.
  • the strength of the electric field applied to each portion (corresponding to a pixel or an ink chamber) of the piezoelectric device 1 is increased or decreased so as to expand or contract each portion of the piezoelectric device 1 and control the discharge of the ink from the corresponding one of the ink chambers 21 and the discharge amount of the ink.
  • the spontaneous polarization of the piezoelectric layer 13 is oriented upward. That is, the negatively-polarized side of the spontaneous polarization of the piezoelectric layer 13 is oriented toward the lower electrode layer 12 , and the positively-polarized side of the spontaneous polarization of the piezoelectric layer 13 is oriented toward the upper electrode layer 14 .
  • the upper electrode layer 14 realizes a grand (GND) electrode to which a fixed voltage is applied, the lower electrode layer 12 is separated into address electrodes, and variable voltages are applied to the address electrodes.
  • the piezoelectric actuator 2 operates in a deflection vibration mode, and the lower electrode layer 12 and the piezoelectric layer 13 are patterned so that the driving voltage applied to an address electrode corresponding to each ink chamber 21 can be independently varied. Further, the piezoelectric device 1 is provided with drivers 15 which drive the piezoelectric device 1 by varying the voltages applied to the address electrodes constituting the lower electrode layer 12 .
  • the material for the substrate 11 is not specifically limited.
  • the substrate 11 may be made of silicon, glass, stainless steel, YSZ (yttrium stabilized zirconia), SrTiO 3 , alumina, sapphire, silicon carbide, or the like.
  • the substrate 11 may be realized by a laminated substrate such as the SOI (silicon-on-insulator) substrate, which is produced by alternately forming on a surface of a silicon substrate one or more oxide films of SiO 2 and one or more Si active layers.
  • SOI silicon-on-insulator
  • the buffer layer is provided for realizing satisfactory lattice matching between the substrate 11 and the lower electrode layer 12
  • the adhesion layer is provided for realizing satisfactory adhesiveness between the substrate 11 and the lower electrode layer 12 .
  • the lower electrode layer 12 is a metal electrode layer containing as one or more main components one or more nonnoble metals and/or one or more nonnoble alloys.
  • the lower electrode layer 12 contains as one or more main components one or more of metals Cr, W, Ti, Al, Fe, Mo, In, Sn, Ni, Cu, Co, and Ta, and alloys of these metals.
  • the etching performance of the lower electrode layer is satisfactory, so that the lower electrode layer 12 can be easily patterned by wet etching.
  • the lower electrode layer 12 contain as one or more main components one or more of iron (Fe) and alloys of iron.
  • a main component of the lower electrode layer 12 may be a stainless steel.
  • the main component of the upper electrode layer 14 is not specifically limited, and may be, for example, one or a combination of metals such as Au, Pt, and Ir, metal oxides such as TrO 2 , RuO 2 , LaNiO 3 , and SrRuO 3 , and the same materials as the above examples of the main component of the lower electrode 12 . Further, the thicknesses of the lower and upper electrode layers 12 and 14 are not specifically limited, and are preferably 50 to 500 nm.
  • the material for the piezoelectric layer 13 is not specifically limited.
  • the piezoelectric layer 13 be basically formed of one or more perovskite oxides, although the piezoelectric layer 13 may contain inevitable impurities. It is further preferable that the piezoelectric layer 13 be basically formed of one or more perovskite oxides having the composition expressed by the compositional formula,
  • A represents one or more A-site elements
  • B represents one or more B-site elements
  • O represents oxygen atoms.
  • the one or more A-site elements are one or more elements including lead (Pb)
  • the one or more B-site elements are one or more of the lanthanide series of elements and the elements of Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Sc, Co, Cu, In, Sn, Ga, Zn, Cd, Fe, and Ni.
  • the value of each of a and b may deviate from 1.0 within a range in which the composition expressed by the compositional formula A a B b O 3 can form a perovskite structure.
  • the one or more perovskite oxides for the piezoelectric layer 13 may be:
  • lead compounds such as lead titanate, lead titanate zirconate (PZT), lead zirconate, lead lanthanum titanate, lead lanthanum titanate zirconate, zirconium magnesium niobate-lead titanate, zirconium nickel niobate-lead titanate, and the like;
  • nonlead compounds such as barium titanate, bismuth sodium titanate, bismuth potassium titanate, sodium niobate, potassium niobate, lithium niobate, and the like;
  • the piezoelectric layer 13 be basically formed of one or a mixed crystal of PZT and the B-site substituted PZTs having the composition expressed by the compositional formula,
  • X represents one or more of the Group V and Group VI metal elements, a>0, b1>0, b2>0, and b3 ⁇ 0.
  • the substrate 11 is prepared, and the lower electrode layer 12 is formed on the substrate 11 . It is possible to form a buffer layer and/or an adhesion layer before the formation of the lower electrode layer 12 , when necessary.
  • the piezoelectric layer 13 is formed on the lower electrode layer 12 in the second step, and then the piezoelectric layer 13 and the lower electrode layer 12 are patterned in the third step so that a portion of the piezoelectric device 1 corresponding to each of the ink chambers 21 can be independently actuated.
  • the upper electrode layer 14 is formed over the patterned piezoelectric layer 13 in the fourth step, and the controllers 15 and necessary wirings are formed in the fifth step. Thus, production of the piezoelectric device 1 is completed.
  • the techniques used for formation of the lower electrode layer 12 , the piezoelectric layer 13 , and the upper electrode layer 14 are not specifically limited.
  • the techniques may be vapor phase epitaxy using plasma such as sputtering, ion beam sputtering, ion plating, plasma CVD (chemical vapor deposition), and the like.
  • the piezoelectric layer 13 is effectively expanded and contracted in response to increase and decrease in the strength of the electric field applied to the piezoelectric layer 13 when the direction of the electric field coincides with the orientation of a vector component of the spontaneous polarization axis in the piezoelectric layer 13 . Therefore, it is preferable to use as the piezoelectric layer 13 an oriented film in which variations in the orientation of the spontaneous polarization axis are small.
  • the crystal structure of the piezoelectric layer 13 is not specifically limited.
  • the crystal structure of the piezoelectric layer 13 may be a tetragonal structure, a rhombohedral structure, or a mixture of the tetragonal and rhombohedral structures.
  • the crystal structure of the piezoelectric layer 13 can be a monocrystal tetragonal structure, a mixture of the tetragonal and rhombohedral structures, or a monocrystal rhombohedral structure according to the film formation condition.
  • the spontaneous polarization is oriented upward. That is, the negatively-polarized side of the spontaneous polarization of the piezoelectric layer 13 is oriented toward the lower electrode layer 12 , and the positively-polarized side of the spontaneous polarization of the piezoelectric layer 13 is oriented toward the upper electrode layer 14 . Since the polarization-inversion processing of a PZT-based piezoelectric layer may not be able to realize sufficient piezoelectric performance of the PZT-based piezoelectric layer, it is preferable that the PZT-based piezoelectric layer have upward spontaneous polarization immediately after formation of the PZT-based piezoelectric layer even when no special polarization processing is performed.
  • the piezoelectric layer 13 contains a rhombohedral phase (i.e., in the case where the piezoelectric layer 13 is formed of a rhombohedral structure or a mixture of tetragonal and rhombohedral structures), it is preferable that the piezoelectric layer 13 be (100) oriented. Since the spontaneous polarization of the rhombohedral crystal is oriented along the ⁇ 111> direction, the spontaneous polarization has a vector component in the upward direction when the piezoelectric layer 13 is (100) oriented.
  • the patterning of the lower electrode layer is difficult. Therefore, conventionally, the PZT-based piezoelectric layer and the upper electrode layer are patterned into separate pieces corresponding to a plurality of ink chambers, the lower electrode layer is used as the grand electrode, and the separate pieces of the upper electrode layer are used as address electrodes to be driven. Further, conventionally, polarization-inversion processing is performed so as to make the spontaneous polarization of the PZT-based piezoelectric layer oriented downward, and the upper electrode layer is driven by positive-output drivers.
  • the lower electrode layer 12 is a metal electrode layer containing as one or more main components one or more nonnoble metals and/or one or more nonnoble alloys.
  • a metal electrode layer exhibits satisfactory etching performance, and can be easily patterned by the wet etching, which is less expensive than the dry etching.
  • the piezoelectric layer 13 can be easily patterned by wet etching using, for example, a 1:1:3 mixture of 37 weight percent hydrochloric acid, 70 weight percent nitric acid, and water. Therefore, the lower electrode layer 12 can be patterned into desired pieces so as to produce the address electrodes.
  • the present embodiment it is possible to process the lower electrode layer 12 into the address electrodes without performing the polarization-inversion processing, and produce the piezoelectric device 1 , in which the address electrodes constituting the lower electrode layer can be driven by positive-output drivers.
  • the lower electrode layer 12 and the piezoelectric layer 13 be patterned by wet etching.
  • the patterning of the lower electrode layer 12 and the piezoelectric layer 13 may be performed either concurrently or separately. However, it is preferable that the lower electrode layer 12 and the piezoelectric layer 13 be concurrently patterned from the viewpoint of reduction of the number of process steps.
  • the film-formation temperature is preferably 400° C. to 600° C. It is difficult to stably grow perovskite crystals below 400° C. In the case where the piezoelectric layer 13 of a lead-containing material such as a PZT-based material is formed, lead is likely to be lost when the film-formation temperature is above 600° C.
  • the difference in the thermal expansion coefficient between the substrate 11 and the piezoelectric layer 13 imposes stress on the piezoelectric layer 13 , for example, during the operation of forming the film or during the operation of cooling the piezoelectric layer 13 after the film formation, so that cracks and the like are likely to occur in the piezoelectric layer 13 .
  • the present inventors have found that a preferable condition for forming the piezoelectric layer 13 by vapor phase epitaxy using plasma such as sputtering is that the difference Vs ⁇ Vf between the floating potential Vf and the plasma potential Vs in plasma generated during formation of the piezoelectric layer should be 10 to 35 V.
  • the plasma potential Vs and the floating potential Vf are measured by the single-probe technique using the Langmuir probe.
  • the tip of the probe is maintained in the vicinity of the substrate (for example, approximately 10 mm above the substrate) in the measurement, and the measurement is completed in the shortest possible time.
  • the potential difference Vs ⁇ Vf between the plasma potential Vs and the floating potential Vf, measured in volts (V) can be directly converted into an electron temperature expressed in electron volts (eV), where 1 eV corresponds to 11,600 K (Kelvin).
  • the present inventors have produced samples of the piezoelectric layer by sputtering using targets of PZT (Pb 1.3 Zr 0.52 Ti 0.48 O 3 ) or Nb-PZT (Pb 1.3 Zr 0.43 Ti 0.44 Nb 0.13 O 3 ) at different film-formation temperatures Ts with different potential differences Vs ⁇ Vf, and evaluated the structures of the samples by performing XRD (X-ray diffraction) measurement.
  • the results of the evaluation are indicated in FIG. 2 .
  • the abscissa corresponds to the film-formation temperature Ts
  • the ordinate corresponds to the potential difference Vs ⁇ Vf.
  • the samples formed at the respective temperatures Ts with the respective potential differences Vs ⁇ Vf indicate the evaluation results of the samples formed at the respective temperatures Ts with the respective potential differences Vs ⁇ Vf.
  • the filled circles indicate that the samples are evaluated as having a satisfactory structure
  • the filled triangles indicate that the samples are evaluated as having a structure which has a problem but is acceptable
  • the crosses indicate that the samples are evaluated as having an unsatisfactory structure.
  • the samples formed at the film-formation temperature Ts of 525° C. are Nb-PZT films
  • the samples formed at the other temperatures are PZT films.
  • the XRD result of the sample formed at the film-formation temperature Ts of 450° C. indicates that the sample formed at 450° C. is mainly constituted by a pyrochlore phase, so that the sample formed at 450° C. is evaluated as being unsatisfactory.
  • the XRD result of the sample formed at the film-formation temperature Ts of 475° C. indicates that a pyrochlore phase begins to appear in the sample formed at 475° C., so that the sample formed at 475° C. is evaluated as having a problem but being acceptable.
  • the inkjet recording apparatus 100 comprises a printing unit 102 , an ink reserve-and-load unit 114 , a sheet feeding unit 118 , a decurling unit 120 , a suction-type belt conveyer 122 , a print detection unit 124 , and a sheet output unit 126 .
  • the printing unit 102 comprises a plurality of inkjet recording heads 3 K, 3 C, 3 M, and 3 Y corresponding to inks of different colors (specifically, black (K), cyan (C), magenta (M), and yellow (Y)).
  • the inkjet recording heads may be referred to as heads.
  • a cutter 128 for cutting the roll paper into desired size is arranged in the stage following the decurling unit 120 as illustrated in FIG. 3 .
  • the cutter 128 is constituted by a fixed blade 128 A and a round blade 128 B.
  • the fixed blade 128 A has a length equal to or greater than the width of the conveying path of the recording sheet 116 , and is arranged on the side opposite to the print side of the recording sheet 116 .
  • the round blade 128 B is arranged opposite to the fixed blade 128 A on the print side of the recording sheet 116 , and moves along the fixed blade 128 A. In the inkjet recording apparatuses using cut paper, the cutter 128 is unnecessary.
  • the suction-type belt conveyer 122 is constituted by rollers 131 and 132 and an endless belt 133 .
  • the rollers 131 and 132 are placed apart and the endless belt 133 is looped around the rollers 131 and 132 in such a manner that at least portions of the endless belt 133 which face the nozzle faces of the printing unit 102 and the sensor face of the print detection unit 124 are flat and horizontal.
  • the endless belt 133 has a width greater than the width of the recording sheet 116 , and a great number of suction pores (not shown) are formed through the endless belt 133 .
  • a suction chamber 134 is arranged inside the loop of the endless belt 133 at the position opposite to the nozzle faces of the printing unit 102 and the sensor face of the print detection unit 124 , and suctioned by a fan 135 , so that a negative pressure is generated in the suction chamber 134 , and the recording sheet 116 on the endless belt 133 is held by suction.
  • the power of a motor (not shown) is transmitted to at least one of the rollers 131 and 132 so that the endless belt 133 is driven clockwise in FIG. 3 , and the recording sheet 116 held on the endless belt 133 is moved from left to right in FIG. 3 .
  • a belt cleaning unit 136 is arranged at a predetermined (appropriate) position outside the loop of the endless belt 133 and the printing region.
  • a heating fan 140 is arranged on the upstream side of the printing unit 102 above the conveying path of the recording sheet 116 (which is realized by the suction-type belt conveyer 122 ).
  • the heating fan 140 blows heated air to the recording sheet 116 before printing so as to heat the recording sheet 116 and facilitate drying of deposited ink.
  • Each of the heads 3 K, 3 C, 3 M, and 3 Y in the printing unit 102 is a so-called full-line type head, which is a linear head having a length corresponding to the maximum width of the recording sheet 116 , and being arranged across the width of the recording sheet 116 (i.e., in the main scanning direction perpendicular to the feeding direction of the recording sheet 116 ) as illustrated in FIG. 4 .
  • each of the heads 3 K, 3 C, 3 M, and 3 Y is a linear head in which the aforementioned plurality of ink-discharge outlets (nozzles) are arrayed over a length exceeding the maximum length of a side of the largest recording sheet 116 on which the inkjet recording apparatus 100 can print an image.
  • the print detection unit 124 may be constituted by, for example, a line sensor which takes an image formed of spots of the inks discharged from the printing unit 102 , and detects, from the image taken by the line sensor, incomplete discharge, which can be caused by clogging of a nozzle or the like.
  • a heating-and-pressurizing unit 144 is arranged in the stage following the rear drying unit 142 .
  • the heating-and-pressing unit 144 comprises a pressure roller 145 having a surface having predetermined projections and depressions, and transfers the predetermined projections and depressions to the printed surface of the recording sheet 116 by pressing the printed surface with the pressure roller 145 while heating the printed surface.
  • the printed recording sheet 116 produced as above is outputted from the sheet output unit 126 .
  • the sheet output unit 126 includes a first output unit 126 A for the prints for practical use and a second output unit 126 B for the test prints.
  • the inkjet recording apparatus 100 further comprises a sorting unit which sorts the printed recording sheets 116 into the test prints and the prints for practical use, and sends the test prints to the first output unit 126 B, and the prints for practical use to the second output unit 126 A.
  • the present inventors have produced a concrete example of an inkjet recording head having a piezoelectric device according to the present invention and a comparison example of an inkjet recording head having a conventional piezoelectric device as indicated below.
  • a piezoelectric layer of PZT is formed by using a target of Ph 1.3 Zr 0.52 Ti 0.48 O 3 in the atmosphere of a mixture of Ar and 1.0 voltage percent of O 2 at the pressure of 0.5 Pa.
  • a substrate on which a lower electrode layer is formed is prepared. Specifically, an adhesion layer of Ti having a thickness of 10 nm and a lower electrode layer of the type 430 stainless steel (e.g., SUS430 according to Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS)) having a thickness of 200 nm are formed in this order on a SOI (Si/SiO 2 /Si/SiO 2 ) substrate.
  • JIS Japanese Industrial Standard
  • the piezoelectric layer is formed while the substrate with the lower electrode layer is placed in a floating arrangement and a ground is arranged at a position apart from the substrate.
  • the plasma potential Vs and the floating potential Vf i.e., the potential in the vicinity of the substrate (approximately 10 mm above the substrate)
  • the potential difference Vs ⁇ Vf of approximately 35 V is obtained.
  • the substrate temperature is 480° C.
  • the RF (radio frequency) power is 500 W.
  • the thickness of the formed piezoelectric layer is 4 micrometers.
  • FIG. 5 is an XRD (X-ray diffraction) profile of the piezoelectric film in the concrete example. As indicated in FIG. 5 , the obtained piezoelectric layer is (100) oriented, and the degree of orientation is 90% or higher.
  • the present inventors have measured the piezoelectric constant d 31 of the PZT piezoelectric film by using a cantilever, and obtained the value of the piezoelectric constant d 31 as 130 pm/V. In addition, the present inventors have confirmed that the negatively-polarized side of the spontaneous polarization of the piezoelectric layer is oriented toward the lower electrode layer, and the positively-polarized side of the spontaneous polarization of the piezoelectric layer is oriented toward the upper electrode layer.
  • the upper electrode layer is formed on the patterned piezoelectric film of PZT, and finally, ink nozzles including ink chambers with the dimensions of 500 ⁇ 500 micrometers and accompanying ink-discharge outlets are formed on the back side of the SOI substrate by processing the back surface of the SOI substrate by RIE (reactive ion etching) so that an active layer in the SOI substrate can operate as a diaphragm.
  • RIE reactive ion etching
  • the present inventors have driven the inkjet recording head by using the lower electrode layer as the address electrodes and the upper electrode layer as the grand electrode, and using positive-output drivers for driving the address electrodes.
  • the present inventors have confirmed that the inkjet recording head produced as above operates satisfactorily.
  • the present inventors have measured the piezoelectric constant d 31 of the PZT piezoelectric film in the comparison example by using a cantilever, and obtained the value of the piezoelectric constant d 31 as 130 pm/V. In addition, the present inventors have confirmed that the orientation of the spontaneous polarization in the piezoelectric layer is similar to the concrete example.
  • the piezoelectric film of PZT is formed, the piezoelectric film is masked with photoresist, and then the piezoelectric film is patterned by wet etching under a similar condition to the concrete example.
  • the lower electrode layer of Ir is difficult to wet etch.
  • the lower electrode layer of Ir is also difficult to satisfactorily dry etch. Therefore, the lower electrode layer is not patterned, and is uniformly formed.
  • the upper electrode layer and the ink nozzles are formed in similar manners to the concrete example. Thereafter, in order to drive the upper electrode layer as address electrodes, polarization-inversion processing of the piezoelectric layer is performed at room temperature. Thus, production of the inkjet recording head as the comparison example is completed.
  • the present inventors have driven the inkjet recording head as the comparison example by using the upper electrode layer as the address electrodes and the lower electrode layer as the grand electrode, and using positive-output drivers for driving the address electrodes.
  • the present inventors have observed that the displacement achieved by the inkjet recording head as the comparison example is as small as approximately one-third of the displacement achieved by the inkjet recording head as the concrete example according to the present invention.
  • the piezoelectric devices according to the present invention can be preferably used in piezoelectric actuators, diaphragms, and the like which are mounted in the inkjet recording heads, the magnetic recording-and-reproduction heads, MEMS (micro electromechanical systems) devices, micropumps, ultrasonic probes, and the like.
  • MEMS micro electromechanical systems

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Particle Formation And Scattering Control In Inkjet Printers (AREA)
  • Physical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
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US20080241362A1 (en) * 2007-03-30 2008-10-02 Ryuji Tsukamoto Method of manufacturing piezoelectric element and method of manufacturing liquid ejection head
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DE602008001266D1 (de) 2010-07-01

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