US20030202975A1 - Reagents and treatment methods for autoimmune diseases - Google Patents

Reagents and treatment methods for autoimmune diseases Download PDF

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US20030202975A1
US20030202975A1 US10/372,481 US37248103A US2003202975A1 US 20030202975 A1 US20030202975 A1 US 20030202975A1 US 37248103 A US37248103 A US 37248103A US 2003202975 A1 US2003202975 A1 US 2003202975A1
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Thomas Tedder
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Duke University
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Definitions

  • the present invention concerns the therapeutic use of certain anti-CD22 monoclonal antibodies with unique physiologic properties. More specifically, the invention concerns methods of treating B-cell malignancies, such as lymphomas and leukemias, and autoimmune diseases with blocking anti-CD22 antibodies having unique pro-apoptotic properties.
  • CD22 is a membrane glycophosphoprotein found on nearly all B lymphocytes and most B-cell lymphomas. Cross-linking CD22 triggers CD22 tyrosine phosphorylation and assembles a complex of effector proteins that activate the stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) pathway. CD22 cross-linking provides a potent costimulatory signal in primary B-cells and pro-apoptotic signal in neoplastic B-cells. Structurally, CD22 is a member of the “sialoadhesin” subclass of the immunoglobulin (Ig) gene superfamily, having seven extracellular Ig domains with a single amino-terminal V-set Ig domain and six C-2 set Ig domains.
  • Ig immunoglobulin
  • CD22 is a critical lymphocyte-specific signal transduction molecule which negatively and positively regulates B lymphocyte antigen receptor (BCR) signaling by recruiting signaling effector molecules to physiologically pertinent sites.
  • BCR B lymphocyte antigen receptor
  • Anti-CD22 antibodies have been described, for example in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,484,892; 6,183,744; 6,187,287; 6,254,868, and in Sicilo et al., Blood 94(4):1382-92 (1999).
  • the use of monoclonal antibodies, including anti-CD22 antibodies, in the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is reviewed, for example, by Renner et al., Leukemia 11(Suppl. 2):S55-9 (1997).
  • LymphoCideTM empatuzumab, Immunomedics, Inc.
  • LymphoCideTM empatuzumab, Immunomedics, Inc.
  • An yttrium-90-labeled version of this antibody is currently in Phase I clinical trials for the same indication.
  • B-cell malignancies such as the B-cell subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, are major contributors of cancer-related deaths. Accordingly, there is a great need for further, improved therapeutic regimens for the treatment of B-cell malignancies. Autoimmune diseases as a whole cause significant morbidity and disability. Based on incidence data collected from 1965 to 1995, it has been estimated that approximately 1,186,015 persons will develop a new autoimmune disease over the next 5 years. Jacobsen et al. ( Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol.
  • the present invention concerns an improved clinical approach for the treatment of B-cell malignancies and autoimmune disease in human patients, taking advantage of the unique properties of certain blocking anti-CD22 monoclonal antibodies.
  • the invention concerns a method for treating a human patient diagnosed with a B-cell malignancy, comprising (1) administering to the patient an effective amount of a blocking anti-CD22 monoclonal antibody specifically binding to the first two Ig-like domains or to an epitope associated with the first two Ig-like domains of native human CD22 (hCD22) of SEQ ID NO: 1, and (2) monitoring the response of the malignancy to the treatment.
  • the invention concerns a method for treating a subject (e.g., a human patient) diagnosed with an autoimmune disease, comprising (1) administering to the subject an effective amount of a blocking anti-CD22 monoclonal antibody and, optionally, (2) monitoring the response of the autoimmune disease to the treatment.
  • a subject e.g., a human patient diagnosed with an autoimmune disease
  • the present invention provides methods of reducing B cell activity, reducing the number of B cells or B cell subsets or even essentially eliminating B cells or particular B cell subsets, increasing turnover of B cells and/or reducing antibody production by B cells by administering to a subject (e.g., a human patient) an effective amount of a blocking anti-CD22 monoclonal antibody; and optionally, (2) monitoring the response to the treatment.
  • reducing it is meant at least about a 25%, 35%, 50% or 75% decrease or more.
  • essentially eliminating it is meant at least about a 90%, 95%, 985 or more decrease or more.
  • increasing turnover it is meant at least about a 25%, 35%, 50%, 75%, 100%, 150% or more elevation in turnover rate.
  • the antibody used binds to essentially the same epitope as an antibody selected from the group consisting of HB22-7 (HB11347), HB22-23 (HB11349), HB22-33, HB22-5, HB22-13, and HB22-196, preferably HB22-7, HB22-23, or HB22-33, more preferably HB22-7 or HB22-33.
  • the antibody blocks CD22 binding to its ligand by at least 70%, preferably by at least 80%.
  • the antibody comprises a heavy chain comprising a V H sequence having at least about 95% sequence identity with the sequence of amino acids 1 to 100 of SEQ ID NO: 9 (HB22-5 V H sequence); or amino acids 1 to 97 of SEQ ID NO: 11 (HB22-7 V H sequence); or amino acids 1 to 100 of SEQ ID NO: 13 (HB22-13 V H sequence); or amino acids 1 to 100 of SEQ ID NO: 15 (HB22-23 V H sequence); or amino acids 1 to 98 of SEQ ID NO: 17 (HB22-33 V H sequence); or amino acids 1 to 100 of SEQ ID NO: 19 (HB22-196 V H sequence).
  • the antibody comprises a heavy chain comprising a V H sequence having at least about 95% sequence identity with the sequence of amino acids 1 to 97 of SEQ ID NO: 11 (HB22-7 V H sequence); or amino acids 1 to 100 of SEQ ID NO: 15 (HB22-23 V H sequence); or amino acids 1 to 98 of SEQ ID NO: 17 (HB22-33 V H sequence).
  • the antibody comprises a V H sequence selected from the group consisting of amino acids 1 to 97 of SEQ ID NO: 11 (HB22-7 V H sequence); amino acids 1 to 100 of SEQ ID NO: 15 (HB22-23 V H sequence); and amino acids 1 to 98 of SEQ ID NO: 17 (HB22-33 V H sequence).
  • the antibody comprises a light chain comprising a V ⁇ sequence having at least about 95% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21 (HB22-5 V ⁇ sequence); or SEQ ID NO: 23 (HB22-7 V ⁇ sequence); or SEQ ID NO: 25 (HB22-13 V ⁇ sequence); or SEQ ID NO: 27 (HB22-23 V ⁇ sequence); or SEQ ID NO: 29 (HB22-33 V ⁇ sequence); or SEQ ID NO: 31 (HB22-196 V ⁇ sequence).
  • the antibody comprises a light chain comprising a V ⁇ sequence having at least about 95% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23 (HB22-7 V ⁇ sequence); or SEQ ID NO: 27 (HB22-23 V ⁇ sequence); or SEQ ID NO: 29 (HB22-33 V ⁇ sequence).
  • the antibody comprises a V ⁇ sequence selected from the group consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23 (HB22-7 V ⁇ sequence); SEQ ID NO: 27 (HB22-23 V ⁇ sequence); and SEQ ID NO: 29 (HB22-33 V ⁇ sequence).
  • the antibody comprises V H and V ⁇ sequences selected from the group consisting of amino acids 1 to 97 of SEQ ID NO: 11 (HB22-7 V H sequence) and the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23 (HB22-7 V ⁇ sequence); amino acids 1 to 100 of SEQ ID NO: 15 (HB22-23 V H sequence) and the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27 (HB22-23 V ⁇ sequence); and amino acids 1 to 98 of SEQ ID NO: 17 (HB22-33 V H sequence) and the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29 (HB22-33 V ⁇ sequence).
  • the invention concerns nucleic acid encoding any of the antibody heavy or light chain variable regions discussed above, or any portion thereof.
  • polypeptides comprising the heavy or light chain variable regions discussed above, or a portion thereof.
  • the targeted condition can be any type of autoimmune disease or B-cell malignancy, including but not limited to localized B-cell malignancies, or any other condition in which B cells or antibodies are implicated.
  • Typical representatives of B-cell malignancies are B-cell subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, and prolymphocytic leukemia.
  • the treatment methods of the present invention may be performed without any further treatment of malignant B cells or autoimmune disease.
  • the treatment method of the present invention typically provides improved cure rate and/or increased survival and/or superior tumor volume reduction when compared to no treatment, combination treatment with the same antibody and radioimmunotherapy, or with radioimmunotherapy alone.
  • the antibody can be a complete antibody, or an antibody fragment, including, for example, Fab, Fab′, F(ab′) 2 , and Fv fragments, diabodies, linear antibodies, single-chain antibody molecules, and multispecific antibodies formed from antibody fragments.
  • the antibody may have an additional antigen specificity, e.g. may be a bispecific antibody.
  • the bispecific antibody may, for example, additionally bind to another epitope to CD22.
  • the bispecific antibody may have binding specificity for other antigens, such as, CD19, CD20, CD52, CD3, CD28, or HLA-DR10 (Lym-1); or for Fc receptors, e.g. CD16, CD64 and CD89.
  • the antibody may be chimeric, humanized, primatized, or human.
  • the administration of the antibody may be performed by any conventional route, such as intravenous (i.v.) administration by repeated intravenous infusions.
  • the response to the treatment may be monitored by methods well known for a skilled practitioner, including monitoring shrinkage of a solid tumor, e.g. by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or by measuring improvement or stabilization in clinical indicia of autoimmune disease, as known by those skilled in the art.
  • MRI magnetic resonance imaging
  • FIG. 1 shows the amino acid sequence of human CD22 (hCD22), where the boundaries of the Ig-like domains (domains 1-7) are indicated
  • FIG. 2 Whole body autoradiography of Raji and Ramos tumor-bearing nude mice injected with 111 In-2IT-BAD-antiCD22 (HB22-7). Mice were sacrificed and autoradiographed 48 hours after injection. Upper image is Raji-tumored mouse, lower image is Ramos-tumored mouse.
  • FIG. 3 The temporal assessment of tumor volume in Raji-xenografted mice that were untreated or treated with 125 uCi 90 Y-DOTA-peptide-Lym-1 (RIT) alone, anti-CD22 alone (HB22-7), or three different sequences of RIT and HB22-7 (CMRIT) in trial 081500. Tumor volume was assessed three times per week. Mouse numbers for each treatment group are tabulated (Table 2).
  • FIG. 4 Summary analysis of tumor volume observed in all independent xenograft trials. The trials were conducted as described in FIG. 2. Mouse numbers for each trial are tabulated (Table 2).
  • FIG. 5 The response and cure rate for Raji-xenografted mice that were treated as described in FIG. 2.
  • the tumor responses were categorized as follows: C, cure (tumor disappeared and did not regrow by the end of the 84-day study); CR, complete regression (tumor disappeared for at least 7 days but later regrew); PR, partial regression (tumor volume decreased by 50% or more for at least 7 days, then regrew).
  • C cure (tumor disappeared and did not regrow by the end of the 84-day study);
  • CR complete regression (tumor disappeared for at least 7 days but later regrew);
  • PR partial regression (tumor volume decreased by 50% or more for at least 7 days, then regrew).
  • the data represents results of all independent trials.
  • FIG. 6 Overall survival was assessed for Raji xenografted mice that were treated as described in FIG. 2. Mice were euthanized when the tumor burden exceeded 2000 mg or at the end of the 84 day trial. The data represents results of all independent trials.
  • FIGS. 7 a, 7 b and 7 c Hematologic toxicity was assessed by measuring white blood cell (WBC) (FIG. 7 b ), red blood cell (RBC) (FIG. 7 c ) and platelet counts (FIG. 7 a ) twice weekly in the Raji-xenografted mice that were treated as described in FIG. 2.
  • WBC white blood cell
  • RBC red blood cell
  • FIG. 7 c platelet counts
  • FIG. 8 Non-hematologic toxicity was assessed by measuring body weights twice weekly in Raji xenografted mice that were treated as described in FIG. 2. There were no significant differences in body weights in any of the treatment groups in all five xenograft trials.
  • FIG. 10 V H amino acid sequence analysis of anti-CD22 antibodies (Abs) that block ligand binding. Amino acid numbering and designations of the origins of the coding sequence for each Ab is according to the convention of Kabat et al. ( Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, U.S. Government Printing Office, Bethesda, Md., 1991), where amino acid positions 1-94, CDR1 and 2, and FR1, 2, and 3 are encoded by a V H gene. Sequences that overlap with the 5′ PCR primers are not shown. A dot indicates a gap inserted in the sequence to maximize alignment of similar amino acid sequences. Gaps in the sequences were introduced between V H , D and J segments for clarity. The rank order of sequences shown was based on relatedness to the HB22-5 sequence.
  • FIGS. 11 - 16 Nucleotide and encoded amino acid sequences for heavy chain V H -D-J H junctional sequences for anti-CD22 Abs from hybridomas HB22-5 (SEQ ID NOS: 8 and 9), HB22-7 (SEQ ID NOS: 10 and I 1); HB22-13 (SEQ ID NOS: 12 and 13); HB22-23 (SEQ ID NOS: 14 and 15); HB22-33 (SEQ ID NOS: 16 and 17); and HB22-196 (SEQ ID NOS: 18 and 19). Sequences that overlap with the 5′ PCR primers are indicated by double underlining. D region sequences are underlined.
  • FIG. 17 Light chain V ⁇ amino acid sequence analysis of anti-CD22 Abs that block ligand binding. Amino acid numbering and designation of origins of the coding sequence for each Ab is according to the convention of Kabat et al., supra. The amino acid following the predicted signal sequence cleavage site is numbered 1. A dot indicates a gap inserted in the sequence to maximize alignment of similar amino acid sequences. Gaps in the sequences were introduced between V ⁇ , J segments and ⁇ constant region (double underlined) sequences for clarity.
  • FIGS. 18 - 23 Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences for kappa light chain V-J-constant region junctional sequences for anti-CD22 Abs from hybridomas HB22-5 (SEQ ID NOS: 20 and 21); HB22-7 (SEQ ID NOS: 22 and 23): HB22-13 (SEQ ID NOS: 24 and 25): HB22-23 (SEQ ID NOS: 26 and 27); HB22-33 (SEQ ID NOS: 28 and 29); and HB22-196 (SEQ ID NOS: 30 and 31). Sequences that overlap with the 5′ PCR primers are indicated by double underlining.
  • immunoglobulin (Ig) is used to refer to the immunity-conferring portion of the globulin proteins of serum, and to other glycoproteins, which may not occur in nature but have the same functional characteristics.
  • immunoglobulin or “Ig” specifically includes “antibodies” (Abs). While antibodies exhibit binding specificity to a specific antigen, immunoglobulins include both antibodies and other antibody-like molecules that lack antigen specificity. Native immunoglobulins are secreted by differentiated B cells termed plasma cells, and immunoglobulins without any antigen specificity are produced at low levels by the lymph system and at increased levels by myelomas.
  • the terms “immunoglobulin,” “Ig,” and grammatical variants thereof are used to include antibodies (as hereinabove defined), and Ig molecules without antigen specificity.
  • Native immunoglobulins are usually heterotetrameric glycoproteins of about 150,000 daltons, composed of two identical light (L) chains and two identical heavy (H) chains. Each light chain is linked to a heavy chain by one covalent disulfide bond, while the number of disulfide linkages varies among the heavy chains of different immunoglobulin isotypes. Each heavy and light chain also has regularly spaced intrachain disulfide bridges. Each heavy chain has at one end a variable domain (V H ) followed by a number of constant domains.
  • V H variable domain
  • Each light chain has a variable domain at one end (V L ) and a constant domain at its other end; the constant domain of the light chain is aligned with the first constant domain of the heavy chain, and the light- chain variable domain is aligned with the variable domain of the heavy chain. Particular amino acid residues are believed to form an interface between the light- and heavy-chain variable domains.
  • IgG ( ⁇ chain): the principal Ig in serum, the main antibody raised in response to an antigen, this antibody crosses the placenta;
  • IgE ⁇ chain: this Ig binds tightly to mast cells and basophils, and when additionally bound to antigen, causes release of histamine and other mediators of immediate hypersensitivity; plays a primary role in allergic reactions, including hay fever, asthma and anaphylaxis; and may serve a protective role against parasites;
  • IgA ( ⁇ chain): this Ig is present in external secretions, such as saliva, tears, mucous, and colostrum;
  • IgM ( ⁇ chain): the Ig first induced in response to an antigen; it typically has lower affinity than other antibody isotypes produced later and is typically pentameric.
  • IgD ( ⁇ chain): this Ig is found in relatively high concentrations in umbilical cord blood, may be an early cell receptor for antigen, and is the main lymphocyte cell surface molecule.
  • antibody herein is used in the broadest sense and specifically covers monoclonal antibodies (including, but not limited to, full length monoclonal antibodies), polyclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies), and antibody fragments as long as they exhibit the desired biological activity.
  • Antibody fragments comprise a portion of a full length antibody, generally the antigen binding or variable (V) domain.
  • V antigen binding or variable
  • Examples of antibody fragments include Fab, Fab′, F(ab′) 2 , and Fv fragments; diabodies; linear antibodies; single-chain antibody molecules; and multispecific antibodies formed from antibody fragments.
  • the term “monoclonal antibody” as used herein refers to an antibody obtained from a population of substantially homogeneous antibodies, i.e., the individual antibodies comprising the population are identical except for possible naturally occurring mutations that may be present in minor amounts. Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific, being directed against a single antigenic site. Furthermore, in contrast to conventional (polyclonal) antibody preparations which typically include different antibodies directed against different determinants (epitopes), each monoclonal antibody is directed against a single determinant on the antigen.
  • the monoclonal antibodies herein specifically include “chimeric” antibodies (immunoglobulins), as well as fragments of such antibodies, as long as they exhibit the desired biological activity (U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567; Morrison et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:6851-6855 (1984); Oi et al., Biotechologies 4(3):214-221 (1986); and Liu et al., Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 84:3439-43 (1987)).
  • chimeric antibodies immunoglobulins
  • “Humanized” or “CDR grafted” forms of non-human (e.g., murine) antibodies are human immunoglobulins (recipient antibody) in which hypervariable region residues of the recipient are replaced by hypervariable region residues from a non-human species (donor antibody) such as mouse, rat, rabbit or nonhuman primate having the desired specificity, affinity, and capacity.
  • donor antibody such as mouse, rat, rabbit or nonhuman primate having the desired specificity, affinity, and capacity.
  • donor antibody such as mouse, rat, rabbit or nonhuman primate having the desired specificity, affinity, and capacity.
  • framework region (FR) residues of the human immunoglobulin are also replaced by corresponding non-human residues (so called “back mutations”).
  • humanized antibodies may be modified to comprise residues which are not found in the recipient antibody or in the donor antibody, in order to further improve antibody properties, such as affinity.
  • the humanized antibody will comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the hypervariable regions correspond to those of a non-human immunoglobulin and all or substantially all of the FRs are those of a human immunoglobulin sequence.
  • the humanized antibody optionally also will comprise at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region (Fc), typically that of a human immunoglobulin.
  • Fc immunoglobulin constant region
  • Single-chain Fv or “sFv” antibody fragments comprise the V H and V L domains of antibody, wherein these domains are present in a single polypeptide chain.
  • the Fv polypeptide further comprises a polypeptide linker between the V H and V L domains which enables the sFv to form the desired structure for antigen binding.
  • Pl ⁇ overscore (u) ⁇ ckthun in The Pharmacology of Monoclonal Antibodies, vol. 113, Rosenburg and Moore eds. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 269-315 (1994).
  • diabodies refers to small antibody fragments with two antigen-binding sites, which fragments comprise a heavy chain variable domain (V H ) connected to a light chain variable domain (V L ) in the same polypeptide chain (V H -V L ).
  • V H heavy chain variable domain
  • V L light chain variable domain
  • the domains are forced to pair with the complementary domains of another chain and create two antigen-binding sites.
  • Diabodies are described more fully in, for example, EP 404,097; WO 93/11161; and Hollinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:6444-6448 (1993).
  • linear antibodies when used throughout this application refers to the antibodies described in Zapata et al. Protein Eng. 8(10): 1057-1062 (1995). Briefly, these antibodies comprise a pair of tandem Fd segments (V H -C H 1-V H -C H 1) which form a pair of antigen binding regions. Linear antibodies can be bispecific or monospecific.
  • Antibodies of the IgG, IgE, IgA, IgM, and IgD isotypes may have the same variable regions, i.e. the same antigen binding cavities, even though they differ in the constant region of their heavy chains.
  • the constant regions of an immunoglobulin, e.g. antibody are not involved directly in binding the antibody to an antigen, but exhibit various effector functions, such as participation of the antibody in antibody-dependent cellular toxicity (ADCC).
  • ADCC antibody-dependent cellular toxicity
  • IgG has four known subclasses: IgG1 ( ⁇ 1), IgG2 ( ⁇ 2), IgG3 ( ⁇ 3), and IgG4 ( ⁇ 4)
  • IgA has two known sub-classes: IgA1 ( ⁇ 1) and IgA2 ( ⁇ 2).
  • epitopope is used to refer to binding sites for (monoclonal or polyclonal) antibodies on protein antigens.
  • Antibodies which bind to domain 1 and/or 2 within the amino acid sequence of native sequence human CD22, or to essentially the same epitope(s) bound by any of the monoclonal antibodies specifically disclosed herein, such as HB22-7, HB22-23, and HB22-33, can be identified by “epitope mapping.” There are many methods known in the art for mapping and characterizing the location of epitopes on proteins, including solving the crystal structure of an antibody-antigen complex, competition assays, gene fragment expression assays, and synthetic peptide-based assays, as described, for example, in Chapter 11 of Harlow and Lane, Using Antibodies, a Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1999.
  • the open reading frame encoding the protein is fragmented either randomly or by specific genetic constructions and the reactivity of the expressed fragments of the protein with the antibody to be tested is determined.
  • the gene fragments may, for example, be produced by PCR and then transcribed and translated into protein in vitro, in the presence of radioactive amino acids. The binding of the antibody to the radioactively labeled protein fragments is then determined by immunoprecipitation and gel electrophoresis.
  • Certain epitopes can also be identified by using large libraries of random peptide sequences displayed on the surface of phage particles (phage libraries). Alternatively, a defined library of overlapping peptide fragments can be tested for binding to the test antibody in simple binding assays. The latter approach is suitable to define linear epitopes of about 5 to 15 amino acids.
  • An antibody binds “essentially the same epitope” as a reference antibody, when the two antibodies recognize identical or sterically overlapping epitopes.
  • the most widely used and rapid methods for determining whether two epitopes bind to identical or sterically overlapping epitopes are competition assays (e.g. competition ELISA assays), which can be configured in all number of different formats, using either labeled antigen or labeled antibody.
  • competition assays e.g. competition ELISA assays
  • the antigen is immobilized on a 96-well plate, and the ability of unlabeled antibodies to block the binding of labeled antibodies is measured using radioactive or enzyme labels.
  • amino acid or amino acid residue refers to naturally occurring L amino acids or to D amino acids as described further below with respect to variants.
  • the commonly used one- and three-letter abbreviations for amino acids are used herein (Bruce Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, Garland Publishing, Inc., New York (3d ed. 1994)).
  • polypeptide encompasses peptides and proteins, including fusion proteins.
  • sequence identity is defined as the percentage of amino acid residues in a candidate sequence that are identical with the amino acid residues in a native polypeptide sequence, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity.
  • the % sequence identity values can be generated by the NCBI BLAST2.0 software as defined by Altschul et al., (1997), “Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs”, Nucleic Acids Res., 25:3389-3402. The parameters are set to default values, with the exception of the Penalty for mismatch, which is set to ⁇ 1.
  • treatment is an approach for obtaining beneficial or desired clinical results.
  • beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, alleviation of symptoms, diminishment of extent of disease, stabilized (i.e., not worsening) state of disease, delay or slowing of disease progression, amelioration or palliation of the disease state, and remission (whether partial or total), whether detectable or undetectable.
  • Treatment or “treating” can also mean prolonging survival as compared to expected survival if not receiving treatment.
  • Treatment or “treating” is an intervention performed with the intention of preventing the development or altering the pathology of a disorder.
  • treatment refers to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures.
  • Those in need of treatment include those already with the disorder as well as those in which the disorder is to be prevented.
  • the treatment results in some improvement, amelioration, stabilization and/or delay in at least one clinical symptom of the autoimmune disease in the subject.
  • the treatment may reduce the number of malignant cells; reduce the tumor size; inhibit (slow down or stop) the spread of malignant cells, including infiltration into peripheral organs, e.g. soft tissue or bone; inhibit (slow down or stop) metastasis; inhibit tumor growth; provide relief from symptoms associated with a B cell malignancy; reduce mortality; improve quality of life, etc.
  • Treatment with the antibodies herein may result in cytostatic and/or cytotoxic effects.
  • B cell malignancy and grammatical variants thereof, are used in the broadest sense to refer to malignancies or neoplasms of B cells that typically arise in lymphoid tissues, such as bone marrow or lymph nodes, but may also arise in non-lymphoid tissues, such as thyroid, gastrointestinal tract, salivary gland and conjunctiva.
  • the treatment methods of the present invention specifically concern CD22-positive B cell malignancies including, without limitation, B-cell subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, and prolymphocytic leukemia.
  • autoimmune disease refers to a condition which results from, or is aggravated by, the production of antibodies reactive with normal body tissues. It is a condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own organs and tissues.
  • Blocking anti-CD22 monoclonal antibodies designated HB22-7, HB22-23, HB22-33, HB22-5, HB22-13, and HB22-196 are known, and have been disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,484,892, Sicilo et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 26:1246 (1996), and Fetto et al., Blood 94(4), 1382-1392 (1999).
  • HB22-7 and HB22-23 are available from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 12302 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Md. 20852, under Accession Nos. HB22347 and HB11349, respectively. The preparation of these antibodies is also described in Example 1 below.
  • CD22 Epitope mapping of CD22 has shown that these blocking monoclonal antibodies bind to the first two Ig-like domains or to epitopes which are associated with the first two Ig-like domains of human CD22 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,484,892 and Tedder et al., Annu. Rev. Immunol. 15:481-504 (1997)).
  • the heavy and light chain variable region sequences of the antibodies are also disclosed in the present application.
  • the present invention is based, in part, on the unexpectedly superior properties of blocking anti-CD22 antibodies having the overall characteristics of HB22-7, HB22-23, HB22-33, HB22-5, HB22-13, and HB22-196 in the treatment of B-cell malignancies, based on results obtained in a xenograft model of B-cell type non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL).
  • the invention is further based on the use of blocking anti-CD22 antibodies having the overall characteristics of HB22-7, HB22-23, HB22-33, HB22-5, HB22-13, and HB22-196 in the treatment of autoimmune disease.
  • the anti-CD22 monoclonal antibodies can be made by any standard method known in the art, such as, for example, by the hybridoma method (Koehler and Milstein, Nature 256:495-497 (1975); and Goding, Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice, pp.59-103, (Academic Press, 1986)), or by recombinant techniques, disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567, and by Wood et al., Nature 314:446-9 (1985).
  • transgenic animals e.g. mice
  • transgenic animals e.g. mice
  • J H antibody heavy chain joining region
  • transfer of the human germ-line immunoglobulin gene array in such germ-line mutant mice will result in the production of human antibodies upon antigen challenge.
  • Jakobovits et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 2551-255 (1993); Jakobovits et al., Nature 362, 255-258 (1993).
  • Mendez et al. ( Nature Genetics 15: 146-156 (1997)) have further improved the technology and have generated a line of transgenic mice designated as “Xenomouse II” that, when challenged with an antigen, generates high affinity fully human antibodies. This was achieved by germ-line integration of megabase human heavy chain and light chain loci into mice with deletions in the endogenous J H segment as described above.
  • the Xenomouse II harbors 1,020 kb of human heavy chain locus containing approximately 66 V H genes, complete D H and J H regions and three different constant regions ( ⁇ , ⁇ and ⁇ ), and also harbors 800 kb of human ⁇ locus containing 32 V ⁇ genes, J ⁇ segments and C ⁇ genes.
  • the antibodies produced in these mice closely resemble those seen in humans in all respects, including gene rearrangement, assembly, and repertoire.
  • the human antibodies are preferentially expressed over endogenous antibodies due to deletions in the endogenous J H segment that prevents gene rearrangement in the murine locus.
  • phage display technology can be used to produce human antibodies and antibody fragments in vitro, from immunoglobulin variable (V) domain gene repertoires from unimmunized donors.
  • V domain genes are cloned in-frame into either a major or minor coat protein gene of a filamentous bacteriophage, such as M13 or fd, and displayed as functional antibody fragments on the surface of the phage particle. Because the filamentous particle contains a single-stranded DNA copy of the phage genome, selections based on the functional properties of the antibody also result in selection of the gene encoding the antibody exhibiting those properties.
  • the phage mimics some of the properties of the B-cell.
  • Phage display can be performed in a variety of formats; for their review see, e.g. Johnson, Kevin S. and Chiswell, David J., Current Opinion in Structural Biology 3, 564-571 (1993).
  • V-gene segments can be used for phage display. Clackson et al., Nature 352, 624-628 (1991) isolated a diverse array of anti-oxazolone antibodies from a small random combinatorial library of V-genes derived from the spleens of immunized mice.
  • a repertoire of V-genes from unimmunized human donors can be constructed and antibodies to a diverse array of antigens (including self-antigens) can be isolated essentially following the techniques described by Marks et al., J. Mol. Biol 222, 581-597 (1991), or Griffith et al., EMBO J. 12, 725-734 (1993).
  • antibody genes accumulate mutations at a high rate (somatic hypermutation). Some of the changes introduced will confer higher affinity, and B cells displaying high-affinity surface immunoglobulin are preferentially replicated and differentiated during subsequent antigen challenge. This natural process can be mimicked by employing the technique known as “chain shuffling” (Marks et al., Bio/Technol.
  • the affinity of “primary” human antibodies obtained by phage display can be improved by sequentially replacing the heavy and light chain V-region genes with repertoires of naturally occurring variants (repertoires) of V-domain genes obtained from unimmunized donors.
  • This techniques allows the production of antibodies and antibody fragments with affinities in the nM range.
  • a strategy for making very large phage antibody repertoires has been described by Waterhouse et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 21, 2265-2266 (1993).
  • the F(ab′) 2 is formed using the leucine zipper GCN4 to promote assembly of the F(ab′) 2 molecule.
  • Fv, Fab or F(ab′) 2 fragments can be isolated directly from recombinant host cell culture. Other techniques for the production of antibody fragments will be apparent to the skilled practitioner.
  • Heteroconjugate antibodies composed of two covalently joined antibodies, are also within the scope of the present invention. Such antibodies have, for example, been proposed to target immune system cells to unwanted cells (U.S. Pat. No. 4,676,980), and for treatment of HIV infection (PCT application publication Nos. WO 91/00360 and WO 92/200373). Heteroconjugate antibodies may be made using any convenient cross-linking methods, using well known, commercially available cross-linking agents.
  • the antibodies of the present invention may also have a further antigen-specificity, to form bispecific antibodies.
  • the second binding specificity may be directed, for example, against a further B cell antigen, such as CD19, CD20, CD52, and other CD antigens expressed on B cells, especially antigens associated with the targeted B cell malignancy.
  • CD20 is known to be expressed in more than 90% of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.
  • An anti-CD20 antibody (Rituxan®, IDEC Pharmaceuticals) is in clinical use for the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
  • CAMPATH-1H anti-CD52w is another antibody developed for treating B cell malignancies.
  • Bispecific antibodies including a binding specificity to the CD20 or CD52 antigen are specifically included within the scope herein.
  • Another B cell antigen to which the bispecific antibodies of the present invention can bind is HLA-DR10 (Lym-1), a known marker of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
  • Bispecific antibodies can be generated to enhance tumor localization as well as to recruit and/or augment the tumor-specific immune response. Examples of other antigen targets include, CD3, CD28, and the Fc receptors (CD16, CD64 and CD89). Bispecific antibodies are expected to have enhanced cytotoxicity and, as a result, improved remission rate and survival.
  • Antibodies binding to essentially the same epitope as HB22-7, HB22-23, HB22-33, HB22-5, HB22-13, and/or HB22-196 can be identified by epitope mapping.
  • the simplest way to determine whether two different antibodies recognize the same epitope is a competition binding assay. This method determines if the antibodies are able to block each other's binding to the antigen, and works for both conformational and linear epitopes.
  • the competition binding assay can be configured in a large number of different formats using either labeled antigen or labeled antibody. In the most common version of this assay, the antigen is immobilized on a 96-well plate.
  • epitope mapping can be performed by using a technique based on fragmentation of the antigen to which the antibody binds, either randomly or by specific genetic construction, and determining the reactivity of the fragments obtained with the antibody. Fragmentation can also be performed on the nucleic acid level, for example by PCR technique, followed by transcription and translation into protein in vitro in the presence of radioactive amino acids. For further details see, for example, Harlow and Lane, supra, pp. 390-392.
  • a set of overlapping peptides is synthesized, each corresponding to a small linear segment of the protein antigen, and arrayed on a solid phase.
  • the panel of peptides is then probed with the test antibody, and bound antibody is detected using an enzyme-labeled secondary antibody. (Harlow and Lane, supra, pp. 393-396.)
  • Phage display libraries are constructed by cloning complex mixtures of peptide-encoding oligonucleotides into the amino terminus of the minor coat protein gene of the f1-type ssDNA phage. Such phage display libraries are commercially available, for example, from New England Biolabs. The libraries are amplified as stocks, and then an aliquot sufficient to represent multiple copies of each independent clone is mixed with the antibody of interest. Antibody-bound phage are collected by a procedure called “biopanning,” and unbound phage are removed.
  • the bound phage are eluted and used to infect bacteria, and the selected stock is amplified. Individual plaques of the final selected stock are growth and checked for specific antibody reactivity, e.g. by ELISA, and the DNA around the insert site is sequenced. Analysis of the sequence encoding the peptide to which the antibody binds defines the specificity of the antibody. For further details see, e.g. Smith and Scott, Methods Enzymol. 217:228-257 (1993), and Harlow and Lane, supra, pp. 397-398.
  • Non-human (rodent) antibodies can be further modified to make them more suitable for human clinical application.
  • Chimeric antibodies are produced with mouse variable region gene segments of desired specificity spliced into human constant domain gene segments (see, e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567).
  • Non-human (rodent) antibodies can also be humanized in order to avoid issues of antigenicity when using the antibodies in human therapy.
  • a humanized antibody has one or more amino acid residues introduced into it from a non-human source. These non-human amino acid residues are often referred to as “import” residues, which are typically taken from an “import” variable domain.
  • Humanization can be essentially performed following the method of Winter and co-workers (Jones et al., Nature, 321:522-525 (1986); Riechmann et al., Nature, 332:323-327 (1988); Verhoeyen et al., Science, 239:1534-1536 (1988)), by substituting rodent CDRs or CDR sequences for the corresponding sequences of a human antibody.
  • rodent CDRs or CDR sequences for the corresponding sequences of a human antibody.
  • simple grafting of the rodent CDR's into human frameworks (FR) does not always reconstitute the binding affinity and specificity of the original rodent monoclonal antibody.
  • Properties of a humanized antibody can be improved by suitable design, including, for example, substitution of residues from the rodent antibody into the human framework (backmutations).
  • the positions for such backmutations can be determined by sequence and structural analysis, or by analysis of the variable regions' three-dimensional model.
  • phage display libraries can be used to vary amino acids at chosen positions within the antibody sequence.
  • the properties of a humanized antibody are also affected by the choice of the human framework.
  • Early experiments used a limited subset of well-characterized human monoclonal antibodies, irrespective of the sequence identity to the rodent monoclonal antibody (the so-called fixed frameworks approach). More recently, some groups use variable regions with high amino acid sequence identity to the rodent variable regions (homology matching or best-fit method).
  • consensus or germline sequences are used, or fragments of the framework sequences within each light or heavy chain variable region are selected from several different human monoclonal antibodies.
  • Amino acid variants of antibodies prepared by any technique discussed above or otherwise available can be prepared by introducing appropriate nucleotide changes into the anti-CD22 DNA, or, for example, by peptide synthesis.
  • the amino acid changes also may alter post-translational processes of the humanized or variant anti-CD22 antibody, such as changing the number or position of glycosylation sites.
  • Antibodies are glycosylated at conserved positions in their constant regions (Jefferis and Lund, Chem. Immunol. 65:111-128 (1997); Wright and Morrison, TibTECH 15:26-32 (1997)).
  • the oligosaccharide side chains of the immunoglobulins affect the protein's function (Boyd et al., Mol. Immunol. 32:1311-1318 (1996); Wittwe and Howard, Biochem. 29:4175-4180 (1990)), and the intramolecular interaction between portions of the glycoprotein which can affect the conformation and presented three-dimensional surface of the glycoprotein (Jefferis and Lund, supra; Wyss and Wagner, Current Opin. Biotech. 7:409-416 (1996)).
  • Oligosaccharides may also serve to target a given glycoprotein to certain molecules based upon specific recognition structures. For example, it has been reported that in agalactosylated IgG, the oligosaccharide moiety ‘flips’ out of the inter-CH2 space and terminal N-acetylglucosamine residues become available to bind mannose binding protein (Malhotra et al., Nature Med. 1:237-243 (1995)).
  • CAMPATH-1H a recombinant humanized murine monoclonal IgG1 antibody which recognizes the CDw52 antigen of human lymphocytes
  • CHO Chinese Hamster Ovary
  • CHO cells with tetracycline-regulated expression of ⁇ (1,4)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnTIII), a glycosyltransferase catalyzing formation of bisecting GlcNAc, was reported to have improved ADCC activity (Umana et al., Mature Biotech. 17:176-180 (1999)).
  • Glycosylation variants of antibodies can be prepared by modifying the glycosylation sites in the underlying nucleotide sequence.
  • the glycosylation of antibodies may also be altered without altering the underlying nucleotide sequence. Glycosylation largely depends on the host cell used to express the antibody. Since the cell type used for expression of recombinant glycoproteins, e.g. antibodies, as potential therapeutics is rarely the native cell, significant variations in the glycosylation pattern of the antibodies can be expected (see, e.g. Hse et al., J. Biol. Chem. 272:9062-9070 (1997)).
  • factors which affect glycosylation during recombinant production of antibodies include growth mode, media formulation, culture density, oxygenation, pH, purification schemes and the like.
  • Various methods have been proposed to alter the glycosylation pattern achieved in a particular host organism including introducing or overexpressing certain enzymes involved in oligosaccharide production (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,047,335; 5,510,261 and 5.278,299).
  • Glycosylation, or certain types of glycosylation can be enzymatically removed from the glycoprotein, for example using endoglycosidase H (Endo H).
  • the recombinant host cell can be genetically engineered, e.g. made defective in processing certain types of polysaccharides.
  • the antibodies of the present invention may also be used by the antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT).
  • ADEPT is a technology that utilizes the specificity of monoclonal antibodies targeting tumor antigens to target catalytic enzymes to the surface of cancer cells. There, the enzymes are in position to activate prodrug forms (e.g., a peptidyl chemotherapeutic agent, see WO81/01145) of anti-cancer drugs to their fully active form. See, for example, WO 88/07378 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,278.
  • prodrug forms e.g., a peptidyl chemotherapeutic agent, see WO81/01145
  • Enzymes that are useful in the method of this invention include, but are not limited to, alkaline phosphatase useful for converting phosphate-containing prodrugs into free drugs; arylsulfatase useful for converting sulfate-containing prodrugs into free drugs; cytosine deaminase useful for converting non-toxic 5-fluorocytosine into the anti-cancer drug, 5-fluorouracil; proteases, such as serratia protease, thermolysin, subtilisin, carboxypeptidases and cathepsins (such as cathepsins B and L), that are useful for converting peptide-containing prodrugs into free drugs; D-alanylcarboxypeptidases, useful for converting prodrugs that contain D-amino acid substituents; carbohydrate-cleaving enzymes such as ⁇ -galactosidase and neuraminidase useful for converting glycosylated prodrugs into free drugs
  • antibodies with enzymatic activity can be used to convert the prodrugs of the invention into free active drugs (see, e.g., Massey, Nature 328:457-458 (1987)).
  • Antibody-abzyme conjugates can be prepared as described herein for delivery of the abzyme to a tumor cell population.
  • Immunoconjugates of the antibodies herein are also specifically encompassed by this invention.
  • Immunoconjugates comprise an antibody conjugated to a cytotoxic agent, such as chemotherapeutic agent, a toxin, or a radioisotope.
  • the efficacy of the anti-CD22 antibodies herein can be further enhanced by conjugation to a cytotoxic radioisotope, to allow targeting a radiotherapy specifically to target sites (radioimmunotherapy).
  • Suitable radioisotopes include, for example, I 131 and Y 90 , both used in clinical practice.
  • Other suitable radioisotopes include, without limitation, In 111 , Cu 67 , I 131 , As 211 , Bi 212 , Bi 213 , and Re 186 .
  • Chemotherapeutic agents useful in the generation of immunoconjugates include, for example, adriamycin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, 5-fluorouracil, cytosine arabinoside (“Ara-C”), cyclophosphamide, thiotepa, busulfan, cytoxin, taxoids, e.g., paclitaxel (Taxol, Bristol-Myers Squibb Oncology, Princeton, N.J.), and doxetaxel (Taxotere, Rhône-Poulenc Rorer, Antony, Rnace), toxotere, methotrexate, cisplatin, melphalan, vinblastine, bleomycin, etoposide, ifosfamide, mitomycin C, mitoxantrone, vincristine, vinorelbine, carboplatin, teniposide, daunomycin, carminomycin
  • Toxins to be used in the immunoconjugates herein include, for example, diphtheria A chain, exotoxin A chain, ricin A chain, enomycin, and tricothecenes. Specifically included are antibody-maytansinoid and antibody-calicheamicin conjugates. Immunoconjugates containing maytansinoids are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,208,020, 5,416,020 and European Patent EP 0 425 235. See also Liu et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:8618-8623 (1996). Antibody-calicheamicin conjugates are disclosed, e.g. in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,712,374; 5,714,586; 5,739,116; 5,767,285; 5,770,701; 5,770,710; 5,773,001; and 5,877,296.
  • Conjugates of the antibody and cytotoxic agent are made using a variety of bifunctional protein coupling agents such as N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithiol) propionate (SPDP), iminothiolane (IT), bifunctional derivatives of imidoesters (such as dimethyl adipimidate HCl), active esters (such as disuccinimidyl suberate), aldehydes (such as glutareldehyde), bis-azido compounds (such as bis (p-azidobenzoyl) hexanediamine), bis-diazonium derivatives (such as bis-(p-diazoniumbenzoyl)-ethylenediamine), diisocyanates (such as tolyene 2,6-diisocyanate), and bis-active fluorine compounds (such as 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene).
  • SPDP N-succinimidyl-3-(
  • a ricin immunotoxin can be prepared as described in Vitetta et al., Science, 238:1098 (1987).
  • Carbon-14-labeled 1-isothiocyanatobenzyl-3-methyldiethylene triaminepentaacetic acid (MX-DTPA) is an exemplary chelating agent for conjugation of radionucleotide to the antibody. See, WO 94/11026.
  • Covalent modifications of the anti-CD22 antibodies are also included within the scope of this invention. They may be made by chemical synthesis or by enzymatic or chemical cleavage of the antibody, if applicable. Other types of covalent modifications of the antibody are introduced into the molecule by reacting targeted amino acid residues of the antibody with an organic derivatizing agent that is capable of reacting with selected side chains or the N- or C-terminal residues.
  • a preferred type of covalent modification of the antibodies comprises linking the antibodies to one of a variety of nonproteinaceous polymers, e.g., polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, or polyoxyalkylenes, in the manner well known in the art.
  • B-cell type Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma is a term that is used to encompass a large group (over 29 types) of lymphomas caused by malignant (cancerous) B cell lymphocytes, and represents a large subset of the known types of lymphoma.
  • B-cells are known to undergo many changes in their life cycle dependent on complex intracellular signaling processes, and apparently different types of B-cell malignancies can occur at different stages of the life cycle of B-cells.
  • ALL acute lymphocytic leukemia
  • lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia can typically develop.
  • Precursor B-cells can develop precursor B lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia.
  • Typical malignancies of immature B-cells include small non-cleaved cell lymphoma and possibly Burkitt's/non-Burkitt's lymphoma.
  • B cells before antigen exposure typically develop chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or small lymphocytic lymphoma, while after antigen exposure typically follicular lymphomas, large cell lymphoma and immunoblastic lymphoma are observed.
  • CLL chronic lymphocytic leukemia
  • follicular lymphomas large cell lymphoma and immunoblastic lymphoma are observed.
  • There are also classification systems that characterize B-cell lymphomas by the rate of growth distinguishing aggressive (fast growing) and indolent (slow growing) lymphomas.
  • Burkitt's/non-Burkitt's lymphoma and LCL lymphoma belong in the aggressive group, while indolent lymphomas include follicular center cell lymphomas (FCCL), follicular large cell lymphomas, and follicular small cleaved cell lymphomas.
  • FCCL follicular center cell lymphomas
  • follicular large cell lymphomas follicular large cell lymphomas
  • follicular small cleaved cell lymphomas follicular small cleaved cell lymphomas.
  • Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas are also characterized by the stage of development.
  • Stage I cancer is found in only one lymph node area, or in only one area or organ outside the lymph nodes.
  • Stage II (1) Cancer is found in two or more lymph node areas on the same side of the diaphragm (the thin muscle under the lungs that helps breathing), or, (2) cancer is found in only one area or organ outside the lymph nodes and in the lymph nodes around it, or (3) other lymph node areas on the same side of the diaphragm may also have cancer.
  • Stage III Cancer is found in lymph node areas on both sides of the diaphragm. The cancer may also have spread to an area or organ near the lymph node areas and/or to the spleen.
  • Stage IV (1) Cancer has spread to more than one organ or organs outside the lymph system; cancer cells may or may not be found in the lymph nodes near these organs, or (2) cancer has spread to only one organ outside the lymph system, but lymph nodes far away from that organ are involved.
  • Typical treatment regimens include radiation therapy, also referred to as external beam therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and combinations of these approaches.
  • radiation therapy also referred to as external beam therapy
  • chemotherapy immunotherapy
  • RIT radioimmunotherapy
  • a limited area of the body is irradiated.
  • chemotherapy the treatment is systemic, and often adversely affects normal cells, causing severe toxic side-effects.
  • Targeted RIT is an approach in which a B-cell specific antibody delivers a toxic substance to the site of tumor.
  • CMT combined modality therapy
  • the most common chemotherapy regiment for treating NHL is Cyclophosphamide-Hydroxydoxorubicin-Oncovin (vincristine)-Prednisone (CHOP) combination therapy.
  • VOP Cyclophosphamide-Hydroxydoxorubicin-Oncovin
  • CHOP Prednisone
  • CMRIT modality radioimmunotherapy
  • systemic radiation e.g. 90 Y-DOTA-peptide-Lym-1
  • CMRIT provides specificity first, by the specific targeting of NHL by Lym-1, and second by timing. This allows the radiation sensitizer to potentially synergize only at the sites targeted by RIT, thus maximizing efficacy and minimizing toxicity.
  • Several previous xenograft studies have demonstrated improved synergy when the radiation synthesizer (Taxol) was given 24-48 hours after RIT.
  • CMRIT is currently viewed as the most advanced therapeutic approach for the treatment of NHL
  • the antibodies of the present invention alone have been demonstrated to provide superior results both in terms of tumor volume reduction, cure rate and overall survival, when tested in the well accepted Raji and Ramos lymphoma xenograft models.
  • Autoimmune diseases are caused by a breakdown in self-tolerance leading to subsequent immune responses against self, including the production of autoantibodies and deposition of immunoglobulin in affected tissues.
  • Autoantibodies form immune complexes that promote complement and Fc-receptor mediated tissue inflammation and destruction.
  • B cells are the source of autoantibodies, they afford a rational target for treatment of these types of immune-mediated diseases.
  • B cells also can present antigen and regulate the development of effector T cells.
  • the pathologic mechanisms of these diseases are complex and often involve a combination of humoral and cellular immune mechanisms.
  • autoimmune diseases result from, or are aggravated by, the production of antibodies reactive with normal body tissues. Antibodies are produced by B cells following antigen stimulation and activation. Therefore, blocking CD22 function can inhibit the production of antibodies, including autoreactive antibodies. More than 80 autoimmune diseases have been identified. Autoimmune diseases, their etiology and treatment are discussed extensively in the Autoimmune Diseases Research Plan published by the Autoimmune Diseases Coordinating Committee of the National Institutes of Health.
  • Autoimmune diseases that can be treated according to the present invention include, but are not limited to immune complex disorders such as those that result in glomerulonephritis, Goodspature's syndrome, necrotizing vasculitis, lymphadenitis, peri-arteritis nodosa and systemic lupus erythematosis.
  • autoimmune diseases include but are not limited to rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosis, psoriasis, ulcerative colitis, systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis/polymyositis, anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome, scleroderma, perphigus vulgaris, ANCA-associated vasculitis (e.g., Wegener's granulomatosis, microscopic polyangiitis), urveitis, Sjögren's syndrome, Crohn's disease, Reiter's syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis, Lyme arthritis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and cardiomyopathy.
  • vasculitis e.g., Wegener's granulomatosis, microscopic polyangiitis
  • urveitis Sjögren's syndrome, Crohn's disease, Reiter's syndrome
  • diseases associated with antibody production include, but are not limited to multiple sclerosis, atopic dermatitis, thrombocytopenic purpura, agranulocytosis, autoimmune hemolytic anemias, immune reactions against foreign antigens such as fetal A-B-O blood groups during pregnancy, myasthenia gravis, Type I diabetes, Graves' disease, and allergic responses.
  • the methods of the invention may be used to treat any other disorder or condition in which B cells or antibodies are implicated including, for example, transplant rejection.
  • the anti-CD22 antibodies herein are typically administered in the form of pharmaceutical formulations well known to all pharmaceutical chemists. See, e.g. Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, (15th Edition, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa. (1975)), particularly Chapter 87, by Blaug, Seymour. These formulations include for example, powders, pastes, ointments, jelly, waxes, oils, lipids, anhydrous absorption bases, oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions, emulsions carbowax (polyethylene glycols of a variety of molecular weights), semi-solid gels, and semi-solid mixtures containing carbowax.
  • pharmaceutical formulations well known to all pharmaceutical chemists. See, e.g. Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, (15th Edition, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa. (1975)), particularly Chapter 87, by Blaug, Seymour. These formulations include for example, powders, pastes, oint
  • a typical dosage form is a sterile, isotonic, water-based solution suitable for administration by the intravenous (i.v.) route.
  • concentration of the antibodies of the invention in the pharmaceutical formulations can vary widely, i.e., from less than about 0.1%, usually at or at least about 2% to as much as 20% to 50% or more by weight, and will be selected primarily by fluid volumes, viscosities, etc., in accordance with the particular mode of administration selected.
  • compositions of the invention may also be administered via liposomes.
  • Liposomes include emulsions, foams, micelles, insoluble monolayers, liquid crystals, phospholipid dispersions, lamellar layers and the like.
  • the composition of the invention to be delivered is incorporated as part of a liposome, alone or in conjunction with a molecule which binds to a desired target, such as an antibody, or with other therapeutic or immunogenic compositions.
  • Liposomes for use in the invention are formed from standard vesicle-forming lipids, which generally include neutral and negatively charged phospholipids and a sterol, such as cholesterol.
  • lipids are generally guided by consideration of, e.g., liposome size, acid lability and stability of the liposomes in the blood stream.
  • a variety of methods are available for preparing liposomes, as described in, e.g., Szoka et al. Ann. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng. 9:467 (1980), U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,235,871, 4,501,728, 4,837,028, and 5,019,369.
  • the antibodies of the present invention can be administered alone or in combination with other therapeutic regimens.
  • such regimes or therapies include chemotherapy, radioimmunotherapy (RIT), chemotherapy and external beam radiation (combined modality therapy, CMT), combined modality radioimmunotherapy (CMRIT), or cytokines alone or in combination, etc.
  • the anti-CD22 antibodies of the present invention can be combined with CHOP (Cyclophosphamide-Hydroxydoxorubicin-Oncovin (vincristine)-Prednisolone), the most common chemotherapy regimen for treating non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
  • anti-CD22 antibodies herein may be administered in combination with other antibodies, including anti-CD19, anti-CD20 and other anti-CD22 antibodies, such as LymphoCideTM (Immunomedics, Inc.) or LymphoCide Y-90.
  • LymphoCideTM Immunomedics, Inc.
  • LymphoCide Y-90 LymphoCide Y-90.
  • inventive treatments may also be employed in combination with other therapies for autoimmune disorders.
  • the subject is treated with the antibodies of the invention as well as with an anti-CD20 antibody (e.g., Rituxan®, IDEC Pharmaceuticals) and/or an anti-inflammatory drug (e.g., corticosteroids).
  • an anti-CD20 antibody e.g., Rituxan®, IDEC Pharmaceuticals
  • an anti-inflammatory drug e.g., corticosteroids
  • the patients to be treated in accordance with the present invention will have CD22 expressed on their malignant B cells.
  • the presence of the CD22 antigen can be confirmed by standard techniques, such as immunohistochemistry, FACS, binding assay with labeled (e.g. radiolabeled) anti-CD22 antibody.
  • the antibody compositions of the invention can be administered using conventional modes of administration including, but not limited to, intravenous, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, oral, intralymphatic, intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous, and intranasal administration.
  • the route of administration is via bolus or continuous infusion over a period of time, such as continuous or bolus infusion, once or twice a week.
  • the route of administration is by subcutaneous injection.
  • the dosage depends on the nature, form, and stage of the targeted B cell malignancy or autoimmune disease, the patient's sex, age, condition, prior treatment history, other treatments used, and other factors typically considered by a skilled physician.
  • non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients or patients with autoimmune disease may receive from about 50 to about 1500 Mg/m 2 /week, specifically from about 100 to about 1000 mg/m 2 /week, more specifically from about 150 to about 500 mg/m 2 /week of an anti-CD22 antibody as described herein.
  • the patients can be monitored by standard techniques known in the art to follow clinical indicia of B-cell malignancy or the particular autoimmune disease.
  • tumor regression e.g. tumor size in the case of solid tumors
  • the phenotype of circulating B-cells or of biopsied tissues using anti-CD22 antibodies can be monitored.
  • the antibodies of the present invention also find use in veterinary medicine.
  • feline malignant lymphoma occurs frequently in domestic cats, and shows similar characteristics to human non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (Bertone et al., Am. J. Epidemiol. 156:268-73 (2002)).
  • dogs are known to develop a variety of lymphomas.
  • the antibodies herein can be used to treat feline and canine malignant lymphoma.
  • Animal models of autoimmune disease are also known in the art. Dosages, and routes of administration depend on the animal species to be treated, and their determination is well within the skill of a veterinary of ordinary skill.
  • hybridoma producing monoclonal antibody HB22-7 (ATCC Accession No. HB11349) may be obtained from the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md.
  • Monoclonal antibodies HB22-7 (IgG2b), HB22-23 (IgG2a) HB22-33 (IgM), HB22-5 (IgG2a), HB22-13 (IgG2a), HB22-22 (IgA), and HB22-196 were produced according to the method of Engel et al., J. Immunol 15:4710 (1993) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,484,892. See, also Sicilo et al., Blood 94:1382-1392 (1999). However, other methods may be used.
  • the HB22 mAbs were produced via hybridoma techniques using a mouse pre-B cell line 300.19, stably transfected with full length CD22 cDNA, as the immunogen. More specifically, thirty-three mAbs reactive with CD22 were generated by the fusion of NS-1 myeloma cell with spleen cells from Balb/c mice immunized three times with a mouse pre-B cell line, 300.19, stably transfected with a full-length CD22 cDNA. Hybridomas producing mAb reactive with mouse L cells transfected with CD22 cDNA, but not with untransfected cells, were cloned twice and used to generate supernatant or ascites fluid.
  • mAb isotypes were determined using the Mouse Monoclonal Antibody Isotyping Kit (Amersham, Arlington Heights, Ill.). IgGmAb were purified using the Affi-Gel Protein A MAPS II Kit (Bio-Rad, Richmond, Calif.). The HB22-33 mAb (IgM) containing euglobulin fraction of ascites fluid was precipitated by extensive dialysis against distilled water and was shown to be essentially pure mAb by SDS-PAGE analysis. As disclosed in Table II of U.S. Pat. No.
  • mAbs HB22-7, HB22-22, HB22-23, and HB22-33 completely blocked (80-100%) the binding of Daudi, Raji and Jurkat cells to CD22 transfected COS cells.
  • mAbs HB22-5, HB22-13, HB22-24, and HB22-28 partially blocked adhesion (20-80%).
  • the blocking antibodies of the present invention bind to an epitope within the first two Ig-like domains of the hCD22 amino acid sequence.
  • Lym-1 (Techniclone, Inc Tustin, Calif.) is an IgG 2a mAb generated in mice immunized with human Burkitt's lymphoma cell nuclei. Lym-1 recognizes a cell surface 31-35 kD antigen on malignant B cells, and reacts with greater than 80% of human B cell NHL. Lym-1 purity was assessed according to the specifications that required greater than 95% pure monomeric IgG by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
  • 90 Y-DOTA-peptide-Lym-1 was prepared as previously described (O'Donnell et al., Cancer. Biother. Radiopharm. 13:251-361 (1998)). Assessment by HPLC, TLC, and cellulose acetate electrophoresis revealed that 90 Y-DOTA-peptide-Lym-1 was prepared to 98% radiochemical purity with less than 5% aggregate content.
  • the anti-CD22 mAb, HB22-7 was prepared as previously described (Tuscano et al., Blood 94:1382-1392 (1999)), using a Protein A Sepharose Fast Flow column (Pharmacia). HB22-7 purity was determined by HPLC and flow cytometry, and found to be >95% pure. Physiologic properties were determined by flow cytometric-based analysis of apoptotic induction (Apo-Tag, Pharmacia) and found to be consistent with previous published results (Tuscano et al., supra).
  • Endotoxin removal was achieved using an ActiClean ETOX column (Sterogene), with final endotoxin levels determined to be ⁇ 0.15 Endotoxin Units (EU)/mg mAb (Bio Whitaker).
  • the Lym-1 and HB22-7 mAbs met MAP (mouse antibody production) guidelines for murine, viral, mycoplasma, fungal, and bacterial contamination, as well as endotoxin, pyrogen and DNA content and general safety testing in animals.
  • Raji and Ramos Burkitt lymphoma cell lines were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Gathersberg, Md.). Both cell lines stained for CD22 expression by flow cytometric methods utilizing the HB22-7 mAb, as described previously (Tuscano et al., supra). The cell lines were maintained in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum at 0.5 ⁇ 10 6 cells/ml. A Scatchard analysis using Raji and Ramos cells was performed as described previously (Scatchard, G., Ann. of NY Acad Sci. 51:660 (1947)). Briefly, HB22-7 was labeled with 125 I by the chloramine T method (specific activity of 1.1 ⁇ Ci/ ⁇ g). A competitive binding assay was performed utilizing serially diluted, unlabeled HB22-7.
  • mice Female athymic BALB/c nu/nu mice (Harlan Sprague-Dawley), 7-9 weeks of age were maintained according to University of California, Davis animal care guidelines on a normal diet ad libitum and under pathogen-free conditions. Five mice were housed per cage. Raji or Ramos cells were harvested in logarithmic growth phase; 2.5-5.0 ⁇ 10 6 cells were injected subcutaneously into both sides of the abdomen of each mouse. Studies were initiated 3 weeks after implantation, when tumors were 28-328 mm 3 .
  • Groups consisted of untreated, 125 ⁇ Ci of RIT alone, 1.4 mg of HB22-7 alone, or the combination of RIT and HB22-7, with HB22-7 being administered 24 hours prior, simultaneously, or 24 hours after RIT.
  • bedding was changed daily for 1 week after treatment with 90 Y-DOTA-peptide-Lym-1, and twice weekly thereafter.
  • Tumoricidal Effect Tumor volume was calculated as described by the formula for hemiellipsoids (DeNardo et al., Clin. Cancer Res. 3:71-79 (1997)). Initial tumor volume was defined as the volume on the day prior to treatment. Mean tumor volume was calculated for each group on each day of measurement; tumors that had completely regressed were considered to have a volume of zero. Tumor responses were categorized as follows: C, cure (tumor disappeared and did not regrow by the end of the 84 day study); CR, complete regression (tumor disappeared for at least 7 days, but later regrew); PR, partial regression (tumor volume decreased by 50% or more for at least 7 days, then regrew).
  • Xenografts treated with 90 Y-2IT-BAD-Lym-1(RIT) and HB22-7 (CMRIT) demonstrated greater and more sustained mean tumor volume reduction, which was greatest when HB22-7 was administered simultaneously, and 24 hours after RIT.
  • HB22-7 administered alone resulted in stabilization of mean tumor volume by 2-3 weeks, then a gradual and sustained tumor volume reduction.
  • Raji xenograft studies were designed to determine if the anti-CD22 mAb (HB22-7) would generate additive or synergistic effects when combined with RIT to enhance apoptosis and/or DNA damage induced by low dose-rate radiation.
  • the Raji xenograft nude mouse model has proven useful when used to assess toxicity and efficacy of RIT using 90 Y-2IT-BAD-Lym-1 RIT alone (O'Donnell et al., Cancer Biotherapy and Radiopharmaceuticals 13:351-361 (1998)). Responses in this pre-clinical model translated into significant efficacy in human clinical trials (O'Donnell et al., Anticancer Res. 20:3647-55 (2000); O'Donnell et al, J. Nucl. Med. 40:216 (1999) (Abstract)).
  • HB22-7 was chosen based on in vitro studies demonstrating pro-apoptotic and signaling effects (Tuscano et al., Blood 94:1382-1392 (1999)). The treatment dose of HB22-7 utilized was empiric, however, it was based on the amount that was shown to be effective at inducing apoptosis in vitro and extrapolating this to the mouse model. In addition, when formulating the dose of HB22-7 consideration was given to the equivalent (when adjusted for body surface area differences in humans versus mice) dose of Rituximab® used in human clinical trials. The approximation to the Rituximab® dose was utilized based on the fact that this is the only naked mAb available that has demonstrated efficacy for the treatment of lymphoma, granted, the optimal dose of Rituximabo is currently undefined.
  • the antibodies of the present invention when administered alone, have been demonstrated to provide superior results in terms of tumor volume reduction, cure rate and overall survival when compared to other treatment regimens, including CMRIT, which is currently viewed as the most advanced therapeutic approach for the treatment of NHL.
  • Cytoplasmic RNA was extracted from 1-10 ⁇ 10 5 hybridoma cells using the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen Chatsworth, Calif.). First strand cDNA was synthesized from cytoplasmic RNA using oligo-dT primers (dT 18 ) and a Superscript Kit (Gibco BRL, Gaithersburg, Md.). One ⁇ l of cDNA solution was used as template for PCR amplification of V H genes.
  • PCR reactions were carried out in a 100- ⁇ l volume of a reaction mixture composed of 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.3), 50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl 2 , 200 ⁇ M dNTP (Perkin Elmer, Foster City, Calif.), 50 pmol of each primer, and 5 U of Taq polymerase (ISC Bioexpress, Kaysville, Utah). Amplification was for 30 cycles (94° C. for 1 min, 58° for 1 min, 72° C. for 1 min; Thermocycler, Perkin Elmer).
  • V H genes were amplified using a promiscuous sense 5′ V H primer (Ms V H E: 5′ GGG AAT TCG AGG TGC AGC TGC AGG AGT CTG G 3′; SEQ ID NO: 2) as previously described (Kantor et al., J. Immunol. 158:1175-86 (1996)), and antisense primers complementary to the C ⁇ coding region (primer C ⁇ -in: 5′ GAG GGG GAC ATT TGG GAA GGA CTG 3′; SEQ ID NO: 3) or the C ⁇ region (Primer C ⁇ 1: 5′ GAG TTC CAG GTC ACT GTC ACT GGC 3′; SEQ ID NO: 4).
  • HB22-33 light chain sequences were amplified using a different sense V ⁇ primer (5′ ATG AAG TTG CCT GTT AGG CTG TTG GTG CTG 3′; SEQ ID NO: 7).
  • Amplified PCR products were purified from agarose gels using the QIAquick gel purification kit (Qiagen) and were sequenced directly in both directions using an ABI 377 PRISM DNA sequencer after amplification using the Perkin Elmer Dye Terminator Sequencing system with AmpliTaq DNA polymerase and the same primers for initial PCR amplification. All V H and light chain regions were sequenced completely on both the sense and anti-sense DNA strands.
  • FIGS. 10 and 17 The alignment of the V H and V ⁇ amino acid sequences for anti-CD22 monoclonal antibodies HB22-5, HB22-7, HB22-13, HB22-23, HB22-33, and HB22-196 are shown in FIGS. 10 and 17, respectively.
  • FIGS. 10 and 17 The alignment of the V H and V ⁇ amino acid sequences for anti-CD22 monoclonal antibodies HB22-5, HB22-7, HB22-13, HB22-23, HB22-33, and HB22-196 are shown in FIGS. 10 and 17, respectively.
  • FIGS. 10 and 17 The alignment of the V H and V ⁇ amino acid sequences for anti-CD22 monoclonal antibodies HB22-5, HB22-7, HB22-13, HB22-23, HB22-33, and HB22-196 are shown in FIGS. 10 and 17, respectively.
  • FIGS. 10 and 17 The alignment of the V H and V ⁇ amino acid sequences for anti-CD22 monoclonal antibodies
  • FIGS. 11 - 16 show the nucleotide and amino acid sequences for heavy chain V H -D-J H junctions of anti-CD22 Abs from hybridomas HB22-5 (SEQ ID NOS: 8 and 9), HB22-7 (SEQ ID NOS: 10 and 11); HB-22-13 (SEQ ID NOS: 12 and 13); HB-22-23 (SEQ ID NOS: 14 and 15); HB-22-33 (SEQ ID NOS: 16 and 17); and HB-22-196 (SEQ ID NOS: 18 and 19).
  • FIGS. 8 and 9 shows the nucleotide and amino acid sequences for heavy chain V H -D-J H junctions of anti-CD22 Abs from hybridomas HB22-5 (SEQ ID NOS: 8 and 9), HB22-7 (SEQ ID NOS: 10 and 11); HB-22-13 (SEQ ID NOS: 12 and 13); HB-22-23 (SEQ ID NOS: 14 and 15); HB-22-33 (SEQ ID NOS: 16 and
  • 18 - 23 show the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences for kappa light chain V-J-constant region junctions of anti-CD22 Abs from hybridomas HB22-5 (SEQ ID NOS: 20 and 21); HB22-7 (SEQ ID NOS: 22 and 23); HB22-13 (SEQ ID NOS: 24 and 25) HB22-23 (SEQ ID NOS: 26 and 27); HB22-33 (SEQ ID NOS: 28 and 29); and HB22-196 (SEQ ID NOS: 30 and 31).

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ATE482719T1 (de) 2010-10-15
AU2003224624A1 (en) 2003-09-09
KR20040094705A (ko) 2004-11-10
EP1476120A2 (fr) 2004-11-17
EP1476120A4 (fr) 2005-12-28
WO2003072736A3 (fr) 2003-12-04
US20070264260A1 (en) 2007-11-15
WO2003072036A3 (fr) 2003-12-31
JP2005526044A (ja) 2005-09-02
US20080118505A1 (en) 2008-05-22
CN1646161A (zh) 2005-07-27
EP1485130A4 (fr) 2006-11-22
WO2003072036A2 (fr) 2003-09-04
US20120301472A1 (en) 2012-11-29
AU2003215365A1 (en) 2003-09-09
DE60334364D1 (de) 2010-11-11
US20040001828A1 (en) 2004-01-01
CA2476776A1 (fr) 2003-09-04
WO2003072736A2 (fr) 2003-09-04
CA2475509A1 (fr) 2003-09-04
EP1476120B1 (fr) 2010-09-29
AU2003224624B2 (en) 2008-08-28
JP2009221224A (ja) 2009-10-01
EP1485130A2 (fr) 2004-12-15
US8734792B2 (en) 2014-05-27

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