US11053234B2 - 1,3 di-substituted cyclobutane or azetidine derivatives as hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase inhibitors - Google Patents

1,3 di-substituted cyclobutane or azetidine derivatives as hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase inhibitors Download PDF

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US11053234B2
US11053234B2 US16/341,113 US201716341113A US11053234B2 US 11053234 B2 US11053234 B2 US 11053234B2 US 201716341113 A US201716341113 A US 201716341113A US 11053234 B2 US11053234 B2 US 11053234B2
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trans
muscle
mmol
substituted
thiazol
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US20190241554A1 (en
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David Norman Deaton
Yu Guo
Ashley Paul Hancock
Christie SCHULTE
Barry George Shearer
Emilie Despagnet Smith
Eugene L. Stewart
Stephen Andrew Thomson
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GlaxoSmithKline Intellectual Property Development Ltd
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to novel compounds, to the use of the compounds as Hematopoietic Prostaglandin D Synthase (H-PGDS) inhibitors, to pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds and to the use of the compounds in therapy, especially in the treatment of conditions for which a H-PGDS inhibitor is indicated, such as neurodegenerative diseases and musculoskeletal diseases including Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, where PGD 2 is considered to play a pathological role, for the use of a compound in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of conditions in which an inhibitor of H-PGDS is indicated, and a method for the treatment or prophylaxis of disorders in which inhibition of H-PGDS is indicated, in a human.
  • H-PGDS Hematopoietic Prostaglandin D Synthase
  • Prostaglandin D 2 is a product of arachidonic acid metabolism, and is the major prostanoid mediator synthesised by mast cells in response to stimulation via multiple mechanisms and cellular activation pathways, including allergen-mediated cross-linking of high affinity IgE receptors (Lewis et al. (1982) Prostaglandin D 2 generation after activation of rat and human mast cells with anti-IgE. J. Immunol., 129, 1627-1631). Other cells such as dendritic cells, T h 2 cells, and epithelial cells also produce PGD 2 , but at lower levels than mast cells.
  • PGD 2 mediates its effects via activation of the specific G-protein coupled receptors DP 1 (Boie et al. (1995) Molecular cloning and characterization of the human prostanoid DP receptor. ( J. Biol. Chem., 270, 18910-18916)) and DP 2 (CRTH2) (Abe et al. (1999), Molecular cloning, chromosome mapping and characterization of the mouse CRTH2 gene, a putative member of the leukocyte chemo-attractant receptor family. ( Gene, 227, 71-77)) and also acts via the receptor for thromboxane A 2 (TXA 2 ), the TP receptor, on target cells.
  • TXA 2 thromboxane A 2
  • Prostaglandin D synthase is the enzyme responsible for the catalytic isomerase conversion of prostaglandin endoperoxide PGH 2 to PGD 2 .
  • PGD 2 is generated by the action of either H-PGDS (hematopoietic-type or H-type) or L-PGDS or (lipocalin-type or L-type) enzymes (Urade et al., (2000) Prostaglandin D synthase structure and function. Vitamins and hormones, 58, 89-120).
  • H-PGDS activity is dependent on glutathione and plays an important role in the generation of PGD 2 by immune and inflammatory cells, including mast cells, antigen-presenting cells (e.g.
  • dendritic cells dendritic cells
  • macrophages macrophages
  • T h 2 cells which are all key cells in the pathology of allergic disease.
  • L-type is glutathione-independent and is primarily located in the central nervous system, genital organs, and heart. These two isoforms of PGDS appear to have distinct catalytic properties, tertiary structure, and cellular and tissue distribution.
  • H-PGDS has also been implicated to play a role not only in allergic disease, but also other diseases such as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (Nakagawa et al. (2013) A prostaglandin D 2 metabolite is elevated in the urine of Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients and increases further from 8 years old, Clinica Chimica Acta 423, 10-14) and (Mohri et al. (2009), Inhibition of prostaglandin D synthase suppresses muscular necrosis, Am. J. Pathol. 174, 1735-1744) and (Okinaga et al.
  • H-PGDS has also been implicated to play a role in metabolic diseases such as diabetes and obesity, since PGD 2 is converted to 15-deoxy- ⁇ 12,14 PGJ 2 , a potent ligand for PPAR ⁇ which is able to drive adipogenesis (Tanaka et al (2011) Mast cells function as an alternative modulator of adipogenesis through 15-deoxy-delta-12, 14-prostaglandin J 2 . Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 301, C1360-C1367).
  • Niacin-induced “flush” involves release of prostaglandin D 2 from mast cells and serotonin from platelets: Evidence from human cells in vitro and an animal model. JPET 327:665-672).
  • the invention is directed to compounds according to Formula I:
  • R, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , Y, Y 1 , a, X, and Z are as defined below.
  • Compounds of formula (I) and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts have H-PGDS activity and are believed to be of use for the treatment or prophylaxis of certain disorders.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I) according to the first aspect, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is for the treatment or prophylaxis of a disorder in which inhibition of H-PGDS is beneficial.
  • the invention provides a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to the first aspect of the invention for use in therapy.
  • the invention also provides a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the treatment of a condition for which an H-PGDS inhibitor is indicated.
  • This invention also relates to a method of treating Duchenne muscular dystrophy, which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a H-PGDS inhibiting compound of Formula (I).
  • This invention also relates to a method of treating congenital myotonia, which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a H-PGDS inhibiting compound of Formula (I).
  • This invention also relates to a method of treating muscle injury, which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a H-PGDS inhibiting compound of Formula (I).
  • This invention also relates to a method of treating muscle lacerations, which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a H-PGDS inhibiting compound of Formula (I).
  • This invention also relates to a method of treating chronic muscle strains, which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a H-PGDS inhibiting compound of Formula (I).
  • This invention also relates to a method of treating Myotonic dystrophy type I, which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a H-PGDS inhibiting compound of Formula (I).
  • This invention also relates to a method of treating myotonic dystrophy type II, which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a H-PGDS inhibiting compound of Formula (I).
  • This invention also relates to a method of treating asthma, which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a H-PGDS inhibiting compound of Formula (I).
  • This invention also relates to a method of treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a H-PGDS inhibiting compound of Formula (I).
  • This invention also relates to a method of treating rheumatoid arthritis, which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a H-PGDS inhibiting compound of Formula (I).
  • This invention also relates to a method of treating inflammatory bowel disease, which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a H-PGDS inhibiting compound of Formula (I).
  • This invention also relates to a method of treating osteoarthritis, which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a H-PGDS inhibiting compound of Formula (I).
  • This invention also relates to a method of treating psoriasis, which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a H-PGDS inhibiting compound of Formula (I).
  • This invention also relates to a method of treating a muscle degenerative disorder, which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a H-PGDS inhibiting compound of Formula (I).
  • This invention also relates to a method of treating muscular dystrophy, which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a H-PGDS inhibiting compound of Formula (I).
  • Also included in the present invention are methods of co-administering the presently invented H-PGDS inhibiting compounds with further active ingredients.
  • the invention also relates to a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
  • the invention also relates to a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in the treatment of congenital myotonia.
  • the invention also relates to a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in the treatment of muscle injury.
  • the invention also relates to a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in the treatment of muscle lacerations.
  • the invention also relates to a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in the treatment of chronic muscle strains.
  • the invention also relates to a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in the treatment of Myotonic dystrophy type I.
  • the invention also relates to a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in the treatment of myotonic dystrophy type II.
  • the invention also relates to a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in the treatment of asthma.
  • the invention also relates to a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
  • the invention also relates to a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
  • the invention also relates to a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
  • the invention also relates to a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in the treatment of osteoarthritis.
  • the invention also relates to a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in the treatment of psoriasis.
  • the invention also relates to a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in the treatment of a muscle degenerative disorder.
  • the invention also relates to a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in the treatment of muscular dystrophy.
  • the invention provides for the use of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of conditions in which an inhibitor of H-PGDS is indicated.
  • the invention further provides a method for the treatment or prophylaxis of disorders in which inhibition of H-PGDS is indicated, in a human, which comprises administering a human in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • FIG. 1 depicts the protection and acceleration of functional repair dose response curves of H-PGDS Inhibition using the compound of Example 141 following limb muscle injury in normal mice.
  • This invention relates to novel compounds of Formula (I):
  • X is selected from: carbon and nitrogen.
  • X is nitrogen.
  • X is carbon.
  • Y is independently selected from: hydrogen and CH 3 .
  • Y 1 is absent or CH 3 .
  • Y hydrogen is absent.
  • Z is NH or O.
  • Z is NH.
  • Z is O.
  • a is 0 or 1.
  • a is 0.
  • a is 1.
  • R is selected from: O, NH, CH 2 and C 1 alkyl substituted by halogen.
  • X 1 is selected from: carbon and nitrogen.
  • X 1 is nitrogen.
  • X 1 is carbon.
  • Y 10 is independently selected from: hydrogen and CH 3 .
  • Y 11 is absent or CH 3 .
  • Y 10 hydrogen.
  • Y 11 is absent.
  • Z 1 is NH or O.
  • Z 1 is NH.
  • Z 1 is O.
  • a 1 is 0 or 1.
  • a 1 is 0.
  • a 1 is 1.
  • R 10 is selected from: O, NH, CH 2 and C 1 alkyl substituted by halogen.
  • X 2 is selected from: carbon and nitrogen.
  • X 2 is nitrogen.
  • X 2 is carbon.
  • Y 20 is independently selected from: hydrogen and CH 3 .
  • Y 21 is absent or CH 3 .
  • Y 20 hydrogen.
  • Y 21 is absent.
  • Z 2 is NH or O.
  • Z 2 is NH.
  • Z 2 is O.
  • a 2 is 0 or 1.
  • a 2 is 0.
  • a 2 is 1.
  • R 00 is selected from: O, NH, CH 2 and C 1 alkyl substituted by halogen.
  • X 3 is selected from: carbon and nitrogen.
  • X 3 is nitrogen.
  • X 3 is carbon.
  • Y 30 is independently selected from: hydrogen and CH 3 .
  • Y 31 is absent or CH 3 .
  • Y 30 hydrogen.
  • Y 31 is absent.
  • Z 3 is NH or O.
  • Z 3 is NH.
  • Z 3 is O.
  • a 3 is 0 or 1.
  • a 3 is 0.
  • a 3 is 1.
  • R 30 is selected from: O, NH, CH 2 and C 1 alkyl substituted by halogen.
  • salts, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts, of the compounds according to Formula (I) may be prepared. Indeed, in certain embodiments of the invention, salts including pharmaceutically-acceptable salts of the compounds according to Formula (I) may be preferred over the respective free or unsalted compound. Accordingly, the invention is further directed to salts, including pharmaceutically-acceptable salts, of the compounds according to Formula (I).
  • salts including pharmaceutically acceptable salts, of the compounds of the invention are readily prepared by those of skill in the art.
  • Representative pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts include, but are not limited to, 4-acetamidobenzoate, acetate, adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate (besylate), benzoate, bisulfate, bitartrate, butyrate, calcium edetate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate (camsylate), caprate (decanoate), caproate (hexanoate), caprylate (octanoate), cinnamate, citrate, cyclamate, digluconate, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate, disuccinate, dodecylsulfate (estolate), edetate (ethylenediaminetetraacetate), estolate (lauryl sulfate), ethane-1,2-disulfonate (edisylate), ethanesulfonate (esylate), formate, fumarate, galactarate (
  • Representative pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts include, but are not limited to, aluminium, 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol (TRIS, tromethamine), arginine, benethamine (N-benzylphenethylamine), benzathine (N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine), bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, bismuth, calcium, chloroprocaine, choline, clemizole (1-p chlorobenzyl-2-pyrrolildine-1′-ylmethylbenzimidazole), cyclohexylamine, dibenzylethylenediamine, diethylamine, diethyltriamine, dimethylamine, dimethylethanolamine, dopamine, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, L-histidine, iron, isoquinoline, lepidine, lithium, lysine, magnesium, meglumine (N-methylglucamine), piperazine, piperidine, potassium,
  • the compounds according to Formula (I) may contain one or more asymmetric centers (also referred to as a chiral center) and may, therefore, exist as individual enantiomers, diastereomers, or other stereoisomeric forms, or as mixtures thereof.
  • Chiral centers such as chiral carbon atoms, may be present in a substituent such as an alkyl group.
  • the stereochemistry of a chiral center present in a compound of Formula (I), or in any chemical structure illustrated herein if not specified the structure is intended to encompass all individual stereoisomers and all mixtures thereof.
  • compounds according to Formula (I) containing one or more chiral centers may be used as racemic mixtures, enantiomerically enriched mixtures, or as enantiomerically pure individual stereoisomers.
  • the compounds according to Formula (I) may also contain double bonds or other centers of geometric asymmetry. Where the stereochemistry of a center of geometric asymmetry present in Formula (I), or in any chemical structure illustrated herein, is not specified, the structure is intended to encompass the trans (E) geometric isomer, the cis (Z) geometric isomer, and all mixtures thereof. Likewise, all tautomeric forms are also included in Formula (I) whether such tautomers exist in equilibrium or predominately in one form.
  • the compounds of Formula (I) or salts, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts, thereof may exist in solid or liquid form.
  • the compounds of the invention may exist in crystalline or noncrystalline form, or as a mixture thereof.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable solvates may be formed wherein solvent molecules are incorporated into the crystalline lattice during crystallization. Accordingly, the compounds of Formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may exist in solvated and unsolvated forms.
  • polymorphs may have the same chemical composition but differ in packing, geometrical arrangement, and other descriptive properties of the crystalline solid state. Polymorphs, therefore, may have different physical properties such as shape, density, hardness, deformability, stability, and dissolution properties. Polymorphs typically exhibit different melting points, IR spectra, and X-ray powder diffraction patterns, which may be used for identification.
  • polymorphs may be produced, for example, by changing or adjusting the reaction conditions or reagents, used in making the compound. For example, changes in temperature, pressure, or solvent may result in polymorphs. In addition, one polymorph may spontaneously convert to another polymorph under certain conditions. Accordingly, the compounds of Formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may exist in a single crystalline form or in different polymorphic forms.
  • Alkyl refers to a hydrocarbon chain having the specified number of “carbon atoms”.
  • C 1 -C 6 alkyl refers to an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • Alkyl groups may be saturated, unsaturated, straight or branched. Representative branched alkyl groups have one, two, or three branches.
  • Alkyl includes but is not limited to: methyl, ethyl, ethylene, ethynyl, propyl (n-propyl and isopropyl), butene, butyl (n-butyl, isobutyl, and t-butyl), pentyl and hexyl.
  • Alkoxy refers to an —O-alkyl group wherein “alkyl” is as defined herein.
  • C 1 -C 4 alkoxy refers to an alkoxy group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • Representative branched alkoxy groups have one, two, or three branches. Examples of such groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, and butoxy.
  • Aryl refers to an aromatic hydrocarbon ring system.
  • Aryl groups are monocyclic, bicyclic, and tricyclic ring systems having a total of five to fourteen ring member atoms, wherein at least one ring system is aromatic and wherein each ring in the system contains 3 to 7 member atoms, such as but no limited to: phenyl, dihydroindene, naphthalene, tetrahydronaphthalene and biphenyl.
  • aryl is phenyl.
  • Cycloalkyl refers to a saturated or unsaturated non aromatic hydrocarbon ring system having from three to eight carbon atoms. Cycloalkyl groups are monocyclic or bicyclic ring systems. For example, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl refers to a cycloalkyl group having from 3 to 8 member atoms. Examples of cycloalkyl as used herein include: cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl and spiro heptane.
  • Cycloalkyl includes: bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl, cubanyl, bicyclo 2.2 2 octanyl, cyclohexyl, spiro heptanyl, cyclobutanyl, and cyclopropyl.
  • Cycloalkyl includes: cyclohexyl, spiro heptanyl, cyclobutanyl, and cyclopropyl.
  • Cycloalkyl refers to a saturated or unsaturated non aromatic hydrocarbon ring system having from three to seven carbon atoms. Cycloalkyl groups are monocyclic or bicyclic ring systems. For example, C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl refers to a cycloalkyl group having from 3 to 7 member atoms. Examples of cycloalkyl as used herein include: cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl and spiro heptanyl.
  • Halogen refers to the halogen radicals fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo.
  • Heteroaryl refers to a monocyclic aromatic 4 to 8 member ring containing from 1 to 7 carbon atoms and containing from 1 to 4 heteroatoms, provided that when the number of carbon atoms is 3, the aromatic ring contains at least two heteroatoms. Heteroaryl groups containing more than one heteroatom may contain different heteroatoms.
  • Heteroaryl includes: pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, furanyl, furazanyl, thienyl, triazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, tetrazinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl.
  • heteroaryl includes: pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, and tetrahydroquinolinyl.
  • Bicycloheteroaryl refers to two fused rings, at least one of which is aromatic, containing from 1 to 6 heteroatoms as member atoms. Bicycloheteroaryl groups containing more than one heteroatom may contain different heteroatoms. Bicycloheteroaryl rings have from 6 to 11 member atoms.
  • Bicycloheteroaryl includes: 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine, 1H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridine, 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine, 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine, 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine, thieno[3,2-c]pyridine, thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine, furo[2,3-c]pyridine, furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine, indolyl, isoindolyl, indolizinyl, indazolyl, purinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, pteridinyl, cinnolinyl, azabenzimidazolyl, tetrahydrobenzimidazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, imidazothiazolyl,
  • Heterocycle and “Heterocycloalkyl” refers to a saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic monocyclic ring system containing 4 to 8 member atoms, of which 1 to 7 are carbon atoms and from 1 to 4 are heteroatoms. Heterocycloalkyl groups containing more than one heteroatom may contain different heteroatoms.
  • Heterocycle and heterocycloalkyl includes: pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, pyranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, oxetanyl, thiazolidinyl, piperidinyl, homopiperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, 1,3-dioxanyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, 1,3-oxathiolanyl, 1,3-oxathianyl, 1,3-dithianyl, and azetidinyl.
  • Heterocycle and “Heterocycloalkyl” includes: pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, oxazolidinyl, piperidinyl, and azetidinyl.
  • Heteroatom refers to a nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen atom.
  • the compounds according to Formula (I) are prepared using conventional organic synthetic methods.
  • a suitable synthetic route is depicted below in the following general reaction schemes. All of the starting materials are commercially available or are readily prepared from commercially available starting materials by those of skill in the art.
  • a substituent described herein is not compatible with the synthetic methods described herein, the substituent may be protected with a suitable protecting group that is stable to the reaction conditions.
  • the protecting group may be removed at a suitable point in the reaction sequence to provide a desired intermediate or target compound.
  • suitable protecting groups and the methods for protecting and de-protecting different substituents using such suitable protecting groups are well known to those skilled in the art; examples of which may be found in T. Greene and P. Wuts, Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis (4th ed.), John Wiley & Sons, NY (2006).
  • a substituent may be specifically selected to be reactive under the reaction conditions used. Under these circumstances, the reaction conditions convert the selected substituent into another substituent that is either useful as an intermediate compound or is a desired substituent in a target compound.
  • the cyclobutane carboxamides may be prepared from phenols shown in Scheme 1.
  • Subsequent ester hydrolysis and coupling of the resulting acids with suitable amines yield the desired cyclobutane carboxamides.
  • the cyclobutane carboxamides may be prepared from anilines as shown in Scheme 2. Sulfonylation of suitable anilines with p-toluenesulfonyl chloride followed by coupling of the sulfonamide with appropriate (cis)-methyl 3-hydroxycyclobutanecarboxylates via Mitsunobu conditions provides the substituted cyclobutane carboxylic esters. Subsequent ester hydrolysis followed by acidic cleavage of the sulfonyl group provides the substituted cyclobutane carboxylic acids. Coupling of the carboxylic acids with suitable amines yield the desired cyclobutane carboxamides.
  • the azetidine ureas may be prepared from phenols as shown in Scheme 3. Alkylation of suitable phenols with appropriate tert-butyl 3-((methylsulfonyl)oxy)azetidine-1-carboxylates followed by acidic removal of the N-Boc protecting group provides the substituted azetidines. Coupling of the azetidine with p-nitrophenylcarbamates derived from suitable amines yield the desired azetidine ureas. Alternatively, coupling of the azetidine with suitable amines and triphosgene yield the desired azetidine ureas.
  • the azetidine ureas may be derived from the substituted azetidine intermediate depicted in Scheme 3 as shown in Scheme 4.
  • Acylation of a suitable azetidine with 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate provides the azetidine carbamates which upon heating with suitable amines yields the desired azetidine ureas.
  • the azetidine ureas may be derived as shown in Scheme 5.
  • Aromatic substitution of an aromatic ring containing a suitable leaving group with the alkoxides of appropriate tert-butyl 3-hydroxyazetidine-1-carboxylates followed by acidic removal of the N-Boc protecting group provides the substituted azetidines depicted in Scheme 3 and Scheme 4. Further elaboration to the desired azetidine ureas can be achieved using the methods described in Scheme 3 and Scheme 4.
  • HPGDS Hematopoietic Prostaglandin D Synthase
  • the invention provides a method of treating a muscle degenerative disorder comprising administering to a human an HPGDS inhibitor of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the muscle degenerative disorder is muscular dystrophy, myotonic dystrophy, polymyositis, or dermatomyositis.
  • the compounds of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be used to treat a muscular dystrophy disorder selected from Duchenne MD, Becker MD, Congenital MD (Fukuyama), Emery Dreifuss MD, Limb girdle MD, and Fascioscapulohumeral MD.
  • a muscular dystrophy disorder selected from Duchenne MD, Becker MD, Congenital MD (Fukuyama), Emery Dreifuss MD, Limb girdle MD, and Fascioscapulohumeral MD.
  • the compounds of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may also be used to treat myotonic dystrophy type I (DM1 or Steinert's), myotonic dystrophy type II (DM2 or proximal myotonic myopathy), or congenital myotonia.
  • the muscle injury is a surgery-related muscle injury, a traumatic muscle injury, a work-related skeletal muscle injury, or an overtraining-related muscle injury.
  • Non-limiting examples of surgery-related muscle injuries include muscle damage due to knee replacement, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) repair, plastic surgery, hip replacement surgery, joint replacement surgery, tendon repair surgery, surgical repair of rotator cuff disease and injury, and amputation.
  • ACL anterior cruciate ligament
  • the muscle injury is a surgery-related muscle injury and the treatment method provides for administration of at least one dose of an HPGDS inhibitor of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof prior to the surgery (for example, within one day before the surgery) followed by periodic administration of a dose of the HPGDS inhibitor during the recovery period.
  • an HPGDS inhibitor of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof prior to the surgery (for example, within one day before the surgery) followed by periodic administration of a dose of the HPGDS inhibitor during the recovery period.
  • the muscle injury is a surgery-related muscle injury and the treatment method provides for administration of at least one high dose of an HPGDS inhibitor of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof within one day to one week following the surgery.
  • the muscle injury is a surgery-related muscle injury and the treatment method provides for administration of at least one high dose of an HPGDS inhibitor of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof within one day to one week following the surgery, followed by periodic administration of a dose of the HPGDS inhibitor during the recovery period.
  • an HPGDS inhibitor of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof within one day to one week following the surgery, followed by periodic administration of a dose of the HPGDS inhibitor during the recovery period.
  • Non-limiting examples of traumatic muscle injuries include battlefield muscle injuries, auto accident-related muscle injuries, and sports-related muscle injuries. Traumatic injury to the muscle can include lacerations, blunt force contusions, shrapnel wounds, muscle pulls or tears, burns, acute strains, chronic strains, weight or force stress injuries, repetitive stress injuries, avulsion muscle injury, and compartment syndrome.
  • the muscle injury is a traumatic muscle injury and the treatment method provides for administration of at least one dose of an HPGDS inhibitor of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, immediately after the traumatic injury (for example, within one day of the injury) followed by periodic administration of a dose of the HPGDS inhibitor during the recovery period.
  • an HPGDS inhibitor of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof immediately after the traumatic injury (for example, within one day of the injury) followed by periodic administration of a dose of the HPGDS inhibitor during the recovery period.
  • Non-limiting examples of work-related muscle injuries include injuries caused by highly repetitive motions, forceful motions, awkward postures, prolonged and forceful mechanical coupling between the body and an object, and vibration.
  • Overtraining-related muscle injuries include unrepaired or under-repaired muscle damage coincident with a lack of recovery or lack of an increase of physical work capacity.
  • the muscle injury is exercise or sports-induced muscle damage resulting including exercise-induced delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS).
  • DOMS exercise-induced delayed onset muscle soreness
  • the invention encompasses a therapeutic combination in which the HPGDS inhibitor of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in a subject in combination with the implantation of a biologic scaffold (e.g. a scaffold comprising extracellular matrix) that promotes muscle regeneration.
  • a biologic scaffold e.g. a scaffold comprising extracellular matrix
  • Such scaffolds are known in the art. See, for example, Turner and Badylack (2012) Cell Tissue Res. 347(3):759-74 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,576,265. Scaffolds comprising non-crosslinked extracellular matrix material are preferred.
  • the invention provides a method of treating tendon damage where the method comprises administering a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a subject in need thereof.
  • the invention includes a method of enhancing the formation of a stable tendon-bone interface.
  • the invention provides a method of increasing the stress to failure of tendons, for example surgically-repaired tendons.
  • the invention provides a method of reducing fibrosis at the repair site for surgically-repaired tendons.
  • the invention provides a method of treating tendon damage associated with rotator cuff injury, or tendon damage associated with surgical repair of rotator cuff injury.
  • the invention provides a method of treating a disease state selected from: allergic diseases and other inflammatory conditions such as asthma, aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD), cough, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (including chronic bronchitis and emphysema), bronchoconstriction, allergic rhinitis (seasonal or perennial), vasomotor rhinitis, rhinoconjuctivitis, allergic conjunctivitis, food allergy, hypersensitivity lung diseases, eosinophilic syndromes including eosinophilic asthma, eosinophilic pneumonitis, eosinophilic oesophagitis, eosinophilic granuloma, delayed-type hypersensitivity disorders, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, pancreatitis, gastritis, inflammatory bowel disease, osteoarthritis, psoriasis, sarcoidosis, pulmonary fibrosis, respiratory distress syndrome,
  • treating in reference to a condition means: (1) to ameliorate or prevent the condition or one or more of the biological manifestations of the condition, (2) to interfere with (a) one or more points in the biological cascade that leads to or is responsible for the condition or (b) one or more of the biological manifestations of the condition, (3) to alleviate one or more of the symptoms or effects associated with the condition, or (4) to slow the progression of the condition or one or more of the biological manifestations of the condition.
  • prevention is not an absolute term. In medicine, “prevention” is understood to refer to the prophylactic administration of a drug to substantially diminish the likelihood or severity of a condition or biological manifestation thereof, or to delay the onset of such condition or biological manifestation thereof.
  • the term “effective amount” and derivatives thereof means that amount of a drug or pharmaceutical agent that will elicit the biological or medical response of a tissue, system, animal or human that is being sought, for instance, by a researcher or clinician.
  • therapeutically effective amount means any amount which, as compared to a corresponding subject who has not received such amount, results in improved treatment, healing, prevention, or amelioration of a disease, disorder, or side effect, or a decrease in the rate of advancement of a disease or disorder.
  • the term also includes within its scope amounts effective to enhance normal physiological function.
  • the subject to be treated in the methods of the invention is typically a mammal in need of such treatment, preferably a human in need of such treatment.
  • the pharmaceutically active compounds within the scope of this invention are useful as inhibitors of HPGDS in mammals, particularly humans, in need thereof.
  • the present invention therefore provides a method of treating neurodegenerative diseases, musculoskeletal diseases and other conditions requiring HPGDS inhibition, which comprises administering an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the compounds of Formula (I) also provide for a method of treating the above indicated disease states because of their demonstrated ability to act as HPGDS inhibitors.
  • the drug may be administered to a patient in need thereof by any conventional route of administration, including, but not limited to, intravenous, intramuscular, oral, topical, subcutaneous, intradermal, intraocular and parenteral.
  • a HPGDS inhibitor may be delivered directly to the brain by intrathecal or intraventricular route, or implanted at an appropriate anatomical location within a device or pump that continuously releases the HPGDS inhibitor drug.
  • Solid or liquid pharmaceutical carriers are employed.
  • Solid carriers include, starch, lactose, calcium sulfate dihydrate, terra alba, sucrose, talc, gelatin, agar, pectin, acacia, magnesium stearate, and stearic acid.
  • Liquid carriers include syrup, peanut oil, olive oil, saline, and water.
  • the carrier or diluent may include any prolonged release material, such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate, alone or with a wax.
  • the amount of solid carrier varies widely but, preferably, will be from about 25 mg to about 1 g per dosage unit.
  • the preparation will be in the form of a syrup, elixir, emulsion, soft gelatin capsule, sterile injectable liquid such as an ampoule, or an aqueous or nonaqueous liquid suspension.
  • compositions are made following conventional techniques of a pharmaceutical chemist involving mixing, granulating, and compressing, when necessary, for tablet forms, or mixing, filling and dissolving the ingredients, as appropriate, to give the desired oral or parenteral products.
  • Doses of the presently invented pharmaceutically active compounds in a pharmaceutical dosage unit as described above will be an efficacious, nontoxic quantity preferably selected from the range of 0.001-500 mg/kg of active compound, preferably 0.001-100 mg/kg.
  • the selected dose is administered preferably from 1-6 times daily, orally or parenterally.
  • Preferred forms of parenteral administration include topically, rectally, transdermally, by injection and continuously by infusion.
  • Oral dosage units for human administration preferably contain from 0.05 to 3500 mg of active compound.
  • Oral administration which uses lower dosages, is preferred. Parenteral administration, at high dosages, however, also can be used when safe and convenient for the patient.
  • Optimal dosages to be administered may be readily determined by those skilled in the art, and will vary with the particular HPGDS inhibitor in use, the strength of the preparation, the mode of administration, and the advancement of the disease condition. Additional factors depending on the particular patient being treated will result in a need to adjust dosages, including patient age, weight, diet, and time of administration.
  • a compound of Formula (I) When administered to prevent organ damage in the transportation of organs for transplantation, a compound of Formula (I) is added to the solution housing the organ during transportation, suitably in a buffered solution.
  • the method of this invention of inducing HPGDS inhibitory activity in mammals, including humans comprises administering to a subject in need of such activity an effective HPGDS inhibiting amount of a pharmaceutically active compound of the present invention.
  • the invention also provides for the use of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for use as a HPGDS inhibitor.
  • the invention also provides for the use of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for use in therapy.
  • the invention also provides for the use of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for use in treating musculoskeletal diseases such as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, spinal cord contusion injury, neuroinflammatory diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis or neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
  • musculoskeletal diseases such as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, spinal cord contusion injury, neuroinflammatory diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis or neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
  • musculoskeletal diseases such as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, spinal cord contusion injury, neuroinflammatory diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis or neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
  • ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
  • the invention also provides for a pharmaceutical composition for use as a HPGDS inhibitor which comprises a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the invention also provides for a pharmaceutical composition for use in the treatment of cancer which comprises a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the pharmaceutically active compounds of the present invention can be co-administered with further active ingredients, such as other compounds known to treat cancer, or compounds known to have utility when used in combination with a HPGDS inhibitor.
  • co-administration is meant either simultaneous administration or any manner of separate sequential administration of a HPGDS inhibiting compound, as described herein, and a further active agent or agents, known to be useful in the treatment of conditions in which a H-PGDS inhibitor is indicated.
  • further active agent or agents includes any compound or therapeutic agent known to or that demonstrates advantageous properties when administered to a patient in need of H-PGDS inhibition.
  • the compounds are administered in a close time proximity to each other.
  • the compounds are administered in the same dosage form, e.g. one compound may be administered by injection and another compound may be administered orally.
  • the invention also relates to the use of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, musculoskeletal diseases and diseases associated with H-PGDS inhibition.
  • the invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising from 0.5 to 1,000 mg of a compound of Formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and from 0.5 to 1,000 mg of a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • Mass Directed Auto-Preparative HPLC is undertaken under the conditions given below. Detection is by absorption over the wavelength range 210 nm to 350 nm and mass spectra are recorded on a mass spectrometer using alternate-scan positive and negative mode electrospray ionization.
  • Citric acid was added until pH neutral, and the aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 ⁇ ). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over Na 2 SO 4 and evaporated. The residue was purified on silica gel eluting with a 0%-40% EtOAc in hexanes gradient. The appropriate fractions were combined, evaporated under reduced pressure and placed in vacuo to give the title compound (5.5 g, 78%).
  • Triphenylphosphine-PS (3.27 g, 12.5 mmol) was added to a solution of 2-(difluoromethoxy)-5-fluorophenol (Intermediate 2D) (1.85 g, 10.4 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL). The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C., and (cis)-methyl 3-hydroxycyclobutanecarboxylate (1.33 mL, 12.5 mmol) was added, followed by DIAD (2.4 mL, 13 mmol). The reaction mixture was then warmed to room temperature, stirred for 12 h, filtered, and concentrated.
  • the reaction was diluted with 1.0 N aqueous NaOH and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with water (2 ⁇ ), followed by brine. The combined aqueous fractions were extracted with EtOAc and the combined organics were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography eluting with a gradient from 2-15% (3:1 ratio of EtOAc:EtOH in hexanes). The appropriate fractions were concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the title compound as a colorless oil (497 mg, 1.21 mmol).
  • 3,3-Difluoroazetidine hydrochloride (0.593 g, 4.58 mmol) was added to benzyl (4-oxocyclohexyl)carbamate (1.03 g, 4.17 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (21 mL) at room temperature and stirred for 5 minutes, followed by acetic acid (0.013 g, 0.21 mmol) and 4 ⁇ molecular sieves (4.0 g). After 2 h, sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.883 g, 4.17 mmol) was added, and the reaction mixture was stirred for 16 h.
  • 1,1-Difluoropropan-2-one (0.608 g, 6.47 mmol) was added to benzyl piperidin-4-ylcarbamate (1.01 g, 4.31 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (22 mL). After 5 min, acetic acid (0.013 g, 0.21 mmol) and 4 ⁇ molecular sieves (4.0 g) were added. After 2 h, sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.914 g, 4.31 mmol) was added, and the reaction mixture was stirred for 20 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through Celite®, saturated sodium bicarbonate added, extracted with DCM, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated.
  • 1,1-Difluoropropan-2-one (3.13 g, 33.3 mmol) was added to benzyl (trans-4-aminocyclohexyl)carbamate (7.52 g, 30.3 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (151 mL). After 5 min, added acetic acid (0.091 g, 1.5 mmol) and 4 ⁇ molecular sieves (20.0 g), and the reaction was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. Sodium triacetoxyborohydride (6.42 g, 30.3 mmol) was added, and the reaction mixture was stirred for 20 h.
  • Triethylamine (11.9 mL, 85 mmol) was added to 3-methylenecyclobutanecarboxylic acid (Intermediate 21A) (6.37 g, 56.8 mmol) in tert-butanol (57 mL) at room temperature, followed by diphenyl phosphoryl azide (14.7 mL, 68.2 mmol).
  • the reaction mixture was heated at 85° C. under nitrogen for 17 h, quenched with water and concentrated. The residue was taken up in diethyl ether, washed with 10% citric acid followed by saturated sodium bicarbonate, the organic layer dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated.
  • Triphenylphosphine (9.72 g, 37.0 mmol) was added to a solution of benzo[d]thiazol-4-ol (4.00 g, 26.5 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (80 mL). The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C., and (cis)-methyl 3-hydroxycyclobutanecarboxylate (4.13 g, 31.7 mmol) was added, followed by the dropwise addition of DIAD (7.20 mL, 37.0 mmol). The reaction mixture was then warmed to room temperature, stirred over the weekend, and concentrated. The remaining material was purified on silica gel eluting with a 15%-60% EtOAc-hexanes gradient.
  • intermediate 28A can be converted to the trifluoroacetic acid salt
  • allylpalladium chloride dimer 33 mg, 0.091 mmol
  • 2-(di(adamantan-1-yl)phosphino)-N,N-dimethylaniline 77 mg, 0.18 mmol
  • toluene 20 mL
  • the mixture was first clear and then turned cloudy.
  • Sodium tert-butoxide (877 mg, 9.12 mmol) was added, then 2-chloro-5-fluoropyridine (600 mg, 4.56 mmol) and benzyl azetidin-3-ylcarbamate (1.13 g, 5.47 mmol).
  • the vial was sealed and heated to 110° C. overnight.
  • the reaction mixture was diluted with water (20 mL), extracted with Et 2 O (200 mL) and washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate (100 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with Et 2 O (1 ⁇ 100 mL) and the organic layers were combined, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated, and the residue was purified on silica gel eluting with a 0%-50% EtOAc-hexanes gradient. The appropriate fractions were combined, evaporated under reduced pressure and placed in vacuo to give the title compound (5.00 g, 62%) as a white solid.
  • 1,1,1-Trifluoropropan-2-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate (0.472 g, 1.92 mmol) was suspended in 1,4-dioxane (3.0 ml), then tert-butyl piperidin-4-ylcarbamate (0.30 g, 1.5 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.55 ml, 3.2 mmol) were added. The reaction was heated to 90° C. for 24 hours, cooled, diluted with EtOAc and washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and brine. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated.
  • N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (0.64 mL, 3.7 mmol) was added to tert-butyl piperidin-4-ylcarbamate (368 mg, 1.84 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (3.0 mL) at room temperature, followed by 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (512 mg, 2.20 mmol), and the reaction was stirred at 75° C. for 7 days. The mixture was concentrated, and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography, eluting with EtOAc:hexanes (1:4) to give the title compound (501 g, 92% yield).
  • N,N-diisopropylethylamine (1.55 g, 12.0 mmol) was added, followed by triphosgene (602 mg, 2.03 mmol). After 60 minutes, the mixture was concentrated, and the residue was added slowly to a suspension of benzyl (trans-4-aminocyclohexyl)carbamate (1.02 g, 4.10 mmol) in DMF (8 mL). After stirring overnight, the mixture was poured into water (100 mL) and the precipitated solid was collected by filtration, washed with water and dried.
  • Cerium(III) chloride heptahydrate (3.12 g, 8.39 mmol) was dried at 140° C. under high vacuum for 60 minutes, and then was cooled to room temperature, while remaining under vacuum overnight. The solid was placed under a nitrogen atmosphere and THF (16 mL) was added. The slurry was stirred for 90 minutes, and then cooled to ⁇ 78° C. A 1.6 M solution of methyllithium in diethyl ether (5.10 mL, 8.16 mmol) was added. After 60 minutes, benzyl (4-oxocyclohexyl)carbamate (1.00 g, 4.05 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added.
  • Methyl 2-amino-3,3,3-trifluoropropanoate hydrochloride (820 mg, 4.24 mmol) was added to 4-(dibenzylamino)cyclohexanone (Intermediate 63A) (1.24 g, 4.24 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (21 mL) at room temperature and stirred for 5 minutes, followed by 4 ⁇ molecular sieves (10 g). After 2 h, sodium bicarbonate (356 mg, 4.24 mmol) and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.898 g, 4.24 mmol) were added, and the reaction mixture was stirred over the weekend.
  • tert-Butyl ((trans)-4-aminocyclohexyl)carbamate (1.00 g, 4.67 mmol) was added to ethyl 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-oxopropanoate (1.02 g, 5.13 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (23 mL) at room temperature and stirred for 5 minutes, followed by acetic acid (14 mg, 0.23 mmol) and 4 ⁇ molecular sieves (8 g). After 2 h, sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.989 g, 4.67 mmol) were added, and the reaction mixture was stirred overnight.
  • Cerium(III) chloride heptahydrate (10.06 g, 27.0 mmol) was dried at 140° C. under high vacuum for 17 h, and then was cooled to room temperature while remaining under vacuum. The solid was placed under a nitrogen atmosphere, cooled to 0° C. and THF (60 mL) was added. The ice bath was removed, and the slurry was stirred for 1 h, and then cooled to ⁇ 78° C. A 1.6 M solution of methyllithium in diethyl ether (16.9 mL, 27.0 mmol) was added at a rate to keep the temperature below ⁇ 70° C.
  • tert-butyl (3-oxocyclobutyl)carbamate (2.50 g, 13.5 mmol) in THF (15 mL) was added at a rate to keep the temperature below ⁇ 70° C. After 3 hours, the mixture was allowed to slowly warm to room temperature. After stirring overnight, the mixture was poured into saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (100 mL) and water (100 mL), stirred 10 min and filtered. The filtrate was extracted with ethyl acetate (2 ⁇ ), and the combined organics were dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated.

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